The Meadow Project

THE MEADOW RESEARCH PROJECT STUDIO IV summer 2018

Natalia Almonacid

uncertainty

dynamic

unpredictability

on going process

intentionality

seeded in situ uncontrolled

adaptability

forbs + grasses

change

spontaneity

[gradual]

resilience

DEFINING MEADOWS

expectancy

patience sustainable

high ecological value

early succession

minimal initial impact

time

“...herbaceous plantings in which the constituent plants mingle in a complex, random fashion” “community of forbs and grasses that do not grow beneath trees and shrubs” James Hitchmough

MEADOWS IN THE WORLD

Olympic Park, London, United Kingdom / 2012 / LDA design + Hargreaves Associates, Landscape Architects; James Hitchmough + Nigel Dunnet, Meadow horticulture; Sarah Price, garden plant design

DESIGNED MEADOWS IN URBAN LANDSCAPES

Olympic Park, London, United Kingdom / 2012 / LDA design + Hargreaves Associates, Landscape Architects; James Hitchmough + Nigel Dunnet, Meadow horticulture; Sarah Price, garden plant design

MEADOWS IN THE WORLD

Olympic Park, London, United Kingdom / 2012 / LDA design + Hargreaves Associates, Landscape Architects; James Hitchmough + Nigel Dunnet, Meadow horticulture; Sarah Price, garden plant design

E c o l o g i c a l b e n e fi t

installation

C u l t u r a l b e n e fi t

sowing in situ inexpensive | low cost of implementation

low maintanance

beauty

change in perception about dynamic, wild landscapes

atractiveness to pollinators

color | movement | sound | texture

biodiversity

Habitat formation

-provides shelter and food for invertebrates -opportunity to increase native habitat plantings in urban landscapes

soil restoration can be used on hostile soils that are difficult to plant

Inclusive landscapes that represent different types of people

management

Large scale actions [mowing, burning, selective addition and removal/chemical spreading]

community engagement Training for new job alternatives

atractiveness to people

lower susceptibility to vandalism and plant theft

dynamic landscapes

Succession

early successional landscape that emerged in Loblolly pine fields historically burned by native americans for hunting

THE IMPORTANCE OF MEADOWS

C o s t - b e n e fi t

-no irrigation required -non regular mowing required [once late winter]

Acknowledgement of other type of landscape: -resilient -engage change and time -long term sustainability

phenology process of seeding, germination, growth, management, disturbance

low ecological value

high maintanance

irrigation

mulch

mowed lawn summer:once a week spring and fall: every 2 weeks winter: once a month

controlled

pruned shrubs

All Campus landscape planting bed areas have mulch covering. [pest control, moisture retention, erosion and sediment control, weed control and soil nutrient retention].

static

Doesn’t engage time and change

ornamental

commertial species [Crape Myrtle]

animals

turfgrass

low diversity

people

The Auburn Campus utilizes vast expanses of turfgrass for open space, recreational opportunity and gathering areas.

AUBURN UNIVERSITY’S CAMPUS LANDSCAPE

plants

vision:

“...to provide a structure that will shape a beautiful, memorable and enduring pedestrian-oriented campus while reintegrating cultural and natural systems through constructed urban ecologies and restored and revitalized ecosystems”.

1. IDENTIFYING FIELD LABS

1. h.

f.

i.

g.

8. j.

a.

6.

4.

1.1

10.

9.

5.

7.

12.

11.

2. b.

13.

14.

Identifying field labs

c.

15.

k.

e.

11. Construc�on field lab

20.

17.

18.

19.

16.

d.

n.

22. l.

21.

24.

30.

23.

10. Bee and Aviary research center

25.

26.

m.

27.

28.

3. Paterson Greenhouse complex

29.

12. College of Veterinary

2. Duncan Drive Forestry

1. Teaching and demonstra�on plots/ Arboretum expansion

5. Beef technical center 5. Beef technical center

5. Beef technical center

3.

