Inhabited Infrastructures Consumption in the anthropocene A proposal for a circular community Nathalie Harris
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Inhabited Infrastructures Consumption in the anthropocene
Architectural Design Technology III BUIL 1074 Nathalie Harris Unit 7 Unit Tutors: Yorgos Loizos and Ned Scott Course Coordinator: Kieran Hawkins
I would like to thank my tutors Yorgos Loizos and Ned Scott for the continued advice and support, Sam Sheard and Mark Sutherland for allowing me to wreak havoc in the workshop, everyone who helped me develop my project by donating their waste plastic, and my friends and family for keeping me sane.
Except where stated otherwise, this dissertation is based entirely on the author’s own work.
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Key Terminology
REUSE RECYCLE CIRCULAR ECONOMY ADAPTIVE REUSE OPEN SOURCE ARCHITECTURE CONSUMPTION INHABITED INFRASTRUCTURE
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Abstract
What happens to the plastic we send to recycle? There’s no way of knowing where it truly ends up without extensive tracking of each item. In 2016, the UK alone generated 222.9 million tonnes of total waste, of which 54.3% went straight to landfill (Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs). My proposal attempts to grow with the population and reconnect people with the items they consider waste. The scheme intends to promote a circular economy and bring back responsibility and awareness of the life of our waste. I intend to provide a platform for communities to utilise waste materials and give the products multiple new lives as parts of buildings, whilst also allowing the architecture to grow to meet demand of housing in a contemporary urban environment. Through this report, I will experiment with the recycling of plastic and production of the tools for the adaption and expansion of homes.
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Contents 01
Introduction
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The Project
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Context
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Site History
iv
Site Analysis
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Recycling Plastic
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Technical Aims
ii
A History of Plastic
iii
Applications of Recycled Plastic
iv
Technical Qualities and Material Specifications
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Open Source Adaptable Architecture
i
WikiHouse
ii
The Gantry at Here East
iv
Applications to Project
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Clip-on Culture
i
Maison Démontable
ii
Rogers Stirk Harbour Prouvé House
iv
Applications to Project
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Material Investigation
i
Methodology
ii
Recycling Process
iii
Technical Requirements
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Material Process
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Technical Experiments
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Applications to Project
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Experience of Plastics
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Renders
ii
Neri Oxman
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Applications to Project
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Conclusion
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Appendices
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Axonometrics
ii
RMS
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01 Introduction The Project The use of non-renewable resources is prevalent within the construction industry, and the industry itself accounts for around 40% of the UK’s total carbon footprint.
the cyberpunk genre, the project proposes a new social movement that critiques the current plastic recycling systems and offers the merge of high tech and the lowlife, providing housing at a low cost for the population of Shoreditch priced out by gentrification.
My proposal aims to harness the use of nonrenewable resources, and provide an alternative route for the use of plastic. The architecture also attempts to address issues of population density within London, and Shoreditch in particular. As the population continues to grow, the consumption of plastics increases exponentially. Taking cues from
The residences inhibits the spirit of adaptability and community,allowing the spaces to adapt to the needs of the inhabitants creating a plastic clip-on culture.
Fig. 00 Santtu Mustonen - The Reign of Recycling, Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/04/opinion/sunday/the-reign-of-recycling.html?smid=tw-share
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Raised Walkways Housing
Elevator to each floor Access to housing
Public access to bazaar
Bazaar
Access for trucks Recycling Depot
Shoreditch High Street Station
Existing Site
Housing Recycling Depot Parts Bazaar Access to housing and pedestrian walkway Site
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Filmic References
Fig 0B - 0I Screencaps and drawings from Ghost in the Shell, 1995, Mamoru Oshii
Sectional Drawing of The Stacks, Ready Player One, 2018, Steven Spielberg, Drawn by author
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With a surge in awareness of the harm caused to the environment from single use plastics and the controversy regarding where our plastics end up, Tower Hamlets council are running events and pushing schemes in order to clean up the district. The UK as a whole is also following this trend in order to be more conscious of consumption and sustain our environment. Throughout Tower Hamlets, there is a daily waste and recycling collection along the main inhabited streets in the district at four different times of the day. Below is a map of the route and times that the truck is in these locations and to the left are photographs that I took around Shoreditch of left objects, rubbish, and recycling on the street.
Ghost in the Shell Garbage Trucks - https://www.artstation.com/artwork/oKk2k
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Zero Waste Hackney
Percentage of nonrecycled waste
27%
Percentage of recycled waste Percentage of non-recycled waste Percentage of recycled waste 73%
Hackney is backing an initiative that challenges the residents of the borough to not only recycle their waste, but rethink their lifestyles to live a zero waste life. This involves cutting down on single-use plastics and disposable plastics. Hackney encourage:
Fig. 0J - Using reusable kitchen roll.
Fig. 0K - Mixing used coffee grounds with an oil to make a body scrub.
Fig. 0N - Using shampoo and soap bars instead of bottles.
Fig. 0O - Making your own plantbased milk.
Fig. 0L - Reparing broken items with the Japanese Kintsugi method.
Fig. 0P - Using tote bags instead of plastic bags.
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Fig. 0M - Make your own cleaning products
Fig. 0Q - Shop at food markets and local unpackaged food shops.
Context The development is situated in the E1/N1 district of Shoreditch. It crosses the three borders of Tower Hamlets, Hackney, and the City of London. The area of land is named Bishopsgate Goods Yard from the history of the site.
Hackney
Tower Hamlets City of London
Bishopsgate Goods Yard surrounds Shoreditch High Street Station, and currently has two temporary uses onsite; Boxpark and the Powerleague football pitches. The entire site of Bishopsgate Goods Yard is around 4.4 hectares, and the proposal will occupy 1.6 hectares of it. Besides the temporary occupation, the site has laid dormant since 1964.
