By Nathan Mau
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Ta b l e o f C o n t e n t s 4
List of Figures
8 Abstract 10
What is Happiness?
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Positive Psychology
University of South Florida School of Architecture and Community Design By Nathan Mau Thesis Chair Steve Cooke Thesis Committee Brian West Daryl Krumsieg Dr. Jeff Howard
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Environmental Psychology
28 Ergonomics
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Potential Applications
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What Do Experts Say?
34 Box 44 Lamp 52
Flexible Environment
84 Conclusion 86 Bibliography 3
List of Figures Fig 1: Virginia Woolf’s Writing Desk http://floralnymph.tumblr.com/post/18410903733/virginia-woolfs-writing-hut-in-the-garden-of Fig 2: Graphic expressing the subtle interaction of environment and mind Fig 3: Martin Seligman http://news.byu.edu/archive09-Mar-seligmannforum.aspx Fig 4: Martin Seligman’s “Flourish” Book https://bauhiniahk2014.wordpress.com/2014/07/13/book-review-flourish-by-martin-seligman/ Fig 5: Martin Seligman’s “Authentic Happiness” Book http://abcofsuccess.com/blog/2014/08/13/authentic-happiness-martin-seligman/ Fig 6: The Roots of Positive Psychology http://www.positivedisintegration.com/positivepsychology.htm Fig 7: Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs https://stephaniemarchant.wordpress.com/2013/10/25/applying-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-to-marketing/ Fig 8: Martin Seligman’s PERMA Model http://cheryneblom.blogspot.com/2012/09/what-does-your-soul-need-to-be-happy.html Fig 9: A young lady being emotionally influenced by her environment. http://www9.imagesandwallpapers.com/flipped_Happy_Girl_Beautiful_Summer_Wallpaper.jpg.htm Fig 10: Siena’s Duomo, interior https://americangirlinflorence.wordpress.com/ Fig 11: Temppeliaukio in Helsinki is another example of design inspiring emotion. http://www.designwithscience.com/casestudy.html Fig 12: List of ways to improve wellbeing. Fig 13: “Space & Psyche” Book http://www.amazon.com/Space-Psyche-Center-No-17/dp/0934951179 Fig 14: “Garden of the Mind” Smokers bench and tree. http://www.academia.edu/1375232/GARDENS_OF_THE_MIND_nature_power_and_design_for_mental_health Fig 15: “Garden of the Mind” Window with view of nature. http://www.academia.edu/1375232/GARDENS_OF_THE_MIND_nature_power_and_design_for_mental_health Fig 16: Maria Montessori http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Montessori#/media/File:Maria_Montessori1913.jpg Fig 17: Design Environments, Inhabitants, and Level of Control Fig 18: Older members of Okinawan society communing together http://happydirectorsjournal.tumblr.com/post/722912950/oogimison-village-okinawa-japan-96-year-old Fig 19: Danish Cohousing http://grist.org/cities/cohousing-the-secret-to-sustainable-urban-living/ Fig 20: Yerkes-Dodson Law explained in a graph http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerkes%E2%80%93Dodson_law#/media/File:HebbianYerkesDodson.svg Fig 21: Habituation explained in a graph http://gcuonline.georgian.edu/field_ps432_40/terry_02.htm Fig 22: A visual example of prospect (the castle) and refuge (cave.) http://www.greece.com/photos/destinations/Central_Greece/Viotia/Village/Mazi/Aliartos_.Cave_and__medieval_tower_/18554343
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Fig 23: Sociopetal seating encourages interaction. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ssoa/6200063973/
Fig 24: Sociofugal seating dicourages interaction. http://architectures.danlockton.co.uk/category/creeping-erosion-of-norms/page/2/ Fig 25: Google’s living room style furnishings give a more comfortable feel., and contribute to it being considered one of the best places to work. http://www.home-designing.com/2009/10/googles-offices-from-around-europe Fig 26 - Hawethorne Illinois Western Electric Company http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne_effect#/media/File:Hawthorne,_Illinois_Works_of_the_Western_Electric_Company,_1925.jpg Fig 27 - A simple chart showing potential benefits of inhabitants expressing control over their environment. Fig 28 - Ergonomic data on hands and hand movement. http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/castro/arch304/winter2001/dander3/frame/Homepage8.htm Fig 29 - Ergonomic data on vision. http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/castro/arch304/winter2001/dander3/frame/Homepage8.htm Fig 30 - Concept chart showing environmental and positive psychology theory interaction. Fig 31 - Alain de Botton http://tvo.org/guest/175584/alain-de-botton Fig 31 - John Ruskin http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin#/media/File:John_Ruskin_1850s_2.jpg Fig 32 - Stendhal/Marie-Henri Beyle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal#/media/File:Stendhal.jpg Fig 33 - Le Corbusier https://www.pinterest.com/archq/corbu-mies-walter/ Fig 34 - Parts of the spring loaded pushbutton. Fig 35 - An inverse of the internal movement of the spring loaded pushbutton. Fig 36 - Pushbutton action 1. Fig 37 - Pushbutton action 2. Fig 38 - Pushbutton action 3. Fig 39 - Pushbutton action 4. Fig 40 - Early curved latch design interior piece. Fig 41 - Simple lockbox with latch raised. Fig 42 - Simple lockbox and lid with pieces showing interior action. Fig 43 - Simple lockbox and key action 1. Fig 44 - Simple lockbox and key action 2. Fig 45 - Simple lockbox and key action 3. Fig 46 - Simple lockbox key “teeth.” Fig 47 - Gear design for larger lockbox. Fig 48 - Lockbox left side. Fig 49 - Lockbox right side. Fig 50 - Lockbox front.
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List of Figures
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Fig 51 - Lockbox construction layers with graphic filters.
Fig 84 - Lamp turned on.
Fig 52 - Lockbox key turn action 1.
Fig 85 - Lamp diagram and movement.
