Nastaran Arfaei
Harvard Graduate School of Design Masters in Architecture narfaei@gsd.harvard.edu +1 617 9521433 32 Chatham st. Apt4 Cambridge,MA, 02139
Architecture “Blooming on the edge”................................................ Persian restaurant in Greece - Santorini studio one - spring 2010
“The Urban Wall”............................................................. Iran International Festival of university theater scene design and production
“Temporary School”........................................................ Spaceframe inspired from butterfly wing scales
“Urban Oasis”.................................................................... An ideal theater for Macbeth USITT student design competition - spring 2012
“Calibrated Porosities”................................................... First Semester core final project-Gsd
Environments Design “Wellness Climate Atmosphere”............................... Winter Hotel In Patagonia Meteoroligical
“Jetlag Manipulator”.................................................... Lighting Sequence fo Plane Cabin
“Psychotropic Environments”..................................... A Brain-Environment Interface
“Fractal Tile”................................................................... A Brain-Environment Interface
“Climatic Interiors”.......................................................... Meteoroligical Design
professors: Isa Hojjat Hamidreza Ansari Mohammad Farzian
Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world. In the island of Santorini 8% of the land consists of high slope coasts which are practically un-built. There is an invisible border that separates the green area from the rest of the land. Interestingly this border is the area with most tourist facilities built around it. Tourists travel to a place like Santorini because of this coastline, so why not break this border and let people have a complete experience of this living on the edge? The building has to respond to four types of customers,visitors from the costal road , visitors from the sea lines, tourists accommodated nearby and local people. Regarding these elements the site is chosen between the coastal road and the sea lines, on a point observable both from the sea and land.
View from Teahouse to the west Connecting the dock to the restaurant
In a two dimensional platform, there are four major types of transformation to be applied to a pattern. Certain self complementary patterns can cover a full area by doing one or a combination of these transformations. Using rotation as the desired transformation in controlling permeability gives us the advantage of controlling the whole surface by rotating a single component. The components will work as separate gears, and when one is rotated the whole surface will change to the same level of porousness and thus evenly control the penetration of sunlight.
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Most basic, easiets to make module. regulated with regular classroom standards.
the Conncetor module is necessary for expansion and planning of the school.
Most basic, easiets to make module. regulated with regular classroom standards.
the Conncetor module is necessary for expansion and planning of the school.
Scale 1/100
Wellness, Climate ,Atmosphere: A Hybrid porposal for Hogdalen wa
Spring 2016, Hanif Kara and Leire Assansio Studio, Team Work with Janna Masse Many of health and psychological difficulties that people experience are environment related. In many cases exposure to the right climatic situation will mitigate symptoms of such disorders. Waste to energy facilities, create a surplus of heat in addition to their electricity output. In this project this sulplus is designed to create climates within a greenhous and
a
therapy center program is nested within those climates. This project is the result of a studio team project between
aste to energy facility et
Hybrid Proposal to Hogdalen waste to WEnergy Facility The Waste to Energy facility is located in hogdalen Sweden which is an industrial city at the outskirts of Stockholm. The facility is walking distance from a subway station that connects it to center of stockholm and close to many industrial centers and businesses, The Facility is adjacent to a recycling facility which receives a lot of material from the city, yet hogdalen has saved its rural quality to some extent and the natural scenery around the facility is preseved well. The aim of this project is to propose a hybrid to the waste to energy facility that increases community engagement with it, increases the productivity of the facility and plans for the future obsolecense of its functions
Program Distribution The project consists of four main layers: The Bunker which is underground and central, waste to energy buildings that are fed by the same bunker, a greenhouse structure over the designated site plan and therapy and residence programs that spread accross the greenhous as visible in the diagram at the bottom of the page.
