Infrastructure corridor as green energy landscape 02

02

SITE analysis + method+ PROPOSAL

Infrastructure corridor as green energy landscape

Exploring the potential synergies between landscape experience and green energy production in the residual landscapes along the railway and highway corridor between Copenhagen – Ringsted.

Infrastructure corridor as green energy landscape Exploring the potential synergies between landscape experience and green energy production in the residual landscapes along the railway and highway corridor between Copenhagen – Ringsted.

NATALIA KOWALSKa rst277 MSc Landscape Architecture Departament of Geo-Scienes and Natural Resources 30 ECTS Supervisor : Anders Busse Nielsen Co- supervisor : Alexandra Vindfeld Hansen (SLA) September 2015 - March 2016

BOOKLET

02

SITE analysis + method + PROPOSAL

overview

site specific analysis site exploring LAndscape analysis visual analysis

concept diagrams strategy diagrams

00 01 02 03 04 05

6

8 16 18 20 21

method development land use juxtapositions method steps

design proposal

06 07 08

22 24 26

urban / recreation

28

urban / industry / recreation

32

wetland/ recreation

36

infrastructure node

40

wetland/ agriiculture

44

forest / forest

48

agriculture / agriculture

52

CALCULATIONs masterplan energy production sequence

landscape experience

discussion stages of implementation COncLUSION annex

3.

09 10 11 12 13 14

56 58 60 64 68 70 73

4.

site specific analysis + METHOD DEVELOPMENT

METHOD The basic research presented in the booklet 01 was the starting point for identifica-

Subsequently the analysing phase was translated into the method for energy planta-

tion of the main issues from global to site specific context. The preliminary research

tions selection according to multiple contexts. Method consists of two main parts:

themes were the guidance for species selection and summarizing planting typology,

Landscape experience assesment + Green energy objectives assesment.

which serves as a toolbox for the site specific design.

For this purpose different land uses juxtapositions were used as a basis for the valuation. Thirteen different edgelands conditions where mapped and preliminary assesed

The next step is to test the different energy plantings within site specific context.The

with landscape experience and green energy potentials. Later in the process seven

main focus was put on the potentials of different edgeland landscapes along infra-

of them where detailed and presented to illustrate the diverse solutions that can be

structure corridor for green energy production.

adjusted to site specific conditions.

It started with site exploration- both by field trips ( car, bike and high speed train

Along the process of mapping and designing, the calculations for green energy

field trips) and by GIS mapping. Analysis of site conditions like: terrain, geology,

production and carbon sequestration were made. The estimated outputs are to illus-

soil, green and blue infrastructures, mobility infrastructure and energy infrastruc-

trate potentials of the edgelands for the energy transition period.

ture set the basis for green infrastructure corridor implementation in this complex

The Green Energy Potentials masterplan is summarizing the viable contributions

context. The analytical process was supported with regional policy plans, VVMs and

of different municipalities to regional strategy for CO2 neutrality. Depending on

talks with different experts within management field and species selection. Mapping

the local strategy plan green energy production or carbon sequestration may be

of the edgelands in GIS enabled processing of the added data in correlation with

prioritized.

other layers, helping to estimate the complex sites energy production potentials.

The Visual Experience Masterplan is to summarize the design in the visual se-

The visual analysis of the site was developed based on visual sequences method by

quences along the infrastructure corridor. As the planting strategy has the regional

Appleyard and Lynch (Appleyard, D., Lynch, K., Myer, J. R. 1964) . Sketches of dis-

character the coherency of landscape experience is also of importance.

tinct landscape characters was summarized with plan diagram , which further in the

Finally the discussion and stages of implementation reflecting upon discussion are

process sereved as landscape experience design guidline.

presented.

5.

GIS detailed analysis

GIS general analysis

Experience summarizing map ( four parts)

Field trips summary - generic sites and landmarks

Calculations of available areas

REGISTRATION

Field trips - by bike, by car, by fast train

Landscape analysis - compilation

identity ladnmarks

Vallensbæk Sø and Mose

Brøndby haveby

Vestvolden and Avedøresletten

Vigerslevparken

LAND - USE structure

green infrastructure

transport infrastructure

BLUE infrastructure

terrain & soil structure

VVM studing

K. LYNCH visual experience analysis

method overview

00

6.

+ sequence sketching

energy infrastructure

Diagram - visual qualities of the site

Research and consultations on species productivity

Estimations of energy and carbon sinks potentials

Masterplan - municipalities contributions

Summarizng line potentials + strategies

Species selection proposal

PRODUCTIVE Populus op 42 Fagus with

5

PRODUCTIVE Larix eurolepis Quercus PRODUCTIVE Populus op 42 PRODUCTIVE Larix eurolepis Carpinus

‘ORCHARD’ old varites of Malus, Pyrus + Prunus avium

LIVING HEDGE

FOREST INTERSECTION Abies grandis Larix eurolepis Fagus sylvatica

11

+ + 13+

12

+ +13

LIVING HEDGE

+10

+12 +

+

9

+ b

+

+

+

PHYTOREMEDIATION SRC Salix ‘ Inger’ Alnus glutinosa

+1 ++ 3

a

MONOCULTURES Prunus avium

TRADITIONAL COPPICE/ POLLARDING Corylys, Carpinus

TRADITIONAL COPPICE / with standars Corylys, Carpinus

Prunus avium Alnus glutinosa

10

+1

5 7

2

LAN D

LANDMARK contrasting monocultures Prunus avium + Betula pendula + Quercus robur

LIVING HEDGE Acer campestre, Crataegus monogyna,Prunus spinosa

cE sCA Pe expirien

edgelands - various land use juxtapositions

7.

erg lle N

igerslev

letten vedøre

+ estvolden

rønd

k

+

allens

le Ådal e tore

le Ådal e

reve

Karlslunde

Karlstrup

ose ersie

diverse energy plantations

ille

7 x

olrød lands

13 x

+ Køge Nord

Site sustainable energy goals and landscape experience

Transport Center

+

Køge Ås ridge

Plantings overview board - constantly changing model

Høed/ Humleore skov

LIVING HEDGE Acer campestre, Crataegus monogyna,Prunus spinosa Sorbus aucuparia,

Ringsted

1c LANDMARK Larix eurolepis Fagus sylvatica

13

POLLARDING Salix alba

8

+6 + + 4

HEDGES/ LINEAR COPPICE Cornus sp., Aronia sp., Amelanchier, Carpinus, Fagus, Prunus, Sorbus sp.

identity ladnmarks

#Fig. 4

#Fig. 3

Vallensbæk Sø and Mose

#Fig. 2

Brøndby haveby

Vestvolden and Avedøresletten

hidden Brøndby recreation area

Store Vejleådalen

01

Vestvolden forests

site exploring urban enclosed

#Fig. 1

Vigerslevparken

First part of the infrastructure corridor runs via urban areas of Copenhagen, crossing the urban Vigerslev Park and gradually enters the edge of green wedge. Opening in Avedøre Sletten, passing through cultural heritage Vestvolden fortification, recrational areas of Brøndby football stadium and characterisitc circular allotments (screened for both car and railway users). This part crosses important infrastructure node in Vallensbæk, once again changing the reality of recrational area of Vallensbæk Sø.

infrastructure industry residentional recreation agriculture

wetlands Sletten

Store Vejleådalen

wetland forest edgeland

8.

sea

1

2 4

3

LAND USE map scale 1: 70 000 9.

lle Li

Ve

al åd e jl ry st i øj

ni

ng

Is

hø

j

h Is

h Is

øj

sc

e re

Kildebrønde Bæk- rail on the embankment

Second part of the infrastructure corridor runs via open areas of Lille Vejleådal and agriculture juxtaposed with urban / industrial sites of Ishøj and Greve. Greve and Karslunde areas are highly enclosed urban landscapes with flash of greenery intended for afforestation in Greve.

Later,infrastructure corridor passes by old nurseries and orchards trasformed into Karlstrup Skov paired with Karlstrup Mose which has more open character.

Just after half-closed forest experience, line enter the generic idustrial sites, remains of a cement history related to gravel pit ( right now trasformmed into the lake).

Once again going along screened uban areas - this time in Solrød, to finally open up in Jersie Mose.

k

G

de øn r b

f ol Karlstrup Skov

Ki e os Ka

s rl

up tr

M

infrastructure industry residentional recreation

r

Je

e

os

Jersie Mose

M

#Fig. 9

Cementvej

sie

#Fig. 8

identity ladnmarks

Ka

e ld

p ru st l r

#Fig. 7

Bæ

r Ka

ls

tr

up

Sk

ov

#Fig. 6

Lille Vejleådal

u nd

#Fig. 5

agriculture wetland forest edgeland

10.

sea

LAND USE map scale 1: 70 000 11.

#Fig. 10

infrastructure industry residentional recreation agriculture wetland forest

identity ladnmarks

#Fig. 11

Third part is characterized by the gradual approachtoward the Køge Nord station. Right now characterized by huge constructions areas- in the future - important infrastructure node and catalizator of new urban development. Today industrial sites along corridor are combined with open agricultural fields.

In the future - urban use pressure should be expected.

Passing next to Køge is almost unnoticeable thanks to screening planting. Remarkable landscapes long distance views, thanks to open fileds towards forest strip along Køge Ås.