Fig 53 - Lockbox key turn action 2.
Fig 86 - Lamp light control movement 1.
Fig 54 - Lockbox key turn action 3.
Fig 87 - Lamp light control movement 2.
Fig 55 - Lockbox key turn action 4.
Fig 88 - Lamp light control movement 3.
Fig 56 - Lockbox key turn action 5.
Fig 89 - Lamp light control movement 4.
Fig 57 - Lockbox lid opening.
Fig 90 - Lamp light control movement 5.
Fig 58 - Lockbox lid lock visibility action 1.
Fig 91 - Lamp light view from front.
Fig 59 - Lockbox lid lock visibility action 2.
Fig 92 - Lamp base.
Fig 60 - Lockbox lid lock visibility action 3.
Fig 93 - Light control.
Fig 61 - Lockbox lock movement 1.
Fig 94 - Light control.
Fig 62 - Lockbox lock movement 2.
Fig 95 - Concept bug model.
Fig 63 - Lockbox lock movement 3.
Fig 96 - Adjustable overhead condition.
Fig 64 - Lockbox side bar movement 1.
Fig 97 - Adjustable overhead condition.
Fig 65 - Lockbox side bar movement 2.
Fig 98 - Adjustable overhead condition.
Fig 66 - Samples of raw wood materials used for the lamp.
Fig 99 - Early small office design.
Fig 67 - Knob 1 experiment.
Fig 100 - Early small office design.
Fig 68 - Knob 1 experiment.
Fig 101 - Early manipulatable wall.
Fig 69 - Knob 1 experiment.
Fig 102 - Early manipulatable wall.
Fig 70 - Knob 2 experiment.
Fig 103 - Folded slat concept.
Fig 71 - Knob 2 experiment.
Fig 104 - Folded slat concept.
Fig 72 - Unfinished knobs.
Fig 105 - Folded slat concept.
Fig 73 - Knob 3 experiment.
Fig 106 - Latch release concept.
Fig 74 - Knob 3 experiment.
Fig 107 - Latch release concept.
Fig 75 - Knob 3 experiment.
Fig 108 - Latch release concept.
Fig 76 - Early lamp concept model.
Fig 109 - Prop leg concept.
Fig 77 - Early lamp concept model.
Fig 110 - Prop leg concept.
Fig 78 - Early lamp wood base trial.
Fig 111 - Prop leg concept.
Fig 79 - Early lamp shade/bell.
Fig 112 - Fold away slat concept.
Fig 80 - Lamp clamp design.
Fig 113 - Fold away slat concept.
Fig 81- Lamp clamp design.
Fig 114 - Fold away slat concept.
Fig 82 - Final lamp assembly.
Fig 115 - Draft table concept model
Fig 83 - Lamp head.
Fig 116 - Draft table concept model
Fig 117 - Draft table concept model Fig 118 - Flexible Wall Connection Fig 119 - Stretch Wall Fig 120 - Simple Wall and Pin Wall Fig 121 - Door and Organizer Fig 122 - Door and Organizer Fig 123 - Door and Organizer Opening Fig 124 - Door and Organizer Open Fig 125 - Plug Lock re-purposed for Organizer. Fig 126 - Organizer Keychain Fig 127 - Organizer Keychain Fig 128 - Computer Table Fig 129 - Shelves Fig 130 - Slide Table and Meeting Table Fig 131 - Slide Table Fig 132 - Slide Table Fig 133 - Slide Table Fig 134 - Slide Table Fig 135 - Meeting Table Fig 136 - Meeting Table Fig 137 - Meeting Table Fig 138 - The Window Fig 139 - The Drafting Table Fig 140 - The Drafting Table Fig 141 - The Drafting Table Fig 142 - The Drafting Table Fig 143 - The Drafting Table Fig 144 - The Window Fig 145 - The Window Fig 146 - The Guest Chairs
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Abstract The goal of this thesis is to develop an understanding and application of how design can improve inhabitants’ lives. Some key questions I continually ask myself during the research: What are the requirements for success and happiness? How does the human mind interact with environment and space? And subsequently, how can environment and space help fulfill the requirements for success and happiness? While the needs for a persons’ physical health to flourish may be fairly well known, the emotional and cognitive requirements are just recently being understood at detail. A great deal of research in the psychological field is being done into how human needs could be and are being met, what makes people happy, and how we can live more fulfilled lives. This fast growing branch of study is known as Positive Psychology. Unlike most psychologies, which focus of repairing dysfunctional minds, Positive Psychology focuses on improving the human experience beyond simply “functional.” Another field with a great deal to offer architecture is Environmental Psychology, which is the study of how our environment affects us and how we affect it. I intend to use the research from these two field to inspire projects that allow me to explore new designs that facilitate positive psychological conditions. If the psychological and physical needs of an environment’s inhabitants can be given a framework for living that better facilitates their needs than current conventions and if affordable ways can be found to make this new framework perform in this capitalist environment, then the Index of the architectural landscape could be changed.
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Fig 1: Virginia Woolf’s Writing Desk
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What is Happiness? The definition of happiness can be summarized as positive emotional states, but what causes the mind to be in these positive states, and how can a person increase their happiness? There are two major players in the neurochemical experience of happiness: Dopamine and serotonin. “Dopamine plays in a role in regulation of behavior, voluntary movement, cognition, motivation, reward, attention, learning and mood… Serotonin plays a role in regulation of mood, appetite, sleep, memory and learning…” (Knouff) Outside of the chemistry, happiness is a subjective experience that is difficult to quantify. Play, new experience, spending time with friends and family, doing things that are meaningful, appreciating what we have; everyone’s happiness is different, but doing the things we love is key. Aristotle defines happiness as achieving ones’ life purpose, or reaching ones’ potential. He believed true happiness was looking at life as a whole and feeling you created good. An example would be, you might enjoy watching a movie a great deal, but if you study for your test you will be happier because it will put you closer to your goals and make you feel more fulfilled. Many of his ideas on the subject from the mid-300 B.C.s have the same values as psychological research is showing to be important for happiness today. Abraham Maslow created a theory by studying successful, happy individuals and organized basic human needs from basest to loftiest in the form of a pyramid chart known as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. The low end of the chart contains requirements for human survival such as breathing, water, shelter, etcetera, while the highest section of the chart contains concepts such as morality, creativity, and purpose. This peak of the pyramid is called “self-actualization,” largely meaning achieving one’s potential. A more modern famous mind to consider when looking at happiness is Martin Seligman. His research on ways to create and maintain concepts like happiness, wellbeing, and flourishing has been imperative to the rise of Positive Psychology.