1- Waste Handeling 2- Incineration 3- Filtering
WTE
4- Super Heater 5- Economizer 6- Monitoring 7- Chimney 8- Auxilary Equipment 9- Hot Greenhouse
Greenhouse
10- Warm Greenhouse 11- Cool Greenhouse 12- Consulting
Therapy
13- UV Therapy 14 14- Blue Light Therapy 15- Warm Water 16- Dry Air
Atmospheric Systems This project is a proposal to use the extra heat created by a waste to energy facility, to create multiple indoor climates within a greenhous around the facility, to use for therapy
of
environment
related health conditions. The Climatic analysis of the components of the program is depicted in the following maps. This shows how strategic placement of elements in a program leads to specific climatic, structural and experimine the most important qualities of the space
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Much of what happens to a person on a psychologicla level has effects on his physiological state. the psychophysiological data has for long been used by psychologists and behavioral scientists as a reliable method to measure the effects of their manipulation in support of their hypothesis. in fact, psychophysiological data is considered as more reliable than self report and thus a stronger measure
The simples way to extract and demonstrate data is to map it live. This is possible through the use of smart materials for more primitive type of data such as temperature.
As a second step one can gather this initial data and analyze them to understand the psychological condition, This usually happens in computers or through smart wearables.
once one can get a constant stream of data on the user’s psychologicla state, one can start to manipulate environmental conditions to change that state towards a desired condition. This will create a feedback loop between the human user and the environment. Through the use of smart and programmable materials, one can create an environment that constantly adjusts to the conditions of its user. in other words, the environment becomes the extention to its user.
Once the psychological state of the user is known, one can program the spatial elements to change in response to those states and to push the body towards the desired state, such as with increasing light intensity of with manipulating transparency of space.
At this state, the body of the used will start to respond to the environmental changes and the psychiphysiological data will also act accordingly. This closes one cycle of the feedback loop to start a new one.
To successfuly measure and increase focus of a user in a responsive environmnet we have to first analyse different elements of focus and then set an acceptable boundary in which the user is considered to be in a productive realm. Second step is to identify the physiological indicators of such state and setup thresholds that indicate when user passes this boundary. Then by changing the spatial factors and knowing thier effect on the behavior of the user, one can program the environmnet fot the right type of response.
One can interprete eeg data through yje frequency of different wavelenghts as follows Delta: deep sleep and brain pathology, Theta: drowsiness or starting to sleep, REM sleep, hypnagogic imagery (intense imagery experienced before the onset of sleep), hypnosis, attention, and processing of cognitive and perceptual information Alpha: awake, relaxed individuals Beta: anxiety, hypervigilance, panic, peak performance, and worry SMR: inhibition of movement and reduced muscle Delta
Tetha Alpha Beta Gamma
Low Gamma
High Beta
Low Beta
High Alpha
Low Alpha
Tetha
Delta
Meditation
Attention Threshold
Attention
From the combination of this data a level of attention and meditation can be calculated. This number (1 to 100) is used in the code to set up a threshold for transparency of the environment.
The design consist of a curved smart glass that can reduce one’s field of vision when turned opaque and increase it when transparent. The EEG data analysis is set so that once the user loses attention to a certain point the relay module will disconnect electricity from the glass. Once the use has been in this condition long enough to help her regain focus, the attention level may increase and the glass can become transparent again. At the same time with loss of focus a fan will start propelling and increase air circulation in the area. If connected to an area of fresh air or higher oxygen, this wi;; increase the amount of oxygen surrounding the user. This in turn will increase oxygen level in blod stream which may “wake up” the user and halp increase attention. Tetha
The surrounding lighting can also affect the level of alertness in the user and is controlled by user’s heart rate which will be explaned later.
Alpha
Beta
Tavoid any contact of high voltage electricity with the EEG device which sits on the user head, the data that is transfered to the first arduino for analysis is transmitted to a second arduino through a TX/RX module. This generates a gap between the relay module and our EEG device and rules our any unlikly possibility of injury. The first arduino is powered by a laptop only. second arduino recieves data from first arcuino and changes the transparency of our smart glass thoug trigering the relay module.