Shoreditch High Street Station
Boxpark
Overground Line
Hackney
D G
A
C
Tower Hamlets
E
B
F
H
Powerleague Football Pitch
City of London
Fig. 0R
Spitalfields
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Mainline Train Line
Historic Structure Bishopsgate Station
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20
40
60
80
100 120 140
160 180 200
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B
C
D
E
F
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G
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CE STR CHAN EET
15.8m
REET
ST EBOR
WHITBY
Existing Site
TEA BUILDING NE
L LA HOLYWEL
14.9m 14.8m
BOXPARK
SHO RED ITCH
HIGH
STRE ET
SHOREDITCH HIGH STREET STATION
POWERLEAGUE TEMPORARY PITCHES
14.3m
HISTORIC ARCHES
Political boundary line
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Site boundary line
15.2m
M
M CO
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25
30
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WHELER STREET
14.9m
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13.7m 50
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STREET
AL CI ER ST
Proposed Site
TEA BUILDING
PEDESTRIAN ENTRANCES TO RECIDENCES A
PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY
RESIDENCES A
SHOREDITCH HIGH STREET STATION
ENTRANCES FOR RECYCLING TRUCKS
EXIT FOR RECYCLING TRUCKS
BAZAAR
PEDESTRIAN ENTRANCES TO RECIDENCES B
RESIDENCES B
HISTORIC ARCHES RECYCLING PLANT
Political boundary line
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Site boundary line
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Site Photos
SITE PHOTOGRAPHS FROM SITE
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N
Recycling Routes for Hackney and Tower Hamlets South Access Road Household Waste and Recycling Centre
Seven Sisters Road 09:30-10:30 20:30-21:30
Clapton Common 10:30-11:30 21:30-22:30
Dunsmure Road 10:00-11:00 21:00-22:00
Stamford Hill 10:00-11:00 21:00-22:00
Gateway Road Recycling Centre
Green Lanes 09:15-10:15 20:15-21:15
Northwold Road Parade 10:00-11:00 21:00-22:00
Stoke Newington Church Street 09:00-10:00 20:00-21:00
Upper Clapton Road 10:15-11:15 21:30-22:30
Stoke Newington High Street
Blackstock Road, Mountgrove Road
08:45-09:45 19:45-20:45
09:00-10:00 20:00-21:00
Chatsworth Road Waste and Recycling Centre South Access Road Household 06:30-07:30 17:30-18:30
Lower Clapton Road
Shacklewell Lane Shops
06:45-07:45 18:00-19:00
Seven Sisters Road 09:30-10:30 20:30-21:30
Armhurst Road
Clapton Common 10:30-11:30 21:30-22:30
Dunsmure Road 10:00-11:00 21:00-22:00
06:30--7:30 17:15-18:15
Stamford Hill 10:00-11:00 21:00-22:00
Ridley Road 09:15-10:15 20:15-21:15
Homerton High Street
06:30-07:30 Gateway Road Recycling Centre 17:00-18:00
Dalston Road 06:30-07:30 17:30-18:30
06:00-07:00 18:00-19:00
Green Lanes
10:45-11:45 21:45-22:45
09:00-10:00 18:00-19:00
Stoke Newington Road
Morning Lane 06:30-07:30 17:30-18:30
Marsh Hill 06:30-07:30 17:30-18:30
Northwold Road Parade 10:00-11:00 21:00-22:00
Stoke Newington Church Street 09:00-10:00 20:00-21:00
Upper Clapton Road 10:15-11:15 21:30-22:30
Wick Road
Stoke Newington High Street
Blackstock Road, Mountgrove Road
Graham Road
08:45-09:45 19:45-20:45
09:00-10:00 20:00-21:00
06:30-07:30 17:30-18:30
Lower Clapton Road
Shacklewell Lane Shops
18:00-19:00 06:45-07:45 18:00-19:00
06:30-07:30 17:15-18:15
06:30--7:30 17:15-18:15
06:00-07:00 18:00-19:00
Dalston Road 06:30-07:30 17:30-18:30
06:30-07:30 17:30-18:30
Mare Street Armhurst Road
Ridley Road
Cassland Road Parade
10:45-11:45 21:45-22:45
09:00-10:00 18:00-19:00
Stoke Newington Road
06:45-07:45 Kingsland Road, Kingsland High Street
06:30-07:30 17:30-18:30
Chatsworth Road
06:30-07:30 17:15-18:15
Homerton High Street 06:30-07:30 17:00-18:00
Broadway Market
Well Street
Morning Lane
06:30-07:30 Marsh Hill
06:30-07:30 17:30-18:30
06:30-07:30 17:15-18:15
06:30-07:30 17:30-18:30 17:30-18:30
Wick Road 06:30-07:30 17:30-18:30
Graham Road 06:30-07:30 17:15-18:15
Kingsland Road, Kingsland High Street Pitfield Street 06:45-07:45
07:45-08:45 18:15-19:15
18:00-19:00
Hoxton Street
Cassland Road Parade
07:00-08:00 18:15-19:15
06:30-07:30 17:15-18:15
06:30-07:30 17:15-18:15
City Road
Old Street
07:30-08:30 18:15-19:15
City Road
07:30-08:30 18:15-19:15
07:30-08:00 15:00-15:30 22:00-22:30
Cambridge Heath Road
Cambridge Heath Road
06:30-07:00 14:30-15:00 21:30-22:00
07:00-07:30 13:30-14:00 23:30-23:30
Charlotte Road Curtain Road Old Street
19:00-20:00
Curtain Road
07:15-08:15 Shoreditch High Street 18:00-19:00 07:15-08:15
Bow Road
Mile End Road
13:30-14:30 18:30-19:30 00:00-01:00
Shoreditch High08:00-09:00 Street 19:00-20:00
Mile End Road 07:00-07:30 13:30-14:00 23:00-23:30
18:00-19:00
07:00-07:30 13:30-14:00 23:00-23:30
Burdett Road and Mithlothian Road 07:00-07:30 13:00-13:30 23:00-23:30
Burdett Road and Mithlothian Road
Bishopsgate Goods Yard - Site
Whitechapel Road Commercial Street, Whitechapel High Street
06:30-07:00 Commercial Street, Whitechapel High Street 13:00-13:30
07:30-08:00 14:00-14:30 21:30-22:00
06:30-07:00 20:30-21:00 13:00-13:30 20:30-21:00
07:00-07:30 13:00-13:30 23:00-23:30
07:00-07:30 13:00-13:30 23:00-23:30
Osbourne Road, Brick Lane, and Hanbury Street
07:00-08:00 13:30-14:30 18:30-19:30 Osbourne Road, Brick Lane, and Hanbury Street 07:00-08:00 00:00-01:00
Bow Road
Grove Road
07:30-08:00 14:00-14:30 22:00-22:30
Bethnal Green Road, Redchurch Street
07:45-08:45 18:15-19:15
07:00-07:30 13:30-14:00 23:30-23:30
07:30-08:00 15:00-15:30 22:30-23:00
