Si vis pacem, para bellum
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ARM S & MILITARY TECHNOLOGI ES
MODERN ROBOTICS FOR YOUR SECURITY
w w w. n a t i o n a l d e f e n s e . r u
#3 (38) 20 14 • special issue for EUROSATORY 20 14
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EDITORâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S PAGE < Dear reader, We are happy to introduce our special issue of the National Defense magazine timed to the Eurosatory 2014 international exhibition. At the exhibition Russia displays the best prototypes of weapons and military equipment for the Land Forces including those developed and manufactured by the enterprises of the High-Precision Weapons Holding. Among them are modern antitank and air defense systems, special-purpose small arms, as well as weapon systems for lightly armored vehicles. Military optics plays an important role in improving performance of weapons and military equipment. Today reconnaissance and surveillance missions, high-precision weapon guidance and assured target kill can not be provided without the use of electro-optics meeting current requirements. The Krasnogorsky Zavod named after S.A. Zverev OJSC, part of the Schwabe Holding Company, is a leading Russian developer and manufacturer of optical instruments and electro-optical systems for various applications. The Omsk-based Design Bureau of Transport Machine Building, affiliated to the Uralvagonzavod Corporation, is actively engaged in the development of engineer vehicles, for example, the MTU-90 modernized multipurpose tank bridge launcher and the MMK mechanized bridging complex. The Proekt-Technika Corporation develops multipurpose platforms designed for manpower life support and medical treatment in the field. Each international exhibition of arms means contacts, negotiations and bargains. Eurosatory 2014 will not become the exclusion. May we wish every success to the exhibition! See you at the Russian display!
National Defense Editorial Board
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CONTENTS <
Si vis pacem, para bellum
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EDITOR’S PAGE 1
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OPTICS KRASNOGORSKY ZAVOD: INSTRUMENTS AND COMPLEXES FOR THE LAND FORCES
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LAND FORCES KBTM BUILDS BRIDGES
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MULTIPURPOSE PLATFORMS: INNOVATIONS FROM PROEKT-TECHNIKA
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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS JSC
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PANTSIR-S1 AIR DEFENCE MISSILE-GUN SYSTEM MODULAR DESIGN ADAPTED FOR VARIOUS COMBAT EMPLOYMENT
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KORNET-EM MULTIPURPOSE MISSILE SYSTEM
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B05Ya01 COMBAT MODULE FOR ARMORED VEHICLES UPGRADE
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TULSKY ORUZHEINY ZAVOD
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STATE AND PROSPECTS OF MODERN ROBOTIC SYSTEMS APPLICATION
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ESTABLISHER: NATIONAL DEFENSE PUBLISHING HOUSE Ltd. PHONE: +7 (495) 220-3538, +7 (495) 926-5161, FAX: +7 (495) 926-5162 FOR MAIL: PO Box 16, Moscow 123104, Russia, E-MAIL: portal-oborona@mail.ru www.nationaldefense.ru THE MAGAZINE IS REGISTERED BY THE FEDERAL SERVICE FOR SUPERVISION OF COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION IN MASS MEDIA, COMMUNICATIONS AND PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE, CERTIFICATE #FS 77-22321 OF NOVEMBER 16, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. REPRODUCTION IN PART OR WHOLE IS ALLOWED ONLY WITH THE EXPLICIT AUTHORIZATION OF THE PUBLISHER. WRITTEN MATERIALS NOT ORDERED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF ARE NEITHER REVIEWED NOR RETURNED TO THE AUTHORS © NATIONAL DEFENSE 2014 Printed by JSC Standartu Spaustuve, Vilnius, Lithuania, e-mail: info@standart.lt www.standart.lt
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PUBLISHER IGOR KOROTCHENKO EDITOR-IN-CHIEF VLADIMIR SHVARYOV DEPUTY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ILYA KEDROV ART DIRECTOR YURI IVANOV EDITOR ALEXANDER MOZGOVOY DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL YURI MAKAROV CORRESPONDENT VLADISLAV LISTOVSKY ENGLISH EDITING DIRECTOR YELENA YOLKINA PHOTO LEONID YAKUTIN, YURI IVANOV, VADIM SAVITSKY, PRESS SERVICES OF RF DEFENSE ENTERPRISES MARKETING AND ADVERTISING DIRECTOR AURELIYA KONOVALOVA BACK OFFICE MANAGER TATYANA BUDEYEVA
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KRASNOGORSKY ZAVOD: INSTRUMENTS AND COMPLEXES FOR THE LAND FORCES Ivan KAREV ilitary optics continues to play an important role in improving performance of weapons and military equipment, both new builds and upgrades. Reconnaissance and surveillance missions, high-precision weapon guidance and assured target kill can not be provided without the use of electro-optics meeting current requirements. The Krasnogorsky Zavod named after S.A. Zverev (Russian acronym KMZ) Open Joint-Stock Company is a leading Russian developer and manufacturer of optical instruments and electro-optical systems for various applications. Over the years, the plant has been showing steady growth in production. Since 2010 the company has been part of Rostec State Corporation’s Schwabe holding company where it acts as a parent enterprise at the Competence Center responsible for developing electro-optics for armored vehicles. The core areas of KMZ’s activities are the development and production of: • spaceborne and airborne Earth remote sensing platforms; • fire control instruments and systems for armored vehicles; • airborne target sight systems; • sighting and targeting systems for precision-guided weapons; • observation instruments. Owing to its groundwork and mature design, technological and production infrastructures, KMZ has developed the Agat-MDT new commander’s combined target sight system with a thermal imaging channel and the Irbis-K gunner’s tank thermal system in order to enable upgrade of existing armored vehicles and further enhance domestic fire control systems.
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The Agat-MDT is intended for installation on armored vehicles (instead of the Agat-M and Agat-S systems) and provides battlefield surveillance, detection and recognition of moving and stationary targets, target ranging using a laser rangefinder in all operation modes, and enables the commander to aim and fire a gun, a coaxial machine gun and an antiaircraft machine gun from its station day and night, from a halt and on the move. The use of a laser rangefinder in the Agat-MDT system enhances the likelihood of reliable ranging by the commander and, accordingly, improves fire accuracy, reduces the ready to fire time through firing process automation. Unlike an IIT-based night channel used in similar production-type models, the Agat-MDT uses a 3-5 µm thermal imaging channel, which significantly improves the performance of the system and improves the capability of detecting, designating and destroying enemy targets from the
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commander’s station under day and night conditions. Currently, its thermal imaging channel uses a domestic 320x256 photodetector. A new 640x512 photodetector with a 15-micron pitch in the sight, which is under development, can be installed in the Agat-MDT during its further upgrade. This will extend the target recognition range at night to 3.5-4.0 km without sight modifications in the future. This feature greatly increases the export potential of the sight.
> Agat-MDT commander’s combined sighting and observation system
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OPTICS < Importantly, the Agat-MDT is interchangeable with the previous Agat-M and Agat-S models, which simplifies its installation in upgraded vehicles. The Irbis-K gunner’s tank thermal sight system is intended for installation on armored vehicles to provide (together with vehicle equipment) terrain observation, target search, detection, identification and destruction from a halt and on the move at any time of day. The system operates in the 8-12 µm spectral range and has independent twoplane FOV stabilization. The Irbis-K provides a capability to defeat a target from the gunner’s station with automatic ranging or, in emergency mode, with manual ranging using «base on target» method, as well as a capability to engage a target from the commander's station with manual ranging using «base on target» method. Over years JSC KMZ has been producing laser designator rangefinders (LDR), which are an integral part of precision-guided weapons. The 1D22, 1D26, 1D22M, 1D22S, 1D26M LDRs are designed to conduct visual target observation on the terrain and control semiactive laser-guided ammunition, which are part of land-, air- and sea-based precision-guided weapon systems. The LDRs include powerful solid-state emitters, day and night sights, digital horizontal and vertical angle sensors combined with a precision guidance system and fixing of lines of sight position. Thanks to a digital computer, the products are capable of measuring the spherical coordinates of several targets and sending them to an external computer and a built-in display, provide the azimuthal orientation of a mobile laser designator rangefinder, provide instrumental terrain reconnaissance, target and firing position survey. A thermal channel for the 1D26, 1D26M non-periscopic type LDRs is undergoing testing, while a thermal channel for 1D22, 1D22M and 1D22S periscopic LDRs is under development. Among the areas of KMZ’s activities is the production of the OPS-28 target sight stations for the Mi-28N attack helicopter. The OPS-28 is intended for round-the-clock search, detection and recognition of ground, surface and air targets, both moving
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OPTICS > Zenit CFR observation device featuring gyroscopic stabilization and digital image recording
and stationary. The station allows round-the-clock target tracking in manual, program, program-adjustable, automatic and automatically adjustable modes and provides the day/night use of guided missiles and aircraft weapons. KMZ is currently upgrading the OPS-28 station. Under order from the RF Ministry of Defense, the company has developed and currently manufactures the unique 1P59, 1P69, 1P71-1 variable power sniper scopes for SVD, SV98, ASVK rifles. These products ensure aimed fire at a range of 100 to 1,300 m (1P71-1 – up to 1,500 m). A distinctive feature of these scopes is automatic setting of aiming angles at firing ranges from 100 to 1,000 m during ranging. Ranging and range setting is carried out using the scales in the scope field of view with the shooter's eye glued to the target. For a selected range, it is possible to fire at any magnification between 3 and 10 times. The clear objective diameter is 40 mm. The scopes have adjustable reticule lighting that enables aimed fire at dusk. The scope lineup is constantly updated. Preparations are underway to launch sniper scopes with a larger front lens diameter and more than 90 percent light transmission. KMZ manufactures the PKM-A collimator sights designed to improve the aiming speed and accuracy, provide a large field of view
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through the possibility of simultaneous two-eyed aiming and target observation. A prototype of the PKM-AG holographic collimator sight has been fabricated and is being prepared for batch production. The enterprise also offers a variety of multifunction observation devices: BSV, Zenit LRB 7x40 S, and Zenit CFR. The BSV 16x binoculars have a built-in gyroscopic image stabilization system, enabling comfortable observation even from a moving vehicle. The device is equipped with a waterproof case which significantly expands its applicability. The Zenit LRB 7x40 S binoculars have a 7x magnification and include a built-in laser rangefinder operating at an eye-safe wavelength. The device is easy to operate, can measure the distance to an object in the range from 40 to 1,000 m and its speed and has the last ten measurements recall feature. The binoculars have automatic power-saving mode and a dust and water proof case which allows their use under nonstandard observation conditions. The Zenit CFR observation device featuring gyroscopic stabilization and digital image recording
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is designed to observe and film distant objects. With its precise gyroscopic stabilization system, the device enables observation, photography and video recording even from moving objects: cars, boats and aerial vehicles. High quality of KMZ’s products is provided by a quality management system complying with the GOST ISO 9001-2011 standard. The enterprise undertakes innovative development efforts in all areas of its activities. As to devices for armored vehicles, they include the development of a modern commander’s thermal sight aiming/ranging system based on the existing commander’s sighting/observation system to enable upgrade of armored vehicles which are in service both in Russia and abroad. The main lines of development are as follows: implementing the product concept based on standardized modules that will make it possible to configure the sighting and observation EO systems based on customer requirements; ensuring a round-the-clock capability, increasing target identification range and effective firing range day and night.