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Current studies are showing correlations between happiness and factors such as intellectual stimulation, new experiences, values, rituals, and connectedness, which are indeed many of the same as Maslow discusses in the upper levels of his Hierarchy. Recent studies are also showing that happiness correlates with success, health, and length of life.
Fig 2: Graphic expressing the subtle interaction of environment and mind
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Positive Psychology Positive Psychology is a relatively new field of psychology, but it is rising in popularity quickly. Many psychologist have examined the way their field looks at patients and found it to be lacking. The normal way psychologist approach treatment is to diagnose a problem, and then try to fix it. This method works when something is already wrong, but many felt that psychology could do more. The foundation of Positive Psychology developed from Humanistic psychologists such as Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. These scholars believed that the human mind should be approached holistically, with the end goal of self actualization. Instead of fixing the broken, why not prevent the break? Why not improve the lives of the mentally healthy? This got psychologists like Martin Seligman thinking. They gathered the results of extensive research and tried wisdoms to begin to create theories that they could test. In 1998 Martin Seligman became president of the American Psychology Association, and coined the concept of Positive Psychology. The goal of this new age of psychology was to understand and cultivate happiness, wellbeing, and flourishing. Martin has written several enlightening books on the subject of Happiness. The roots of Positive Psychology theory branch much deeper than one would expect. There are concepts from Judaism, Ancient Greeks, Christianity, Renaissance, Age of Enlightenment, the Romantics, and, as stated before, Humanistic Psychology. The theory that most influenced the field of Positive Psychology is Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
Fig 3: Martin Seligman
Fig 4: Martin Seligman’s “Flourish” Book
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Fig 5: Martin Seligman’s “Authentic Happiness” Book
Research in the realm of Neuroscience has found correlations between fMRI brain activity and certain psychological states, such as depression. Richard Davidson, a professor at University of Wisconsin-Madison, has found the left prefontal cortex is more active when people are happy and is associated with the ability to deal with negative emotions. Researchers have also found that economic status has very little influence over happiness once the bottom two tiers of the Heirarchy of Needs has been met. Fig 6: The Roots of Positive Psychology
Fig 7: Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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The PERMA Model Martin Seligman’s most impactful contribution to Positive Psychology was originally three concepts: the Pleasant Life, the Good Life, and the Meaningful Life. He was trying to pinpoint exactly what it is that makes a person flourish. These concepts were widely accepted by peers, but Martin felt the third category should be split into 3 more. From that, Martin created the PERMA Model. PERMA is an acronym that stands for Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning and Purpose, and Accomplishment. Positive Emotion (formerly the Pleasant Life) focuses on how people find, experience, and remember positive feelings such as joy, satisfaction, awe, and pride. Engagement (formerly the Good Life) is about the creation and effects of the state of flow. Flow can be summarized as when a person become intensely immersed in an activity that engages their skills and strengths to a great extent without becoming overwhelming. Flow is characterized by feelings of ecstasy and clarity. Time usually passes quickly for the person engaged in this state. This concept is heavily related to Autotelic experience, which is an experience performed for its own sake, not for some extrinsic motivation. Relationships (formerly the Meaningful Life) with others can provide a great deal of positive emotion. Humans are social creatures, a large number of human skills are for communicating. People motivate us, give us meaning, and can influence our mental states easily. Maintaining positive relationships is key. Meaning and Purpose (formerly the Meaningful Life) are about our motivations. They answer the question of “why?” Having purpose and meaning in what we do drive us toward our goals. Accomplishment (formerly the Meaningful Life) is the search for success and skill. People will pursue accomplishment for it’s own sake at times, and accomplishment frequently results in positive emotions.
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Fig 8: Martin Seligman’s PERMA Model
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Emotive states can greatly affect things such as work performance, relationships, and goal achieving. The first step to changing a mental state is wanting to change it. Next, is to change action and cognition. There are many things people can do to control their emotional state. (See figure 12) Changing cognition and self-talk is a bit more unfamiliar to most. Self-talk is the inner monologue that everyone has going in their head. There is positive and negative selftalk. The goal is to reduce negative self-talk, and increase positive self-talk. An example of negative self-talk would be when a person makes a statement that others disagree with and then their inner Fig 9: A young lady being emotionally influenced by her environment. voice says things like “That was stupid” or “I’m a failure.” That person soon finds themself scared to speak again, crippled by self-doubt. These sort of thoughts are actually destructive to mood and mental state. It’s best to make an effort to consciously recognize these type of negative thoughts and replace them with more constructive ones. “I’m glad I expressed my opinion.” “Everyone’s perspective is just as valid.” Just like when talking to others, the language you use to talk to yourself affects you on a lasting emotional level. Environment can also be a contributor to mood. Peoples’ daily lives and concerns will normally overpower the emotive influ- Fig 10: Siena’s Duomo, interior ence of a space, but even a subtle influence can be helpful. People want the emotive qualities of the architecture they inhabit to match with their ideals of the space. An architects control over the emotive qualities of buildings are plain to see, especially in powerful architecture such as inside the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library in Boston or Siena’s Duomo. It is the architects job, not only to craft a functional shelter, but to craft the emotive experience into something appropriate for the activity in that space. Fig 11: Temppeliaukio in Helsinki is another example of design inspiring emotion.