13. Cullars Rota�on

6. Wood field Drive FL 4. Campus forest

9. Horse center

7. Swine Research and educa�on

LEGEND

Existent Field Labs Potential existent field labs Parking lots Potential field labs

8. Turf Grass research

0

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8 Miles

POTENTIAL SITES FOR MEADOW RESEARCH IN CAMPUS

1 23

Identifying field labs

1.2 SITE

1

SIZE

s

2

s

3

s

VEHICLE TOPOGRAPHY ACCESSIBILITY interior street

≤ 1 acre

≤ 1 acre

≤ 1 acre

2%

7’

238’

interior street

2%

2%

5’

5%

m 1≥3 acres

5

road

[unexistent]

m 1≥3 acres

road

m 1≥3 acres

6

Within campus

-Circulation

Within campus

-Circulation

13’

Within campus

-Circulation -Permanence

3’

Within campus -Circulation -Permanence

9’

[central]

9’

[edge]

8

m 1≥3 acres

9

m 1≥3 acres

L

10

1%

interior restricted street

140’

4%

road

≤ 1 acre

17’

Within campus -Circulation -Permanence

13’

South campus

Contemplation

South campus

Agriculture field

384’

4%

road

s

[edge]

297’

3≥5 acres

2%

630’

[edge]

14’

[edge]

4

EXISTENT CANOPY COVER

6

7 8

-Permanence

-Circulation

599’

7

Within campus

[central]

317’

2%

-Circulation -Permanence

Within campus

3’

160’

2%

Within campus

[central]

149’

4

USE

[central]

223’

interior street

LOCATION

5

9

10

road

SITE CLASSIFICATION 0

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8 Miles

Identifying field labs

1.3 SITE

SIZE

VEHICLE TOPOGRAPHY ACCESSIBILITY interior street

1

s

≤ 1 acre

2

s

≤ 1 acre

3

s

≤ 1 acre

2%

LOCATION

USE

Within campus

-Circulation -Permanence

Within campus

-Permanence

Within campus

-Circulation

Within campus

-Circulation

Within campus

-Circulation

13’

Within campus

-Circulation -Permanence

3’

Within campus -Circulation -Permanence

7’

238’

interior street

2%

[central]

5’

223’

interior street

2%

[central]

3’

[central]

149’

4

5%

m 1≥3 acres

5

road

[unexistent]

m 1≥3 acres

road

m 1≥3 acres

6

9’

[central]

160’

2%

9’

[edge]

317’

2%

599’

8

m 1≥3 acres

9

m 1≥3 acres

L

10

1%

interior restricted street

140’

4%

road

≤ 1 acre

17’

Within campus -Circulation -Permanence

13’

South campus

Contemplation

South campus

Agriculture field

384’

4%

road

s

7

[edge]

297’

3≥5 acres

2%

630’

[edge]

14’

[edge]

EXISTENT CANOPY COVER

SITE A

SITE B

SITE C

road

SELECTED SITES 0

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8 Miles

Identifying field labs

1.4

L egend

S

S

L egend

M

S

L

L egend

SITE A Area=2.67 acre Medium canopy cover 2% slope [average] located within campus vehicle accessibility Circulation|permanence| tailgating|contemplation

SITE B Area=1.61 acre Low canopy cover 5% slope located within campus Non-vehicle accessibility

SITE C Area=4.53 acre Inexistent canopy cover 2% slope located south campus [suburban condition] vehicle accessibility vacant

SELECTED SITES

2. DEVELOPING RESEARCH TYPOLOGIES

Installation methods -Hydroseeding -Hydromulching -Seed drilling -Broadcasting

Management regimes -Burning -Cutting -Selective addition -Selective removal -Chemicals spreading [herbicides]

Scale -Large -Medium -Small -Micro

Site conditions -sun -shade -soil moisture -climate -latitude + altitude + -continentality

Aesthetics

vegetation types

-Attractiveness -bloom [color, duration] -structure -movement -seasonality

-according to location [world wide] -grasslands -prairies -steppe -meadows

Plant community patterns Monoculture Seed mix

TYPES AND ELEMENTS FOR MEADOW RESEARCH

combinations [%] species selection

Succession

Plant communities

Ephemerality

canopy layering

ground layer middle canopy layer upper emergent layer

spatial organization

single-layer communities two-layer communties three-layer communities

Soils + soil types

species -native -non-native -hybrid vegetation [compatible non-native sp] -germination rates -growth rate -growth form and method of spread -robustness -emergence -winter-cold tolerance -years to flowering -flowering duration and presence -palatability -capacity to support native biodiversity -sowing timing