#Fig. 12

#Fig. 13

edgeland

sea

12.

View towards Køge Nord

Køge Nord - view towards north

Køge Nord - view towards south

View towards Køge Ås

LAND USE map scale 1: 70 000 13.

identity ladnmarks

#Fig. 17

Ringsted Øst - Klimabyen

#Fig. 16

#Fig. 15

Open agriculture landscape

Last part of the infrastructure corridor runs through open agricultural lands and undulant creek sites of cultural heritage importance (Gammel Lellingegård og kirke , Vittenbjerg Ås, Spanager). Important distinct ladscape character of Regnemarks Mose and Køge Ås ridge may not be missed on the way. On the infrastructure node with railway connection from Roskilde, Hummelore Skov play important navigating role. Then line once again pass through open agricultural landscape to finally approach Ringsted with its industrial site in the foreground. Due to presence of new infrastructure, future urban development of Ringsted Øst ( planned Klimabyen) is expected.

infrastructure industry residentional recreation agriculture wetland forest edgeland

14.

Humleore Skove

#Fig. 14

Regnemark

LAND USE map scale 1: 70 000 15.

LAND USE structure

green infrastructure

transport infrastructure

BLUE infrastructure

energy infrastructure

terrain & soil structure

* analitical maps in 1: 200 000 scale attached in Annex 16.

landscape analysis

02

The basic analysis of the multiple landscape layers were crucial for un-

BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE

derstanding

Protected blue network inevitably intersects with man-made corridors. The

the

complex

interrelations

and

systems

on

regional

scale.

Starting with the mapping of geological landscape types which are influenc-

networks connectivity needs to be maintained, namely bridged. The pro-

ing structure of soils and terrain. Those create a backdrop for existing blue net-

tected areas of wetlands should keep their spreading corridors functions.

work. Water conditions are determing the green infrastructure. Combinations of

But transport infrastructure is influencing also the landscape experience with-

all landscape elements have the impact on the site land use, its transport and en-

in existing blue networks. Køge Å valley is the example of highly affected one.

ergy infrastructure, which on the other hand, are reshaping the existing landscape.

The theme of over-fertilization and water courses suspceptitbility to nutrient con-

Juxtaposing different layers was the oportunity to look for the new potentials that

tamination should not be overlooked. There is a chance to use biomass plantations

enhance occuring networks.

for sites phytoremediation.

Basic analysis were the background information for all further design consid-

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

erations. Thanks to GIS data they were helpfull on multiple scales consider-

Transport corridor crosses 11 wildlife corridors. It passes through Natura 2000 area

ations -

of Køge Å and is adjacent to few protected wetland areas. The plantings along corri-

from regional overview and systems to local, site specific zooming in.

The short decriptions of main problematics are outlined as follows:

dor are limited to the typical screening planting, usually next to residentional areas or industry. The transport infrastructure tends to separate rather than connect.There

Terrain

is a potential for development of the more coherent green infrastructure along the

Both naturally shaped ,as well as human made play important role in determining the

corridor itself.

site characteristic water conditions and climate.With site specific design few questions were helpfull: In the valley or on the slope? Sunny or shaded ? Exposed or sheltered?

TRANPORT INFRASTRUCTURE New fast railway is running mainly along the exsisting highway E20. In some of

SOIL

the places , of protected natural areas or exsisting buildings, its trajectory requires

Zealand is known for its fertile clayey soil. But edgelands are usually located in highly

adjustments. That are usually the places where new edgeland conditions occur.

anthropogenic sites, where soil is usually alternated by human actions. Nutrients are usually deteriorated, structure may be compacted - lacking proper aeration. To what

ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE

degree general soil map are reflecting the situation on site? The species selection for

Study of exsisting energy infrastructure gives basis for potential enhancement of the

most affected soils in urban areas, industrial sites and at infrastructure nodes should

exsititng energy systems. Mapping the centralized and decntralized biomass energy

be adjusted.

plants will be helpfull in strategic regional system development.

17.

Ny Ellebjerg

Brøndby

Kulbanevej

#Fig. 18 Kevin Lunch sequence method

Vallensbæk

Karlslunde - urban

Hundige

Karlslunde - wetlands

Karlstrup Skov

Greve

Vallensbæk

Vestvolden

Vejle Ådal

Ishøj

The landscape experience from commuter perspective was analyzed based on the theory of Kevin Lynch. The sequences of different landscapes along the corridor were sketched and then summarized in plan diagram.

Sketching helped to understand the distinct charac-

Cementevej

Køge / Agriculture

Køge Å

Bøgede

teristics of the landscape. The openess/ closness, long distance views, edge characters , landmarks and nodes where mapped along the whole infrastructure corridor.

Jersie Mose

Scandinavian Transport Center

Store Salby

Fjællebro

This analysis indicated the importance of adjustment of future design to the site specific landscape character.

The visual and spatial appereance together with existing land use and nature areas are the basis for Landskabskaraktermetoden used for stretegic plan-

Køge Nord

Køge - screening

ning within the landscape.

visual analysis

03

18.

Regnemark

towards Ringsted

The sequential overview is important from commuting perspective. Experience of the landscape in the consecutive episodes, from enclosed urban areas towards of open landscapes with long distance views to to streches along 60 km long line. To make the trip interesting and to draw attention to some of the characteristic points on the route, concious analysis and then planning is needed.

19.

concept diagramms

04

what to be achieved ?

The main goal of the project is to use the infrastructure corridor ed-

?

gelands potential. Left-over spaces, with no clear function are to be reactivated by giving them one binding identity of ‘‘ Green Energy Line’’. The infrastructure should strive for efficiency in fuel production and at the same time enhance the existing green networks. The energy production is to aim for sustainable goals, balancing productive, social and ecological needs. The corridor should perform as coherent system, related to the existing infrastructures. Enhancement

USE THE POTENTIIAL

give one BINDING identity

activate the unused 700 ha of edgelands, articulate, structure and give identity to such fragmented and chaotic landscapes.

‘‘ Green Energy Line ‘‘ to support sustainable green energy production - biomass and fuel woodlands

of its performance is to be achieved by strategic planning with longterm goals in mind.

sustainable green energy production productive

strive for efficient energy infrastructure relate to the existing energy network

social

ecological

20.

enhance existing green infrastructure new green infratructure to enhance exsisting ecocorridors

strategy diagramms

05

hOW to be achieved?

The strategy of implementation should be based on landscape character assesment. The study of the context is essential for understanding

recreation

the site characteristics, preconditions, restrictions. Energy plantations are not to ‘‘ land down’’ as a new land use type, but instead they are to fit in the existing context. The planting strategy should aim

work with diversity

for diversity in species selection, structure expression, maintenance

various maintenance types

type. They should strive for combinations of different functions at the

various rotation length

same spot and leave space for the future changes.

industry

various species , with focus on native ones

urban

wetland

SEARCH synergIES

forest

combining land uses- new conditions at intersection enhance each other

urban leave the space for change

agriculture adjust to the context

diverse landscape context are to be reflected in the species selection

21.

chosen planting strategies to be flexible and able to change according to shifting land uses

land use juxtapositions

06

As the strategy for new energy plantations aims to fit into existing context instead of proposing totally new land use type, study of existing land use conditions where needed.

The linear characteristic of the infrastructure corridor create a big diversity of boundary land use conditions. Different types so intensively mixed along the line, have distinct characteristics and edge types. The dynamic character of the landscape make them shift constantly. By mapping different juxtapositions we can realize the synergies that this big diversity gives to us. What are the different land use characteristics? What kind of edge they are characterized by?How can we work with one energy production identity and still adjust to this haphazard mosaic? Are the adjacent land uses complementary or contrasting? This page present short summary of edgelands character and occuring edgelands juxtapostions.

LAnd use wetland

edge type

basic characteristics wilderness, minimal human intervention succession

FOREST

natural vs man made; green structured contrasts of light and dark;

recreation

background for activities land cover can differ

agriculture

static / open / monotonous ?

urban

human scale: operating in rooms screenings

industry

impermanent structures, in constant change; need structuring framework

infrastructure

lacking articulation; generic

22.

KØbenhavn 2 5

5 7

8

9

+

+

+

+6 + +4

+1 ++ 3

a

ny ellebjerg

+

+

10

13

+ +13 1c

ringsted

11

+ + 13+

12

+10

+12 +

+1

b

KØGE NORD

LAND USE map scale 1: 200 000 23.

sustainable green energy objectives

LAndscape Experience

productive

open

enclosed

landform> greenery

greenery >landform

long distance views

short distance views

static

dynamic

large scale

small scale

open/ close Does landform/ greenery

social

it feel like enclosed room? Or is it open space, without distinct barriers ?

Is the landform ( also man-made like infrastructure and building blocks)

dominating in the landscape or is it the greenery to play a leading role?

ecological

Striking for productivity only is prone to failure ( pests/ windthrows/ market situation change). Therefore balanced goals are prioritized over single-track solutions. Energy plantations along infrastructure corridor are to serve multiple functions. Depending on the context they are to be suited to social, productive and

long/ short distance views

Is it possible to look into the distance? Or is the view blocked / screened?

ecological aims. In that manner plantations located closer to the residential and

static/ dynamic

Is the landscape prone to change/ movement? Is it incoherent/ disrupted/ noisy? Or is it harmonic/ constant / uniform/ predictable?

recreational areas would put stronger focus on the social services, whereas energy

scale

How the landscape relates to the human scale? Is it big or small in expression?

plantations close to agriculture or industry would strive more for performance.

