Final Exam Revision
Introduction to the English Studies January 16, 2019
1
Morphology
Provide a definition of morpheme. Provide a definition of word.
What is the difference between free and bound morphemes?
What is the difference between inflection and derivation in morphology?
. 2
Which letters given in bold below represent prefixes (P)? Are they inflectional (F) or derivational (D)? Write your answer on the line next to the examples.
overwrite __________ overheat __________ exercise __________ overtly __________
3
List the morphemes in each word below, and state whether each morpheme is free (F) or bound (B)
1. creating 2. unhealthy 3. seaward 4. waiter 5. wastage
6. reconsider 7. incomplete 8. keys 9. modernize 10. astronomer
4
Name the word formation process for the following words: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
humid → humidifier International, police → Interpol love, seat → loveseat Information, entertainment → infotainment typographical error → typo aerobics, marathon → aerobathon act → deactivate curve, ball → curve ball delicatessen → deli modulator, demodulator → modem 5
Give an account of the morphological status of –en on the basis of the following lexemes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
earthen wooden widen sweeten deafen
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
oxen silken brethren soften blacken
6
Are the following compounds endocentric or exocentric? a. battlefield b. scare tactics c. churchyard d. buttercup e. hoodwink f. handkerchief g. inmate h. postman i. bluebell 7
What is a derivational paradigm? Provide one English example.
What is a periphrastic construction in morphology? Provide one example.
Define (and provide 2 examples of) the process of morphological clipping in English. 8
Syntax
Define (and provide an example of a verbless clause in English.
Define and provide one example of a restrictive relative clause.
Explain the difference between finite and non finite clauses, and provide examples. 9
Provide one example of a sentence in English which is ungrammatical and explain why. Then provide an example of a sentence which is grammatical but meaningless. Explain the concept of a syntactic function. What are constituency tests? List them and provide examples for each one.
10
ď Ź
ď Ź
Which types of clauses do you know? What are the crietria for their classification? Provide one example of syntactic coordination, suboordination and complex coordination.
11
Replace the following participles with finite clauses and say which type of clause they are.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Looking seriously at the student, the teacher repeats the question. Crossing the street, I came across an old friend. Upset and discouraged, he gave up the idea. Who is the man talking to Elizabeth? Feeling rather tired, I telephoned and said I couldn't come. Most of the students invited did not come. John heard his name being called. The newly constructed highway is a pleasure to drive on. Having been told that the roads were blocked, he decided not to go. The lost child was crying for his mother.
12
Use syntactic tests to determine whether the strings of words given in bold below are constituents or not:
a. Martha found a lovely pillow for the couch. b. The light in this room is terrible. c. I wonder whether Bonnie has finished packing her books. d. Melissa slept in her class. e. Pete and Max are fighting over the bone. f. I gave a bone to Pete and to Max yesterday. g. I gave a bone to Pete and to Max yesterday. 13
Name two exponents for the following syntactic functions:
object _______________ object complement __________________ adverbial ____________ subject ___________________ subject complement _________________
14
Name a syntactic function of the following [constituents] : 1.
2. 3. 4.
5.
Recently, [finding a job] has become very difficult. Amy sings [very sweetly]. I've left [my keys] in the car. Robert promised [me] that he'd send a postcard. Playing football is [his only pastime]. 15
Are the following complex sentences coordinated or subordinated? Explain. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
I am always ready to learn, but I am very moody. I tried hard to make clay pots until the Sun went down. I like to have ice creams during the winter, but I hate chocolates. The food that got spoiled was not cooked properly. She has got a nice birthday gift which is quite unique. 16
Identify the nominal clauses functioning as either a subject (S) or an object (O) below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Whoever is not going to the vacation will definitely miss something. I know he is lying. We didn’t realize she was so ill. That his theory was flawed soon became obvious. To become an opera singer takes years of training What I need is a long holiday. The company has admitted to supplying the tax authorities with false information. Being the chairman is a huge responsibility. 17
Which type of clause is this? Is it a finite or non-finite clause? Explain. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
While we were crossing the park, we heard a loud explosion. I was late for the interview because the train broke down. To open the window, you have to climb a ladder. Rather than leave the child alone, I brought him to work with me. Being a qualified plumber, Paul had no difficulty in finding the leak. Left to himself, he usually gets the job done quickly. His face being red with rage, John stormed out of the room. If you want tickets for the concert, you have to apply early. 18
Semantics
What is semantics? What does it study? What is pragmatics and what is its focus of study? Semantics is divided into __________ and __________. What is structural ambiguity? Provide two examples. What is lexical polysemy? Provide two examples. 19
What are homophones? What are homographs ? Provide one example of each.
What kind of meaning relation is entailment?
List six important lexical relations in semantics.
. 20
ď Ź
Give several examples of a superordinate term and some of its hyponyms.
21
Choose the word that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the word in capital letters.
UNAPPROACHABLE
A. casual B. impenetrable C. unclear D. withdrawn E. accessible
22
MINIMUM
A. valley B. median C. apex D. mean E. floor
23