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> LAND FORCES
KBTM BUILDS BRIDGES Igor LOBOV n addition to designing, repairing and upgrading military and civilian equipment, the Design Bureau of Transport Machine Building OJSC (KBTM), affiliated to the Uralvagonzavod Corporation, is actively engaged in the development of engineer vehicle projects. At present, the company produces several types of engineer bridges: the MTU-90M modernized multipurpose tank bridge launcher, the MMK mechanized bridging complex, that were included in the inventory of the Russian Armed Forces in 2013, as well as the TMM-6 heavy mechanized bridge. This equipment is designed for providing rapid water crossings for wheeled and tracked vehicles. The year 2009 saw the first prototype of the MTU-90M bridge
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launcher. It is designed for arranging single-span bridges, which can serve for crossing up to 19 meterwide ditches, canals, narrow rivers and other obstacles by tanks and other vehicles during the battle. The bridge launcher ensures a rapid deployment of river crossings during the day and night, in any weather conditions and under chemical and radiological contamination. A year earlier, the MMK mechanized bridging complex was developed. It is designed for deploying high-capacity bridges for wheeled and tracked vehicles to cross up to 40 meter-wide obstacles. As for the TMM-6 heavy mechanized bridge, it is designed for rapid arrangement of bridges across up to 100 meter-wide and 5 meter-deep ditches, canals and water obstacles for wheeled and tracked vehicles weighing up to 60 tons. All these vehicles are in service of engineer troops, which perform their missions in the most important
> MMK mechanized bridging complex
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> MTU-90M modernized multipurpose tank bridge launcher
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and dangerous areas: repairing dams, removing abatis, building water crossings and roads after earthquakes and floods, as well as lifting minefields. As early as in 2002, the Design Bureau of Transport Machine Building was entitled the functions of a leading enterprise in the industry responsible for designing and ensuring a unified design and technological concepts for the development and modernization of engineer equipment of different types. The company has developed a number of samples of engineer equipment since that time. All of them have successfully passed state trials and were recommended by the Interdepartmental Commission for including in the inventory of the troops. Technology of production was worked out on the equipment prototypes. At present, KBTM has all manufacturing facilities and necessary human resources required not only for serial production of the equipment for engineer troops. It can also perform maintenance, overhaul and technical state repair of the equipment during the whole life cycle, as well as to provide training for crews on operations procedure, maintenance and repair of the equipment. Scientific and technical personnel of the company are capable of performing high-level research and development work in the interests of the engineer troops.
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MULTIPURPOSE PLATFORMS: INNOVATIONS FROM PROEKT-TECHNIKA
> Shavasp KALASHYAN – Chairman of the Board of the Proekt-Technika Corporation
«The background for creation of the multipurpose platforms is the Corporation’s longterm experience of development and delivery of separate field medical and logistics units for the Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Internal Affairs and EMERCOM of Russia. Introduction of such units includes a number of complicated procedures and the term between the development of documentation and the delivery of the product to the customer may reach several years. The long-felt need to develop a set of legal documentation for the comprehensive list of the facilities related to the field medical and logistics maintenance and which have passed all the necessary procedures of development and testing, determined the creation of the innovation solution. Instead of buying military equipment partially from different suppliers we offer a more efficient way of procurement based on unification, modularity and complexity.»
on the size and shape. Such a platform allows assembly of any set of modules consisting of basic elements and obtaining the required complex of functional units. The objective of a manager is to select the units to comply with the planned tasks and conditions of operation out of the variety of units. Later the manager needs just to change the configuration depending on the needs, i.e. only the required elements and modules shall be additionally purchased.
Types of platforms
Two types of the multipurpose platform are available: the multipurpose medical field platform (MMFP) and the multipurpose logistics platform (MLP). The MMFP includes collecting and sorting, outpatient, diagnosis, surgical, intensive care and other medical units, as well as logistic support modules. It allows establishment of both single-purpose medical facilities and a complete field hospital of any number of beds.
> Container being a basis for functional modules making the multipurpose platforms was exhibited at the stand of the Proekt-Technika Corporation at the Logistics Support of Law-Enforcement Agencies International Exhibition held in Moscow on May 20-23.
his year the Proekt-Technika Corporation presented several innovations for the weapons and military equipment market. It goes about the multipurpose platforms designed for manpower life support and medical treatment in the field. The multipurpose platform as the product has no equivalent either on the Russian or on foreign markets.
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The principle of the multipurpose platform is the same with the construction kit having the whole set of various typical elements which fit each other independently
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LAND FORCES < The containers and tents-based complexes allow bringing their working conditions to the conditions of stationary medical facilities. With filtration units, as well as confined space maintained in the complex the required sterility and comfortable temperature are achieved. To run the complex and exchange information between modules the complex includes administrative unit and modern means of telemedicine. The MLP provides with comfortable living
conditions for troops deployed outside their permanent location. It includes modules to feed personnel, provide utility services, sanitary and hygiene, water and power supply. The MLP is equipped for command and control, access control, as well as storage of weapons and ammunition. It also features warehouses and maintenance assets. The platform is based on container-type vans of fixed or variable capacities and tent-based modules, meeting the state standards, and passed the tests binding on military equipment. The supplied modules are delivered with the operational and designer’s documentation in accordance with the state standards. Field of application
The multipurpose platforms can be used by representatives of all defense and law-enforcement agencies:
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> Mobile field camp for 100 persons on the basis of the Multipurpose Logistics Platform
The PROEKTTECHNIKA Corporation is one of Russia’s leading machine-building companies that develops, manufactures and provides maintenance of mobile special and multipurpose equipment. The Corporation manufactures multipurpose habitable constant volume and expandable containers, uniform van bodies and their special modifications for all branches of > Mobile Field Hospital for 30 beds on the basis the Armed Forces, inteof the Multipurpose Medical Field Platform grated mobile facilities of logistic and technical support, autonomous field camps and • at mobilization deployment, field hospitals, as well as power training, protection of borders, trainand electrical systems. One of the ing of reserve units on the ground; latest developments are service • at peace-keeping operations facilities designed to provide diagand local conflicts outside engagenostics, repair and maintenance of ment areas; weapons and military equipment, as • at establishment of people well as multipurpose medical and and vehicles inspection points at the logistics platforms. federal borders; • at containment of natural and industrial disasters; • at development of forward operation locations. At the same time the civil market is also interested in a reliable supplier of properly tested products. Certain elements of the multipurpose platforms may be used in the conditions of lack of roads and nonavailability of access to permanent Proekt-Technika infrastructure such as geological surCORPORATION vey sites, oil and gas extraction, in 35/22 Svobody St., border settlements, at protection of Moscow 125362, Russia railroads, autonomous power plants, Tel./Fax: +7 (495) 775-62-90 hydroelectric complexes, oil and gas E-mail: info@pr-t.ru pipelines, ports and airfields. www.pr-t.ru
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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS <
HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS JSC Based on materials contributed by the press service of the High-Precision Weapons Holding
he High-Precision Weapons JSC was set up in 2009 to consolidate the research and technological capabilities of a group of specialized defense enterprises in order to develop advanced weapons, military and special equipment (WMSE) in the field of tactical-level precision-guided weapon systems on the basis of innovation and technological modernization of existing production facilities. The company is part of the Rostec State Corporation. The core areas of activities of these enterprises are the development, production, modernization, repair and sale of WMSE in the following areas: • tactical missile systems, shortrange and very short-range air defense missile (including portable) and missile-gun systems for the Army, the Air Force and the Navy; • antitank missile and assault weapon systems; • guided artillery weapon systems; • armament systems for armored vehicles, fighting compartments for light armored vehicles; • small arms and close-in weapons. The High-Precision Weapons JSC activities are focused on meeting the following long-term objectives: • supply the RF Armed Forces with hi-tech weapons in accordance with the SAP and SDO guidelines; • increase exports, including through the expansion of sales markets and the range of export defense products, after-sales services and upgrade efforts on previously supplied equipment; • achieve parity with the world’s leaders on the market for tactical precision-guided weapons and ensure the effective functioning of the enterprises; • preserve and improve scientific, industrial and human capacity, maintain social stability at enterprises. The established business structure is capable of implementing the full cycle, from concept to production of finished precision-guided weapons for the Army and partially for the Air Force and the Navy with
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> Alexander DENISOV – Director General of the High-Precision Weapons JSC
due regard to their current requirements. The holding’s production program is aimed at meeting two major challenges: equipping the RF Armed Forces with modern weapons & military equipment and increasing exports. Among the priority types of weapons supplied to meet the national defense, security and lawenforcement needs are the Pantsir-S
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AD missile-gun system, fighting compartments for light armored vehicles with missile weapons, rounds with the Arkan antitank guided missile, the Iskander-E theater missile system, the Krasnopol-M2 and Kitolov-2M guided artillery systems, the Palma and Kashtan shipborne air defense missile-gun systems, and the Khrizantema-S self-propelled antitank missile system.