-herbivores -people [culinary]

17.9’

2.1

12.5’

14.8’

9.3’

4.3’

12.5’

9’

3’

9’

developing research typologies

5’

6’

7.64’

Hydroseeding

Hydromulching

7’

Broadcasting

Seed Drilling

Drone-Broadcasting

20’ x’

7’

x’

8’ 8’

73%

8’ 8’

INSTALLATION METHODS

Common name

developing research typologies

2.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

Big bluestem Bottle brush grass Broomsedge Creeping red fescue Deer tongue grass Eastern gamma grass Fall panicum Fowl manna grass Goat's rue Indian grass Little bluestem Lopsided indian grass Muhly grass Niblewill Pineywoods dropseed Purple top Red top panicum River bank wild rye Side oats Slender indian grass Splitbeard bluestem Switchgrass Tall Dropseed Upland bentgrass Virginia wild rye Wiregrass Wool grass Butterfly milkweed Bear's foot Bergamot Blackeyed susan Blue vervain Browneyed susan Common milkweed Cup plant False sunflower Greyheaded coneflower Indian blanket Iron weed Lance leaved coreopsis Lance-leaved goldenrod Lemon mint Maximilian Sunflower Monkey flower Narrow-leaved sunflower Ohio spiderwort Plains coreopsis Purple coneflower Rigid Goldenrod Seed box Showy tickseed Smooth aster Smooth beardtongue Sneezeweed Spiked blazing star Swamp milkweed White wingstem Yarrow Yellow wingstem Blue false indigo Illinois bundleflower Patridge pea Purple prairie clover Showy Tick Trefoil White prairie clover Wild Senna Fox sedge Hop sedge Shallow sedge Columbine Cutleaf coneflower Deer tongue plant Early gondenrod Florida paintbrush Florida tick trefoil Gray goldenrod Hairy mountain mint Joe-pye weed Large coreopsis Narrowleaf silkgrass New England Aster Nodding sedge Path rush Rattlesnake master River oats Sensitive briar Short leaf blazing star Slender blazing star Slender mountain mint Spotted beebalm Spurred butterfly pea Starry silphium Virginia mountain mint White snakeroot Wild quinine Wood oats Yellow wild indigo

Botanical name Andropogon gerardii Elymus hystrix andropogon virginicus Festuca rubra Panicum clandestinum Tripsacum dactyloides Panicum anceps glyceria striata Tephrosia virginiana Sorghastrum nutans Schizachyrium scopatium sorghastrum secundum Muhlembergia capillaris Muhlenbergia schreberii sporolobus junceus Tridens flavus Panicum rigidulum Elymus riparius Bouteloua curtipendula Sorghastrum ellioti Andropogon ternarius Panicum virgatum Sporobolus compositus Agrostis perennans Elymus virginicus Aristida stricta Scirpus cyperinus Asclepias tuberosa Smallanthus uvedalius Monarda fistulosa Rudbeckia hirta Verbena hastata rudbeckia triloba Asclepias syriaca Silphium perfoliatum Heliopsis helianthoides Ratibida pinnata Gaillardia pulchella Vernonia altissima Coreopsis lanceloata euthamia graminifolia Monarda citriodora Helianthus maximiliani Mimulus ringens helianthus angustifolia Tradescantia ohiensis coreopsis tinctoria Echinacea pirpurea Solidago rigida Ludwigia alternifolia Bidens aristosa Aster leavis Penstemon digitalis Helenium autumnale Liatris spicata Asclepias incarnata verbesina virginica Achillea millefolium Verbesina alternifolia Baptisia australis Desmanthus illinoensis Cassia fasciculata Dalea purpurea Desmodium canadense Dalea candida Cassia marilandica Carex vulpinoidea Carex lupulina Carex lurida Aquilegia canadiensis rudbeckia laciniata carphephorus odoratissimus solidago juncea Carphephorus corymbosis desmodium floridanum Solidago nemoralis pycnanthemum pilosum Euptorium fistulosum coreopsis major Pityopsis graminifolia Aster novaeangliae Carex crinita Juncus tenius Eryngium yuccifolium uniola latifolia Mimosa quadrivalvis liatris tenuifolia liatris gracilis pycnanthemum tenuifolium Monarda punctata centrosema virginianum silphium asteriscus Pycnanthemum virginianum Eupatorium rugosum Perthenium integrifolium chasmanthium sessiliflorum baptisia tinctoria