07:30-08:00 15:00-15:30 22:00-22:30
Charlotte Road
Grove Road
07:30-08:00 14:00-14:30
22:00-22:30 Roman Road
06:30-07:00 14:30-15:00 21:30-22:00 Hackney Road
18:15-19:15
07:45-08:45 07:30-08:30 08:00-09:00 18:15-19:15 18:15-19:15
Bishopsgate Goods Yard - Site
Hackney Road
Hoxton Street
07:45-08:45 18:15-19:15
07:30-08:00 15:00-15:30 22:30-23:00
06:30-07:30 17:30-18:30
Bethnal Green Road, Redchurch Street 07:00-08:00
Pitfield Street
Roman Road
Well Street
Broadway Market
07:30-08:30 18:15-19:15
06:30-07:30 17:30-18:30
Mare Street
Whitechapel Road 07:30-08:00 14:00-14:30 21:30-22:00
07:00-07:30 13:00-13:30 23:00-23:30
Commercial Road 07:00-07:30 13:00-13:30 20:00-20:30
Commercial Road 07:00-07:30 13:00-13:30 20:00-20:30
Fig. 0S-1J - Screencaps from Ghost in the Shell, 1995
East India Dock Road 06:30-07:00 13:00-13:30 20:00-20:30
06:30-07:00 13:00-13:30 20:00-20:30
Screencaps from Ghost In The Shell 1995
COMMERCIAL RECYCLING ROUTE TOWER HAMLETS AND HACKNEY
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East India Dock Road
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The exterior facing onto Shoreditch High Street
The exterior facing onto Shoreditch High Street and Commercial Street
Looking east from Platform 3 on the upper rail level in 1969. There has been some infilling between the platforms. The wagon hoist in the goods yards can be clearly seen.
The corner of Bishopsgate Station
Site History
Looking north west from Platform 2 on the upper rail level in 1969
Looking north west on the upper rail level in 1967
1870s
Looking north east from Platform 1 on the Looking south west across platforms in 1969 upper rail level in 1967. The wagon hoist in the goods yard can be seen in the background.
1960s
PHOTOGRAPHS IN 1967
STATION AS A CAR PARK
FIRE AT THE STATION
THE ORIGINAL STATION
ARTIST INTERPRETATIONS
MAPS AND PLANS
21 The remaining south side of Bishopsgate Goods Yard which contain the Braithwaite Viaduct, taken from Brick Lane entrance in October 2007. This area will be renovated and incorporated into the new construction.
Sludge House at the eastern end of the goods in 1995. This was still standing in 2004 but has now been demolished.
CURRENT DAY
PHOTOGRAPHS IN 2007
PHOTOGRAPHS IN 2004
PHOTOGRAPHS IN 2001
SOURCE: NICK CATFORD
PHOTOGRAPHS IN 1995
Site Analysis Annual Rainfall AUTUMN EQUINOX - EXISTING CONDITIONS 23/09/2019
Site
Site
Fig. 1K - 1L
450-650mm rainfall annual average
Potential water collected would be 16000m2 (site footprint) x 5.5m2 (avg rainfall per annum) = 88,000 m3 22
Shadow Study AUTUMN EQUINOX - EXISTING CONDITIONS 23/09/2019 13:30
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Shadow Study SUMMER SOLSTICE - PROPOSED CONDITIONS
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Shadow Study SUMMER SOLSTICE - PROPOSED CONDITIONS
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Shadow Study AUTUMN EQUINOX - PROPOSED CONDITIONS 23/09/2019 13:30
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Shadow Study AUTUMN EQUINOX - PROPOSED CONDITIONS 23/09/2019 13:30
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Evening Solar Gain
Morning Solar Gain
Midday Solar Gain
Summer Solstice
Evening Solar Gain
Morning Solar Gain
Midday Solar Gain
Autumn Equinox
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Summer Solstice
Autumn Equinox
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A diagram to visualise a circular economy
02 Recycling Plastic
Technical Aims My aims for this technical report are: > to develop a method of allowing houses to adapt to the growth of the population without the entire use of virgin materials. > to have understood and explored the processes of creating material from recycled plastic > to create a lightness to the interiors in order for inhabitants to feel comfortable living in recycled plastic
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1872
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First production of PVC in the UK.
1940
Outbreak of World War 2.
1939
First production of aircraft canopies made from perspex.
1936
Harrods hosts first display of new coloured thermosetting plastic tableware produced by Brookes and Adams, The Streetly Manufacturing Company and Thomas De La Rue and Co.
1926
Eichgrun produce the first cellulose acetate molding powder and the beginning of the rapid growth of phenolic mouldings.
Fig.
1919
Casein plastic is developed from milk by Erinoid.
Fig.
1909
The invention of Bakelite, the first synthtic polymer plastic.
1907
Thermoforming is introduced and used to make baby rattles from cellulose nitrate.
1890
The Hyatt Brothers patent the firs tplastic injection moudling machine.
A History of Plastic
Fig. 1O
Fig. 1R
Fig. 1P
Fig. 1S
Fig. 1Q
1954
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1988
1995
Present Day
NASA explores the advantages of a Polyethylene-based material for the spaceships that will send men to Mars.
2005
The UK’s first solar powered office block, sponsored by the EU, DTI and Greenpeace at Northumbira University featuring 21000 solar cells and 646 PVC-U windows.
Fig. 1V
Introduction of triangular recycling symbol relating to plastics.
Fig. 1T
Oil Crisis halts production and development of plastic.
Fig. 1U
1973
IKA (International Plastic Housing Exhibition) in Lundenscheid, Germany.
1971
“Monsanto House of the Future” is the first plastic house to be fully developed for mass production using fibre-reinforced plastic combined with PUR insulated panels.