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The second multi-faceted direction of the holdingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s activities is work with foreign partners, primarily the provision of after-sales service, upgrade of the previously delivered equipment, and delivery of final defense products manufactured by the holdingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s enterprises under contracts secured by Rosoboronexport. Currently, the Pantsir-S1 air defense missile-gun system, developed by the Tula-based KBP Instrument Design Bureau, and the Palma shipborne air defense missilegun system, developed by JSC Nudelman KBtochmash Design Bureau, are in large-scale production and successfully exported. The Pantsir-S1 system is capable of assuredly destroying enemy cruise missiles, UAVs, aircraft and ground targets within 20 km and at altitudes of up to 15 km using missile and cannon armament. Furthermore, this weapon is much less expensive in use than long- and medium-range systems. According to experts, the system is effective both as an independent battlefield air defense weapon capable of providing protection against enemy air attacks, including on the march, and as part of an integrated
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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS < air defense system protecting strategic facilities, such as nuclear power plants, government and military control facilities. The 2011-2013 results demonstrated ever-growing interest in the Pantsir-S1 from customers. The Iskander missile system developed by the Kolomna-based KBM Design Bureau is designed to deliver fire power on small-size and area targets in the enemy tactical depth in all types of Army combat operations in any season and round the clock, at latitudes up to 70°, in antimissile defense and air defense environment. The Khrizantema self-propelled antitank system also designed by KBM is the only antitank missile system in the world to ensure firing against the target which cannot be visually observed and simultaneous fire against two targets from one launching unit using two guidance systems (automatic radar guidance and semiautomatic laser beam-riding systems). The Palma shipborne air defense missile-gun system from the Nudelman KBtochmash Design
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Bureau was intended to equip ships of various types and counter precision-guided weapons, aircraft and UAVs. It differs from its predecessors in high hit precision, kill probability and ECM immunity. It should be noted that the cost of missiles used in Palma, like in Pantsir-S1 is relatively low. The weapon is already supplied to foreign customers as part of Russian-built combatant ships. Interest in it is evergrowing. The possibility of installing Palma on domestically-built ships is being studied with potential partners from the Southeast Asian countries. There is still interest from foreign customers in antitank guided missile (ATGM) systems like Metis-M1, Konkurs-M, and Kornet-E/EM. Their deliveries number in the thousands of units. The Kornet-E has become the most popular domestic ATGM system delivered abroad. Today it is operational with the armies of 16 countries. The Kornet-EM versatile missile system, its advanced version, has a range of 8 km and offers a
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unique capability of destroying both ground and some low-flying air targets like unmanned aerial vehicles and attack helicopters. Since 2010, the performance indicators of the enterprises affiliated to the High-Precision Weapons JSC have shown steady positive dynamics – both in the area of resolving technical problems and in the financial and economic sphere. The High-Precision Weapons JSC is among Rostec’s top five largest holdings by revenue.
HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS JSC 7 Kiyevskaya St., entr.7, Moscow 121059, Russia, (7th floor of business center «Legion») Phone: +7 (495) 981-9277 Fax: +7 (495) 981-9278. E-mail: npovk @yandex.ru www. npovk.ru
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PANTSIR-S1 AIR DEFENCE MISSILE-GUN SYSTEM MODULAR DESIGN ADAPTED FOR VARIOUS COMBAT EMPLOYMENT he analysis of the latest local conflicts shows that high-precision air assault weapons along with unmanned aerial vehicles are of primary importance among air threats. The large number and high density of air threats in an air strike require the air defence assets to provide not only high combat performance but a large ready-to-fire ammunition load and capability of its quick replenishment. Nowadays and in the near future Pantsir-S1 air defence missile-gun system (ADMGS) fully satisfies all requirements for fighting modern air threats thanks to the specific features of its design:
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• combined missile and gun armament that allows creating an entire engagement zone of up to 20 km in range and up to 15 km in altitude; • jam-proof multimode and multispectral radar-optical control system operating in decimetric, millimetric and infrared wavebands; • automatic operation; • capability to fire on the move and from short stops; • short reaction time of 4-6 s due to automatic tracking of up to 20 targets by a search radar and high-precision target designation (0.3° – in azimuth, 0.5° – in elevation, 60 m – in range) providing for quick fine
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search and target lock-on by multifunction tracking radar and optronic system; • self-contained combat operation and coordination of actions within a battery; • simultaneous firing against four targets within a sector of ±45° in azimuth and elevation. Pantsir-S1 high performance specifications make an AD system equipped with it significantly superior over the SHORAD systems manufactured worldwide. Pantsir-S1 underwent a large scale of live tests and proved its high performance in various conditions of combat use.
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> Figure 1. Gun armament fire A – gun armament fire against a ground target B – engaged target
Figures 1-4 show results of firing the missile and gun armament against ground and aerial targets on the move and from stationary position. Development of the Pantsir-S1 ADMG system adapted for a wide range of customers required solving a number of scientific and technical challenges. Among them are: • layout and structural challenges to ensure modular design of the system; • development of the new multifunction radar for target and missile tracking; • communicational integration of the Pantsir-S1 into customer’s armed forces; • development and integration of IFF system customized for the particular customer; • development of automated day/night all-weather control system common in terms of instrumen-
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> Figure 2. Gun armament fire A – gun armament fire against an aerial target B – engaged target
tation and featuring customized settings and combat operation algorithms according to the customer’s requirements; • development of common ammunition load for customized variants of the system, unified SPTA and training systems. Great R&D experience of the company provided for successful coping with all challenges and allowed designing and developing of an air defence missile-gun system that meets the highest tactical and technical requirements and doesn’t have counterparts within the spectrum of SHORAD systems. A novel approach in designing the Pantsir-S1 system as a modular structure provides for its installation onto various chassis including tracked one as well as for creation of stationary and sea-based variants of the system (for protecting sea oil platform, vital administrative, military-tactical and other objects), for
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installation of the system onto railway platforms, ensuring its integration into customer’s existing maintenance, training and logistics systems with minimum cost. The said approach also provides for development of the system variants taking into account particular geotopographical conditions in which the system is to be used by the customer. Moreover, the modular design of the system ensures its capability to be upgraded in future in terms of increasing its combat efficiency with minimum cost that undoubtedly raises its commercial interest for the customer. Outfitting Pantsir-S1 system with the multifunction tracking radar ensuring tracking of three targets and transmission of control commands to four SAMs provided for efficient counteraction against a wide range of air threats: fixed and rotary-wing aircraft at stand-off
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> Figure 3. Missile armament fire A – missile armament fire against an aerial target B – engaged target
ranges, small-size guided missiles and bombs as well as remotely piloted UAVs. Thanks to the development of a single multimode and multispectral radar-optical control system operating in dm, mm, and IR wavebands, featuring a multifunction tracking radar as one of its components, high jamming immunity of the system was achieved and, as a consequence, drastic increase of combat efficiency was obtained. Current practice of using air defence missile-gun systems sets forth very strict requirements on their absolute informational integration into customer’s existing AD system. The said requirements are determined by the following factors: • mandatory availability of the same target environment at all levels and all components of a common air defence system; • complicated geotopographical conditions dictate the necessity of
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> Figure 4. Missile armament fire A – missile armament fire against a ground target B – engaged target
flexible target distribution both between combat vehicles (CVs) within a battery and within a common air defence system; • continuous growth of high-precision weapons and UAVs among air threats imposes a specific requirements to the use of anti-aircraft systems consisting in capability of combat vehicle operation without radar emission getting the required data from neighbouring CVs and remote search radars. Availability of mapping computer with digital maps ensures efficient automatic planning of combat actions taking into account particular geotopographical conditions of the customer. The task of protecting the transmitted data from jamming was successfully solved. When a command post is used as a part of the system an increase in data transmission range (up to 20 km) is obtained and interfacing with all types of cus-
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tomer’s existing command posts is provided without major modifications. Adherence to modular concept was applied not only to design of the system but to its software as well. That was the way to solve the issues of integration into IFF system existing with each of the customers. The issue of upgrading the IFF system in case the customer’s decision to change it was also worked out. The use of the self-contained day/night all-weather control system significantly increases engagement zone in all conditions, reduces psychophysical load on the crew, minimizes human factor in tough and strained combat environment. The following specific problems were solved for the particular customers: • search radar operation without false tracks in conditions of complicated terrain pattern;
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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS < • targets detection over water and even desert surface; • determination of optimum frequency-spatial separation to provide electromagnetic compatibility, within the existing AD system as well, taking into consideration particular topographical pattern of the customer; • integration into customer’s existing IFF system; • minimizing of time required for shaping of search and track zones by a topographic map (with limited resolution in azimuth) thanks to the use of built-in mapping computer and digital maps of the particular customer; • integration into customer’s existing air defence system and creation of a potential for AD system development basing on the combat actions control principle implemented in Pantsir-S1 ADMGS; • implementation of various ways of SAMs destruction ensuring safety of their use according to customer’s requirements: (a) air-blast initiated by a command on climb trajectory;
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(b) air-blast initiated by a command on dive trajectory; (c) dive trajectory without airblast, destruction by ground impact. Modular structure, unification of units and assemblies design ensure successful integration into customer’s existing chassis maintenance system, supply of maximum unified individual, common, and base-stored SPTA kits, arrangement of service centers and crews training system. Constant combat readiness of the Pantsir-S1 system is ensured by built-in test equipment in each combat and maintenance vehicle. Modular design allows developing various variants of the system and installing it onto a range of chassis as well as developing its stationary modifications. Figure 5 shows Pantsir-S1 ADMGS variants. The system can be installed onto lightly armoured vehicles and can be used as lethal air-transportable AD asset. It can also be mounted on wheeled and tracked chassis in Air Force Air Defence Units and on Navy ships.