Gamma
Delta
The general setup consists of the transparency module and fan propeller controlled by the EEG device through two arduino processors. The connection of the EEG device to the first arduino is physical and through soldered wiring. The lighting module is connected to a hear rate sensor and operates seperatly, connected to an LED RGB module that can recreate different intensities and colors of light.
Please Watch the Demo of this piece in the following link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0FCtnnTVmM
The Lighting modules condition is determined through an analysis of user’s heart rate BPM. Setting up multiple thresholds allows for a smooth turn of colors and light intensities from one state to another, The general premise of such light control is to increase the level of alertness when necessary to boos focus or induce more relaxation if the user is too excited and again help with focus. it is important to note that in different states one may need more or less agitating factors to achieve optimum performance.
Fractal growth is a geometrical concept that has multiple behavioral implications in terms of material performance. one of these properties is the increase of surface area per volume that creates chambering effect that reduces the chance of noise escaping the material and thus dampens it through absorbing its energy multiple times .
Acoustical behavior of a specific material in space is a result of both its material properties and its geometry. In this project, using both unique physical properties of materials combined with a fractal geometrical concept, a tiling has been designed to increase the absorptive properties of material maxi-
A three dimensional interpretation of the fractal growth for noise reduction could manifest in form of cone morphing. The varying diameter in a cone in addition of multiple scales of it provide a perfect texture for maximum absorption of noise by the material in addition of maximizing surface area in relation to volume which additionally reduces material use as well and lowers cost of production.
Phase1: Simple Cone
Choice of material is a mixture of a consideration for noise reduction properties and also its moldebility which could or could not allow for replication of the desired geometry. Rubber , having a relatively high noise reduction coeffi cient and also easy casting was the number one choice of material.
Phase2: Morphing cones on the simple Cone
Phase3: Morphing morphed cones on a morphed cone
To generate the desired fractal geometry the model was divided in a form to allow for safe removal of mold from cast and 3d printed in resin glossy material for reduction of damage due to removal process. the modular expansion ofo the tile alllowed for generation of multiple elements from just one mold and thus reducing 3 printing and thus cost of production
The process of casting a technical component of production reiterated the design for a possibility of perpendicular division and easy modular growth. Multiple tests were done to aquire the best combination of the two main chemichals and also the responsive pigments inside the cast material. The result was perfectmodular pieces ready to aggregate.
Once modules are ready they can be aggregated through the use of newly mixed rubber material to create a texture that can be applied to straight or even curvey surfaces due to flexibility of rubber. Additionally the translucent nature of the material allows for some passage of light which can produce different visual qualities based on the color or transparency of the underlying surface.
Depending on the useage of texture and also expected frequency of noise that the material has to absorb, the texture can be scaled at different sizes. This allows for further appropriation of the geometrical function based on usage and performance predictions.
The acoustical performance of this design was then tested in an acoustical software that works as an extension to rhino called “Pachyderm�. In this abstract scenario one wall in an isolated room (considered entirly made of plywood) was covered with a multiplication of our desired geometry with the acoustical qualitis that material surface set as that of rubber. using once sound source and one microphone at exactly same spots for both scenarios. The resulting analysis shows a significant difference between the control and test conditions. The analysis shows the average of Energy time curve along multiple frequencies. This shows a green light for furthering the project and an in lab measurment of Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) and Sound Absorption Average (SAA) of the material product.
The primary aim of this project is to control the flow of heat throughout the building by calibrating the material density of its structure. reduction of concrete density (by addition of styrofoam or the process of making it porous) will result in less resistance to tension and compression, as a result less dense slabs and walls
Iodin intake
Humidity map
Heat map
Iodin intake
rheumatoid Arthri-
Depression
The primary aim of this project is to control the flow of heat throughout the building by calibrating the material density of its structure. reduction of concrete density (by addition of styrofoam or the process of making it porous) will result in less resistance to tension and compression, as a result less dense slabs and walls tend to be thicker while denser ones are more slender. Therefore the areas which have less material density will be devided into smaller rooms with less hight and higher density in material leads to larger spaces. The logic runs through the whole building and decides for the arrangement of all plans and sections while satysfying the defined program.