1957
The development of the Mobile Hotel Cabin concieved the first modular plastic units optimised for transport.
1956
The fisrt use of glass fibre-reinforced plastics by Buckminster Fulller in his geodesic domes. Fig. 1U
Bulle Six Coques - Jean Benjamin Maneval
Fig.
fg 2000 - Wolfgang Feierbach
Fig. 1X
Fig. 2B
Rondo - Casoni & Casoni
Fig. 1Y
Fig. 2A
Fig. 1Z
Futuro - Matti Suuronen
Applications of Recycled Plastic Panels STORE AND EXHIBITION DESIGN:
BAR/CAFE/RESTAURANT DESIGN:
OFFICE DESIGN:
PRODUCT AND FURNITURE DESIGN:
RESIDENTIAL:
RECREATION:
> Plinths > Display Counters > Cabinets > Signage > Partitions > Furniture
> Countertops > Tabletops > Partitions > Furniture > Bathrooms > Toilet Cubicle
> Table Tops > Shelving > Seating > Bathrooms
> Jewellery > Homeware > Indoor Dining Tables > Outdoor Dining Tables > Seating > Bathrooms
> Bathroom Panels > Wet Rooms > Countertops > Splashbacks > Cabinet Doors > Furniture > Shelving
> Playgrounds > Swimming Pools > Spas
Fig. 2C- 2F Plastics in Use, https://smile-plastics.com/inspiration/
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Further Applications of Recycled Plastic
Fig. 2G - Adidas and Parley swimwear made from recycled fishing nets.
Fig. 2H – 3D Printed Street Furniture.
Fig. 2I – 3D Printed Street Furniture.
Fig. 2J – Sculptures made from recycled plastic.
Fig. 2K – Adidas Recycled Plastic Trainers.
Fig. 2L – Recycled plastic bike
Fig. 2M – 3D Printed items made from plastic bottles.
Fig. 2N – 3D Printed recycled plastic prosthetics.
Fig. 2O – Chop. Works by Ineke Hans.
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Technical Qualities MATERIAL PROPERTIES > Hard, Dense, Rigid > 100% Waterproof, RotProof, and Strong Weather Resistance > Solid and Consistent > Moderately scratch resistant and can be refinished if needed
Fig. 2P – Material from Smile Plastics
> Most of the plastics are UV resistant > Can be heat formed > Tend to have a matte/ planed finish > Can be machined, drilled, cut (router/cnc), water cut, and fixed using adhesives and screws
Fig. 2Q – Material from Smile Plastics
> The plastic panels share the same characteristics as composite wood-based boards > Easily cared for > Sustainable > Each panel is unique Fig. 2R – Products made from Smile Plastics material.
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MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS
These specifications are taken from Smile Plastics, one of the main suppliers for recycled plastic material. The tensile strength equates to similar to human skin, therefore the design of the panels would need to change in order to tolerate compression.
https://smile-plastics.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Smile-Plastics-datasheet.pdf
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03 Open Source Adaptable Architecture WikiHouse WikiHouse is an example of open source architecture. The design ethos aims to create buildings that can meet demands and change the way in which we build. The project uses technologies in order to create sustainable homes in a modular fashion to speed up the building process, whilst also allowing customisation, and adaptation to site.
to have everthing open. Open standards, open materials, open guides. With the openness of the design comes the openness to people, and allows societal boundaries to be challenged and to be inclusive and non-discriminatory. The democratic design allows the end user a say in the result of the design, and intends to teach the user how it works, encouraging users to be able to fix their own homes.
The designs for a standard WikiHouse structure are available on the WikiHouse website, and aims
The Gantry at Here East An example of the WikiHouse ethos in practice is The Gantry at Here East. Designed by Hawkins\ Brown, the architecture is a “London Olympic legacy product”. 21 artist studios retrofitted onto a
240 metre long steel frame gridded structure. The artist studios rely on the WikiHouse principles and Hawkins\Brown worked in collaboration with WikiHouse to develop the varying studios.
Fig. 2T – WikiHouse Diagrams.
Fig. 2S – The Gantry, Hawkins\Brown.
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Fig. 2T-2Y – WikiHouse Diagrams.
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Interpretations to project
PLASTIC FRAMES USING CLIPPING PRINCIPLES TO CREATE A CNC FRAMEWORK
> CNC PLASTIC PARTS > ADAPTABLE ELEMENTS > CLIP TOGETHER SYSTEMS > ENCASED PANELLING
CNC MODEL
This initial iteration was intended to try and create structural parts from recycled plastic, however after speaking to an engineer and consultation of the material specifications, I concluded that the main structural framework could not be plastic. However, the ethos of WikiHouse and the superstructure of The Gantry have informed my design in other ways. 1:20 SCALE PARTS FOR CNC TO CREATE THE FLAT FRAME SHAPE
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Fig. 2Z - Section drawing of original design for Maison Démontable. Ateliers Jean Prouvé - Available at: https://www.dezeen. com/2013/12/08/8x8-demountable-house-1945-by-jean-prouve-galerie-patrick-seguin/
Fig. 3A - Details of original design for Maison Démontable. Ateliers Jean Prouvé - Available at: https://www.designboom.com/ design/prefab-maison-demontable-8x8-by-jean-prouve-at-design-miami-12-24-2013/gallery/image/maison-demontable-8-x8-by-jean-prouve-designboom-30
Fig. 3B - Assembly manual for Maison Démontable. Ateliers Jean Prouvé - https://www.designboom.com/design/prefabmaison-demontable-8x8-by-jean-prouve-at-design-miami-12-24-2013/
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04 Clip-On Culture Maison Démontable Prouvé, a visionary and pioneer in both architecture and furniture design, championed the development of prefabricated and modular design. Prouvé designed Maison Démontable in various sizes in order to provide for the population of a post-war France. The design was comprised of a light-weight folded steel freestanding axial portal frame and timber components. The entire house was designed to be portable and could be packed onto a single truck and assembled by three people in one day. Fig. 3C Jean Prouvé - Image Courtesy of Vitra. Available at: https:// www.vitra.com/en-gb/corporation/designer/details/jean-prouve
Fig. 3D 'jean prouvé, architecture”'exhibition galerie patrick seguin, paris, 2012 portal frame for the 'ferembal house', 1948 portal frame for the '6x6 demountable house', 1944 portal frame for the '8x8 demountable house', 1945 portal frame for the 'f 8x8 bcc house', with pierre jeanneret, 1942 Available at: https://www.designboom.com/design/prefab-maison-demontable-8x8-by-jean-prouve-at-design-miami-12-24-2013/
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Rogers Stirk Harbour Prouvé House
Taking the original concepts developed by Jean Prouvé, RSHP were comissioned by Galerie Patrick Seguin to adapt the 6mx6m Demountable House for holiday home use. The adaptions made by RSHP entail additional pods that can attach by removing the wood panels and slotting the additions onto the perimeter. These pods keep the internal layout open plan and free, and RSHP added moveable services within the structures. The design kept the original philosophy of the Maison Démontable, being easily assembled and dismantled in-situ.