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Fig 12: List of ways to improve wellbeing.
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Environmental Psychology Of all the things that affect the human experience, the most obvious contributor is our environment. This is where Environmental Psychology comes into play. The major driver behind Environmental Psychology is to find and explain how environments, micro or macro, affect the mind. There are a number of scales at which many products of architecture benefit the mind. The relationship between light and the mind has been proven in many fields, and it is widely known to benefit mental and physical health. The body has a chemical response to light exposure such as the formation of vitamin D and the setting of biological rhythms. The mind reacts to light intake by releasing and regulating/maintaining dopamine, increase cortisol levels (which gives energy), and melatonin drop (which decreases sleepiness.) Some psychological disorders such as Depression and Seasonal Affective Disorder show great response to light therapy (getting a specific amount of light exposure.) Community is another need of the mind that architecture has been facilitating since the first structures. Some well-known examples of places that use community in highly successful ways are Danish co-housing communities and Okinawa, which is known as the world’s highest concentration of people living over 100 years of age. Homeostasis is the concept that humans regulate physical and mental variables to regulate systems to remain stable and consistent. When talking about homeostatic states, city dwellers have a higher mental arousal level than rural dwellers. Once rural dwellers have moved to a city for a while, their physiological arousal increases to match city dwellers. Even walking speed increases. This isn’t to say that city living is superior, a consistently high level of arousal can be taxing on the body and the mind.
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Place
People
Micro-Environments Workplace
Individual Family
Proximal Environments Neighbourhoods
Control Private Extended Control
Inter-Individual Community
Semi-Public Shared Control
Public Environments City
Aggregates of Individuals Population (City)
Public Mediate Control
Global Environments Natural Resources
Society Population (Nation)
Country/Nation Lack of Control
Fig 17: Design Environments, Inhabitants, and Level of Control
Fig 18: Older members of Okinawan society communing together
Fig 19: Danish Cohousing
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Elizabeth Danze and Stephen Sonnenberg have done a great deal of research and publication about how architecture and the mind interact. Elizabeth Danze is an architecture professor and writer, and Stephen Sonnenberg is a psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, and adjunct architecture professor. They make the argument that architecture such as Peter Zumthor’s Thermal Baths, Aalto’s Piamio Sanitorium, and other select works promote ‘health, well-being, and self-reflection.’ Sonnenberg says “people who encounter those types of structures may experience a dream state whereby one’s current desires and psychological conflicts come into sharper focus.” Their book, “Space & Psyche” is a collection of writings by psychologists, such as Sigmund Freud, and architects, such as Le Corbusier, about how environment affects the mind. “Gardens of the Mind” is a study on the effects of outdoor/garden spaces on clients of mental health clinics throughout their history, as well as documents the garden space use in a mental health clinic built in 2010. The researchers found that the courtyards were rarely utilized for much other than smoking (which was later banned) and walking. The outdoor tree with benches was much more widely utilized by both clients and staff. The researches overall seemed disappointed in the size and contents of the courtyard “gardens,” the locked ward being little more than concrete and grass. One of the open ward courtyards had a spider web spun between 2 trees, and clients seemed to revere that connection with nature, many of them sitting and observing from time to time.
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The conclusion that can be drawn from their study is that the more successful outdoor spaces were the ones with natural elements/forms, a connection to nature, and most importantly, the feeling of being out in the open. This is data that could be cited while designing outdoor spaces and courtyards. It emphasizes the positive mental health benefits of a connection to nature that can be tied into many design scenarios. Maria Tecla Artemesia Montessori, was a key figure in education research in the early 1900s. She was an expert in medicine, childcare, learning disabilities, Orthophrenics, and Education, and she used these skills to develop and implement the Montessori Education system. Montessori education theory states there are certain human tendencies which are key to developmental stages. “Abstraction, activity, communication, exactness, exploration, manipulation (of the environment), order, orientation, repetition, self-perfection, work (also described as ‘purposeful activity’)” Montessori had great expectations of the learning environment. “An arrangement that facilitates movement and activity, beauty and harmony, cleanliness of environment, construction in proportion to the child and his/her needs, limitation of materials, so that only material that supports the child’s development is included, order, and nature in the classroom and outside of the classroom.” Modern day Montessori Schools are often designed to meet these expectations.
Fig 13: “Space & Psyche” Book
Fig 14: “Garden of the Mind” Smokers bench and tree.
Fig 16: Maria Montessori
Fig 15: “Garden of the Mind” Window with view of nature.
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Yerkes-Dodson Law/Perspective is a theory based around the concept of mental homeostasis. It states that the brain and body increasing performance to meet current anxiety levels. Many studies have been done to analyze the affect of anxiety on performance. Those studies have found that a medium level of anxiety is best for performance. Too much or too little reduces performance. (Graph is inverted U form.) Habituation is the concept that people can get used to almost anything. One of the best examples known is a story of people living under the tram rail in New York city. The tram ran by overhead constantly. Eventually, the tram was discontinued, and a strange thing happened. A large number of people in the area complain about trouble sleeping. They were being kept awake by the un-habituated sound of silence. Based in Evolutionary Psychology, Refuge Theory states that, to survive, humans have displayed a preference for certain environments, one that offer both prospect and refuge. “The ability to see (prospect) without being seen (refuge) was an intermediate step in the satisfaction of biological needs, and that fulfillment of those needs would be a source of immediate aesthetic satisfaction.” (Jay Appleton, 1975) “from the refuge we must be able to survey the prospect; from the prospect we must be able to retreat to the refuge.” (Hildebrand, 1999) Examples of conditions that give the feeling of refuge would be low ceilings, dense vegetation, or external barriers. Examples of conditions that give the feeling of prospect would be hills, windows, deep terraces, doors, balconies, and open settings.
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Fig 20: Yerkes-Dodson Law explained in a graph
Fig 21: Habituation explained in a graph
Fig 22: A visual example of prospect (the castle) and refuge (cave.)