The existing site is located in Patagonie, Chile, at one of the southest points of the country. This causes the site to lack sunlight during <ay to September months. The Site has already a cluster of rooms related to a central organizing and culinary unit as summer settlement of a hotel.
Spatial Proposed Organization Design: Winter Addition The Winter building should be located near the main buildings and share services if necessary. yet the interior of the winter wing is completely detached from the outside. programs are organized based on their activity and consequently daily timing.
Existing Hoterl site view
Climate Conditions
The hotel has an annual closing from may 5 th to september 15. a restriction imposed mainly by climate. as a result the existing buildings can be scatterred through the landscape and the heating costs will remain reasonable since the climate is amiable when the hotel has visitors. the timing works well for climate tourists from northern hemisphere.
Annual closing
The hotel has an annual closing from may 5 th to september 15. a restriction imposed mainly by climate. as a result
Site Plan 1:2000
Spatial Organization
Modular Living Surfaces “Living Surfaces” which build the horizontal area of the entire structure, are 120cm modules that can be divided by ratios of 2 or three or to be combined to create bigger flat areas. the curvature of surfaces corresponds to desired level of activity, consequently steeper areas have more steps and induce more physical activity.
Two Way (Waffle) Wooden Structure The main structure consists of a two way wooden beam which has added heights for support of the living surfaces at noted elevations. the minimum height of each beam is calculated based on bay distance and the rest of the height transfers the weight to tha base height of the beam. This height decreases in the lower levels.
Spiral Wall/ Soil Barrier
The merging of the different environmental elements leads to creation of multiple conditions that are excitetory or inhibitory to the secretion of the specified hormones. as a result of the collision of there will be transitory areas which have the shared elements of the different condition.
Base Foundation
The merging of the different environmental elements leads to creation of multiple conditions that are excitetory or inhibitory to the secretion of the specified hormones. as a result of the collision of there will be transitory areas which have the shared elements of the different condition.
Wooden veneer, 2mm
Wooden Facade, 21mm Steel Plate
Steel embedded botlt and screw
Drainage,
Wooden Structural Surface
Flumroc Insulation, 120m Damp Proof Layer
Wooden 80mm beams Steel Studs Wooden Frame Damp Proof Layer 5 mm Reinforced Concrete 10mm rebar Waterproof Layer 10 mm Concrete foundation+rebars Concrete foundation Base
Section 1:50
Spatial Organization
Wafï¬&#x201A;e Joinery Details
Plan organization/Analysis The merging of the different environmental elements leads to creation of multiple conditions that are excitetory or inhibitory to the secretion of the specified hormones. as a result of the collision of there will be transitory areas which have the shared elements of the different condition.
Spatial Organization
Program Organization The merging of the different environmental elements leads to creation of multiple conditions that are excitetory or inhibitory to the seSpatial Organization cretion of the specified hormones. as a result of the collision of there will be transitory areas which have the shared elements of the different condition.
Melatonin
Lighting Intensity lux Lighting Intensity creats specific topography based of the location of the lamps and their power. there are three light sources with same intensity strategically located in the room.
Legend
Epoprotein
Thyroxin
Serotonin
lighting Color Temprature light sources have different frequencies which decide their light spectrum the combinations of which creates emerance of mixed spectrums.
Legend
Heat
carefully putting the heat sourcein adjacency of colder walls can create pockets of different tempratures
Legend 0’
+10’
+20’
+30’
+40’
+50’
Surface Curvature/Activ-
The slope of the instant curvature of the surface visualizes the amount of activity one has to to at any certain point in the room.
Legend +55
+65
+75
+85
Plan organization/Analysis The merging of the different environmental elements leads to creation of multiple conditions that are excitetory or inhibitory to the secretion of the speciďŹ ed hormones. as a result of the collision of there will be transitory areas which have the shared elements of the different condition.