109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 129 181 182 % 36% 5% 27% 9% 9% 45% 45% 18% 9% 32% 41% 23% 27% 9% 23% 36% 5% 9% 9% 18% 14% 86% 18% 14% 45% 18% 5% 36% 5% 73% 86% 18% 18% 9% 23% 86% 45% 14% 41% 55% 5% 5% 45% 5% 23% 82% 18% 82% 36% 14% 27% 18% 59% 32% 73% 27% 9% 5% 14% 5% 9% 45% 18% 9% 5% 23% 5% 5% 9% 9% 9% 9% 14% 5% 23% 14% 5% 27% 23% 9% 36% 5% 5% 36% 9% 5% 18% 18% 5% 5% 18% 9% 5% 9% 27% 5% 5%

86%

Switchgrass (cave-in -rock)

73%

Bergamot

86%

Blackeyed susan

86%

False sunflower

82%

82%

Purple coneflower

Ohio Spiderwort

73%

73%

Spiked blazing star

SEED MIX

developing research typologies

2.2

Roundstone native seeds [Kentuchy]

#

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

T

Specie Common name Big bluestem Bottle brush grass Broomsedge Creeping red fescue Deer tongue grass Eastern gamma grass Fall panicum Fowl manna grass Goat's rue Indian grass Little bluestem Lopsided indian grass Muhly grass Niblewill Pineywoods dropseed Purple top Red top panicum River bank wild rye Side oats Slender indian grass Splitbeard bluestem Switchgrass Tall Dropseed Upland bentgrass Virginia wild rye Wiregrass Wool grass Bear's foot Bergamot Blackeyed susan Blue vervain Browneyed susan Butterfly milkweed Common milkweed Cup plant False sunflower Greyheaded coneflower Indian blanket Iron weed Lance leaved coreopsis Lance-leaved goldenrod Lemon mint Maximilian Sunflower Monkey flower Narrow-leaved sunflower Ohio spiderwort Plains coreopsis Purple coneflower Rigid Goldenrod Seed box Showy tickseed Smooth aster Smooth beardtongue Sneezeweed Spiked blazing star Swamp milkweed White wingstem Yarrow Yellow wingstem

Botanical name Andropogon gerardii Elymus hystrix andropogon virginicus Festuca rubra Panicum clandestinum Tripsacum dactyloides Panicum anceps glyceria striata Tephrosia virginiana Sorghastrum nutans Schizachyrium scopatium sorghastrum secundum Muhlembergia capillaris Muhlenbergia schreberii sporolobus junceus Tridens flavus Panicum rigidulum Elymus riparius Bouteloua curtipendula Sorghastrum ellioti Andropogon ternarius Panicum virgatum Sporobolus compositus Agrostis perennans Elymus virginicus Aristida stricta Scirpus cyperinus Smallanthus uvedalius Monarda fistulosa Rudbeckia hirta Verbena hastata rudbeckia triloba Asclepias tuberosa Asclepias syriaca Silphium perfoliatum Heliopsis helianthoides Ratibida pinnata Gaillardia pulchella Vernonia altissima Coreopsis lanceloata euthamia graminifolia Monarda citriodora Helianthus maximiliani Mimulus ringens helianthus angustifolia Tradescantia ohiensis coreopsis tinctoria Echinacea purpurea Solidago rigida Ludwigia alternifolia Bidens aristosa Aster leavis Penstemon digitalis Helenium autumnale Liatris spicata Asclepias incarnata verbesina virginica Achillea millefolium Verbesina alternifolia