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Nowadays and in the near future Pantsir-S1 ADMGS fully satisfies all requirements for successful fighting modern air threats. Appropriateness of the implemented technical solutions and high performance specifications of the Pantsir system were proved by acceptance trials and State Tests, more than 500 SAM launches were performed, serial production is established. For several years already Pantsir combat vehicles march down the Red Square as a participants of the Victory Day Parade, a battery of Pantsir-S1 CVs many times took part in a Parade on occasion of the Republic of Belarus Independence Day in the city of Minsk. The Pantsir system was shown at a number of international defence exhibitions (IDEX, MAKS and others). In the near future and in the long-term outlook the Pantsir-S1 ADMGS will remain a reliable asset capable of ensuring protection of airspace from all types of air threats.
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KORNET-EM MULTIPURPOSE MISSILE SYSTEM
> Kornet-EM system
Main Performance Specifications of Kornet-EM System
ntitank guided missile systems (ATGM) have been developed and produced globally for already half a century. Since then they became the most popular and wanted type of high-precision weapons (HPW) thanks to their usability and relatively low cost. A future ATGM system must be a versatile defensiveoffensive guided weapon, whose portable and combat vehicle transportable modifications ensure a wide range of applications in close range tactical zone in various combat environments. As of today the third-generation Kornet-E portable/transportable laser beam-rider system developed by KBP and adopted in 1998 is the weapon definitively complying with the concept of advanced ATGW, being state-of-the-art specimen of multipurpose tactical short range weapon system allowing engagement of virtually any small-size target within the system's line of sight. Aiming for further enhancement of Kornet-E ATGW combat capabilities, KBP Instrument Design Bureau developed a new multipurpose missile system â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Kornet-EM.
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Firing range, m: minimum ................................................................150 maximum............................................................10,000 Guidance system.......................automatic, beam riding guidance Jamming immunity ........................................................high Number of targets engaged simultaneously by a salvo ................2 Armour penetration by shaped charge warhead, mm .....1,100-1,300 TNT equivalent of high explosive warhead, kg...........................7 Ammunition load, pcs.......................................................16 including ready-to-fire missiles ............................................8 Change-over from traveling to combat configuration, s ...............7
The weapon is designed as an automatic combat system, incorporating, besides the firing unit itself, both reconnaissance and control assets, and ensuring full automation of all combat operation constituents â&#x20AC;&#x201C; target detection and distribution, issuing and processing of target designation, missiles' guidance. The operator's task within such system is limited to supervision of its proper functioning and launch of missiles.
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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS < The open architecture of the system in terms of data exchange with higher-rank and peer units along with its combat capabilities makes it a vital element of Army network-centric system. Kornet-EM multipurpose missile system provides for engagement of modern and future tanks , various fortifications (pillboxes, bunkers) and low-velocity aerial targets (helicopters, assault aircraft and UAVs) in day&night and adverse weather conditions under enemy ECM and optical jamming at ranges up to 8-10 km. The Kornet-EM system comprises: • combat vehicle with two automatic launchers and operator’s panel with a display; • battery commander's reconnaissance and control vehicle, equipped with combined surveillance system including TV, IR and radar reconnaissance aids, navigation, communication and data exchange systems, automated control suite and weapon system (Kornet-EM ATGM and PKTM machine gun); • guided missile with HE warhead with impact and proximity fuses and firing range of up to 10 km; • an antitank guided missile with a maximum firing range of 8,000 m and shaped charge warhead armour penetration of 1,100-1,300 mm which enables the Kornet-EM system to engage modern and future tanks bearing in mind the tendency to growth of their armour protection. Due to implementation of state-of-the-art but, however, low cost technical solutions, Kornet-EM acquired a number of new features, allowing significant broadening of its combat capabilities to counter both conventional ground targets, as well as non inherent to this class of systems ability to engage lowe-velocity aerial targets: – the use of computer vision along with automatic
target tracker makes it possible to exclude an operator from missile guidance process and in fact implements the «fire-and-forget» principle, thus giving a 5-times increase in accuracy of target tracking during real combat; – engagement of targets in automatic mode reduces psychophysical stress to operators, requirements to their skills and duration of their training; – automation of guidance process along with automated target detection and distribution, target designation commands generation and processing result in virtually fully automatic combat system, limiting the operator's task to supervision of its proper functioning and launch of missiles; – combat vehicle with twin-launcher ensures simultaneous salvo firing at two targets, thus significantly increasing the system’s firing rate and number of targets
Main Performance Specifications of 9M133FM-3 Guided Missile Flight range........................................................150-10,000 TNT equivalent, kg ............................................................7 Fuse.....................................................impact and proximity Maximum flight speed, m/s...............................................320 Weight with launch-tube, kg ..............................................33 Length of launch-tube, mm ............................................1,210
Vertical section of aerial targets engagement zone with missile
Target’s speed: 50 m/s 100 m/s 250 m/s
> 9M133FM-3 guided missile with high-explosive warhead
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> HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS > 9M133M-2 ATGM and 9M133FM-2 guided missile
handled and at the same time allowing twofold reduction of combat assets required to complete a mission. Such performance specifications endow Kornet-EM with the highest target handling capability among similar existing and future systems – min. 3-4 targets per minute at ranges up to 5 km. Thus, in case the weapon systems are positioned at a stand-off range from enemy tanks (more than 4 km) a single Kornet-EM battery of 9 combat vehicles is able to repulse an attack (i.e. destroy minimum 50 percent of targets) of enemy tank (М1А2 class) battalion (58 tanks). Actually, such mission may be accomplished by two battery salvos, destroying 3234 tanks, i.e. 55-60 percent of the battalion. The time required to accomplish the mission will not exceed one minute, allowing avoiding casualties, since the enemy tanks will not be able to to reach their effective firing distance; – new capability for ATGW – effective engagement of small-size aerial targets – reconnaissance and reconnaissance-attack unmanned aerial vehicles being the enemy’s crucial and mass combat support tool, as well as helicopters and assault aircraft. UAV on a reconnaissance mission lets enemy well in advance disclose defence, give accurate target designation for firing over-the-horizon munitions, record and transmit information on army relocations both during operations near the line of contact with enemy and in the rear. This results in significant increase in casualties and possible failures of combat mission performance. From the point of view of engagement, UAVs are difficult targets due to low altitude of flight. Moreover, in case of mass application they are a teaser for the air defence assets, causing high consumption of expensive surface-to-air missiles.
Attack helicopters and tactical aircraft are by now the highest threat for land forces, as they can inflict maximum damage in minimum time. For example, a helicopter is able to destroy a company of armoured vehicles (10-14 armoured vehicles) with one ATGM load. To efficiently counter the UAVs, attack helicopters and tactical aircraft, the air defence assets should be available right in the combat formations, because attack or reconnaissance flights are performed at low altitudes, impeding due-time detection with medium and short range air defence systems which are usually stationed deep in the home front. Kornet-EM is the system able to efficiently accomplish low-velocity aerial threats repulsion tasks. Another distinctive feature of modern combat operations is deployment of sophisticated surveillance and networking technologies in the tactical units. Wide application of integrated surveillance aids (various combinations of optical, radar, TV and IR systems), sophisticated automatic assets of tactical units operation control, communication and navigation allows continuous monitoring of the battlefield, real-time reception of reconnaissance data (both from peer and higher level units) overlaid on the digital maps and automatic or semiautomatic generation and transmission of target&firing data to the fire units, thus, determining the efficiency of high-precision tactical weapons and ATGW employment. Availability of surveillance systems providing detection of wide range of targets and automatic battery operation control aids is a vital need for Kornet-EM with its versatility of combat applications and ability to effectively counter aerial targets. Timely submission of aerial targets data to the fire units (Line Kornet-EM combat vehicles) directly influences both the efficiency of ATGW counteraction to aerial threats, as well as casualties in the units under air raid. To provide operational surveillance/data exchange and control of Kornet-EM battery combat operation, a battery commander's surveillance & control vehicle is designed based on standard line Kornet-EM CV. The surveillance & control vehicle is a special-purpose unit combining both reconnaissance/control and fire unit functions. The control vehicle comprises: – integrated surveillance system featuring TV, IR and radar aids; – navigation aids; – communication and data exchange system; – automated control suite; – weapon system. Employment of radar in the control vehicle allows target detection at ranges significantly exceeding the firing range of line combat vehicles weapon systems. This provides efficient control of Kornet-EM battery combat operation along with wide sector surveillance by Kornet-EM control vehicle. Provided with such surveillance capabilities the task of the control vehicle limits to target detection, friend-or-
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Main Performance Specifications of 9M133M-2 ATGM and 9M133FM-2 guided missile Flight range .........................................................150-8,000 Armour penetration, mm........................................1,100-1,300 Maximum flight speed, m/s...............................................300 Weight with launch-tube, kg ..............................................31 Length of launch-tube, mm ............................................1,210
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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS < foe identification and target distribution among the line vehicles in order to avoid multiple firing at a single target. The battery commander's control vehicle capabilities by day/night time and under any weather conditions are the following: – detection, identification and tracking of moving or stationary air and ground targets, automatic measurement, generation and processing of the detected targets' coordinates; – friend-or-foe identification; – generation and transmission of target designation data from the antitank battery commander to line combat vehicles; Main Performance Specifications of Kornet-EM surveillance & control vehicle Detection range, m by radar: • air targets: aircraft, helicopter, minimum ..................................18,000 UAV, minimum .....................................................10,000 • ground targets, minimum ......................................10,000 by TV/IR sight: • air targets...............................................12,000-16,000 • ground targets .........................................10,000-12,000 Surveillance zone, deg.: • azimuth ..............................................................±180 • elevation: by radar..............................................................-15-55 by TV/IR sight ........................................................-5-45 Firing range, m: • guided weapon ...........................................up to 10,000 • PKTM machine gun........................................up to 1,500 Target designation transmission time, not exceeding, s ..............2
– maintaining radio communication within the battery, as well as with higher-rank and peer unit commander's; – real-time control of battery fire, relocation and firing pattern planning in case of changing deployment area with data overlaying on the digital map. These capabilities allow: – reduction of ground targets detection time for line combat vehicles – by 2-3 times at daytime and by 6-10 times at night (if compared to target search using IR sight), aerial targets – more than 10 times; – automatic determination and firing primarily at the most threatening target; – maintaining balanced target load on the combat vehicles to avoid multiple firing at a single targets by several vehicles; – timely readjustment of battery firing pattern in case of casualties. As a result, the surveillance & control vehicle is able to double the combat effectiveness of Kornet-EM battery while countering enemy tanks attack in properly arranged defence formations, or increase it by 2.5 times in case of entering the combat (from march) without prior area survey and missing information about enemy forces. In case of countering aerial threats (UAV, helicopters) the combat efficiency of ATGW battery will increase by 2.5-5.0 times due to reduction of target detection time and increase of detection probability.