Spatial Organization
Spatial Organization
Plan1 1:50 Entrance
Perspectives
Plan2 1:50 Sleep Area
Plan3 1:50 eating Area
Plan4 1:50 Gym Area
Plan5 1:50 Spa Area
The primary aim of this project is to control the flow of heat throughout the building by calibrating the material density of its structure. reduction of concrete density (by addition of styrofoam or the process of making it porous) will result in less resistance to tension and compression, as a result less dense slabs and walls tend to be thicker while denser ones are more slender. Therefore the areas which have less material density will be devided into smaller rooms with less hight and higher density in material leads to larger spaces. The logic runs through the whole building and decides for the arrangement of all plans and sections while satysfying the defined program.
- Denser concrete - More compressive strength - Narrower, longer - Thinner Structural Elements - Faster heat transfer
- less dense concrete - Less compressive strength - Shorter thicker - Thicker Structural Elements, - Faster heat transfer - Denser Spaces
- Less dense spaces
- More conduccvity
- Less conduccvity
- Columns as load bearing elements
- Walls as load bearing elements
- Glass Parrroning K=0.96 - More Transparency
- Wall Parrroning
Lightweight Concrete K= 0.1 - 0.3 Medium Concrete K=0.4 - 0.7 Dense Concrete K=1.0 - 1.8
- Less Transparency
the less dense concrete acts as an insulator between the hot and cold
Density/ Conductivity Patterns Various patterns of density in plans can produce different thermodynamic bahaviours in eache level. Same logic is also applied in Sections. Agregation of theses micropattern decides the buildings overall thermodynamic behavior.
Buildings Vertical and Horizontal Thermal Behaviors Different Structural elements transfer heat in different directions. This gives them a layering quality that faciliates the process of design and analysis. Even though columns and walls also transfer heat vertically, the amount is negligable in contrast with their horixontal heat transfer. keeping at least one side of the slabs linear will dramatically reduce building costs and has the same effect as thickening it from both sides, in addition it makes circulation easier.
Verical Heat and light transfer
Horizontal Heat transfer
Verrcal Heat transfer
Shifting Plans As the slabs thicken to allow structure to maintain its qualities, people are subsequently moving also vertically in each level. thus to have an efficient vertical circulation, each level is attached to its upper levels. This causes the building to have a legible path even though it follows a local solution to circulation. Public and private are separated because of the density of the in-between specially dense pockets.
Heat Gain and Heat Parts of the building with more extreme condition protect the milder areas from outside conditions, even though the mild areas stil can benefit from the natural sunlight that passes through the outer labs and east and west sides of the building. This mild area is also functioning as a kind of insulation in between the hot and cold and thus the structure becomes its own insulation. The building shades its northern side by its southern side. The challenge is to control rate of heat transfer from the the two sides and ideally keep them from negating their differences. The shift of density from liwer levels to higher levels in both sides decides the type of interaction of each part of the building with its surroundings. The interaction of the building with its surroundigs is dependant mostly on sun exposure as long as the southern part is not overshadowed the thermal qualities should work in advantage of heat maintanence.
Circulation logic As the slabs thicken to allow structure to maintain its qualities, people are subsequently moving also vertically in each level. thus to have an efficient vertical circulation, each level is attached to its upper levels. This causes the building to have a legible path even though it follows a local solution to circulation. Public and private are separated because of the density of the in-between specially dense pockets.
East Elevaaon sc 1:128
South Elevaaon sc 1:128
West Elevaaon sc 1:128
North Elevaaon sc 1:128
Disruptions in time-zone cause multiple problems for frequent or non-frequent travelers.