SEED MIX ANALYSIS

Southern tall grass meadow

s/lbs $/lbs 144,000 $ 12.95 800,000 450,000 350,000 7,200

109 lbs/acre

s/acre

0

$ 137.50 $ 3.93 $ 27.00 $ 35.00

0 0 0 0

2,000,000 $ 250.00

0 0 481,250 300,000 0 0 0 0 871,875 0 0 0 0 0 679,875 1,125,000 0 0 0 0 0 91,250 756,800 0 0 0 13,872 0 78,645 92,700 0 44,480 1,827,200 0 0 35,070 0 0 42,195 0 95,910 82,500 0 0 0 185,400 0 49,780 0 0 0 0 6,967,901

175,000 $ 240,000 $

11.00 16.00

750,000 $

56.38

465,000 795,000 125,000 160,000

$ 21.00 $ 100.00 $ 16.25 $ 16.25

216,000 $ 100.00 259,000 $ 14.00 750,000 $ 44.00 100,000 $ 9,000,000 23,000 1,250,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 500,000 56,000 48,000 20,000 105,000 450,000 238,000 320,000 3,200,000 250,000 800,000 210,000 4,500,000 504,000 145,000 3,200,000 115,000 750,000 4,500,000 130,000 750,000 1,800,000 2,000,000 190,000 70,000 260,000 2,000,000 145,000

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

2.75 1.25

1.88

2.63 1.50

15.00 170.00 250.00 312.50 25.00 130.00 160.00 300.00 275.00 212.50 62.50 125.00 45.00 225.00 21.25 300.00 162.50 62.50 250.00 60.00 575.00 22.50 45.00 300.00 175.00 18.00 587.50 400.00 285.00 128.75 495.00 175.00 80.00 150.00

0.07 0.47

0.29 0.75 0.21 0.14 0.57

0.17

0.29 0.83 0.11

0.10 0.26

16.00

grasses others

Southern tall grass meadow

%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 4 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 10 16 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 26 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 100 50 50

110 lbs/acre 4.00

s/acre

%

1.00 0.63

0 0 0

0 1.88 0 2.50

0.08 0.40

0.10 0.52 0.77

647,500 0

96,250 646,400

0 80,535 0 0 0

0.45

94,710

0.22

31,175

0.85

97,750 0

0.11 0.10 0.35

Southern short grass meadow

189,000 66,310

0.43 16.00 1,949,630

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 33 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 5 0 0 0 0 10 0 3 0 0 0 0 100 33 67

111 lbs/acre

4

1

1

2.5 1.5

0.068 0.392

0.794 0.197 0.33 0.404

0.178

0.119

0.467

16.00

s/acre

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 960000 0 0 0 0 465000 0 0 160000 0 0 647500 1125000 0 0 0 0 0 85000 627200 0 0 0 0 0 83370 88650 78540 0 1292800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 133500 0 0 89250 0 0 88730 0 0 0 0 6190492

%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 6.25 0 0 6.25 0 0 15.6 9.37 0 0 0 0 0 0.42 2.45 0 0 0 0 0 4.96 1.23 2.06 0 2.52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.11 0 0 0.74 0 0 2.92 0 0 0 0 100 62.5 37.5

Southern short grass meadow

112 lbs/acre 0.75

2.25 0.50

2.00

4.50

0.09 0.35 0.13 0.21 0.17 0.85

0.24 0.85

0.69 0.12 0.11 0.55 0.23

16.00

s/acre

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 518,000 0 0 450,000 0 0 0 116,250 555,200 209,600 0 11,536 0 3,380 89,040 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34,655 0 97,750 0 0 89,050 0 208,800 210,000 104,880 15,750 0 0 0 3,873,443

%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13.4 0 0 11.6 0 0 0 3 14.3 5.41 0 0.3 0 0.09 2.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.89 0 2.52 0 0 2.3 0 5.39 5.42 2.71 0.41 0 0 0 100 50.8 49.2

Southern mixed grass meadow

113 lbs/acre

2.188 2.813

0.938

2.188

0.938 0.938

0.062 0.386

0.77 0.191 0.236 0.269 0.39

0.409

0.097

0.095 0.452

16.01

s/acre

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 382900 675120 0 0 0 0 436170 0 0 350080 0 0 242942 703500 0 0 0 0 0 77500 617600 0 0 0 0 0 80850 85950 56168 86080 1248000 0 0 85890 0 0 0 0 0 72750 0 0 0 171000 0 85880 0 0 0 0 5651290