> Kornet-EM surveillance & control vehicle
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> HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS
B05Ya01 COMBAT MODULE FOR ARMORED VEHICLES UPGRADE he light-weight category combat vehicles (IFV, airborne assault vehicles, APC) are able to determine the combat potential of a country’s armed forces due to their application versatility. Infantry fighting vehicles (BMP-1, BMP-2, BMP-3) and airborne assault vehicles (BMD-3, BMD-4) are the most common hardware of land forces and airborne troops. Currently, a huge fleet of such combat vehicles is in service both with the Russian army and abroad. These vehicles have been produced for several decades and presently their weapon systems do > Upgraded BMP-1 ICV with B05Ya01 CM not meet modern requirements. However, their life cycle is quite long and reaches 30-40 years. Many countries keep on upgrading the main fleet of their combat vehicles. In Russia, a BMP-2 mechanical module was selected as a basis for designing a uniform combat module weighing below 3 tons and intended for modernization of a range of combat vehicles. Russian infantry fighting vehicle BMP-2, being the main combat vehicle of multiple countries’ land forces, was adopted for service in 1980 and used to exceed most of its foreign counterparts in terms of combat capabilities. Nowadays BMP-2 still basically meets the modern requirements. The analysis of current state and development tendencies of weapons and fire control systems shows that BMP-2 weapon system is falling behind the modern level a number of parameters: • guided weapon firing is possible from stationary position only due to wire command link of Konkurs anti-tank guided missile (ATGM); • Konkurs ATGM has low penetration capability and is not effective against modern tanks like M1A2 Abrams; • Konkurs ATGM has low firing rate due to manual reloading of the launcher. Such reloading requires long time and besides that the loader may be injured by splinters or small arms fire; • at night the system may fire only automatic cannon or PKT machine gun at range not exceeding 800 m;
• the BMP-2 fire control system is not automated, i.e. it is lacking in onboard computer, modern sights, autotracker, and does not allow for accurate firing, limiting the effective range of 30mm cannon to 1,100-1,400 m. When firing on the move the system does not provide for required accuracy of line of sight stabilization due to BPK-2-42 sight rigidly bound to the weapon; • 30-mm projectiles flat trajectory firing is not efficient against prone or entrenched manpower; • firing at aerial targets carried out using 1PZ-3 angle sight, actually delivers only a psychological effect, since the typical aerial target hit probability is hardly one percent. The firepower of a combat vehicle is determined by its weapon system, thus, the increase of combat efficiency may be achieved by weapon system modernization. BMP-2 has a high weapon system upgrade potential. The challenge of increasing the firepower of existing BMPs providing their superiority over other modern vehicles has been successfully met by KBP Instrument Design Bureau. The upgrade was implemented on a serially produced BMP-2 turret with 2A42 automatic cannon (without changing the mechanical module and turret internal layout). The design concept implies the following: • mounting two Kornet-E ATGM launchers on the turret sides, each launcher equipped with independent
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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS < electromechanical vertical drive and carrying two ready for fire missiles; • replacement of standard BPK-2-42 sight with combined gunner’s sight equipped with independent LOS stabilization system and incorporating optical, IR and laser rangefinding channels, as well as missile guidance channel; • installation of onboard digital computer with sensors system; • installation of TV/IR target autotracker; • installation of 30-mm grenade launcher with independent vertical laying drive and 300-rds feed magazine; • installation of commander’s panoramic sight with independent LOS stabilization system and incorporating optical and laser rangefinding channels; • installation of high-precision digital weapon stabilizer. The weight of add-on equipment installed does not exceed 500 kg, including around 260 kg of extra ammunition: 30-mm grenades and ATGM. The specifications of upgraded BMP-2 with new B05Ya01 combat module are given in the Table; • due to introduction of day/night FCS the system provides accurate firing with all types of weapons, including guided, at moving and stationary targets, round-the-clock engagement of all types of targets from
> Upgraded BMP-2 ICV with B05Ya01 CM
stationary position, on the move and afloat at the range up to 4,000 m with automatic cannon, up to 2,100 m with automatic grenade launcher, up to 5,500 m with 9М133-1 ATGM. Besides, 9М133М-2 ATGM with tandem shaped-charge warhead and 9М133FM ATGM with HE warhead and 9М133FM-3 ATGM with HE warhead and proximity fuse, recently designed by KBP, allow firing at range up to 8 km; • Kornet-E ATGM penetration capability, increased up to 1,100-1,300 mm, allows reliable engagement of modern advanced tanks fitted with add-on ERA (Leclerc, Abrams, Leopard). Besides, HEF warhead of
> Upgraded BMP-3 ICV with B05Ya01 CM
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> HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS the missile is able to destroy concrete fortifications and strong points. Due to stand-off range targets engagement capability the upgraded BMP-2 are sure to prevail in combat with enemy tanks and IFVs. The improvements implemented in Kornet ATGM (9М133М-2, 9М133FM-3) provide for considerable enhancement of its performance without increasing weight and dimensions. These improvements ensure: – destruction of modern and advanced tanks taking into account their armor protection growth tendency; – engagement of any armored vehicle at stand-off range; – engagement of low altitude assault and reconnaissance aircraft (including drones); • installation on two stabilized launchers of BMP-2 ICV of four ready-to-launch guided missiles significantly increase fire rate when firing ATGMs. This excludes the necessity to reload the guided missile launcher during the combat, which increases the survival potential of the crew and of the entire combat vehicle, since stopping of a CV for ATGM reloading during a combat makes it a perfect target on the battlefield; • implementation of TV-IR-auto target tracker enables to increase the accuracy of target tracking 3-6 fold in comparison with manual tracking. The human is excluded from aiming circuit, the results of aiming become independent on psychophysical state of the gunner, which is dramatic in stressful battlefield environment. Accurate target tracking becomes a granted technical specification, which enable to decrease the require-
ments towards the gunner training level and reduces the training period of the gunners. Automatic target tracker adds the FCS a qualitatively new feature, putting to life the «fire-and-forget» principle when firing a guided missile. At the same time the missile cost is significantly lower than that of a missile with a seeker which fulfils the function of the auto-tracker; • the possibility of Kornet ATGM launch in an elevated mode (above bore sighting line) almost excludes the possibility of detecting the missile by the enemy; • laser guidance mode of the ATGM with orientation of the missile within the laser beam provides for high jamming-immunity against all types of active jamming, since the jammer cannot be behind the ICV and send the same encoded messages; • to overcome systems of targets’ active protection and to provide for guaranteed engagement of crucial targets salvo launch of 2 ATGMs riding on one laser beam is provided; • significant increase of automated gun and grenade launcher firing accuracy with all types of ammunition is provided due to the development of original firing algorithm, which most fully takes into consideration all the factors: range to the target (measured by laser rangefinder or input manually) speeds and movement directions of the CV and the target, wind velocity, air pressure and temperature, charge temperature, muzzle velocity deviation from normal value, target elevation, pitch and roll angles, angle of jump. During this automatic generation of firing settings is carried out due to the fact, that
> Upgraded BMD-3 airborne combat vehicle with B05Ya01 CM
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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS < onboard computer is included into the firing circuit. Effective firing range of a 30-mm projectile increases from 1,100-1,400 up to 1,800-2,000 m; • air defense firing effectiveness increases significantly: kill probability by automatic gun when firing against «helicopter» and «low-flying attacking aircraft»-type target increases dramatically and its value approaches that of specialized gun and missile air defense systems of closed ranges with much lesser expenditure of ammunition. Thus, the principle of ICV versatility is fulfilled by adding air defense capacities without additional expenditures; • effective engaging of enemy’s personnel at ranges up to 2,100 m, including that behind the accidents of ground and in trenches due to the implementation of low ballistics armaments(AG-30M automatic grenade launcher) with new GPD-30 rounds; • the opportunities of CV commander increase due to installation of night vision panoramic sight with technical view, implemented on ICVs for the first time. The commander has all-around field of view in horizon and in vertical plane the field of view is increased up to 60 degrees, maximal angular velocity of the bore sighting line increases from 6 to 20 deg/s. This allows to increase the stream of targets detected by the CV by 2.5 times, increase TD accuracy for the gunner by 10 times and to fully backup his tasks, as well as to carry out engagement of aerial targets in automatic mode. BMP-2 upgrade meets the requirements towards future infantry combat vehicle for the nearest 20-30 years, and upgraded BMP-3 ICV can successfully be used till year 2030-2040. The carried out upgrade features a systematic approach and leads not simply to enhancement of separate technical specifications of the system, but has enabled to create a vehicle with qualitatively new features, which can successfully compete with foreign counterparts on the weapon market. A modular design principle has been implemented in the combat compartment. Under the conditions of harsh upgrade expenditures limitation the customer can choose the set of equipment on his own either full or partial. B05Ya01 CM (combat module) is also meant for BMP-1 upgrade of (after the chassis is upgraded up to the level of BMP-2), BMP-3, BMD-3 airborne combat vehicle, BTR-90 APC and has passed the trials on their chassis. KBP carries out the lot production of upgraded BMP-2 combat compartment.