Every space has a certain level of social interaction that is encouraged or discouraged by that space. These spaces are said to be either Sociofugal or Sociopetal. Sociofugal discourages interaction. Examples: reading room, airport seating. Sociopetal encourages interaction. Example: meeting room, dining tables. Usually this is as simple as seating arrangement, but the emotive qualities of the space also affect social interaction levels, such as when in a cavernous chapel and people know to be quiet. Human interaction is generally initiated with eye contact so most sociofugal/sociopetal theory is applicable to circulation, views, and seating orientation. The goal is to design spaces that allow private territory while also having sociopetal space accessible. Research into open common space plans in hospitals has shown to produce significantly improved communication, decreased conflict, and higher quality care. Offices that use unconventional living room and kitchen furniture (that was more sociopetal) improved teamwork, attracted business, and was much cheaper.
Fig 23: Sociopetal seating encourages interaction.
Fig 24: Sociofugal seating dicourages interaction.
Fig 25: Google’s living room style furnishings give a more comfortable feel., and contribute to it being considered one of the best places to work.
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Stimulus overload theory is the explanation of how crowding affects people’s minds. Studies have found that crowding relates to increased stress levels and stress related illnesses. There are many ways to reduce feelings of crowding. Many are considered common-sense amongst designers, but being able to prove these methods effective in psychological studies affirms the choices of the designers and takes out some of the mysticism and guess-work. “Windows - particularly ones that can be opened and ones that provide a view as well as light High ceilings Doors to divide spaces (Baum and Davies) and provide access control Room shape - square rooms feel less crowded than rectangular ones (Dresor) Using partitions to create smaller, personalized spaces within an open plan office or larger work space. Providing increases in cognitive control over aspects of the internal environment, such as ventilation, light, privacy, etc. Conducting a cognitive appraisal of an environment and feelings of crowding in different settings. For example, one might be comfortable with crowding at a concert but not in school corridors. Creating a defensible space (John B. Calhoun) “ (Wikipedia)
“The necessary environment is that which secures the artist in the way that lets him be in the world in a most fruitful manner.”
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Robert Creeley
The Hawthorne Effect is a well known study performed at the Hawthorne Works electric factory by Dr. Henry Landsberger. The study was originally designed to show how lighting conditions affect work performance. The first thing the researchers did was to install brighter lighting where the factory workers were. After a period of observing, they found worker productivity improved. This supported their original theory. Unexpectedly, after a time, the improvements leveled back out to normal output. Then they tried lowering light levels, and found worker productivity improved again. Once the study ended work performance returned to normal. There are many inferences people have made based on these observations. Some claim that observed people behave differently and expectations greatly affect experience, while others claim that a perceived environmental �improvement� makes people improve performance.
Fig 26 - Hawethorne Illinois Western Electric Company
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Territory is a powerful subconscious motivator of behavior. Territorial behavior is considered instinctive, much like it is with many animals. The major levels of control people have over territory is broken into three categories. Primary. The inhabitant has absolute control over that environment. Secondary. The inhabitant has a medium level of control or shares control with a group. Public. The user has minimal levels of control or has short term control. People have territory in many difference places, such as home, work, in the car, etc. Everywhere we go, we view each place as, at some level, within our control. People use their territory for many purposes, such as to retreat from social interaction, or invite people into our space. Open offices in particular have aspects that encourage territory marking and defense, such as noise and interpersonal access. There are three major ways in which people in workplaces express ownership of their environment. Identity Oriented Marking. This is when people personalize their space to make it’s ownership apparent. This also gives the owner control over the emotive quality of a space and its’ ambient properties. An example would be when an employee decorates their office to express their individual tastes. Control Oriented Marking. This is when a person clearly marks the boundaries of their territory to control the space around them, or to separate their space from the rest. An example would be to put up wall partitions to show each individuals workspace.
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Anticipatory Defenses. This is when a person denies access of their territory to another, such as locking a door, or to make your space inaccessible. Studies show that expressing personal control over a workspace reduces distraction, improves work performance, improves job satisfaction, and improves work environment satisfaction. Conversely, inhabitants with an inability to control ambient properties, such as light, sound, and perceived privacy, experience a low level of environmental satisfaction, lower productivity, and increased stress. Office personalization is positively associated with employee wellbeing, work environment satisfaction, and job satisfaction. Territory manipulation can help inhabitants reduce interference with achieving goals, and thus reduce stress and anxiety. The conditions that give this sort of control are: -Allowing functional adjustments (i.e. light, ergonomics, movable partitions, etcetera) -Allowing identity oriented marking -Spatial, visual, and acoustic privacy -Control over social interaction and social spaces. (Bernheimer) In education, the Montessori program recognizes manipulation of the environment as beneficial to learning. Expressing control over our environment has been shown to encourage greater productivity and satisfaction in the work place.
Fig 27 - A simple chart showing potential benefits of inhabitants expressing control over their environment.
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Ergonomics Ergonomics is the practice of designing to take into account the way people interact with their environment. If interacting with our environment is key to wellbeing, then that interaction should be well designed. Basic Ergonomic Guidelines:
Seating Guidlines:
1. The function the control performs should be obvious.
1. Changing posture delays fatigue.
2. Mode of operation should be clear. 3. Mode of operation should also be in accord with what the user expects. 4. State/setting should be apparent. 5. Force required to operate should not be great. 6. A display with the control should have a good relationship designed. 7. Clockwise rotation is first choice. 8. Hand interaction controls should be shaped to be comfortable with the hand. 9. Switches should be protected. 10. Pushbuttons should be larger than the finger used. Should click or change in resistance. Should have a protective rim. 11. Petals and levers should work with anatomical movement of human joints.
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12. Hand-wheels: small adjustments are best. The less movement for regular use, the better. Tilt, armrest, wheel size and sensitivity.