As most developed future strategies are to work with long-term goals in mind, the

METHOD STEPS

07

The scope of this work focuses on exploration of possible synergies between landscape experience and green energy production. Both of them set up the basis for the developed method. Step by step description describes the way method is used for energy planting selection on each of the site.

24.

new plantations should be able to adjust to the changing land use.

energy Planting selection step by step

1. LAND use

2. Assessing landscape experience

Investigation

3. Qualifing potentials for

4. Analyzing constraints

5. PLANTING SCENARIOS

Next to landscape experience assesment,

Depending on the site different

Each site delineate the Green

green energy production

What is located on the

As a sum of field trips experiences, GIS analy-

edgeland area? What are

sis and by answearing the questions present-

green energy production potentials are as-

constraints can impede energy

Energy future scenarios with

the adjacent land uses ?

ed on the previous page, different landscape

sesed. Depending on the context plantations

plantings.

accesibili-

planting strategy for mini-

Are the surrounding land

experience are assesed acording to developed

are more social, production or ecology ori-

ty/ slopes and soil stabilization/

mum and maximum devel-

uses complementary/ dis-

criteria.They constitue the basis for the spa-

ented. As strategic planning is aimed for

harsh climate conditions are to

opment . It enables the com-

turbing energy plantation

tially well- suited plantation selection.

the long- term goals, capability of porposed

adjust species selection consid-

parisson between less and

plantings to change are favoured.

ered for each site.

most advanced choices.

implementation?

25.

Limited

The design process started with study of 13 different edgeland types. The assessment of landscape experience and green energy production potentials were done by

following the described method steps ( look

tion followed by energy plantation selection was

previous chapter) done for all 13

. The evalua-

distinct edgelands.

This part of the process was strongly supported by pinning board, which enabled constant adjustments within planting strategy. By sketching on top of the map and pinning in photos of different plantation types overview for the regional character of the process was maintained.

For the coherency of that report the case study was narrowed down to 7 cases.The criterium for the cases selection was to present a wide range of possibilities, which energy plantings give to lanscape architect. Zooming in and further study was the basis for customized startegies development . Each of developed sites consist of site assesment ( landscape experience + green energy goal), energy planting species selection, area and strategic role of the plantings within minimum and maximum future scenerios, maintenance principles, basic estimations for the energy production or CO2 sequestration, and a vision image.

26.

design proposal

08

HEDGES/ LINEAR COPPICE Cornus sp., Aronia sp., Amelanchier, Carpinus, Fagus, Prunus, Sorbus sp.

PRODUCTIVE Populus op 42 Fagus with Larix

2

5

PRODUCTIVE Larix eurolepis Quercus PRODUCTIVE Populus op 42 PRODUCTIVE * Quality biomass mixes Fagus/ Quercus/ Carpinus Larix /Prunus/ Betula

‘ORCHARD’ Prunus avium, +old varites of Malus, Pyrus

NATURAL vs CULTURAL LIVING HEDGE POLLARDING / COPPICNG Corylus avellana, Alnus gluti13 nosa, Salix alba ( manual and mechanical maintenance)

FOREST INTERSECTION* biodiverse and efficient forest edges + quality biomass mixes

11

+ + 13+

12

+ +13 1c LANDMARK Abies grandis Pseudotsuga menziesii Fagus sylvatica

LIVING HEDGE LIVING HEDGE * Acer campestre, Crataegus monogyna,Prunus spinosa Sorbus aucuparia,

+10

+12 +

9

+

10

+1

b

5 8

+

5 7

+

+

+ + + 6 PHYTOREMEDIATION * SRC Salix ‘ Inger’ Alnus glutinosa

4

+++

1a

3

MONOCULTURES Prunus avium Sorbus aucuparia

TRADITIONAL COPPICE / coppice with standars POLLARDING * Alnus,Corylys, Carpinus

+

NATURAL Corylus avellana Prunus avium Alnus glutinosa

LANDMARK * contrasting monocultures Abies grandis Betula pendula

LIVING HEDGE Acer campestre, Crataegus monogyna,Prunus spinosa Sorbus aucuparia * species selection in the brackets are chosen to be detailed in site specific design proposals and maintenance principles.

27.

3

4

urban / recreation Green infrastructure area

golf club allotments

+ +

residential Brøndby stadium football pitches football pitches

Brøndby skoven

vestvolden

#Fig. 19 Brøndby urban / recreation edglands

landscape experience

green energy objectives blending in

open

enclosed

landform> greenery

greenery >landform

long distance views

short distance views

static

dynamic

large scale

small scale

28.

productive

social

ecological

3

urban/ recreation

4

vision

# Fig. 20 Carpinus betulus coppice( 30 years) + hedge ( rejuvenation)

# Fig. 21 Corylus avellana coppice ( 7 years rotation)

# Fig. 22 Carpinus betulus Fagus, Platanus, Quercus, Tilia pollarding( 5 years rotation)

landscape experience

landscape experience

landscape experience

S to M

scale

S

green energy production

S to M

scale

scale

30

7

5

rotation period [ years ]

openess / ROOF

openess / ROOF

openess / ROOF

density / WALL

density / WALL

density / WALL

structure /SURFACE

structure /SURFACE

structure /SURFACE

3-5

harvest

40- 60

energy produced

[ odt/ha * y-1]

[ Gj / ha] 01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

01

29.

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

3

urban / recreation Green infrastructure area

Available area

Principles of maintenance

maximun scenario

green state

4

edgelands area

70 ha

recreation area(sports) 120 (+100)

3-5 years

forest

50 ha

pollarding

Energy / CO2 sequestration

130 x

30 years

7 years

long rotation coppicing

fuelwood cultural park

medium rotation coppicing

9250 GJ

-220 tC

co2

Various species in different rotation time coppicing Urban / recreation edgelands location in the neighbourhood of allotment gardens has the potential to build public awareness about fuel wood production as

Calculations for area within

green energy resource. The various urban rooms can be created thanks to diversified rotation periods of the plantation giving the identity to the site and at the same time acting partially as a noise barrier. The park based on the formula

r = 2 km

similar to urban farming can help to achieve concious community engagement into the maintenance practices. Some management tasks can be executed by managers with help of volunteering park users. Resources collected from edgelands together with maintenance of recreational and forest areas within the radius of 2 km from railway has the potential to deliver thermal energy for one #Fig. 23 Brøndby allotment gardens

year in 130 housholds .

minimun scenario

green compromises

screening planting recreation area forest

0x Sorbus + Stephanandra

green barrier

unrestricted growth 30.

0 GJ

10 ha 100 ha 50 ha

-20 tC

co2

trees by Signe Moos, Brander,P.E., (2010)

urban/ recreation vision

green state

4

maximun scenario

3

3-5 years pollarding

7 years coppicing

30 years coppicing

31.

5

8

urban / industry / recreation context

shooting range golf club industrial

+

urban

allotments

Søparken

industrial

urban #Fig. 24 Lille Vejle Ă… - clush of urban / recreation / industry edgelands

landscape experience

green energy objectives contrast

open

enclosed

landform> greenery

greenery >landform

long distance views

short distance views

static

dynamic

large scale

small scale

32.

productive

social

ecological

5

urban / industry / recreation

8

selected species

# Fig 26, 27

# Fig 25 Populus trichocarpa OP4, 20 years rotation

green energy production

landscape experience M to l

density / WALL

20

100-150 02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

scale

rotation period [ years ]

openess / ROOF

harvest

10-14

structure /SURFACE

01

green energy production

landscape experience M

scale openess / ROOF

Fagus sylvatica with Larix x hybrida Larix in 15-20 years rotation, Fagus in 80-100 years rotation( + 3 x thinnings)

density / WALL

[ odt/ha * y-1]

70-100

15-20

100

[ Gj / ha] 01

33.

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

[ years ] harvest

8

structure /SURFACE

energy produced

rotation period

[ odt/ha * y-1] energy produced [ Gj / ha]

5

urban / industry / recreation Green infrastructure area

Principles of maintenance

Available area

green state

maximun scenario

8

edgelands area recreation area (sport) forest

64 ha 56 ( +120) 55 ha

Energy / CO2 sequestration

+

110 x 15-20 years

edgelands afforestation

30 -60 years

...

7870 GJ

-270 tC

co2

harvest of helping trees after 30 years, FLexible future operation New afforestation techniques with increased biomass production have the potential for industry related edgelands. The mixes of helping trees like Larix,

Calculations for area within

Prunus or Betula with long growing Fagus, Quercus or Carpinus can be interesting for landscape planners. The gradual afforestation with the long- term goal in mind can help to structure the sites, giving the flexible framwork for the future. According to the future needs plantation may act as biomass yield

r = 2 km

or shape new landscapes. Helping trees are to be harvested for biomass after 15-20 years after planting. Than 30 to 50 % of the Fagus stand can be thinned, 3 times from year 30 to year 60 to achieve more accessible stand and avoid rot.

The plantation will change its spatial character over time, according to chosen #Fig. 28 Greve - urban / industry edges

management operations . The design goals are to be achieved by management.

recreation area (sport)

5 ha 56 ( +120)

forest

55 ha

0x minimun scenario

green compromises

screening planting

0 GJ

+ screening planting

Gradual exchange of screen planting 34.