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> Upgraded APC with B05Ya01 CM
Basic technical and performance characteristics of B05Ya01 CM Armament includes ..........................................guided weapon 30-mm 2A42 automatic cannon 30-mm AG-30M automatic grenade launcher 7.62-mm PKTM machine gun Guided weapon .......................................9M133-1 (9M133F-1), 9M133M-2 (9M133FM-2), 9M133FM-3 KORNET ATGM Firing range, m 9M133-1 (9M133F-1)..........................................100-5,500 9M133M-2 (9M133FM-2) .....................................150-8,000 9M133FM-3.....................................................150-8,000 Maximal firing range at night, m .....................................8,000 Guidance system .............................semi-auto laser beam riding Salvo launch of two missiles ......................................available Armor piercing behind ERA, mm ..............................1,000-1,300 Ammo load, ATGMs.........................8 (4 of them on the launcher) 30-mm automatic grenade launcher ...............................AG-30M Type of ammunition...........................30-mm VOG-17M grenades, VOG-30, GPD-30 Maximal firing range, m ................................................2,100 Rate of fire rounds/min .........................................at least 400 Ammo load, rounds ........................................................300 Automatic cannon ...............................................30-mm 2A42 Type of ammunition ...................30-mm cartridges with AP (APDS) and HEIP (HE-T) projectiles Maximal firing range, m ................................................4,000 Rate of fire rounds/min .....................................200-300 or 500 Ammo load, rounds ........................................................500 Fire control system ....................automated precision all-weather round-the-clock with full backup of gunner’s functions by the commander Laser rangefinder....................................................available Automatic target tracker ..........................................available Ballistic computer with sensors ..................................available
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TULSKY ORUZHEINY ZAVOD
> 9-mm small-size assault rifle AM
ulsky Oruzheiny Zavod (Tula Arms Plant) is founded in 1712 under the Decree of Peter I. In 1993 it is transformed into the joint stock company. Following the order of State Corporation Rostec, the Tulsky Oruzheiny Zavod JSC has become a member of the High-Precisions Weapons Holding JSC. This step assists with the fulfillment of the Government armament program, implementation of tasks of military-
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> 7.62-mm special self-loading pistol PSS
technical cooperation with foreign partners and increasing of goods competitiveness. Following three centuries old traditions of arms craftsmanship the plant offers customers and partners its military goods: 9M113M high-precision antitank missile with tandem war head type to engage vehicles equipped with the dynamic armor, fortified fire emplacements and low flying helicopters; 9-mm small-size assault rifle AM, its dimensions are equal to the dimensions of a submachine gun but the firing range and hitting effect of the assault rifle are considerably better to engage the enemy manpower and not armored vehicles at a distance of 200 m; 9-mm special assault rifle AS and 9-mm special sniper rifle VSS with sighting range of 400 m are intended for noiseless and flameless shooting, hit enemy manpower, protected with bulletproof vests. The enterprise manufactures the civilian goods such as light simple and reliable hunting carbines
> Kalashnikov 5.45-mm short submachine gun with folding stock
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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS <
> 9-mm special assault rifle AS
cal. 5,6 mm or 7,62 mm with magazines of different capacity; double barrel hunting shotguns with barrels of different gauges and muzzle chokes; single barrel self loading hunting shotguns for different type of hunting with a set of muzzle adapters. TOZ manages to work with old partners and acquire the new ones thanks to the adoption of Quality Control System, developed on the base of international standards ISO 9001. It allows increasing the production quality control level as well as enhancing the prestige of the enterprise. The plant is one of the first enterprises of the same sphere which has received the certification of conformity for Quality System for special equipment and civil goods. Such certification permits to produce under a license military equipment by state order. All produced goods are certified of conformity. Attraction of investments for reequipment and machine building reconstruction takes place at the plant. Well-timed project investments in the modernization help to create
manufacturing capacity for promising articles production. New technologies implementation has allowed increasing the efficiency of the information interaction at the plant and with partners and customers, also organizing the information traffic to assure its centralized management. A lot of attention is dedicated to the personnel policy. The plant cooperates with Russian high and secondary educational institutions. But for the enterprise it is more preferable to educate employees at the plant ingenuously. It is worth to remark that it is convenient for the young specialists under 35 to work in the plant due to additional payments. Financial aids are paid in number occasions such as marriage, childâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s birth and etc. Today it is possible to declare that Tula gunsmiths have something to offer to the countrymen and potential customers. It is proved by the participation in many international professional exhibitions such as MILIPOL-2013 Paris, DSA-2014, Kuala Lumpur and etc.
The Tulsky Oruzheiny Zavod JSC not only personifies the city but symbolizes it. The enterprise provides hundreds of jobsites, solving many social problems in the city. It educates experts and keeps carefully century old traditions of the Russian craftsmen. The plant revives the pride of the nation. TOZ is the future of our national history.
Tulsky Oruzheiny Zavod JSC 1a Sovetskaya Str., Tula 300002, Russia Fax: +7 (4872) 56-16-47 Phone: +7 (4872) 32-17-01 E-mail: mail@tulatoz.ru www.tulatoz.ru
> 9-mm special sniper rifle VSS
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> HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS
STATE AND PROSPECTS OF MODERN ROBOTIC SYSTEMS APPLICATION T
he key factor making an influence on wide application of robotic systems is the aim to minimize the human participation in different spheres of industry (defense, chemical, nuclear), as well as to obtain a required result with minimum losses and high efficiency. The latest achievements in fields of materials, computer programming, electronics, and artificial intellect gave an opportunity to proceed with the creation of robotic systems of a new generation. According to research results, the world market of robotics only will be increased from US$ 6 billion in 2010 up to US$ 9 billion in 2016. The experience of application of modern semi-autonomous and autonomous robots allows improving considerably the basic efficiency and operational characteristics at reducing the probability of injury or death. For the moment two countries – USA and Israel – are widely using defense robotic systems. These are unmanned aircraft, land facilities and unmanned submersibles. They all have the same target – to replace people in dangerous situations. Analysis of robotics application in different conditions makes it possible to consider the most promising (from our point of view) samples of robotized mobile complexes.
Modern battle conditions, exploitation of complexes inside of closed areas (nuclear power plants, harmful chemical production, etc.) require the availability of systems which makes it possible to obtain intelligence information (audio and video) on-line (in a real-time mode) on dangerous areas.
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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS < A Vezdehod-TM3 mobile robotic complex was developed (designer Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman; JSC Kovrov Electromechanical Plant) in order to solve assigned tasks. Purpose: Accomplishment of the following tactical tasks in difficult to access and dangerous areas: – audio and video reconnaissance of objects and territories; – examination of objects suspected to contain explosive devices (ED) both in open country and in buildings, as well as examination of vehicles; – transportation, installation and remote activation of ED disrupters. Main specifications Mass of equipped robot, kg................................................35 Maximum travel speed, m/s...............................................0.7 Maximum load-lifting capacity of manipulator at 1,200-mm sweep, kg ......................................................3 Distance of radio control at open area, m.............................600 Temperature range of application, °C ...................from -20 to +40 Length, m ...................................................................0.61 Width, m ....................................................................0.51 Height, m ...................................................................0.46 Time of continuous operation, min .......................................70
In order to solve more complicated tasks other than territory reconnaissance, demining, disposal of explosive devices, operation in contaminated areas, MSTU named after N.E. Bauman and JSC KEMP have developed and serially mastered a Vezdehod-TM5 mobile robotic complex. Purpose: Accomplishment of the following tactical tasks in difficult to access and dangerous areas: – visual reconnaissance using a TV system; – search and identification of objects suspected to contain explosive devices in open country, in buildings, inside and under the cars; – disposal of ED with the use of disrupters; – transportation of cargo in manipulator grip and in trailed trolley; – carrying out of other technological operations on gaining access to ED (opening of doors of rooms and vehicles, opening of doors with keys etc.).
devices by means of TV cameras and special attachments; – demining of ED, loading of ED into special containers for evacuation, as well as carrying out of technological operations on gaining access to ED.
