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Digital Design - Module 02 Semester 1, 2019 Natalie Ang
996016 Junhan Foong + Studio 6
Critical Reading: Kolerevic B. 2003. Architecture in the Digital Age
Kolerevic described three fundamental types of fabrication techniques in the reading. Outline the three techniques and discuss the potential of Computer Numeric Controlled fabrication with parametric modelling. (150 words max)
The three fundamental types of fabrication techniques are non-contact scanning, two-dimensional scanning and mass customisation. Non-contact scanning can create three dimensional models of objects by scanning the physical model and a set of points will be created from this scan. The points are then used to produce the closest approximation of the model’s geometry. Two dimensional scanning, also known as CNC cutting, is another fabrication technique. Depending on the type of materials or thicknesses that need to be cut, different types of cutters are used. Other fabrication types are subtractive fabrication, additive fabrication and formative fabrication. Lastly, mass customisation is a fabrication technique that uses digitally controlled machinery to product cost efficient unique and complex shaped objects. Computer Numeric Controlled fabrication with parametric modelling allows designers to explore iterations in a more efficient way. This trial and error approach gives designers the freedom to explore more forms and ideas before settling on their final design. Moreover, it also allows designers to take positive elements from each iteration and combine them easily.
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SURFACE AND WAFFLE STRUCTURE Surface Creation
STEP THREE Experimenting with different panels, both 2D and 3D on the first surface. Exploring different combinations of attractor points and curves, and shapes for panelling. ‘SurfaceDomainNumber’, ‘OffsetGrid’ ‘Morph3D’ ‘PointAttraction’ ‘GenePool’ ‘CullPattern’.
STEP ONE Constructing a 150 x 150 x 150 box. This was done by utilising ‘Rectangle’, ‘Extrude’, ‘BoundarySrf’.
STEP TWO Selecting edges from the box, breaking up the edges into points on a line, forming lines between edges and lofting these to create surfaces. Key commands used : ‘Deconstruct Brep’, ‘List Item’, ‘DivideCurve’ ‘Loft’.
STEP FOUR Experimenting with different panels, on the second surface ‘SurfaceDomainNumber’, ‘OffsetGrid’ ‘Morph3D’ ‘PointAttraction’ ‘GenePool’ ‘CullPattern’.
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Once the overall script was completed in workshop, I began to explore different iterations for the surfaces. I first started out by adjusting the heights of the surfaces, starting with surface 2 and then exploring different heights of surface 1 to complement surface 2. After finding a suitable combination of surfaces, I then began to adjust the widths between the two surfaces, which then led to my final choice of surfaces.
Iterations with different heights
Exploration of spaces enclosed by different widths between the two surfaces
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SURFACE AND WAFFLE STRUCTURE Surface Creation
The process of creating the visual script allowed me to freely experiment with many different variations in a relatively quick way. By being able to explore a multitude of iterations, it allowed me to see the possibilities and qualities different combinations had.
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Isometric View
There are five different variations of a square based pyramid. One surface features pyramidal shapes that are extruded to one point and its vertices are attracted in different directions. The other surface is predominantly formed by triangular shapes, with 2D and 3D variations.
The hollow space formed between the waffle structure encloses and forms an interior volume. The distance between the fins on either surface gradually decreases towards the top.
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SURFACE AND WAFFLE STRUCTURE Laser Cutting
X0
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Having the experience with laser cutting from FoDr, the process of creating a laser cut was fairly straightforward. X8
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3B Strip
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Strip 4A (2)
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Strip 4B (2)
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However, one of the constraints of laser cutting are the burn marks it creates. As the waffle was laser cut on mountboard, these marks could be lessened by cleaning them afterwards with a wet cloth. But, due to the nature of the ivory card, used for the panels, this was not a viable option due to the qualities of the material.
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Moreover, to avoid the taping of the laser cut panels, it was ensured that certain edges of the panels were turned into ‘Etch’ lines as opposed to ‘Cut’ lines.
Lofts
1.1
1.2
1.3
{0,150,150}
1.4 {35,101,150}
{35,101,150}
{30, 150, 150}
{35,101,150}
{35,101,150} {0, 0, 150}
{150,150,150} {90,0,150}
{35,101,150}
{35,101,150}
{0,150,0} {0,120,0}
{0,0,0}
{0, 150, 0} {0, 90, 0} {35,101,150}
{35,101,150}
{45, 0, 0} {35,101,150}
{35,101,150}
{150,0,0}
Paneling Grid & Attractor Point
2.1
{35,101,150}
{35,101,150} {35,101,150}
{35,101,150}
{150, 150, 150}
2.2
{150, 0, 0}
2.3
2.4
{-27, 144, 183}
{68, 87, 197} {214, 195, 151}
{237, 136, 118}
{-47, 8, 153}
{218, 75, 159}
{215, -18, 131} {56, -25, 17}
Paneling
Point Attractors
Point Attractor
Curve Attractor
Point Attractor
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Key
Matrix A
{0,0,0}
Attractor / Control Points (X,Y,Z) Attractor / Control Curves Grid Points
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The panels on both surfaces are intended to explore the ideas of contrast and the juxtaposition between permeability and rigidity.
SURFACE AND WAFFLE STRUCTURE Matrix and Possibilities
The different natures of the forms of the panels also heavily influence light and shadow. The pyramidal panels faces upwards, allowing it to receive light and casts different shadows onto the outside of the structure. The panels with perforations allows light to permeate into the interior volume enclosed by the waffle. Panel design for the second surface features two different pyramids - a shorter and a taller form. The vertices of the pyramids are attracted to two separate points. This creates a sense of movement.