Fig. 3E-3F – RSHP Demountable House Diagrams
Steel frame structure mimicking the original
Central bathroom core
Fig. 3G – Kitchen Pod Section Drawing.
Black water trolley allows for movement
Fig. 3I – Undercroft Service Diagram
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Fig. 3H – Bathroom Pod Section Drawing.
Fig. 3J-3T Photographs, Drawings and Diagrams by RSHP
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Interpretations to project
A
B
A Clip-on toilet B Clip-on furniture
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A
Demountable Sofa
Taking inspiration from the Rogers adaption of the demountable house, I wanted to create additions made from plastic that would be different colours to the main panels of the housing.
B
Demountable Bathroom
Keeping the original floor plan of the toilet that RSHP developed, I applied it to incorporate the plastic material.
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05 Material Investigation Methodology To investigate and compile my research and case studies, I want to carry out a series of material experiments and tests. I want to create sheet material from waste plastic collected from local sources and mimic the processes I have learned from my research into current production methods.
research will involve: > A material investigation into the production and creation of plastic through first hand making and development > Speaking to architects and engineers to adivse the potential structural and architectural applications of the samples that I produce
Following this, I will experiment with various methods of processing the sheet material and the possibilities that can be achieved with the plastic.
> Photographic tests in order to experiment with the visual qualities of the samples
I also want to develop a clipping system from the plastic in order to generate an adapting system. I aim to gain an understanding of the atmospheric qualities that plastic might posess through different production methods.
> A series of renders to understand how various translucencies and thicknessess might be applied to a module > Communicating and discussing with specialists within the recycled plastic production area > Collaborating with a cooperative to access equipment and machinery that I might not be able to access alone
The methods I will be using to conduct my
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Recycling Process
COLLECTION
SORTING
CLEANING
1
2
PETE
HDPE
3
4
PVC
LDPE
5
6
PP
PS
7 OTHER
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SHREDDING
COOLING
CNC
MELTING
CAST
SPOOL
3D PRINT
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DISTRIBUTION
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Technical Requirements
As each residence will be exposed to the elements, each residence will need to be well insulated and waterproof. Maintaining the spirit of the ProuvĂŠ House, there will need to be removable panels and clip-on elements so the panels will need to contain the insulated elements. The superstructure will require bracing in order to maintain stability. The internal spaces needs to be open plan in accordance to the Demountable House, and each panel needs to be wide enough for human passage.
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Material Process
The essense of the project is community and collaboration and with that, I worked together with a MArch student, Lucy Sanders, to develop and explore different means of producing plastic as a material. We sourced a co-op in Dalston that was able to provide us with the means to grind the plastic, and together took all the plastic that we had collected to the studio and ground it down in order to make our tests.
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Make-Shift Plastic Production Lab
Step 01
Step 02
Step 03
Once all the plastic is collected and shredded, assure the production area is well ventilated and safety equipment is worn. Place a pan on a low heat and begin to spread the shredded plastic.
Mix in plastics of choice to create the desired effect and colour finish.
With each layer, compress the plastic to assure the plastic adheres to itself and create maximum strength.
Step 04
Step 05
Finished Result
As the piece gets thicker, use a heat gun to heat the top layer, continue to compress until desired thickness is achieved.
Once finished heating, remove from the pan and compress between two surfaces until completely cold to the touch.
A quasi-circular sheet with the pattern created from layering the varying plastics.
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The varying colours of the shredded plastic.
The first batch of milk bottles shredded .
Some discarded parts that would not shred with the size of the shredder that we had access to. With a sharper and stronger shredder these parts would have been shredded.
An early experiment with PET bottles and their lids on a metal base. Ideally I would have compression into a metal mold however, I did not have enough funds to create the mold therefore I used materials I could find within the workshop.
The plastic within the vacuum former oven. I used this as I needed good ventilation and did not want to do it at home because of the fumes.
The plastic did not fuse together as I would have liked, this could have worked if I had used a mold with compression. However, this material would make good insulation as the surface ratio is high.
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The household waste Lucy and I collected over two months.
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Material Experimentation Sheet 01 Original Source: HDPE Milk bottles (02) + LDPE Lids (04) Amount: 30 x Bottles (50g), 15 x Lids (3g) = 1545g Method: Collection, cleaning, cutting into small pieces, melting in a non-stick pan on a low heat, applying heat from above with heat gun, compression while heating, CNC burr surfaces for a flat finish. Result: Solid block, colour appears well, HDPE burned when melted, leaving a burned edge. Sheet warped as didn’t compress while cooling.
Sheet 02 Original Source: PET Plastic water bottles (01) + LDPE Lids (04) Amount: 18 x Bottles (18g), 30 x Lids (3g) = 414g Method: Collection, cleaning, cutting into small pieces, melting in a non-stick pan on a low heat, applying heat from above with heat gun, compression while heating, compression whilst cooling, CNC burr surfaces for a flat finish. Result: Solid block, colour appears well, use of PET results in brittle and fragile sheet. No burn marks.
Experiment 01 Original Source: PET Plastic water bottles (01) + LDPE Lids (04) Amount: 5 x Bottles (18g), 5 x Lids (3g) = 105g Method: Collection, cleaning, cutting into small pieces, melting in a pan, pouring into a metal mould, then cooling and removing. Result: Solid block, colour bled and homogenised. Appearance not very appealing, yet strong structurally.