Main specifications
For more complicated tasks, such as: – evacuation of wounded from the site of battle and from contaminated areas; – evacuation of vehicles and different wreckage; – delivery of ammunition through fire-swept and contaminated areas; – use of military video surveillance system as remote patrol post; – perimeter protection of territory and delivery of preventive strikes; – demining on different sectors of terrain. A powerful maneuverable robot is required; it should be equipped with video cameras, which make it possible to see in darkness and in smoke, systems of acoustic and laser detection, GPS, sensors for reconnaissance of chemical, bacteriological and radiological contamination of area, a site for installation of necessary complex of weapon. Type of equipment depends on the assigned task.
Mass of equipped robot, kg................................................50 Maximum travel speed, m/s .................................................1 Maximum load-lifting capacity of manipulator at 500-mm sweep, kg.........................................................7 Distance of radio control at open area, m.............................600 Temperature range of application, °C ...................from -20 to +40 Length, m.....................................................................0.7 Width, m......................................................................0.6 Height, m ...................................................................0.45 Time of continuous operation, h ...........................................2
In order to increase cross-country capability, a caterpillar truck has been created; a Varan mobile robotic complex has been developed and serially implemented (designers: MSTU named after N.E. Bauman and JSC KEMP). Purpose: Visual reconnaissance, search and primary diagnostics of objects suspected to contain explosive
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Main specifications Mass of equipped robot, kg ..............................................185 Maximum travel speed, m/s...............................................0.5 Slope of stairs, deg. ........................................................30 Maximum load-lifting capacity of manipulator, kg ....................50 Distance of radio control at open area, m ..........................1,000 Length, m.....................................................................1.2 Width, m......................................................................0.7 Height, m .....................................................................0.7 Time of continuous operation, h ...........................................4
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> HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS One more important aspect applicable to robot systems is a material and technical support and transportability in combat operations. Such factors, as protection and preservation of manpower with the provision of maximum effective solution of an assigned task, become interesting. Development of robotic complexes in this field is carried out on the basis of modernization of multifunctional machines of general purpose. In order to carry out tasks mentioned above, JSC KEMP worked out a range of robotic systems on the basis of serially produced skid steering mini-loader ANT-1000, equipped with the system of remote control, as well as developed a range of platforms on its base. Mini-loader with remote control
– Loading-unloading of ammunition; – work at ammunition depot; – chemical and radiological reconnaissance; – collection of contaminated object and soil; – visual reconnaissance in case of fire inside of warehouses/depots; – transportation of ammunition from fire point; – fire extinguishing of depots; – formation of fire-belt; – demining by means of chain sweep. Advantages: Use of all range of attachments at special application. Shift from the intended application to a special application does not require any modifications.
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– Delivery of ammunition on request from ammunition supply point to guns or multiple artillery rocket systems (MARS); – evacuation of wounded out of battle area using its own platform, as well as attached scraper or truck; – use of autonomous system for traffic in column; – perimeter guarding as per a given route; – mapping of contaminated areas; – load-carrying platform to equip detachments on the move with the function «follow me» (minor tasks: electrical energy generation for charging the equipment with accumulators, re-transmitter for increasing radio coverage range); – patrolling. KEMP has started working on the development and manufacture of robotic products since July 2001. A variety of tasks have been accomplished, and a serial production of mobile robot complexes of light and superlight class (several types) has been organized in compliance with technical assignments and contracts together with the Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman. JSC KEMP, part of the High-Precision Weapons Holding, successfully implements all the assigned tasks together with a number of scientific enterprises.
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> Russiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s advanced S-350E Vityaz AD missile system
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> EXPERT OPINION > Chinese Type 052D destroyer Kunming during sea trials
SOUTHEAST ASIA: TROUBLED WATER Alexander MOZGOVOY ast year, the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) was supplemented by 14 surface combatants: two Type 052C destroyers (Chinese counterparts of the American Aegis class ships), three Type 054A frigates, nine Type 056 corvettes and four replenishment ships. One nuclear and four nonnuclear submarines joined the Chinese Navy. According to the German naval guide Weyers Flotten Taschebuch 2013/2015 and the US naval journal Proceedings, the number of the newest Type 022 missile boats in the PLA Navy has reached 100. This year, the pace of naval shipbuilding in China will surely be
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faster, because Chinese defense spending in 2014 will total US$ 148 billion (compared with US$ 139.2 billion in 2013). Of course, the US military appropriations are significantly higher – US$ 574 billion. However, due to cheaper labor, rigid administrative planning and control, the efficiency of the «Chinese» dollar is higher than that of the US one. In any case, according to IHS Jane's experts, in 2015 China will spend more funds for military purposes than the UK, Germany and France combined, whereas by 2024 China's defense budget will exceed the combined defense expenditure of Western Europe as a whole. China is especially active in naval shipbuilding. This year the guided missile destroyer Kunming –
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the lead ship of Type 052D and the seventh ship equipped with a Chinese clone of the US Navy’s Aegis combat system – was commissioned. It is planned to build a total of 12 Type 052D ships. Without waiting for their commissioning, this year the PLA Navy will lay down the lead destroyer of Type 055, similar in performance to the US Zumwalt-class super destroyer. Keel-laying of a lead new-generation frigate of Type 057 is also expected this year. The construction of the Type 052 corvettes (classified as frigates in the PLAN) intended for littoral operations will continue. Their number, according to various sources, will be brought to 32-50. In 2014 and 2015, the construction of two Type 001A conventionally-pow-
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EXPERT OPINION < ered aircraft carriers under the Project 48 program will begin at shipyards in Dalian and Shanghai. The PLA Chief Procurement Department has already signed a corresponding contract with the China Shipbuilding Industry State Corporation. The total deal is valued at US$ 9 billion, excluding the cost of weapons, aircraft and helicopters. According to the US DoD’s 2013 report and the 2013 report to the US Congress on military development in China, by 2020 China may lead the world in the construction of submarines, surface ships and boats unless the United States bolsters its naval shipbuilding program. This statement is inaccurate. China is already overtaking the USA in the number of combatant ships being built, launched and commissioned. Generally, the PLA Navy has long been ahead of the US Navy by number of ship pennants. It comprises 697 combatant ships and boats, including 67 submarines, among them 11 nuclear-powered ones, one aircraft carrier, 26 destroyers, 45 frigates, 10 corvettes, 122 missile boats, 231 patrol boats, three landing platform docks, 92 landing ships and 107 minesweepers. That's not counting a large number of patrol and auxiliary vessels, trials and experimental vessels, landing craft, etc. However, offshore and coastal fighting units, often obsolete, still make up the bulk of the Chinese Navy. Their «weight» is big enough and that is why Beijing focuses on restructuring its fleet. The buildup of China’s naval capabilities is casing concern of its neighbors, and not only the neighbors. This concern is growing due to Beijing's territorial claims to a number of islands in the South China Sea and China's deployment of naval bases in the Indian Ocean. Washington, in turn, is concerned that the PLA Navy is slowly but surely «squeezing» the US Navy out of the western Pacific Ocean. That is why the United States is trying to build an anti-Chinese wall at sea, by opposing it to the Great Wall of China and advancing it into the Pacific and Indian oceans. Its mainstay should be formed by the US Navy. However, due to budgetary constraints, the ship strength of the US Navy is shrinking every year like the shagreen skin. This is especially true for combatant ships. If
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> China and its neighboring states
you factor out 14 nuclear strategic submarines (SSBN) as a «last hour» weapon, it will turn out that the US Navy’s strength includes 55 nuclear attack submarines (SSN) and guided missile submarines (SSGN), 10 Nimitz-class nuclear aircraft carriers, 22 Ticonderoga-class missile cruisers, 62 Arleigh Burke-class missile destroyers, 13 Oliver Hazard Perryclass frigates, four littoral combatant ships and 13 Avenger-class minesweepers. In other words, the US Navy comprises a total of 179 combatant ships. At first glance, this is a great figure. However, a careful analysis suggests that the ship strength is obviously insufficient. Of 22 Ticonderoga-class cruisers, 11 will be outcommissioned this year to save money. Furthermore, it should not be forgotten that the service life of most ships of this class has passed 25 years and soon they will have to be decommissioned.