On one surface, the panels feature a series of perforations and openings which allow for light and air to filter through. Moreover, these panels present a gradual transition from closed triangular forms at the bottom, towards more perforated panels.
Perforations on faces allow for lighting to filter into the internal space. These openings also create a relationship between the outside and the interior of the waffle structure
Gradual transition from solid panels towards more perforated and porous panels. Allowing for more light penetration towards the top.
Conversely, the other surface focuses on solidity and a sense of movement. It features pyramidal shapes with no openings, and thus, present a rigid and hard front. The vertices of the pyramids are both attracted upwards but towards different directions. This gives a sense of movement upwards.
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SURFACE AND WAFFLE STRUCTURE Photography of Model
The surface structure explores the concept of rigidity and solidity against porosity. On one surface, the surface is composed of large, solid pyramids which are attracted upwards. These solid pyramids propose a rigid front. The vertices of these pyramids point upwards, giving a sense of movement. Conversely, the other surface is composed with pyramidal shapes that feature a number of perforations. This gives a sense of lightness to the structure and allows for light to permeate into the interior volume. The transition from solid forms at the bottom to the perforated forms allow for different thresholds to be created in the interior volume. The waffle structure also aimed to foster different thresholds and circulations within the interior volume it encloses. As the waffle structures base is wide, it gradually encloses a smaller space inside towards the top, providing a sense of movement upwards.
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Visual Scripting of Parametric Model 5. Exploring different geometries by creating them in Grasshopper (or using Lunchbox) and also referencing them in from Rhino. Also manipulating the geometry through scaling and rotating. ‘’Extrude’ ’ScaleNU’, ‘CapHoles’, ‘Rotate3D’
2. Creating and manipulating the grid within the box. Nine boxes were created within the box.
1. Constructing a 150 x 150 x 150 box. This was done by utilising ‘Rectangle’, ‘Extrude’.
3. Exploring different attractor points and adjusting the points in the grid. ‘AttractorPoint’, ‘AttractorCurve’ 4. Applying different attractor points ‘Cellulate3DGrid’. and curves to manipulate the centroids ‘AttractorPoint’, ‘AttractorCurve’ ‘Volume’.
Script used for making shapes in Grasshopper
Script used for making shapes in Grasshopper
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SOLID AND VOID Surface Creation
Different iterations were explored by trialling different shapes and implementing curve, point and random attractors. Moreover, scaling up objects, (seen in the 2nd iteration), allowed for more voids to be created within the solid. Consequently, this creates a more open structure. Experimenting with shapes other than circles also gave different qualities to the final outcomes. The 4th iteration exemplifies this, as unlike the 2nd iteration, it features a more enclosed space with overhangs.
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Isometric View The process of choosing which iteration to explore involves working through different iterations and combining the interesting aspects of each. In the previous iterations, certain aspects that I found interesting were large dramatic overhangs as well as an open space at the top. As such, I wanted to contrast these two concepts in my chosen iteration. This iteration was created out of isocahedrons that were boolean differenced out from the 150 x 150 x 150 volume. The nature of the shape is very interesting due to it’s multiple faces, which when intersected with neighbouring shapes, create very interesting voids. The model explores vertical thresholds where the top area is more open, exposed and light. The bottom area of the model features large overhangs which encloses the space underneath it, providing a sense of cover.
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SOLID AND VOID Matrix and Possibilities
{-99, 94, 212}
Grid Manipulation
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
{49, 64, 230}
1.6
1.5 {-58, -22, 214}
{-50, 55, 170}
{142, 0, 245}
{119, 80, 189} {58, 158, 84}
{-63, 85, 6}
{18, 129, 193} {42, -59, 270}
{50, -19, 162}
{-56, -81, 92} {175, 0, 132}
{34, 52, -66}
{72, -70, 9}
Centroid Distribution
Point Attractors
Point Attractors
2.1
2.2
{-6, 84, 200}
Curve Attractor
{68, 179, 205}
2.3
Random Attractor
Curve Attractors
2.4
2.5
Point Attractors
2.6 {22, 70, 183}
{22, 70, 183}
{22, 70, 183}
{61, 133, 166} {85, 16, 192}
{85, 16, 192}
{85, 16, 192}
{76, 69, 60} {-11, 25, 2}
{189, 53, 14}
Shapes + Unit Transformations Final Study Area
Point Attractors
Curve Attractor
Curve Attractor + Point Attractor
Point Attractors
Random Attractor + Curve Attractor
Random Attractor + Curve Attractor
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Spheres
Cones rotated at 35 degrees in the XZ plane
Rectangular prisms rotated at 87 degrees in the XZ and XY plane
Supershape rotated at 95 degrees in the XZ plane
Octahedron
Icosahedron
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
Key {0,0,0}
Attractor / Control Points (X,Y,Z) Attractor / Control Curves Grid Points
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Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
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Figure 1.3
SOLID AND VOID
Photography of Model
The 3D printed parts shown in Figure 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 were created out of octahedrons, rectangles and cones respectively. Each shape have different qualities, thus, producing different voids as they are boolean differenced out of the 150 x 150 x 150 volume. Figure 1.1 is interesting as it produces large overhangs which encloses the space beneath it. The edges of the faces are drawn inwards, creating a sense of movement towards the interior of the space. Figure 1.2 is more rigid with its straight edges. Figure 1.3 produces interesting shadows with its sharp triangular cuts. The chosen design is depicted in the image on the left.
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Appendix
Process
Experimenting with different surfaces and shapes
Fold lines were scored to ensure a neater fold.
Attempt at referncing a shape from Rhino into GH
Panels were stuck on in groups onto the waffle
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Tabs visible from the outside were cut off.
Appendix Process
Green objects are the imported study areas and the orange parts are the support material. Print time of 8h and 29m.
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