-70 tC

co2

trees by Signe Moos, Brander,P.E., (2010)

urban / industry / recreation

90 years

maximun scenario

70 years

green state

vision

30 years

minimun scenario

8

green compromises

5

35.

6

wetlands / recreation context

ishøj skov

+

Tranegilde og Vallensbæk Mose

Vallensbæk Sø

football pitch

#Fig. 29 Vallensbæk Sø (recreation) / Vallensbæk Mose ( wetlands)

landscape experience

green energy objectives contrast

open

enclosed

landform> greenery

greenery >landform

long distance views

short distance views

static

dynamic

large scale

small scale

36.

productive

social

ecological

wetlands / recreation

6

stemster- harvester for wet areas

selected species

# Fig. 30 Salix ‘Inger’ ( Salix triandra x S. viminalis ) 3 -5 years rotation

# Fig. 31 Salix ‘Olof’ ( Salix ts Bowles Hybrid and Björn ) 3 -5 years rotation

landscape experience

green energy production

S to M

scale

3

openess / ROOF density / WALL

6 -10

ROTATION period [ years ] harvest [ odt/ha * y-1]

structure /SURFACE

75-125 01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

37.

energy produced [ Gj / ha]

wetlands / recreation

6

Principles of maintenance

maximun scenario

green state

Green infrastructure area

Available area edgelands area recreation area (sport) forest

+ 3 -5 years

Energy / CO2 sequestration

-300 tC

154 x

co2

10800 GJ Salix bionergy + phytoremediation planting

Mechanical uptake of biomass every 3rd year Due to the current agricultural practices, based on intensive fertalization of

95 ha 57 ( +25) 130 ha

Calculations for area within

the fields surface waters within VallensbækKommune are polluted. According to the Kommune yearly report Vallensbæk Sø has alarming concentrations of Phosphorus, which is organic contaminant causing eutrofization. Vallensbæk Mose is feed by the creeks directly connected to the lake. Therefore phytore-

r = 2 km

mediation (contaminant uptake with the plant help) may help to limit negative eutrofization process. Mechanical uptake of the biomass has the capacity to balance the increased organic compounds concentrations. The dense rooms of short rotation salix coppice can add to the recreational experiences within the site, which already right now is intensively used recreational area. Dense plantings can help to partially screen users from the infrastructure noise. They are to be harvested with wet areas, multistem harvester in rotation 3-5 years.

screening planting recreation area (sport) forest

+ minimun scenario

green compromises

#Fig. 32 Vallensbæk Sø (recreation) / Vallensbæk Mose

0x 0 GJ

traditional screening planting

Safety interventions only 38.

5 ha 57 ( +25) 130 ha

- 80 tC

co2

trees by Signe Moos, Brander,P.E., (2010)

wetlands / recreation green state

vision

maximun scenario

6

39.

1b

infrastructure node context

infrastructure node

+

#Fig. 33 Køge Nord - new station area

landscape experience

green energy objectives contrast

open

enclosed

landform> greenery

greenery >landform

long distance views

short distance views

static

dynamic

large scale

small scale

40.

productive

social

ecological

1b

infrastructure node selected species

# Fig. 34 Betula pendula , 30- 40 years rotation

landscape experience

# Fig. 35 Abies grandis, 60 years rotation

green energy production

M

scale

30-40

l

ROTATION period

scale

60

[ years ]

openess / ROOF density / WALL

landscape experience

4- 5

harvest [ odt/ha * y-1]

openess / ROOF density / WALL

10-11

structure /SURFACE

structure /SURFACE

60

energy produced

130

[ Gj / ha] 01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

01

41.

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

infrastructure node

1b

Green infrastructure area

Available area

green state

Principles of maintenance

maximun scenario

60 years

edgelands area

64 ha

recreation area (sport) forest

7 ( +15) 74 ha

Energy / CO2 sequestration

85 x 30 years

+ rotation of various time span - 30 to 60 years rotation

LANDMARK energy plantation

Species chosen for contrasting energy plantations are to create dynamic

5960 GJ

-280 tC

co2

Calculations for area within

landmark seen from transport modes but also in a broader perspective from open glass facade of new Køge Nord Station. The compostion of the plantation is to mimic the fluxes of new infrastructure. Regular lines of energy plantation are to underpin linear, dynamic railway structure . Chosen species are both fast growing but radically different in expression of color,

r = 2 km

density and openess. Betula pendula is to be grown in 40 years rotation with stocking at age of 20 equal 6000 trees/ ha. Abies grandis- the fastest growing conifer in Denmark, grown with 3 times lees dense stocking rate, equal 2000 trees / ha and in 50-60 years rotation cycle. The planting are to guide travellers along the way, by building up distinguishable landmark with sequence of interesting contrast.

#Fig. 36 Køge Nord - new parking planting

green compromises

minimun scenario

ornamental planting recreation area (sport) forest

0x

+ ornamental parking planting

0 GJ

Replanting of parking trees if necessary 42.

5 ha 7 ( +15) 74 ha

- 80 tC

co2

trees by Signe Moos, Brander,P.E., (2010)

infrastructure node

1b

vision

50-60 years

30 years #Fig. 36 Køge Nord - view from new station

towards north

40 years

43.

11

WETLAND / agriculture context

+ 11 #Fig. 37 Køge Å - agriculture / wetland edgelands

landscape experience

green energy objectives

open

enclosed

landform> greenery

greenery >landform

long distance views

short distance views

static

dynamic

large scale

small scale

44.

productive

social

ecological

11

WETLAND / agriculture selected species

#Fig. 38 Salix alba , pollarding

#Fig. 40 Salix ‘Inger’ , short rotation coppice

#Fig. 39

landscape experience

green energy production

S to M

landscape experience

S to M

scale ROTATION period openess / ROOF

1-2

density / WALL

2

scale

[ years ]

3

openess / ROOF

harvest

6 -10

density / WALL

[ odt/ha * y-1] structure /SURFACE

structure /SURFACE

25

energy produced

75- 125

[ Gj / ha] 01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

01

45.

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

WETLAND / agriculture Principles of maintenance

Green infrastructure area

green state

maximun scenario

11

Available area

1-2 years

edgelands area recreation area forest

37 ha 20 ha 24 ha

Energy / CO2 sequestration

+ natural parallel to man-made

-250 tC

45 x 3 years pollarding and grazing, manual coppicing vs mechanical Coppicing KØGE Å landscsape has a great geological, cultural and historical value. In the past, creek was

co2

3275 GJ

Calculations for area within

the source of multiple services and materials, among the others: grass, gravel, small timber, and hunting(Fredninger, 2015). Contemporary transport infrastructure affected the character of the area . Highway and railway lines change the visual and physical experience of the site.

On the other hand they are writting the story of cultural hertige of our times. The lost identity r = 2 km

of multifunctional, productive landscape can be brougt back by maintenance strategy. Cultural based management ( manual coppicing and pollarding) can exceed the experiences on the KØGE Å path and at the same time help to enhance site biodiversity. Planting mechanically managed Salix plantations on edgelands at the other site of rail track would refer to productivity of neighbourhooding agricultural landcapes . The clash of historical and modern main#Fig. 42 Regnemark edgelands between highway and railway

tenance practices are to enhance each other, creating together coherent green infrastructure.

0x minimun scenario

green compromises

recreation area (sport) forest

+ Mowned lawn

0 GJ

Mechanical grass mowing 2-3 times a year 46.

20 ha 24 ha

0 tC

co2

trees by Signe Moos, Brander,P.E., (2010)

WETLAND / agriculture

11

vision

§ 3 protected area: Regnemarks Mose

NATURA 2000

Køge Å Spanager

7 years

20 years Alnus coppice

Salix pollarding

47.

Corylus coppice

yearly

SRC Salix

Vittenbjerg Ås

3 years

12

FOREST / FOREST context

+

+ #Fig. 43 FjĂŚllebro forest edgelands

landscape experience

green energy objectives

open

enclosed

landform> greenery

greenery >landform

long distance views

short distance views

static

dynamic

large scale

small scale

48.

productive

social

ecological

12

FOREST / FOREST selected species

#Fig. 45 Quality biomass mixes, thinning

#Fig. 44 Forest edges, thinning 5- 10 years

landscape experience

green energy production

S to M

scale

5-10

rotation period

15-20 / 70-100

landscape experience M

scale

[ years ] openess / ROOF

openess / ROOF

3

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

8 -10

[ odt/ha * y-1]

density / WALL structure /SURFACE

harvest

40

energy produced [ Gj / ha]

12

density / WALL

100-125

structure /SURFACE

01

49.

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

FOREST / FOREST Green infrastructure area

Principles of maintenance

maximun scenario

green state

12

Available area

70-100 years boroadleave

5-10 years

20 years

28 ha 900 ha

Energy / CO2 sequestration

420 x 29600 GJ

nursing Larix FOREST EDGES + transition towards QUALITY BIOMASS MIXES

forest

forest edge

mix

+

edgelands area

FOREST EDGES + transition towards QUALITY BIOMASS MIXES Working with the forest edges is important from the maintenance perspective.