%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.78 11.9 0 0 0 0 7.72 0 0 6.19 0 0 4.3 12.4 0 0 0 0 0 1.37 10.9 0 0 0 0 0 1.43 1.52 0.99 1.52 22.1 0 0 1.52 0 0 0 0 0 1.29 0 0 0 3.03 0 1.52 0 0 0 0 100 49.4 50.6

Southern mixed grass meadow

114

lbs/acre 2.5

1.563 0.313

2.5

1.875

2.813

0.095 0.349 0.212 0.21

0.86

0.506

0.242 0.102 0.86

0.693 0.118 0.56 0.227

18.50

s/acre 360,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 626,000 0 0 600,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 485,625 0 0 281,300 0 0 0 118,750 558,400 0 106,000 11,760 0 0 90,300 0 0 0 0 0 0 106,260 0 0 35,090 326,400 98,900 0 0 90,090 0 212,400 0 106,400 15,890 0 0 0 4,335,965

Coastal tall grass meadow

% 117 lbs/acre 14 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 0 0 4.25 14 0 1.31 0 0 0 0 1.87 0 0 0 0 0 10 2.5 0 0 15 0 0.063 0 0 1 0.13 2 0.38 0 1 1 0 0 5 0.82 0 0.18 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 3 0.39 0 0 1 0.33 1 5 0.76 0 0 4 0 1 0.09 0 3 1 0 0 0 100 15.923 63 37

s/acre

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 743,750 0 0 0 0 0 869,550 0 0 0 0 0 647,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 162,500 608,000 0 0 0 0 0 86,100 81,000 0 80,000 0 0 0 81,900 0 0 47,850 0 87,400 0 0 0 0 162,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,733,300

Coastal short grass meadow

%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.4 16 0 0 0 0 0 2.3 2.2 0 2.1 0 0 0 2.2 0 0 1.3 0 2.3 0 0 0 0 4.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 61 39

119 lbs/acre

4.37 0.31 0.62 3.12

1.56

0.07 0.4

0.17

0.28

0.5

0.21 0.92 0.18

0.12

s/acre

% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,048,800 17.94 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,450,800 24.81 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 336,960 5.762 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87,500 1.496 640,000 10.94 0 0 0 0 9,520 0.163 0 0 0 0 0 0 126,000 2.155 0 0 0 0 1,600,000 27.36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30,450 0.521 0 0 105,800 1.809 135,000 2.309 0 0 0 0 90,000 1.539 0 0 0 0 93,100 1.592 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,847,680 100

73% 0.49

15.91

48.51 51.49

2.2 Roundstone native seeds Southern short grass meadow [#111]

Tall Dropseed | Sporobolus compositus

Little Bluestem | Schizachyrium scopatium

Side Oats | Bouteloua curtipendula

Smooth Aster | Aster leavis

Indian blanket | Gaillardia pulchella

Lance leaved goldenrod | Euthamia graminifolia Black eyed susan | Rudbeckia hirta

False sunflower | Heliopsis helianthoides

Bergamot | Monarda fistulosa

Greyheaded coneflower | Ratibbida pinnata

Spiked Blazig Star | Liatris spicata

Rigid Goldenrod | Solidago rigida

Blue false indigo | Baptisia australis

Patridge Pea | Cassia fasciculata

White prairie clover | Dalea candida

Rattlesnake Master | Eryngium yuccifolium

Gray Goldenrod | Solidango nemoralis

Wild Quinine | Parthenium integrifolium

Switchgrass | Panicum virgatum

Purple Top | Tridens flavus

Purple prairie clover | Dalea purpurea

SEED MIX SPECIES

2.1 Roundstone native seeds Southern short grass meadow [#111]

Tall Dropseed | Sporobolus compositus

Little Bluestem | Schizachyrium scoparium

Side Oats | Bouteloua curtipendula

Smooth Aster | Aster leavis

Indian blanket | Gaillardia pulchella

Lance leaved goldenrod | Euthamia graminifolia Black eyed susan | Rudbeckia hirta