Experiment 02 Original Source: PET Plastic water bottles (01) + LDPE Lids (04) Amount: 3 x Bottles (18g), 3 x Lids (3g) = 63g Method: Collection, cleaning, cutting into small pieces, spreading over a sheet, melting in vacuum former oven, removing, cooling. Result: Very fragile, pieces scatter all over the place. Appearance more appealing than experiment 01, mainly from colour use. Transparency could be applied in atmospheric manner.
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Experiment 03 Original Source: HDPE Milk bottles (02) + LDPE Lids (04) Amount: 2 x Bottles (50g), 4 x Lids (3g) = 112g Method: Collection, cleaning, cutting into small pieces, scattering on greaseproof paper, pressing between hot plates. Result: Strong bond with sheet material, layering sheets and re-bonding would create strong material. HDPE melts well and creates strong material.
Experiment 04 Original Source: LDPE Lids Amount: 8 x Lids (3g) = 24G Method: Collection, cleaning, arranging on greaseproof paper, pressing between hot plates. Result: Different lids create varying opacities, original form of object mostly maintained
Experiment 05 Original Source: HDPE Milk bottles (02) + LDPE Lids (04) Amount: 2 x Bottles (50g), 3 x Lids (3g) = 59g Method: Collection, cleaning, cutting into small pieces, arranging on greaseproof paper, pressing between hot plates, folding over and repressing. Result: Solid block, lightweight.
Experiment 06 Original Source: LDPE Plastic Bags (04) Amount: 1 x Bag (20g) = 20g Method: Collection, shredding, melting, cooling. Result: Shrinkage of plastic, solid, unappealing colour, does not bond well.
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Material Process CNC’ing forms
Sheet 01 straight from the pan.
Sheet 01 straight from the pan.
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Burred flat with the CNC machine.
PLASTIC FRAMES USING CLIPPING PRINCIPLES TO CREATE A CNC FRAMEWORK
CNC MODEL 1:20 SCALE PARTS FOR CNC TO CREATE THE FLAT FRAME SHAPE
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Material Experimentation
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In the attempts to make a clip-on structure, I looked at the WikiHouse system and CNC milled these clips from the samples that I made. The structure held up well and could provide the system for the external pods and add on elements. Initially, I had intended the structure to be made entirely from this plastic material however as I stated previously, it was not feasible.
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Material Experimentation
Sample 01
Sample 02
Sample 03
Green diffuses light well and creates intrigue and architectural interest therefore would be well placed in a place that would allow light to pass through.
Black blocks out the light and would not diffuse light well therefore would better be applied as a surface.
Blues diffuse light well and creates intrigue and architectural interest therefore would also be well placed in a place that would allow light to pass through.
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Sample 04
Sample 05
Blues diffuse light well and creates intrigue and architectural interest therefore would also be well placed in a place that would allow light to pass through.
The red lids create uniform colour which could be useful in creating sheet material.
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Material Experimentation
The thickness of the material and the high bottle cap content allows light to pass through the plastic sheet and create a glow of whatever colour is used. This could be applied in an architectural way to create atmosphere in a space.
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With this sample, the lid content is not as high as the previous one, and the milk bottles cloud the transparency.
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Material Application 02 Clip-on Cladding One element that I looked at creating was clip-on plastic cladding that would be an external finish. I developed this cladding that would work with a technology that is already developed and used commonly in architecture with horizontal rails. This system however did not allow for translucency and adaptability as well as the panel system allows.
Scale 1:2
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Material Application Detail Drawing 02
160mm 15mm 20mm 10mm
20mm 20mm 25mm
30mm 20mm
Screws
100mm
Screws Recycled Plastic Rail Negative
Recycled Plastic Clip Positive
Recycled Plastic Cladding
Ply Frame
Framing
Internal Panels Steel Cleat Connection
Battens
Recycled Plastic DPM
Drywall Screws
External Panels Ply Frame Insulation
Scale 1:5
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Material Application
Scale 1:2
03 Clips for panels In order to attach the panels to the steel frame structure, I have developed this clip that would repeatedly sit along the steel frame and hold in the panels. These would be made by 3d printing recycled plastic. There are a variety of companies that create 3d filament from recycled plastic however mine would be made on site with the plastic that is collected from the streets of Shoreditch.
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Material Application
04 Light Well To bring light dynamic south-facing light into the space, I will need to create light wells that bring the southern light. The light well will be 3D printed from recycled plastic filament in order to create the shapes that I want to achieve.
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Experience of Plastic 01 Atmospheric Sheet Material
Using VRAY and Rhino, I simulated the atmospheric effects of how the material might be applied to a whole module. This experiment showed the translucency of the material, and the profiles of the panels shine through with the sun simulation. Panel Development After consulting with a structural engineer, the panels I created had various profiles to account for strain and allowing insulation to fill the internal perforations.
The largest panel provides the most shade and privacy as the distance between the outside and the inside has increased.
This second panel would allow for more light to pass through providing a more translucent effect and using the plastic insulation would allow the insulation to be translucent.
This panel allows the most light to infiltrate the space yet does provide certain levels of privacy yet not as many as the largest panel. This profile could work well in the entrance areas.
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These panels would serve as transient panels between the more private panels and the public panels.
This is the standard panel that would be cast and developed that will provide insulation and privacy.
02 Atmospheric Sheet Material
Using VRAY and Rhino, I simulated the atmospheric effects of how the material might be applied to a whole module. In this experiment, I wanted to see the domestic applications of the plastic, and how it might look with a few of the clip-on elements. Insulation
Certain panels will be filled with shredded plastic and sealed on all sides to create insulation. These panels are the thickest in the design, and are shaped in the way that they are to create division between the spaces and keep the sleeping space insulated. I also looked at Neri Oxman’s 3D printed forms for inspiration in creating the cocoon-like structure. Neri 3D printed the biomorphic plastic chair and each element is developed to cushion the user, the shapes also become noise cancelling to create a sanctuary-like space. Fig. 3U- 3W Neri Oxman, Available at: https:// www.dezeen.com/2014/04/03/3d-printedchaise-longue-by-neri-oxman-forms-amulti-coloured-cocoon/
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Wall Panels
Wall Panels
Experience of Plastic 03 Atmospheric Sheet Material
I simulated the artificial lighting conditions that might occur within the module. The bed area of the module is kept more in darkness for sleeping and the more occupied living spaces would remain lit. The advised bulb useage would be 50watt LED bulbs, in efforts to keep heat emittance levels low to maintain a constant interior temperature.