-2800 tC

co2

Calculations for area within

Railway infrastructure has to follow strict restrictions about edges thinning, in order to avoid costfull operations in case of windthrows or littering of leaves and branches. According to BaneDanmark statistics from Region SjĂŚlland (Hasle, M. 2015) some of the areas of 360 ha area harvested only 30 m3 of wood chips! The

r = 2 km

maintenance is limited to necessary minimum but well mainteined forest edges can support energy production while at the same time increase biodiversity. What is more, a gradual transition from conifers monocultures towards mixes of Larix or Prunus with Fagus/ Quercus / Carpinus are to enhance high quality biomass production, with less moisture content.This change is to support also more stable forest stands, not so prone to windthrows or pests.

#Fig. 46 FjĂŚllebro forest edgelands

300 x minimun scenario

green compromises

forest

+ CONIFER moNOcultures

50-60 years

Conifer monoculture thinned in equal rotations 50.

21000 GJ

900 ha

-2600 tC

co2

trees by Signe Moos, Brander,P.E., (2010)

FOREST / FOREST

12

vision

5-10 years

overstory Quercus,Prunus avium , Sorbus

70 - 100 20

undergrowth

Larix

Carpinus, Acer,Corylus

autumn season edge

Quercus, Fagus, Carpinus

bushes

Crataegus, Malus

Prunus spinosa, Sambucus nigra, Syringa vulgaris, Amelancheir spicata

Maintenance principles for 3 step edge (facing South-West)

50 - 60 Abies

railway 0- 6 m

buffer zone 6- 10 m

forest edge 10 -20 ( 30 )m

only grass

bushes, small

felling of whole broken

allowed

trees, mandatory

trees in overstory and

thinning of every

undergrowth due to the

tree higher than

safety issues;

4m

by thinning prioritizing wind resistant trees;

spring season edge

any crown exceeding the forest edge zone is to be pruned.

* based on BANEDANMARK 2015/ 2016 Bevoksningspleje - Tyndingspricipper

51.

agriculture/ agriculture

13

context

+

+

agriculture / agriculture

#Fig. 47 Open agriculture views before Ringsted

landscape experience

green energy objectives

open

enclosed

landform> greenery

greenery >landform

long distance views

short distance views

static

dynamic

large scale

small scale

52.

productive

social

ecological

13

agriculture/ agriculture selected species

http://www.naturplan.dk/foto/pre-

http://naturstyrelsen.dk/naturbeskyt-

#Fig. 48 Living hedges thinning ( 5-10 years rotation) Alnus glutinosa, Acer campestre,Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna,Prunus spinosa, Prunus avium, Quercus robur, Sambucus nigra, Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus aria, Syringa vulgaris

landscape experience

#Fig. 49

green energy production

S to M

5-10

scale

rotation period [ years ]

openess / ROOF

3

[ odt/ha * y-1]

density / WALL

40

structure /SURFACE

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

harvest

12

53.

energy produced [ Gj / ha]

agriculture/ agriculture Green infrastructure area

maximun scenario

green state

13

Principles of maintenance

Available area edgelands area

10 - 15 years

hedges

10 ha 40 ha

Energy / CO2 sequestration

25 x 1875 GJ LIVING HEDGES NETWORK

-180 tC

co2

Managemant plan for living hedges Ensuring the regular maintenance of Living hedges is to support biodiversi-

Calculations for area within

ty witin intensive agriulture landscape. Thining of the hedges is needed for condition and survival of the green infrastructure.The Green energy line has the potential to support regular management of the structures. In that way ecologr = 2 km

ical network is combined with sustainable green enrgy production. The output of the plantation will be not so efficient as typical energy plantation, but may at least cover the maintenance costs.

#Fig. 50 Open agriculture views before Ringsted

0x minimun scenario

green compromises

hedges

0 GJ

neglected hedges

Some hedges maintained , some left for natural succesion no overview plan.

20 ha

-60 tC

co2

trees by Signe Moos, Brander,P.E., (2010)

13

agriculture/ agriculture vision

10-15 years

55.

CALCULATIONS

09

area

edgeLANDS

[ha]

715 ha

recreation * sport * forest*

720 ha 750 ha 48000 ha

* within 2 km distance from infrastructure corridor

MaPPING of EDGELAND AREA and summarizing CALCULATIONs In order to underpin the energy potentials of the infrastructure corridor, basic productivity

calculations were needed. First step to

estimate

them was to map all the edgelands along the infrastructure corridor. Because there is no existing data layer available, the analysis of the sites and physical drawing of shapfiles was needed to be able to further process the data. Drawing the potential edgelands enabled better recognition of the potential sites and was the first step for further analysis.

Thanks to

GIS

programme summing

sible. The outcome of the engelands,

with

around

40

the available land was pos-

analysis was %

of

them

over 700 ha of mapped located

on

the

slopes.

What is more adjacent recreational areas + sport areas ( which are the part of recreational land use but calculated separately because of predominant grass cover) as well as forest areas within 2km distance from the infrastructure corridor was taken into account. The reason for that was the potential enhancement of the green energy yields with integrated maintenance practices. By combining management of this relatively narrow edgelands with adjacent managed land uses, the output can be maximized and bring even bigger profit.

56.

carbon sinks

green energy

carbon sequestration

capacity for green energy production

fuel calorific value

edgeLANDS

for afforested areas 3 -10 tC/ha /year -> minimal value 3 tC/ha/ year used for the estimation

recreation 2 sport 2 forest 3

2- 8 odt/ ha

> 4 odt/ha

wood chips

1-3 odt/ ha 1-2 odt/ ha 2-4 odt/ ha

> 2 odt/ha > 1 odt/ha > 2 odt/ha

12, 5 GJ / t

produced energy [gj] edgeLANDS

recreation sport forest

35750 18000 9000 120000

edgeLANDS 510 recreation sport forest

360 130 1715

1 Biomass Energy Centre, (2015) one houshold use around 70 GJ/ per year

Biomass Energy Centre, (2015); 2Faaij, A. et al. ( 1998) 3 Serup, H., Kofman, P. D. et al. ( 2005)

1

Vesterdal, L. (2000).

Byrne, K., Black, K., (2003)

annual heat demand in private households1

carbon sequestration

GREEN ENERGY PRODUCTION

wood chips averaged calorific value

The estimations take the minimal

Main goal of the assesment criteria for the species selec-

Dry wood of moisture content around 30 % will be characterised by high Net Calorific Value

values that can be sequestred by

tion was their ability for the energy production. Poten-

around 18 MJ/kg while wood chips as received may have around 12,5 MJ/kg. Because the

the afforestated land. It should be

tial yields of various plantation types were described in

harvest storage may be limited across infrastructure corridor woodchips NCV of 12,5 MJ/ kg

remarked that the shortest rotation

average yield in odt/ ha/ year .

was chosen for the estimation purposes.

plantations like SRC will be not as

Different land uses were calculated separately. Edge-

efficient at CO2 sequestration as

lands with potential for future green energy production

Produced energy and AMOUNT OF HOUSHOLDS SUPPLIED

longer Quality biomass mixes. The

depending on the plantation chosen can produce from

The estimation is the result of multiplying the available area by its capacity for green energy

estimation has the aim to show the

2- 9 odt/ha/ year ( Biomass Energy Center 2015, Secher

production. The results expressed in GJ is then translated for the amount of housholds that

capacity of the plantation to change

Eriksen 2015 , TÌrø Nielsen 2015). According to Faaij,

can be supprted yearly with heat with the Green Line Infrastructure.

its purpose towards carbon sink,

A. et al. ( 1998) maintenance of recreational areas can

storing part of the carbon emissions.

bring yield up to 3 odt/ha, sport fields 1-2 odt/ha. Forest residues extraction has the capacity to produce up to 5 odt/ha but as too intensive operations may diminish stands biodiverity only 2 odt/ ha was taken into esti-

co2

mation.

co2

57.

energy production strategic PLAN

10

The regional scale of the project required Strategic Energy Masterplan . Its aim is to show the overview for production potential for the 60 km long infrastructure corridor, that is to work as integrated system.

The ‘‘ Green Energy Line” is streched along 9 municipalities : Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Brøndby, Vallensbæk, Høje-Taastrup, Ishøj, Greve, Solrød, Køge and Ringsted.

The complexity of the land owners, management cooridination needs adjustments in policy. After estimations of green energy production and carbon sequestration potentials the decisions are to be made on the municipial level according to their Development plans on how to achieve CO2 neutrality. The circles symbolize the paradigm shift from linear towards circular economy, where actions are taken in the thought of sustainable development with well balanced systems. In that manner the new energy plantations can both act as the CO2 sinks compensating the emissions in eg transport sector imprint of municipality or produce energy with close to zero GHG emissions.

58.

59.

landscape experience sequence

11

As thesis aim was to look for the synergies between green energy production and landscape experience, one of the most important design tasks was to work with the perception of new energy plantings. This diagrammatic section aims to summarize the visual aspects of new planting structures proposed along the way, giving an overview for their spatial variety.

The journey from Copenhagen to Køge and then further to Ringsted is to be underlined by concious work with succeding episodes of smooth transitions or contrasts within open / close, bright / dark, large/ small, dynamic/ static landscape. Distinguishable landmarks along the corridor are to guide the spectator from point to point, help him to navigate within the landscape. Few different episodes can be distinguished along the way.