False sunflower | Heliopsis helianthoides

Bergamot | Monarda fistulosa

Greyheaded coneflower | Ratibbida pinnata

Spiked Blazig Star | Liatris spicata

Rigid Goldenrod | Solidago rigida

Blue false indigo | Baptisia australis

Patridge Pea | Cassia fasciculata

White prairie clover | Dalea candida

Gray Goldenrod | Solidango nemoralis

Wild Quinine | Parthenium integrifolium

Switchgrass | Panicum virgatum

SEED MIX

Purple Top | Tridens flavus

Purple prairie clover | Dalea purpurea

Rattlesnake Master | Eryngium yuccifolium

This work was done with Hillworks Design as part of the GRA research in wildflower meadows. Pictures, information and access to sites, planting beds, and plants were provided.

Source of images: by Hillworks design.

2.2 Roundstone native seeds Southern short grass meadow [#111]

Tall Dropseed | Sporobolus compositus

Little Bluestem | Schizachyrium scoparium

Side Oats | Bouteloua curtipendula

Smooth Aster | Aster leavis

Indian blanket | Gaillardia pulchella

Lance leaved goldenrod | Euthamia graminifolia Black eyed susan | Rudbeckia hirta

False sunflower | Heliopsis helianthoides

Bergamot | Monarda fistulosa

Greyheaded coneflower | Ratibbida pinnata

Spiked Blazig Star | Liatris spicata

Rigid Goldenrod | Solidago rigida

Blue false indigo | Baptisia australis

Patridge Pea| |Cassia PatridgePea Cassiafasciculata fasciculata

White prairie clover | Dalea candida

Rattlesnake Master | Eryngium yuccifolium

Gray Goldenrod | Solidango nemoralis

Wild Quinine | Parthenium integrifolium

Switchgrass | Panicum virgatum

Purple Top | Tridens flavus

Purple prairie clover | Dalea purpurea

SEED GERMINATION

This work was done with Hillworks Design as part of the GRA research in wildflower meadows. Pictures, information and access to sites, planting beds, and plants were provided.

2.2 Rainsville, Alabama Southern short grass meadow [Hillworks Design]

Site visit date: 11|07|2018 3-month wildflower meadow Mix #111 [Roundstone seeds] Seed drill installation method

IN SITE SEEDED MEADOW

This work was done with Hillworks Design as part of the GRA research in wildflower meadows. Information and access to site were provided.

3.TESTING

3.1 testing

Tichenor Hall

Foy Hall Ross square

West Thatch Ave

West Thatch concourse

Cater lawn

Martin Hall

Mell street

Haley concourse

Haley Center

Cater Hall Early learning

Dorm 1

Dorm 3

Draughon library Site B

SITE A

t e stesting ting

3.1

SITE A

Site A

testing

3.1

Cater Hall Early learning

Dorm 1

Dorm 3

Draughon library

Youth and family crt.

Dorm 2

Dorm 4

Spidle Hall

Quad Center

SITE B

testing

3.2

SITE B

la n e P ro p o se d b ik e

testing

Woodfield drive

3.3

Field lab no. 1

Performing arts center

existing road

AU’s medicinal plant garden

SITE C

testing

3.3

SITE C

4. TESTING + TYPOLOGY

testing + typology

4.1

73% S IETN G E EAR A[ Lp l Po tLsA] N

testing + typology

4.1

SITE A [plots]

testing + typology

4.1

73% SITE A [plots]

testing + typology

4.1

73% SITE A [circulation]

testing + typology

4.1

S

L XS

[0.06ac]

[0.04ac]

[0.08ac]

M

[0.07ac]

73% SITE A [plots - 1.34 ac]

4.1

73% SITE A [plots]

testing + typology

4.1

73% SITE A [open spaces]

4.1

73% SITE A [plots]

testing + typology

4.1

Turfgrass [0.10ac] Turfgrass [0.37ac] Turfgrass [0.21ac]

Turfgrass [0.22ac] Turfgrass [0.25ac]

73% SITE A [lawn - 1.15 ac]

testing + typology

4 . 21

SITE B A [plots]

testing + typology

4 . 21

SITE B A [plots]

testing + typology

4 . 21

SITE B A [plots]