Jet lag or Flight dysrhythmia, caused by this multiple time-zone skipping, includes a collection of symptoms consisting of daytime fatigue, impaired alertness, nighttime insomnia, loss of appetite, depressed mood, poor psychomotor coordination and reduced cognitive skills. (Waterhouse et al, 2007)This condition in general is caused because of discrepancy between the inner body clock or the circadian rhythm and the external reality of the world.
ocular exposure to a bright light pulse has lasting effects in shifting participantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; circadian rhythm patterns later into the
A laboratory study done by Khalsa et al. shows that
Bright Light Exposure
day. Even a single 6 hour sitting of exposure to bright light from 12 to 6am could shift the pattern by about an hour for three days (Khalsa, 2003).
The mammalian eye can detect changes in environmental light irradiance and create non-image forming light responses, which in humans include synchronization of the circadian clock. (Zeiter, 2000) It is suggested that the light irradiance affects plasma melatonin that in turn controls the circadian rhythm.
use of external inputs such as light and temperature is a possible way for the effective manipulation of the circadian system towards
This suggests that
the desired direction as a means for mitigation of Flight dysrhythmia symptoms or even its possible elimination. Even though overall exposure of human body to different types of light (extra-ocular exposure) also has the potential of affecting human circadian rhythm (Campbell, 1998), the ocular effects of such exposure have been reported to be greater in intensity(Khalsa, 2003). As a result manipulation of lights sources that are directly looked at can have greater behavioral effects than the general lighting condition. Considering
the number of passengers in flights and the overall constant control over lighting in the cabin, use of lighting proves as a more efficient way than use of prescribed melatonin pills by passengers.
Introduction of artificial lighting to human lifestyles has created a condition where natural regulator cues for the body are weakened. (Roenneberg, 2003) Many people work in workspaces that are entirely artificially lit or spend extended hours on their computers staring into a direct source of light (File, 2014) which is usually cool in temperature. This introduces an intense and long ocular exposure that can potentially affect the human behavioral patterns. (Khalsa, 2003)
As human circadian clock can be effectively manipulated by tweaking lighting conditions. Some of the import-
ant factors in this type of manipulation would be temperature, intensity, abruptness, number of
Even though overall exposure of human body to different types of light (extra-ocular exposure) also has the potential of affecting human circadian rhythm (Campbell, 1998), the ocular effects of such exposure have been reported to be greater in intensity(Khalsa, 2003). As a result manipulation of lights sources that are directly looked at can have greater behavioral effects than the general lighting condition. Introduction of artiďŹ cial lighting to human lifestyles has created a condition where natural regulator cues for the body are weakened. (Roenneberg, 2003) Many people work in workspaces that are entirely artiďŹ cially lit or spend extended hours on their computers staring into a direct source of light (File, 2014) which is usually cool in temperature. This introduces an intense and long ocular exposure that can potentially affect the human behavioral patterns. (Khalsa, 2003)
In addition to intensity, spectral composition of light also has capacity to shift the internal day of people who exposed to it. Studies show that changing the color temperature of
lighting in office spaces from the regular 4000 k to blue enriched 8000k can affect the sleep and
activity pattern of the subjects. Participants became more active during the later office hours (1-5 pm) in contrast to test group and their weekend sleeping patterns shifted later into the day as well. (Vetter, 2011) The effect of regular exposure to bluer light kept the circadian clock constant even through the natural dawn and dusk time (and control group’s clock) had changed gradually with season. (Vetter, 2011)
Input To predic a general desired circadian shift for the average passenger in a flight, one could use the general information of the
estimate the direction of such shift either forward or backwards.
flight and
such general estimate can be merly be based on knowledge of whether flight moves east to west or the opposite. for better refinement of the amount of desired shift one would need the
timeszone differences of the destination and departure point in
addition to the time of departure and date to factor in the day length that passengers have been exposed to.
A simple interface that can take such data in and would be used by the crew would suffice for this purpose.
Shift Calculation Once the data is taken in a simple series of calculations determine the desired clock shift of the average passenger. It is important to note that even though for shorter flights the implementation of such
clock shift may be possible, longer flights that cause more shift may noit be fully compensated for during the flight and one can only
aim to reduce the effect of such shift by a maximum amount. Thus calculation of shift considers this maximum threshold and anounces the shif accordingly.