First part of the corridor runs through enclosed urban areas, which is reflected in dense rooms of traditional coppice systems. It opens up in Avedøre Sletten to reveil the perpendicular landmark of Vestvolden. Recreational area of Brøndby is opposed to the industrial areas of Poplar plantations, which have capacity to the dynamic change of this developing area. At Vallensbæk the new landmark of dense phytoremediating willows is to bridge this expanding infrastructure node. Along urban/ industrial mix modern version of the energy plantation is to add framework to the long-term goal planning. According to the future needs, longer rotation has the capacity to change its character from densly planted energy plantations to gradually thinned urban/recreation space. Just after the half-open landscape of Jersie Mose the conifer plantation is starting to build up the tension towards and then resolving it in the climax - landmark of Køge Nord station. As close up from the other site planting of Skandinavian Transport Center is to give identity to the landscape.

The second, more nature focused part of the corridor works with bigger scale spatial sequences. Thanks to distict characteristics of plantings the contrast between areas of different landscape character is more distinguishable. Open cultural landscape of Køge Ås ridge accentuated with silvipastural landscape of pollard and grazing is juxtaposed with half- closed Høed/ Humleore Skov. It opens once again in the agricultural lands , being not interrupted by obliquely positioned hedges.

Culmination of the line ends up in the extension of the Kærehave Skov, which is to form the framework for planned extension of Ringsted urban area.

60.

61.

hedges/ forest edges

pollards/ coppice

S to M

01

02

scale

03

04

05

06

contrasting monocultures

S to M

l

scale

scale

openess / ROOF

openess / ROOF

openess / ROOF

density / WALL

density / WALL

density / WALL

structure /SURFACE

structure /SURFACE

structure /SURFACE

07

08

09

10

11

12

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

landscape experience

S to M

Overview of selected species landscape experience and the sequences that they create.

01

landscape experience sequence

11

62.

02

S to M

scale

03

04

05

06

scale

openess / ROOF

openess / ROOF

density / WALL

density / WALL

structure /SURFACE

structure /SURFACE

07

08

09

10

11

12

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

half - open pollards

dense, productive forest

S to M

01

02

scale

03

04

05

06

M

phytoremediating coppice

scale

S to M

various room coppice

scale

S

scale

openess / ROOF

openess / ROOF

openess / ROOF

openess / ROOF

density / WALL

density / WALL

density / WALL

density / WALL

structure /SURFACE

structure /SURFACE

structure /SURFACE

structure /SURFACE

07

08

09

10

11

12

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

S to M

11

12

scale openess / ROOF density / WALL structure /SURFACE

01

63.

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

discussion

12

challenges for project implementation *biopysical conditions

site specific conditions, area available, species characteristics etc.

12.1

planning issues

12.2

A) lack of guidlines B ) path dependancy B ) short vs long term planning

socio-cultural issues

12.3

A) public awareness building B ) participation

* adressed in the main report

analysis Matthews et al. 2015 64.

MANAGEMENT issues

12.4

A) economy B ) safety C) multiple ownerships D ) long perspective

multidisciplinary collaboration

A) multiple inputs B ) system development

12.1 planning issues

12.2

sociological issues

LACK OF GUIDLINES

public awareness building

There is no existing planning strategy how to implement biomass plantations

People tend to be concerned about the phenomenons they do not

along infrastructure corridor. Spatial implications and possible impact on visual

feel familliar about. Simillary to newly introduced windmills, ener-

characteristics of landscapes need to be adressed in planning policy. Develop-

gy plantation can encounter resistance from the society. This kind

ment of the innovative method to approach the problem and its acceptation by

of planting might be associated by public with monotonous, inten-

planner may take time.

sively maintained monocultures of Salix or Populus. It can influence the public opposition for

path dependancy

the implementation of the plantations.

Therefore working with public awareness would be of great importance for project success.

Spatial planners tend to work with already developed way of decision making and participation

introducing new methods may meet their hesitation. The new way of planning may collide with already existing decision making methods developed for other types of green areas. Planners habits may stop them from innovating. New meth-

There is a growing interest of society in the planning processes. Peo-

ods may slow down their work if not properly explained/ understood.

ple actively participate in the decision making. Therefore acceptance and active participation of public would be favourable for policy ad-

short vs long term planning

vancements. Public opinion should help to shape the planning decisions. Pilot projects may acctively involve society in the process of

As some of the proposed plantations require the planning span of 70-80 years

green energy production, bringing the understanding for green energy

there is a need for long-term goal planning . Switching from short- term per-

transition issues.

spective requires new way of thinking. The future spatial planning would need to be more flexible. Preparing the open-ended outline in form of possible future scenarios may require extra work and may simply be out of interest for policy representatives striking for achievments within their own election time.

65.

12.3 management issues ECONOMIC ISSUES Energy plantations’ main objective is to produce green energy,

safety ISSUES that can be used at

Infrastructure corridor edgelands are characterized by restrictions aiming to max-

efficient levels. It means that harvested output should at least cover the maintenance

imize useres safety.

expenses and favourably exceed them .Therefore, as described in the first booklet, var-

zones, as described on one of the examples. The necessary viewsights should be

ious steps of supply chain should be adjusted to maximize the plantation performance.

studied and adjusted. The other issue is the accesibility , which might make har-

There are few more factors that are relevant to discuss.

vest problematic or even dangerous. Because some of the areas in the infrastruc-

Cost of implementation phase of energy planting - when compared to traditional

ture corridor are located on the slopes well adapted machines should be used for

screening planting, should be favorable according to the basic market review . There is

maintenance. Popular crane arm harvesters are to be used in that kind of sites.

no significant difference in prices of the seedlings related to their species. Costs of the

The species selection is of big importance for the safety as well. Species prone to

soil preparation and planting itself ( either by hand or with machine help) is also at the

windfalls cannot be used in the direct neighbourhood of the highway or rail-

same level. What is important to highlight- introducing small seedlings of approx. 30

way. Therefore there is a limited use of conifer species or species like Salix or

cm height is much cheaper than planting bigger specimens. New screening plantings,

Populus in the direct neigbourhood of transport corridor. In the design propos-

observed along the infrastructure corridor nowadays, tend to use much bigger trees.

al Populus plantation is proposed only in the productive industrial/ agricultur-

Those can be 50 to 100 times more expensive. What is more the growth rates in this

al area of good accessibility and safe distance from the transport infrastructure.

kind of stands tends to decrease significantly after planting (Secher Eriksen, E. 2015).

The prolongation of the rotation period will help to limit the freqency of interven-

The expenses of the management phase depend on few factors. Most importantly

tions on the site. In that way interuption within the whole system may be minimal-

accessibility of the site and the size of the plots. Where possible the management plots

ized.

Energy plantations should not exceed the railway

buffer

should be conjoined in bigger clusters to make them more efficient to harvest. Enhancing maintenance area with adjacent parks,golf clubs, football pitches, allotments

mULTIPLE OWNERSHIPS

gardens and existing forests can significantly increase supply chain efficiency.

The vast scale of the project may be limiting for management practices. The compli-

The hardly accessible sites should be harvested in longer rotation periods and possi-

cated ownership relations/ cross municipality responsibilities would be impossible to

bly with single stem species ( rather no Salix, Corylus), without necessity of storage

tackle without clearly outlined strategy and dividing the roles of the particular actors.

of the harvested wood ( so no conifers). Quality fuel plantations based on hardwoods with helping pioneer species seem to be the most favourable case for infrastructure

LONG perspective

corridors. It is because of decreased infrastructure interruptions and better end

Simillary to planning , managemaent in long perspective can encounter the various

products. Bigger harvest costs should be expected though(Secher Eriksen, E. 2015).

organizational challenges. Changing authorities, lack of funds or inadequate administration may affect the performace of management practices. Flexibility of the plant-

It should be higlighted that some of the proposed strategies like Hedges thinning or

ing strategies and their ability to adjust to the changing objectives are to help to work

pollarding are close to zero buisness case. That means that sometimes the produced

with distant planning objectives.

biomass is hardly covering the maintenance costs. In that cases added social and ecological values should not be overlooked. Those ecosystem services are not expressed in direct monetary value, but play very important role and should not be ovrelooked.

66.