2. Two parts of the body have developed to withstand pressure for reasonably long periods of time. The feet and the buttock (below ischial tuberosity) 3. If too much weight is taken by the thighs, the tissue surrounding the femur has to be greatly compressed before the femur takes the load. 4. The appropriate height for the top of the front edge of the seat is not less than the popliteal height (knee to heel measure of an individual.) 5. Sufficiently wide to allow movement while seated. 6. Easy to sit down in and stand up from. 7. Backrest is just as important as the seat itself. 8. Tables at elbow height are most comfortable. 9. Requirements should still be met while sitting in various positions. (Bell)
Fig 28 - Ergonomic data on hands and hand movement.
Fig 29 - Ergonomic data on vision.
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Potential Applications Many of the above theories have some sort of overlap with one another. The major goal of this thesis has been to find practical application of these theories to architecture and design. There are three major concepts in which design has the capacity to influence wellbeing. They are: Control of Ambient Qualities, such as light sound, and other senses, Control of Goal Realization, by providing utility and organization. Control of Social Interaction, through territory control and space types. Control of Ambient Qualities is exercised through the manipulation of the senses. Pleasant sounds, smells, textures, and sights lead to a more stress free work experience. These sensory manipulations create references to memories of the inhabitants. These memories have emotions tied to them. A good architect will use the senses to reference memories tied to positive emotions. Goal Realization is about creating an environment that reduces interference between the inhabitant and the activities that lead to achievement. In addition to simply stream lining and removing interference, designers can add utility to go beyond the normal provisions of an environment. Control of Social Interaction is acquired through utility of social barriers and creation of varied spaces. Barriers such as doors and partition walls allow people to change the level of interaction in their current space. Designers should create a number of different spaces with different levels of social interaction using principals such as sociofugal and sociopetal design. It also helps to create space with refuge and prospect to reduce social anxiety.
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Salk Institute By Jonas Salk and Louis Kahn “In the 1950s prizewinning biologist and doctor Jonas Salk was working on a cure for polio in a dark basement laboratory in Pittsburgh. Progress was slow, so to clear his head, Salk traveled to Assisi, Italy, where he spent time in a 13th-century monastery, ambling amid its columns and cloistered courtyards. Suddenly, Salk found himself awash in new insights, including the one that would lead to his successful polio vaccine. Salk was convinced he had drawn his inspiration from the contemplative setting. He came to believe so strongly in architecture’s ability to influence the mind that he teamed up with renowned architect Louis Kahn to build the Salk Institute in La Jolla, Calif., as a scientific facility that would stimulate breakthroughs and encourage creativity.” (Anthes) Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center By I.M. Pei I.M. Pei built a hospital whose user-friendliness included the likes of smaller, private spaces, more open public space for interaction, terraces that served as green spaces for patients, plenty of fresh air and natural light. Pei’s design and his desire was to create a more open, therapeutic environment. His fundamental belief demonstrates skillfully manipulated architecture fosters a humane environment even when extreme constraints exist. (Ouroussoff, 1999)
S
Environment’s Potential Influence on the Psyche Goals
Control
Positive Emotion
How Connection to Nature
Crowding
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Light
Engagement
(Flow)
Smell Clarity of Goals
Ambient Qualities
Sound
Memory Association / Emotive Design
Skills Fully Engaged
Relationships
Organization
(Positive) Goal Realization
Utility
Prospect & Refuge Theory
Meaning &
Identity Oriented
Purpose Social Interaction
Territory Control
Sociofugal & Sociopetal Space
Control Oriented
Anticipatory Defenses
Accomplishment
Sources in document
Fig 30 - Concept chart showing environmental and positive psychology theory interaction.
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What Do Experts Say? Alain de Botton is a well known architectural philosopher and writer of book such as “The Architecture of Happiness,” “Art as Therapy’” and “The Pleasures and Sorrows of Work.” He claims: Architecture is inconsistent in “its capacity to generate the happiness on which its claim to our attention is founded.” “Architecture may well possess moral messages: it simply has no power to enforce them.” We “need to be a little sad before buildings can properly touch us.” “Political and ethical ideas can be written into window frames and door handles.” “We are in the end unlikely to respect a structure which does no more than keep us dry and warm.” “Any object of design will give off an impression of the psychological and moral attitudes it supports.” “Communicate by prompting association.” Architecture can’t make people happy consistently. Architecture can only suggest emotional and moral impressions. True happy architecture is not perpetual positive emotions. A variety of emotion is most beneficial. Abstract beauty can be found almost anywhere as long as it can be associated with a memory. Buildings should project an identity. Communicate better by embodying concepts, instead of referencing other memories. Beautiful buildings are the ones communicating values we think worth-while.
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Fig 31 - Alain de Botton
John Ruskin, famed philosopher and artist of the 1800s, says: We seek 2 things of our buildings: -We want them to shelter us. -We want them to speak to us, of whatever we find important and need to be reminded of. Stendhal, French writer of the 1800s, says: “Beauty is the promise of happiness.” “There are as many styles of beauty as there are visions of happiness.” An environment earns the title home when its’ outlook matches our own. Mies van der Rohe says: “Architecture can render vivid to us who we might ideally be.” Le Corbusier says: A house must be: Shelter against heat, cold, rain, thieves and the inquisitive. A receptacle for light and sun. A certain number of cells appropriate to cooking, work and personal life. “A Machine for Living” “What [modern man] wants is a monk’s cell, well lit and heated, with a corner for which he can look at the stars.”
Fig 31 - John Ruskin
Fig 32 - Stendhal/Marie-Henri Beyle
Louis Kahn says: Ceiling is primary in the subjective spatial experience. Every detail has potential to recast the whole. “Building up and percolating down.” Phillip Johnson says: “It’s impossible to know influences from your early life or from study are in your consciousness.” Fig 33 - Le Corbusier
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The Box
The Box was the culmination of a number of concepts that I felt could work well together. The theory of territory controls’ anticipatory defenses was a major inspiration, and the small lock acted as parti for what was to come. I first investigated simple spring loaded plug turn keys. They had to feel comfortable enough in the hand, be big enough to not lose, have an obvious connection to the keyhole, not be difficult to turn, and have some sort of visual indicator as to what position they are in. This object acted as the genesis of many future concepts during this thesis.