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04 Atmospheric Sheet Material
This render shows the module lit from the outside in a nighttime setting, the thinner plastic panels would create a glow that would be visible from the exterior. With a series of these modules in different colours, this would achieve the visual effect that I want to achieve with my architecture.
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Clip-on Plastic Bathroom
Plastic Panels
3D Printed Light Well
Plastic Furniture
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06 Conclusion The applications of my findings have allowed me to band together various different methods of repurposing plastic in the attempts to create a living space from an abundant material considered to be waste, however there are many more possibilities for the use of plastics in architecture, and I would need to study a masters or a PhD in the material alone in order to push the limits of what plastic in architecture can do. I am aware of the political debate over plastic recycling and the argument that it is not truly helping to aide the reduction of the creation of plastics, however there is no denying there is still an epidemic relating to the amount of plastic that has already been produced and is dumped in the oceans, rivers, or going straight to landfill. If I had more time, I would develop a series of modules that the user could select from a catalgoue and have ready upon ordering that would also be sold on-site. I would also have liked to create more variance in the colours as the variety of plastic available is wide, the possibilities of what could be produced is only limited to the amount of plastics in the world. Time also limited me from being able to produce more experiements and I would have liked to have created more. The two case studies allowed me to develop my designs and expand the boundaries of what I could create, and speaking to an engineer advanced my understanding of the physics of the architecture. I would have liked to have further incorporated Neri Oxman’s ergonomics to finetune aspects of the design.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY House of the Future Long, T (2009) JUNE 12, 1957: FUTURE IS NOW IN MONSANTO'S HOUSE. Available at: https://www.wired.com/2009/06/ dayintech-0612/ http://www.futurohouse.co.uk/prefabs.html Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (14th Feb 2019), UK Statistics on Waste, Available at: https://assets.publishing. service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/778594/UK_Statistics_on_Waste_statistical_notice_ Feb_2019.pdf https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/18/uk-recycling-industry-under-investigation-for-and-corruption https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/10/stark-truth-long-plastic-footprint-will-last-planet/ https://plasgranltd.co.uk/pcms/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Plasgran-Guide-to-Plastic-Recycling-Grades.jpg https://www.dezeen.com/2018/02/02/recycled-plastic-only-choice-say-designers/ https://www.themodernhouse.com/journal/house-of-the-day-plastic-house-by-dieter-schmid/ https://issuu.com/raneemqubatrus/docs/arthur_lyons__materials_for_architects_and_uilder https://issuu.com/birkhauser.ch/docs/issuu_plastics https://books.google.co.uk/J&q=%E2%80%9COne+man%27s+rubbish+is+another+man%27s+treasure%22&dq=%E2%80%9COne+man %27s+rubbish+is+another+man%27s+treasure%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bvZXT8OgC8KK8gPyiMjpDg https://www.dezeen.com/2015/06/11/richard-rogers-updates-jean-prouve-6x6-demountable-house-design-miami-basel-2015galerie-patrick-seguin/ https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/prouv%C3%A9-house/ https://www.rsh-p.com/assets/uploads/10270_ProuveHouse_JS_en.pdf https://www.rsh-p.com/news/rshp-adaptation-of-jean-prouv%C3%A9-6x6-house-to-be-shown-at-art-basel/ https://www.ukgbc.org/climate-change/ UKEssays. November 2018. Relationship Between Construction Industry And Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay. [online]. Available from: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmental-sciences/relationship-between-construction-industryand-global-warming-environmental-sciences-essay.php?vref=1 [Accessed 26 March 2019]. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/04/opinion/sunday/the-reign-of-recycling.html?smid=tw-share
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FIGURE LIST Except where stated otherwise, this dissertation is based entirely on the author’s own work. Any figures not referenced can be assumed to be author’s own work. Fig. 00 Santtu Mustonen - The Reign of Recycling, Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/04/opinion/sunday/the-reign-ofrecycling.html?smid=tw-share Fig, 0B-0I Screencaps and drawings from Ghost in the Shell, 1995, Mamoru Oshii, Available at: https://www.dezeen. com/2017/08/01/anime-architecture-exhibition-house-of-illustration-ghost-in-the-shell-drawings/ Fig, 0J - Reusable paper towel rolls. Available at: https://www.sharkegg.com/shop/reusable-paper-towel-rolls-compostable Fig. 0K – Coffee Scrub. Available at: https://sydniminicosmetics.com/products/coffee-scrub Fig. 0L – Japanese Kintsugi. Available at: https://www.lifegate.com/people/lifestyle/kintsugi Fig. 0M – Cleaning Products. Available at: https://www.pastelsandmacarons.com/2018/01/17/homemade-cleaning-productsreally-work/ Fig. 0N – Shampoo Bar. Available at: https://www.drbronner.co.uk/departments/pure-castile-bar-soap.aspx?deptid=SB Fig. 0O – Plant Based Milk. Available at: http://www.healthwellnesscolorado.com/taking-the-moo-out-of-milk/milk-nuts/ Fig. 0P – Tote Bags. Available at: https://www.notonthehighstreet.com/alphabetbags/product/initial-tote-natural-cotton Fig. 0Q – Borough Market. Available at: https://www.timeout.com/things-to-do/best-things-to-do-in-the-world Fig. 0R – Google Maps view of Shoreditch High Street Station Fig. 0S-1J - Screencaps from Ghost in the Shell, 1995 Site History – Figures available at http://spitalfieldslife.com/2014/09/14/a-brief-history-of-bishopsgate-goodsya