Output The
software
combines
described
packages in order to create
an overall sequence for the duration of the flight which is applicable through the lighting fixtures proposed for the cabin.
The process consists of a calculation of the time-zones, flight duration and the necessary adjustment either way of the clock. The result though is more complex based on timing in the destination. Required alertness at time of arrival and desired body activity condition based on the arrival time. This can suggest two different strategies that would either propose rest during the flight time or a designed depletion of energy so that sleep can happen upon arrival, or a combination of both for longer flights (with either rest phase or active phase happening in the end) Since it is easier to push the rhythm further one of the critical items would be to
longest amount of time that the rhythm could be pushed later before pulling back the rhythm becomes a more efficient way.
discover the
Based on this primary analysis the software can combine the predefined effect blocks in order to deliver the change. The “effect blocks”, according to the duration assigned to them can be translated into spectral composition and intensity and can be shown as a factor of time.
In Flight Experience The combination of these blocks of activity creates a smooth change of light intensity and frequency that gets couples with the designated activities for that block of times. As a result the lighting and tempera-
ture sequence not only helps with the physiological adjustment of the body but also helps with the creation of certain behavioral patterns that accompany and intensify such effect.
A sample sequence is depicted in the series of images here that are snapshots of an animation of a section of the airplane during flight, Each moment in the drawings corresponds to a certain point in the chart below it depicted in red. This chart shows not only the proposed sequence of environmental changes in
average predicted change of melatonin
the flight but also the
produced by the uses which corresponds to their sleep pattern and circadian rhythm. The resulting shift in the rhythm (for average user with normal circadian clock) can then be predicted and depicted by the software as well as the resulting shift in the rhythm through the upcoming days. As a result the airline can inform passengers on what sort of sleep and behavioral pattern to predict after flight if complete elimination of symptoms
References Campbell Scott S. and Murphy Patricia J. (1998) , Extraocular Circadian Phototransduction in Humans, Science, New Series, Vol. 279, No. 5349 (Jan. 16, 1998), pp. 396-399 Devlin Paul F. (2002),Signs of the Time: Environmental Input to the Circadian Clock, Division of life Sciences, King's College London, Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 53, No. 374 File Tom, Ryan Camille, 2014., Computer and Internet Use in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau, , Retrieved April 2015, from: http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/acs/acs-28.pdf Khalsa Sat Bir S., Jewett Megan E., Cajochen Christian and Czeisler Charles A. (2003) A Phase Response Curve to Single Bright Light Pulses in Human Subjects, J Physiol (2003), 549.3, pp. 945–952 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.040477 Claudio R. Lazzari and Teresita C. Insausti,2008, Circadian rhythms in insects, Comparative Aspects of Circadian Rhythms, 2008: 000-000 ISBN: 978-81-7895-329-8, Transworld Research Network, 37/661 (2), Fort P.O., Trivandrum-695 023, Kerala, India Roenneberg T, Daan S, Merrow M. the art of entrainment, J Biol Rhythms. 2003; 18(2):183. Doi:10.1177/074873040318003001 Vetter, Céline, Juda, Myriam, Lang Dieter, Dipl Phys; Wojtysiak, Andreas, Roenneberg, Till, (2011) Blue-Enriched Office Light Competes With Natural Light as a Zeitgeber, Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health37.5 (Sep 2011): 437-45. Virshup d.m., Eide e.j., Forger d.b., gallego m., and Vielhaber Harnish e. (2007), Reversible Protein Phosphorylation Regulates Circadian Rhythms , Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2007 72: 413-420 Waterhouse J, Reilly T, Atkinson G, Edwards B. Jet lag: trends and coping strategies. Lancet 2007;369:1117–29. Zeitzer, J. M., Dijk, D.-J., Kronauer, R. E., Brown, E. N. & Czeisler, C. A. (2000). Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression. Journal of Physiology 526, 695–702.