Fig 34 - Parts of the spring loaded pushbutton.
I next applied the turn key to a simple lock box. The key turns a latch, that locks into the lid. The key has a unique pattern that fits into the hole right side up or upside down. After that experiment, I started imagining the lockbox having gears to turn latches on the sides as well. The gears express the ideas of interaction and cooperation as physical metaphor. I chose to use mostly wood materials due to the ease of which wood can be worked, as well as the mental connection to nature people make when seeing wood. Fig 35 - An inverse of the internal movement of the spring loaded pushbutton.
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Fig 36 - Pushbutton action 1.
Fig 38 - Pushbutton action 3.
Fig 37 - Pushbutton action 2.
Fig 39 - Pushbutton action 4.
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Fig 40 - Early curved latch design interior piece.
Fig 41 - Simple lockbox with latch raised.
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Fig 42 - Simple lockbox and lid with pieces showing interior action.
Fig 43 - Simple lockbox and key action 1.
Fig 46 - Simple lockbox key “teeth.”
Fig 44 - Simple lockbox and key action 2.
Fig 47 - Gear design for larger lockbox.
Fig 45 - Simple lockbox and key action 3.
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The box developed a visual style that I felt would inspire certain positive emotions such as intrigue, calmness, and diligence. The hinge is a pair of small barrel hinges with low visibility, and the back of the box lid is rounded to allow the rotation. When you use the key in the lock, you can feel all the gears, their vibrations and frictions resonate through one another. The sound of wood gently impacting wood and the weight of the action as you turn give the feeling of importance.
Fig 49 - Lockbox right side.
Fig 48 - Lockbox left side.
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Fig 50 - Lockbox front.
Territory Control -Anticipatory Defense Memory AssociationEmotive Design
Fig 51 - Lockbox construction layers with graphic filters.
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Fig 52 - Lockbox key turn action 1.
40
Fig 53 - Lockbox key turn action 2.
Fig 54 - Lockbox key turn action 3.
Fig 57 - Lockbox lid opening.
Fig 55 - Lockbox key turn action 4.
Fig 56 - Lockbox key turn action 5.
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Fig 58 - Lockbox lid lock visibility action 1.
Fig 59 - Lockbox lid lock visibility action 2.
Fig 61 - Lockbox lock movement 1.
Fig 62 - Lockbox lock movement 2.
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Fig 60 - Lockbox lid lock visibility action 3.
Fig 64 - Lockbox side bar movement 1.
Fig 63 - Lockbox lock movement 3.
Fig 65 - Lockbox side bar movement 2.
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The Lamp The process for making the lamp began with the remains of some trees from my sisters yard. She had a big old sea grape that needed to be cut down, and I was left with the lovely aromatic wood from that, as well as a couple of woods I had collected. The first thing I did was some woodturning. I made a few small simple knobs that I considered to be comfortable in the hand. This also gave me an understanding of how each of the woods I have would look, feel, and smell during future use.
Fig 67 - Knob 1 experiment.
Fig 68 - Knob 1 experiment.
Fig 66 - Samples of raw wood materials used for the lamp.
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Fig 69 - Knob 1 experiment.
Fig 70 - Knob 2 experiment.
Fig 73 - Knob 3 experiment.
Fig 71 - Knob 2 experiment.
Fig 74 - Knob 3 experiment.
Fig 72 - Unfinished knobs.
Fig 75 - Knob 3 experiment.
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I had an idea about a lamp that gave a second level of control over the amount of light coming from a lamp. The light would be on the inside edge of a circular disc on a manipulatable rod. The light would reflect off the inside of the lamp. The user could push or pull the rod to increase or decrease the amount of light escaping, as well as control the angle of the light. After some 3D modeling and many simple sketches I began work on a prototype. The shade of the lamp was done with turned wood. I wanted to us the rougher looking woods I had to create a psychological link to nature. The one I chose to use was one from my sisters yard, but we weren’t sure what kind of tree it was. I has two toned wood of gray and yellow.
Fig 76 - Early lamp concept model.
The joints were simple wood friction joints at first, but I wanted to create a join the didn’t require much turning of thumbscrews. I created 3D printed toothed friction joints that could be held together via spring power.
Fig 77 - Early lamp concept model.
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Fig 78 - Early lamp wood base trial.
Fig 79 - Early lamp shade/bell.
Fig 80 - Lamp clamp design.
Fig 81- Lamp clamp design.
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One of the first issues I ran into was the need for the plastic parts to flex apart so the friction teeth can spread. I used pin connections that allow 3D print material to slide and twist while maintaining it’s place. On the base I used a tied wire connection so the whole thing can flex enough to move the teeth while retaining it’s shape. The lamp design turned out as expected, and was overall successful, although the LED lights in the lamp were not bright enough for my liking. That could easily be fixed in future models.
Fig 83 - Lamp head.
Fig 82 - Final lamp assembly.
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Fig 84 - Lamp turned on.
Light Memory AssociationEmotive Design Utility
Fig 85 - Lamp diagram and movement.
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Fig 86 - Lamp light control movement 1.
Fig 89 - Lamp light control movement 4.
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Fig 87 - Lamp light control movement 2.
Fig 88 - Lamp light control movement 3.
Fig 90 - Lamp light control movement 5.
Fig 91 - Lamp light view from front.
Fig 93 - Light control.
Fig 92 - Lamp base.
Fig 94 - Light control.