http:// spitalfieldslife.com/2014/09/14/a-brief-history-of-bishopsgate-goodsyard/rd/ Fig. 1K-1L – Rainfall Analysis. Available at: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/ Fig. 1M – Patent application of Hyatt’s Injection Moulding Machine. Available at: http://www.avplastics.co.uk/a-short-history-ofinjection-moulding Fig. 1N – Baby Rattle. Available at: http://killpic.pw/STERLING-SILVER-BIRMINGHAM-1913-OR-1938-BABY-RATTLE-W.html Fig. 1O – Bakelite Phone. Available at: https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/bakelite-the-first-synthetic-plastic/ Fig. 1P – Casein Plastic Buttons. Available at: https://cellcode.us/quotes/casein-results-plastic.html Fig. 1Q – Child’s Toy. Available at: http://plastiquarian.com/?page_id=14227 Fig. 1R – Resin Tea Set. Available at: http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1129974/teaset-brookes-adams-ltd/ Fig. 1S – Aircraft Canopy. Available at: https://www.historynet.com/frank-hawks-the-story-of-the-legendary-speed-flying-king.htm Fig. 1T – Buckminster Fuller Dome. Available at: https://uk.phaidon.com/agenda/architecture/articles/2012/february/28/howbuckminster-fuller-inspired-mad-max/ Fig. 1U – Mobile Hotel Cabin drawings. Available at: http://www.frac-centre.fr/_en/art-and-architecture-collection/schein-ionel/ cabine-hoteliere-mobile-317.html?authID=171&ensembleID=558 Fig. 1V – Monsanto House of the Future. Available at: https://www.wired.com/2009/06/dayintech-0612/ Fig. 1W – Bulle Six Coques. Available at: https://www.zorrobot.de/en/jean-maneval-six-shell-bubble-house Fig. 1X – fg 2000. Available at: http://maximuxbloggoldenofmaster.blogspot.com/2011/04/prefab-fiberglass-house-kunststoffhaus. html Fig. 1Y – Rondo. Available at: https://kep-ter.blog.hu/page/2 Fig. 1Z – Futuro. Available at: http://www.archiecho.com/item/9636_imaginative-round-homes Fig. 2A – Northumbria University Solar Panels. Available at: https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/photo/solar-panels-on-abuilding-on-the-campus-of-high-res-stock-photography/521316458 Fig. 2B – Space Shuttle Atlantis. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/technology/space-shuttle Fig. 2C-2F – Plastics in Use. Available at: https://smile-plastics.com/inspiration/ Fig. 2G - Adidas and Parley swimwear made from recycled fishing nets. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2017/02/02/adidasparley-for-the-oceans-unveil-recycled-plastic-swimwear-collection/ Fig. 2H-2I – 3D Printed Street Furniture. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/909542/zero-waste-lab-3d-prints-streetfurniture-from-household-plastic-waste Fig. 2J – Sculptures made from recycled plastic. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2017/12/28/fransje-gimbrere-textilesculptures-natural-fibres-recycled-plastic-dutch-design-week/ Fig. 2K – Adidas Recycled Plastic Trainers. Available at: https://www.adidas.co.uk/futurecraft Fig. 2L – Recycled plastic bike. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2018/12/27/thomas-hoogewerf-better-to-transport-tricyclemexico-city-design/ Fig. 2M – 3D Printed items made from plastic bottles. Available at: https://www.re-filament.com/
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Fig. 2N – 3D Printed recycled plastic prosthetics. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2018/12/21/project-circleg-uses-recylcedplastic-to-build-low-cost-prosthetics-in-kenya/ Fig. 2O – Chop. Works by Ineke Hans. Available at: https://www.inekehans.com/studio/work/chops Fig. 2P-2Q – Material from Smile Plastics. Available at: https://smile-plastics.com/commissions/ Fig. 2R – Products made from Smile Plastics material. Available at: https://smile-plastics.com/inspiration/ Fig. 2S – The Gantry, Hawkins\Brown. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2018/10/26/hawkins-brown-wikihouse-workplaceshere-east-olympic-broadcast-centre-architecture/ Fig. 2T-2Y – WikiHouse Diagrams. Available at: https://wikihouse.cc/ Fig. 2Z - Section drawing of original design for Maison Démontable. Ateliers Jean Prouvé - Available at: https://www.dezeen. com/2013/12/08/8x8-demountable-house-1945-by-jean-prouve-galerie-patrick-seguin/ Fig. 3A - Details of original design for Maison Démontable. Ateliers Jean Prouvé - Available at: https://www.designboom.com/ design/prefab-maison-demontable-8x8-by-jean-prouve-at-design-miami-12-24-2013/gallery/image/maison-demontable-8-x-8by-jean-prouve-designboom-30 Fig. 3B - Assembly manual for Maison Démontable. Ateliers Jean Prouvé - https://www.designboom.com/design/prefab-maisondemontable-8x8-by-jean-prouve-at-design-miami-12-24-2013/ Fig. 3C - Jean Prouvé - Image Courtesy of Vitra. Available at: https://www.vitra.com/en-gb/corporation/designer/details/jeanprouve Fig. 3D ‘jean prouvé, architecture”’exhibition galerie patrick seguin, paris, 2012 portal frame for the ‘ferembal house’, 1948 portal frame for the ‘6x6 demountable house’, 1944 portal frame for the ‘8x8 demountable house’, 1945 portal frame for the ‘f 8x8 bcc house’, with pierre jeanneret, 1942 Available at: https://www.designboom.com/design/prefab-maison-demontable-8x8-by-jean-prouve-at-design-miami-12-24-2013/ Fig. 3E-3F – RSHP Demountable House Diagrams. Available at: https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/prouv%C3%A9-house/ Fig. 3G – Kitchen Pod Section Drawing. Available at: https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/prouv%C3%A9-house/ Fig. 3H – Bathroom Pod Section Drawing. Available at: https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/prouv%C3%A9-house/ Fig. 3I – Undercroft Service Diagram. Available at: https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/prouv%C3%A9-house/ Fig. 3J-3T Photographs, Drawings and Diagrams by RSHP. Available at: https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/prouv%C3%A9-house/ Fig. 3U- 3W Neri Oxman, Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/03/3d-printed-chaise-longue-by-neri-oxman-forms-amulti-coloured-cocoon/
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