12.4 multidisciplinary collaboration multiple inputs One of the biggest challenges to advance the existing policy is the way how to facili-

Creating the well functioning consortium will be a great management challenge.

tate multidisciplinary collaborations. To make process well informed, specialists at

Development of the open data platform will be needed to maintain the constant

all steps of project development, from analysis towards implementation and opera-

overview and flexible adjustments in all the inputs. Therefore there is a big oppor-

tion, should be involved already at the early stages of the process. There would be an

tunity in developing the so called Landscape Information Modeling System. It is

issue how to split the obligations among the parties, how to share the investigation

an approach and software that enables to represent digitally the design not only

outcomes. At the same time the constant overview will be needed.

spatially in 3dimensions but also helps to manage the aspects of function and operation over time. It is used with big succes in architecture since 2000’s and gain growing interest within the landscape architecture field. The approach has great potentials for developing landscape planning toolbox. The complex data can be collected in interrelated/ exchangeable project file, helping to improve workflow between collaborators, increasing the exchange of various professional information.

regional level politicians LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

1. simplify the collaboration of different specialists 2. the cooperation between profesionals can take place virtually at the same time and updates are visible right away to all of the parties engaged in the process

soil scientist

analysis

3. that is to result in detecting the conflicts in advance, diminishing the risks of fail-

construction/ planting

open platform

4. helps to keep all information in combined data system, changes applied to what component are automatically updated for all influenced data 5. can help to organize the work also in long term perspective

operation/ management

energy system

ures , increasing accuracy and efficiency contractors

harvest energy advisors

AND MANAGEMENT?

design

foresters

energy power plants

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF LIM SYSTEM FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN

municipality level politicians

6. helps to optimize schedules, costs (Landskabsarkitekter.dk 2015, Landarchbim 2016) KOMMUNE level politicians

In case of the ‘‘ Green infrastructure corridor” the processes from establishing, man-

owners

aging, harvesting and transporting the yields to final energy plants destinations would be possible to manage and optimize. The long rotation plantations will be eas-

BANEDANMARK transport

ier to manage in long-term perpectives and adjustments over the time. Managers

VEJEDIREKTORATET

will be able to report the outputs directly to the database- that could influence the

adjacent areas managers

planning decisions. The information flow which be much faster, data exchange - easier, planning - well-informed.

67.

implementation stages

regional level politicians KOMMUNE level politicians

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

design

foresters

13

soil scientist

analysis

energy power plants

2016

2017

construction/planting

open platform

energy system harvest

contractors

operation/ manageKOMMUNE level ment politicians owners BANEDANMARK

transport managers

VEJEDIREKTORATET

STAGE 0 Design as hypothesis,

stirring the discussion

STAGE 1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATORS

BUILDING THE SYTEM as a base for POLICY

The proposal creates the platform for discussion about the future renewable energy resources and their implementation at the limited spatial conditions within Denmark.

Offshore windmill farms are a big part of new Danish energy mix, but cannot support the whole energy demand and should be supplemented in the days where wind energy is not sufficient. Infrastructure corridors as classic no- man places, located on the edge, lacking the identity has the potential to host energy plantations, which in return will structure the space and add new values to the sites. The prepared toolbox with species selection and their possibilities to fit into site specific conditions can enhance the landscape experience and at the same time fulfill- green energy goals.

The process starts with inputs from multiple disciplines which set the basis for the strategy development. To enable the cooperation of different professionals and stakeholders , development of management system is needed. Proposed Landscape Information Modelling system(LIM) is to assure that the prepared data is adjusted on each step of the process. Information from site analysis, through design proposal, contruction and management advices, to harvest and energy production calculations can be stored in interrelated database , which reacts to the changes from each step of the process.

68.

The collected inputs from all collaborators are to give the politicians a reliable tool and complete information , that would help them to develop regional strategies and local implementation plans.

2019

2020

STAGE 2 Regional strategIC ENERGY plan pILOT PROJECTS IMPLEMENTATION

STAGE 3 public awarness building, ENERGY PARKS

STAGE 4 LOCAL IMPLEMENTATION PROJECTS based on regional strategic plan

Strategic Green Energy Line Plan for Infrastructure corridor Copenhagen Ringsted is prepared. The regional scope of the planning help to manage the plantations energy supply chains. Bigger overview enhance the individually minor harvest outcomes and by managing them together -make them more significant. The common transport of biomass by new railway connection to the centralized biomass plants can have a powerful meaning to the CO2 emissions cuts.

Public is the great part of contemporary planning and governance.

The necessity of green energy transition should be supported by building public awareness. Implementing the urban scale projects with social engagement would support public recognition of the problem. the concept of resilience as the next step after adaptation should be gradually introduced. Implemantation of integrated green infrastructure system aims to not only adapt to already occuring changes but strive at bringing it back to the original form, aiming for CO2 neutrality.

For public awareness building urban /recreation and infrastructure nodes areas should be activated.

The regional policy should constitue the basis for local implementation plans. Therefore strategy itself should propose the guidlines on how the green infrastructure may be implemented. Because of the energy plantation diveristy and flexibillity each municipality can adjust it to the site specific problems.

Different tactics may be implemented. For places of greater carbon footprint, wishing to balance their emissions, carbon sequestration and storage may be interesting solution.

In the places of beneficial localizations close to the biomass energy power plants, locally produced green energy instead of imported supply may be of greater interest.

Pilot projects act as a trials for different types of energy plantations. Both already known methods and completely new ones are tested along infrastructure corridor. Proposed trials are located in different context so various added landscape values can be tested at the same time. In that way disintegration caused by implementing a new element in the landscape could be avoided and multifunctional landscapes can be created instead.

STAGE 1 implementation are as follows: WETLAND / RECRATION plantation type : Salix SRC ( Short rotation coppice) added functions: biofiltration of contaminated water (Nitrogen, Phosphorus) INDUSTRIAL / urban/ recreation plantation type : Quality biomass mixes of long rotation species like Fagus, Quercus or Carpinus with Larix, Prunus or Betula as helping trees added functions: productive with long term goal planning enabling possible future change towards urban forest

2022

RECRATION and URBAN AREAS plantation types: different length rotation coppices, coppice with standards, pollarded stands , hedge networks added functions: building awareness about fuel production practices in the past and towards the future ; actively enaging community in maintenance practices INFRASTRUCTURE NODE LANDMARKS plantation types: outstanding monoculture added functions: adding identity to generic infrastructure nodes, helping to navigate along the infrastructure corridor, exclamation marks for ‘‘Green Energy Line’’ strategy.

69.

conclusion

14

One of the first questions I asked my self starting the thesis was- what is the role of landscape architect in the transition towards green energy. Spatial footprints of new forms of green energy presented in the book ,, Landscape and Energy: Designing Transition� ( Sijmons, D., Hugtenburg, J. et.al 2014) are higlighting the important design problem. Green Energy requires lots of space, while compared to fossil fuels.

What follows - that forms of energy are much more visible in the landscape.

As I started my investigation on biomass plantations already during the internship at H+N+S Looking for

in Holland, I established the basic space for thoughts.

appropriate case

for planting strategy implementation result-

ed in choice of unused potential of edgelands along infrastructure corridor.

As there were no clear guidlines on how to implement those kind of plantings in the ladscape, the development of new approach was needed. New method was informed by various approaches. It asses, the green energy production potentials simillary to the Forest Development strategies (Larsen J.B. 2008). It studies landscape experience bearing resemblance to Landskabskaraktermetoden. It analyzes visual aspects based on sequences like Kevin Lynch. It derives from different fields approaches, creating a tool that helps to implement energy plantations into existing landscape contexts.

70.

Examinig the method in the site specific context enabled me to try out abundance

Therefore I conclude that there is a great potential for landscape architects in devel-

of possibilities that this kind of planting may bring to the landscape. Different areas

oping the methods that can lead to innovative approach within policy planning mak-

required different interventions and resulted in various spatial experience.

ing. By giving a tool on how to approach the spatial implications of energy transition

All of them were looking for possible synergies:

the direct actions in the planning strategies can happen. Combining the knowledge of

green energy - landscape experience,

different diciplines would be essential to achieve performing strategies . Landscape

productive- social- ecological goals,

planning should establish the platform for open dialogue between the professionals.

immediate effect - long term goals.

Planting strategies has the potential to provide more than visually appealing, green At the same time concept provides one, coherent identity of Green Energy Infra-

areas. They can serve multiple ecosystem services - support green energy produc-

structure, using the potential of left over spaces. Energy production is correlated

tion, carbon sequestration, enhance biodiversity , phytoremediate water, air and

with spatial sequence providing consistent image of transport corridor.

soil or control rainwater run off- to name a few. At the same time they can constitue the framework for development, also on the regional scale.

Rather than giving the final vision image, design talks about landscape dynamics

As the architectural writer John Gendall in his essay ‘‘ Systems, not icons” notices:

and flexibility. It is bringing the management as the tool that can help to design for “Not long ago, landscape architects were often dismissed as the consultants who

the future , with long-term goal objectives in mind.

put finishing touches on a building site -- the broccoli around the steak. But with It is informed by inputs from multiple disciplines : forestry and management, policy

landscape architects increasingly taking lead positions on large-scale projects and

and planning, infrastructure and energy sector . But rather than trying to compete

expanding the design market share, broccoli clearly is a thing of the past.”

with others specialties, it aims to develop the new angle of looking at it.

71.

72.

02

SITE analysis + method + PROPOSAL

annex 73.

74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

02

SITE analysis + method + PROPOSAL

bibliography 81.

literature Arrestrup Planteskole ( 2015). Available at: http://www.skovplanter.dk/netbutik/laehegns-planter.aspx [ Accessed 15 October 2015].

Appleyard, D., Lynch, K., Myer, J. R. (1964) The view from the road. , Cambridge, MA: MIT Press for the Joint Center for Urban Studies of M.I.T. and Harvard University.

Biomass Energy Centre, (2015) Biomass heating of buildings of different sizes [online] Available at : http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk/portal/page?_pageid=75,163211&_ dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL [ Accessed 20 October 2015].

Biomass Energy Centre, (2015)Potential outputs of biofuels per hectare, per annum [online] Available at: http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk/portal/page?_pageid=75,163231&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL [ Accessed 21 October 2015].

Biomass Energy Centre, (2015) Typical calorific values of fuels [online] Available at: http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk/portal/page?_pageid=75,20041&_dad=portal&_ schema=PORTAL [ Accessed 21 October 2015].