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The Flexible Workspace The genesis of the Flexible Workspace was the want to apply as much of the research I had done as possible to a work environment. At first I wanted to design an entire office, but soon decided I would rather focus on the details of a small office space and design the interaction with the inhabitant. I began by creating a few simple designs of where different manipulatable elements could be placed in a designers office space. After reviewing, I began to feel like it would be more flexible to not have the interactive parts stationary, but attached to movable surfaces within a preexisting blank space. Many of the early concepts were designed to hang from overhead tracks, so the entire space was mobile, but this proved to limit choices more than was desirable. One of the experiments used a 2�x2� system of fold away utility. The wall was held together by wire, which gave it an unexpected amount of flexibility, and inspired some of the final creations.
Fig 96 - Adjustable overhead condition.
Fig 97 - Adjustable overhead condition.
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Fig 95 - Concept bug model.
Fig 98 - Adjustable overhead condition.
Fig 99 - Early small office design.
Fig 100 - Early small office design.
Fig 101 - Early manipulatable wall.
Fig 102 - Early manipulatable wall.
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Fig 103 - Folded slat concept.
Fig 106 - Latch release concept.
Fig 104 - Folded slat concept.
Fig 107 - Latch release concept.
Fig 105 - Folded slat concept.
Fig 108 - Latch release concept.
Fig 109 - Prop leg concept.
Fig 112 - Fold away slat concept.
Fig 110 - Prop leg concept.
Fig 113 - Fold away slat concept.
Fig 111 - Prop leg concept.
Fig 114 - Fold away slat concept.
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The Flexible Workspace evolved into a system of walls designed to be manipulatable beyond the limits of a normal environment. The walls have a flexible cloth connection at the edges, allowing unique layouts and angles. The many designed segments can be arranged to the inhabitants liking. The overall system doesn’t have to be just used for work, it can also be applied to other environments, such as public spaces and homes. The wall systems developed were: Stretch Wall A set of cable tied 2” x 2”s that can be stretched and flexed around to close openings and tie spaces. Simple Wall and Pin Wall The Simple Wall is a blank set with no interact-able features, while the Pin Wall has a cork-board integrated for territory personalization. Door and Organizer This segment has a doorway for those who want one, and an organizer on the inside edge. Computer Table A table designed for computer use folds out. It has a lower level, suspended by cable, for keyboards. Shelves A system of shelves that can fold out or away. Slide Table A long table that folds out and can be slid side to side to allow different applications of other segments. Meeting Table A larger table that folds down to be used during meeting times. Window A window design that can be integrated into any of the seg ments, to allow access to pre-existing windows in an envi ronment. Drafting Table A fold out drafting table with adjustable angle. Guest Chairs Fold out guest chairs.
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Fig 115 - Draft table concept model
Fig 116 - Draft table concept model
Fig 117 - Draft table concept model
Endpost
Pin Sailcloth
Grommet
57 Fig 118 - Flexible Wall Connection
58 Fig 119 - Stretch Wall
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60 Fig 120 - Simple Wall and Pin Wall
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62 Fig 121 - Door and Organizer
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Fig 123 - Door and Organizer Opening
Fig 122 - Door and Organizer
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Fig 124 - Door and Organizer Open
Fig 126 - Organizer Keychain
Fig 125 - Plug Lock re-purposed for Organizer.
Fig 127 - Organizer Keychain
65
66 Fig 128 - Computer Table
67
68 Fig 129 - Shelves
69
70 Fig 130 - Slide Table and Meeting Table
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Fig 131 - Slide Table
Fig 132 - Slide Table
Fig 133 - Slide Table
Fig 134 - Slide Table
Fig 136 - Meeting Table
Fig 135 - Meeting Table
Fig 137 - Meeting Table
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74 Fig 138 - The Window
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76 Fig 139 - The Drafting Table
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Fig 140 - The Drafting Table
Fig 141 - The Drafting Table
Fig 142 - The Drafting Table
Fig 143 - The Drafting Table
Fig 144 - The Window
Fig 145 - The Window
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80 Fig 146 - The Guest Chairs
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The system was designed for application and use in a number of environments. The materials were chosen to be fairly affordable, and thus accessible for all. Some of the imagined environments included workspaces, cafes, and studios. The major selling point of this part of this project is it’s flexibility of application. There are opportunities within an office space that wouldn’t be available to normal office designs, such as combining workspaces, or creating oddly shaped workspaces.
Public Space Modification
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Efficient Sized Computer Office
Small Joinable Office Spaces
Designer’s Office
Group Studio
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Conclusion The research taught me a great deal about specifically how design and elements of the environment can influence the inhabitants. I feel that this information and experience has helped me feel more justified in my choice to pursue architecture. The environments we create are for people to inhabit, I believe it is our job to really understand those people, their wants and needs, conscious or unconscious. The work on the box and lamp was fascinating and enjoyable for me. The box was the starting point for my thesis. Much of the design was about the action it performed. It still needs a bit of fixing, there is an issue with overturning the lock, as well as the hinge movement doesn’t have a far enough rotation, but these are easy repairs. The creation of the lamp was much more challenging than I expected. The woodturning was greatly enjoyable, but trying to get the moving parts to interact properly was a repeated difficulty. Given a chance to re-do the lamp, I would gladly. This prototype had a few issued that could easily be fixed in a new iteration. The base could use some more weight, the LED’s aren’t bright enough, the springs aren’t quite strong enough, and thumbscrews that are long enough are difficult to find. At one point it became apparent that the lamp could become an entire thesis in it’s own right, and I was encouraged to finish it off and move on, or make my thesis entirely about lamps, which was tempting. The Flexible Workspace was a struggle. Partially because it’s overall goal changed so many times, and partially because it touches on the concept of cubicles, which are the bane of most office dwellers well-being. I didn’t want the project to become cubicles, but it was very similar by the end. My overall thesis experience was mixed. There was flow and stagnation, joy and suffering, projects I love and projects I loathe. I learned a great deal, from both success and failure, and I uncovered some interests and passions of my own, and at the end, that’s what it’s all about.
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