Biomass Energy Centre, (2015) Wood densities and moisture content [online] Available at: http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk/portal/page?_pageid=75,177178&_dad=portal&_schema=POPORT [ Accessed 21 October 2015] Byrne, K., Black, K., (2003) Carbon Sequestration in Irish Forests; COFORD, Dublin 2003, Available at : http://www.woodenergy.ie/media/coford/content/publications/projectreports/cofordconnects/CarbonCarbonSequest.pdf [ Accessed 20 November 2015].

Demuzere, M., Orru, K., Heidrich, O., Olazabal, E., Geneletti, D., Orru, H., ... & Faehnle, M. (2014). Mitigating and adapting to climate change: Multi-functional and multi-scale assessment of green urban infrastructure. Journal of environmental management, 146, 107-115.

Faaij, A., Steetskamp, I., van Wijk, A., & Turkenburg, W. (1998). Exploration of the land potential for the production of biomass for energy in the Netherlands.Biomass and Bioenergy, 14(5), 439-456.

Graudal, Lars, et al. ( 2013) Muligheder for bæredygtig udvidelse af dansk produceret vedmasse 2010-2100: perspektiver for skovenes bidrag til grøn omstilling mod en biobaseret økonomi. Institut for Geovidenskab og Naturforvaltning, Københavns Universitet, 21 -36.

Green Peace (2014) Danish Green Energy potentials Available at : http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/briefings/climate/2014/BRIEFING-Denmarks-commitment-to-100pct-renewable-energy.pdf [ Accessed 10 November 2015] Gendall J., (2010), Systems, Not Icons ) Available at : http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/urbanism-planning/systems-not-icons_o [ Accessed 10 March 2016].

Landskabsarkitekter.dk ( 2016), Stor interesse for BIM blandt landskabsarkitekter [online] Available at : http://www.landskabsarkitekter.dk/aktuelt/stor_interesse_for_bim_ blandt_landskabsa [ Accessed 20 January 2016].

Landarchbim ( 2016) , Why BIM? [online] Available at : https://landarchbim.com/2014/02/08/why-bim/ [ Accessed 20 January 2016] Matthews, T., Lo, A. Y., & Byrne, J. A. (2015). Reconceptualizing green infrastructure for climate change adaptation: Barriers to adoption and drivers for uptake by spatial planners.

Landscape and Urban Planning, 138, 155-163.

Nielsen, T. A. Sick, Hovgesen, H. Harder; Nielsen, J. B. ( 2005) Byen, Vejen og Landskabet: kortlægninger og resultater; Institut for Samfundsudvikling og Planlægning, Aalborg Universitet 2005

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literature Olesen, F. (1979). Planting Shelterbelts. Laeplanting, Denmark. Landhusholdningsselskabet, Copenhagen 1979 pp.52- 74.

Serup, H., Kofman, P. D. et al., ( 2005) Wood for Energy Production: Technology - Environment - Economy; Irish edition. COFORD, Dublin 2005.

Sijmons, D., Hugtenburg, J., van Hoorn, A., & Feddes, F. (Eds.). (2014).Landscape and Energy: Designing Transition, nai010 publishers, Rotterdam 2014.

Stahlschmidt, P. (2001). Metoder til landskabsanalyse.

Vesterdal, L. (2000). Carbon sequestration in Danish forests. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement, 4(4), 272-274.

VVM, Vurdering af Virkninger på Miljøet ( 2009) København-Ringsted projektet, Miljøredegørelse – hæfte 1- 5 , Trafikstyrelsen 2009 Wood energy COFORD ( 2006 ) Wood fuel characteristics Available at : http://www.woodenergy.ie/woodasafuel/listandvaluesofwoodfuelparameters-part1/[ Accessed 10 November 2015]

personal communications

Hasle M., Skov- og landskabsingeniør BaneDanmark, Maintenance principles along the railway corridor (Personal communication, 3rd November 2015 ).

Larsen B.J. Professor Skov, natur og biomasse at University of Copenhagen – Species selection consultation (Personal communication, 1st February 2016 ).

Lundø R., Kommunikationsmedarbejder Banedanmark - aerial photos and visualizations of Copenhagen Ringsted railway Secher Eriksen, E. Produktchef HedeDanmark – Energy plantations species productivity, harvest methods (Personal communication, 27th October 2015 , 2nd December 2015, 9th February 2016).

Tærø Nielsen, A. , Industrial PhD student HedeDanmark and University of Copenhagen - Biomass harvest yields advice (Personal communication, 1st February 2016 )

83.

illustrations #Fig.1 Vigerslevparken source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication

#Fig.16 Open agriculture landscape

source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication

#Fig.2 Vestvolden and Avedøresletten source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication

#Fig.17 Ringsted Øst - Klimabyen

source: Bilag_1_cobe_projekt

#Fig.3 Brøndby haveby source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication

#Fig. 18 Kevin Lunch sequence method

source: http://contemporarycity.org/2014/03/appleyard-donald-lynch-kevin-myer-john-r/

#Fig.4 Vallensbæk Sø and Mose source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication

#Fig. 19 Brøndby urban / recreation edglands

source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication

#Fig.5 Lille Vejleådal source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication

#Fig. 20 Carpinus betulus , coppice( 30 years) + hedge ( rejuvenation)

source: own photo, taken in Assistens Kirkegård, 12. 10.15

#Fig.6 Kildebrønde Bæk- rail on the embankment source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication

#Fig. 21 Corylus avellana, coppice ( 7 years rotation))

source: http:// www.hazelwoodlandproducts.co.uk

#Fig.7 Karlstrup Skov source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication

#Fig. 22 Carpinus betulus , Fagus, Platanus, Quercus, Tilia, pollarding( 5 years rotation)

source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Hornbeam_Pollards_-_

geograph.org.uk_-_1774527.jpg

#Fig.8 Cementvej source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication #Fig.9 Jersie Mose source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication #Fig.10 View towards Køge Nord source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication #Fig.11 Køge Nord - view towards north source: http://www.cobe.dk/project/koge-north-station #Fig.12 Køge Nord - view towards south source: http://www.cobe.dk/project/koge-north-station #Fig.13 View towards Køge Ås source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication #Fig.14 Regnemark source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication #Fig.15 Humleore Skove source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication

#Fig. 23 Brøndby allotment gardens

source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication #Fig. 24 Lille Vejle Å - clush of urban / recreation / industry edgelands

source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication #Fig. 25 Populus trichocarpa OP42, 20 years rotation

source: http://www.srcplus.eu/images/SLU_Poplar_Sweden_4.pdfwoods.html # Fig 26, 27 Fagus sylvatica with Larix x hybrida

source:http://flickrhivemind.net/blackmagic.cgi?id=8196837589&url=http%3A%2F%2Fflick

rhivemind.net% #Fig. 28 Greve - urban / industry edges

source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication #Fig. 29 Vallensbæk Sø (recreation) / Vallensbæk Mose ( wetlands)

source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication #Fig. 30 Salix ‘Inger’ ( Salix triandra x S. viminalis ) 3 -5 years rotation)

source: http://nordicbiomass.dk/files/nbnewfiles/Technical%20data%20NB%20STEM

STER%20III.pdf

84.

illustrations #Fig. 31 Salix ‘Inger’ ( Salix triandra x S. viminalis ) 3 -5 years

source: http://www.slu.se/en/departments/plant-breed

ing/about/agriculture/breeding_projects/salix/ #Fig. 32 Vallensbæk Sø (recreation) / Vallensbæk Mose

source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication #Fig. 33 Køge Nord - new station area

source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication #Fig. 34 Betula pendula, 30 -40 years rotation

source: author photo

#Fig. 46 Fjællebro forest edgelands source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication #Fig. 47 Open agriculture views before Ringsted source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication #Fig. 48 Living hedges thinning ( 5-10 years rotation) Source: http://www.naturplan.dk/foto/upload/gb-0011-DSC_0053.jpg #Fig. 49 Living hedges thinning ( 5-10 years rotation) Source: http://en.klimatilpasning.dk/media/5498/levende%20hegn.jpg #Fig. 50 Open agriculture views before Ringsted source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication

#Fig. 35 Abies grandis, 60 years rotation

source: author photo #Fig. 36 Køge Nord - new parking planting

source: http://www.cobe.dk/project/koge-north-station #Fig. 37 Køge Å - agriculture / wetland edgelands

source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication #Fig. 38,39 Salix alba, pollarding

source: http://www.denarend.com/works/environmen

tal/iron_pollard/images/02.jpg #Fig. 40 Salix , short rotation coppice

source: http://nordicbiomass.dk/files/nbnewfiles/Tech

nical%20data%20NB%20STEMSTER%20III.pdf #Fig. 41 Køge Å - agriculture / wetland edgelands

source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication #Fig. 42 Regnemark edgelands between highway and railway

source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication #Fig. 43 Fjællebro forest edgelands

source: BaneDanmark 2015, personal communication #Fig. 44 Forest edges, thinning 5- 10 years

source: https://dansknatur.files.wordpress.

com/2011/05/haeg_31.jpg

#Fig. 45 Quality biomass mixes, thinning

Source: http://www.hededanmark.com/

85.