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Missile systems have been removed from all the Oliver Hazard Perryclass frigates remaining in service and they actually operate as offshore patrol vessels (OPV), i.e. as noncombatant ships. They will be sold or transferred to other navies during this and next year. Avenger-class minesweepers, too, have reached a decent age, but their replacement is not even foreseen. The Arleigh Burke-class missile destroyers are now the US Navy’s main combatant ships. These are very good ships capable of performing a wide range of missions. It is planned to bring their number to 75. But by the time that happens, all Ticonderoga-class cruisers will be decommissioned. In other words, the total number of multimission surface combatants in the US Navy will shrink by nine units. The advantages of the littoral combatant ships, which have been
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> EXPERT OPINION
> Basic US Navy P-8A Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft at Kadena Air Base
given so much of hype and hoopla, are debatable. The USS Freedom (LCS 1) joined the US Navy in 2008, but she is still not qualified operational. Last year's promotional tour to Singapore for this ship got embarrassed. In July, the Freedom lost way off the coast of Singapore and ended up in repair. In October, the water flooded the bilge part of the hull for almost one meter through a crack in a pipeline, and entered the hydraulic system a few days later. The ship required repair again. The same can be said about the trimaran USS Indepedence (LCS 2), which still cannot be «tuned» due to
problems with corrosion and electrical equipment. However, numerous breakdowns aren’t the point. Anything is possible on the lead ships, let alone the monstrous cost of the LCS (the construction of the USS Freedom costs US$ 637 million and of the Independence – US$ 704 million). The concept itself of a high-speed littoral ship with modular armament has failed. A countermine module is scheduled to be adopted this year. But high speed is contraindicative with mine countermeasures ships. It is unknown when the ASW module will be finalized and its effectiveness
is questionable. An antiship weapons module has turned out to be an obvious fraud at all. To counter surface ships and more specifically boats, it is suggested to equip the LCS with the Griffin missiles. The latter are suitable because they are fired from the RAM ship selfdefense missile system’s launchers, which are installed on the littoral combat ships. But the Griffin missile engages targets at a range of a mere 3.5 km and the weight of the missile warhead is 5.9 kg. That is, it can only destroy small boats within «arm reach». The LCS ships have turned out to be emperors wearing no clothes armed with cardboard swords. When the littoral combat ship meets face to face with, say, a Chinese Type 022 missile boat armed with eight YJ-83 antiship missiles having a range of up to 95 km and a 165-kg warhead, one can safely take bets at 99.9-0.1 odds that the PLA Navy ship will win. Recently, the US Administration has decided to limit the number of LCS in the Navy to 32 instead of initially planned 52. This is attributed
> US Navy littoral combat ships will fail to withstand a duel with Chinese Type 022 missile boats,
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EXPERT OPINION < to budget cuts. But in fact, cuts in the littoral combat ship program are seemingly caused by belated understanding of their futility. Common sense seems to tell us that further reductions in the LCS construction are likely on the horizon. Bath Iron Works (BIW) is outfitting the new-generation destroyer Zumwalt (DDG 1000). According to US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, who visited the BIW facilities on November 21 last year, this ship will play an important role in the Asia-Pacific region. This is an obvious exaggeration. Zumwalt and two other ships of this class, intended mainly for attacks on shore targets, have yet to prove their effectiveness. Anyway, they will not have a significant effect on the balance of power in the Asia-Pacific region. China is completing the development of the DF-21D antiship ballistic missile with a range of 810 nm (1,500 km) to attack large surface ships and now has begun developing the DF-26 missile with a range against sea targets up to 3,000 km and a hypersonic warhead. In addition, according to the Naval Forces magazine, the Zumwalt destroyer worth US$ 5 billion could easily become a victim of a US$ 2,500 worth mine. The US Navy is replacing the Los Angeles-class nuclear-powered
> USAF B-1B Lancer bombers are expected to be used as the platforms for LRASM antiship missiles.
attack submarines (40 boats are currently in service) for the Virginiaclass SSNs. By the time the rotation ends, the US Navy will operate 36 attack submarines (taking into account three Seawolf-class submarines). That is their number will decrease by 15 units. For now, this
doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t involve replacing four missile nuclear submarines converted from the Ohio-class SSBNs. Meanwhile, they are far from being new ships. It helps to remember that more than half of in-service ships make long passages to their stations and
> each of which carries eight YJ-83 antiship missiles.
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> EXPERT OPINION
> Warheads of the DF-21D antiship ballistic missiles will strike at large surface ships something like this.
back, need repair and their crews need rest. And despite the fact that Washington proclaimed a shift in focus of its military activities from the Atlantic to the Pacific, the real presence of US Navy warships in the Western Pacific will increase slightly. The global ballistic missile defense (BMD) system with its emphasis on the sea-based element will definitely play a low-down trick with the US. China and Russia will have to create a counterthreat to the United States. Deploying Chinese and Russian nuclear and nonnuclear attack submarines armed with cruise and tactical ballistic ship-to-ground missiles off the West and East coasts of the USA can be one of the effective measures. These
missiles will be capable of penetrating any US BMD from a «gunshot» distance. And to enhance antisubmarine defense of the waters surrounding the United States, the US Navy will have to withdraw its ships from remote areas of the oceans, which are few in number there. The US wants to compensate for ship shortage by enhancing its air forces. In December last year, the deployment of advanced US Navy P-8A Poseidon baseline maritime patrol aircraft commenced at Kadena Air Base on the Japanese island of Okinawa. They are designed not only to detect and destroy submarines, but also to attack surface ships with Harpoon antiship missiles. The USAF B-1B
> Vietnamese Navy’s Gepard-3.9-class frigates
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Lancer supersonic strategic bombers are undergoing tests as the platforms for new LRASM (LongRange Anti-Ship Missile), capable of engaging surface targets at ranges up to 900 km. However, the opposing side possesses aviation and air defense weapons capable of countering the P-8A and B-1B. In other words, the Southeast and South Asian countries will have to rely mainly on their own to ensure security in the region. No wonder that the past decade has seen an unprecedented arms boom in Southeast Asia and South Asia. One can even talk about an arms race in the region. And the naval force development is among priority issues. Vietnam undertakes drastic measures to modernize its naval forces. Its Navy has been supplemented by two Gepard-3.9-class frigates and several Project 12418 Molniya missile boats over the past few years. These ships have significant striking power. They are armed with the Uran-E antiship missile systems (the multipurpose frigates and Molniya boats carry eight and 16 Kh-35E missiles each, respectively). These missiles engage targets at a range of up to 130 km. The Kh-35E missiles can be replaced with the latest version – Kh-35UE Super-Uran – with a range of up to 260 km and a combined guidance system comprising an inertial system, a satellite navigation unit and an active/passive radar seeker, which provides high target accuracy and ECM immunity. Both the frigates and missile boats have caught the fancy of Vietnamese sailors. Now a second pair of Gepard-3.9 frigates is under construction at the Zelenodolsk Shipyard in Russia, and Vietnam is carrying out licensed assembly of Project 12418 boats. Damen Shipyards Group will soon lay down the Project SIGMA 9814 corvette for the Vietnamese Navy at its shipyard in Vlissingen (Netherlands). The ship’s length is 98 m and beam is 14 m. The corvette will be armed with the Exocet MM40 Block 3 antiship missile system, MICA VL short-range SAM
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EXPERT OPINION < system, 76mm Oto Melara Super Rapid universal gun, two 30mm Oto Melara MARLIN-WS guns and a Ka-28 ASW helicopter. The second ship of this type will be built in Vietnam. The Vietnamese Navy operates four Project 10412 Svetlyak patrol boats. They are armed with automatic 76- and 30mm guns designed to fire at sea, air and shore targets. That is, they are small but effective gunboats capable of both patrolling coastal waters and countering enemy attacks. Vietnam is building a series of Svetlyak Type TT 400 TR patrol ships, whose armament mix is similar to that of Project 10412 ships. The flag-raising ceremony on board the diesel-electric submarine Hanoi, the lead boat of Project 06361 Kilo, was held in January of this year at Cam Ranh Naval Base, and in March the second submarine Ho Chi Minh City arrived in Cam Ranh. Six submarines of this type built at Admiralty Shipyards in St. Petersburg will give the Vietnamese Navy a completely new capability. These low-noise submarines carry powerful armaments: torpedoes, mines, and Club-S cruise missiles designed to engage surface and shore targets at ranges up to 300 km. The Vietnamese Navy has taken care of coastal defense as well. The K-300P Bastion mobile missile system with the K-310 Yakhont missiles is designed to destroy surface ships of all classes and types, as well as ground-based radio-contrast targets under intensive fire and ECM condi-
> Project 12418 Molniya-class missile boats have great striking power.
tions. Its range is up to 300 km. In other words, the Yakhonts can engage targets and facilities located at South PLA Navy Fleet’s Sanya Naval Base on Hainan Island in the South China Sea. The Vietnamese Navy is small but surely well-balanced. In the near future it will be capable of deterring any attempts to infringe upon the country’s interests in the South China Sea. The Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN), which protects the strategic approaches to straits connecting the South China Sea to the Indian Ocean, is also balanced not bad. Two Lekiu type frigates and six Kasturi and Laksamana type corvettes are the ships capable of performing striking and defensive missions. Six
Kedah-class patrol ships carry one 76- and one 30mm automatic guns, two machineguns and a helicopter. However, they can be additionally equipped with Exocet antiship missiles and RAM ship self-defense SAM systems in the short term. Thus, they will turn into full-fledged corvettes. By the way, this is perhaps the single example in the world when an OPV project provides for its transformation into a warship. Bousted Holdings Berhad’s Malaysian shipyard is building six Gowind-class corvettes. Their length is 111 m and displacement is about 3,000 t, which is typical of frigates. Maximum speed is 28 knots and cruising range at 15 knots is 5,000 nm. The ships, which will start entering service with the Navy in
> Another Project 06361 submarine intended for the Vietnamese Navy is being outfitted at Admiralty Shipyards.
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> EXPERT OPINION
> Royal Malaysian Navyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Kedah-class patrol vessel KD Terengganu
> Submarine KD Tun Abdul Razak â&#x20AC;&#x201C; one of the two Malaysian Scorpene-class boats.
2018, will be equipped with two quadruple Exocet MM40 Block III antiship missile launchers (they can strike also shore targets), VL-MICA SAM system with 16 vertical launchers, one 57- and two 30mm automatic guns, two three-tube 324mm torpedo tubes for firing antisubmarine torpedoes and a Super Lynx 300 helicopter. The RMN also operates missile boats: four Perdana type and four Handalan type boats. True, they were built in the 1970s in France and Sweden. Now these are
> Singapore frigate Steadfast was built using stealth technology.
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> EXPERT OPINION
> Singapore Navy’s landing platform dock Endeavour
obsolete ships that do not meet modern requirements. On the other hand, two Scorpene-class diesel-electric submarines are quite modern. They are armed with torpedoes and antiship missiles. A significant drawback of the Royal Malaysia Navy's submarine forces is a small number of submarines. Even two modern units make no difference. They are likely used mainly to train crews for advanced submarines. In this sense, Singapore, a small state, has more advanced naval forces. First, it purchased four Type A-11B diesel-electric submarines from Sweden, which are used for initial training of Singaporean submariners. Then Type A-17 submarines were procured in Sweden and underwent comprehensive modernization at a Kokums shipyard. As a result, not only their worn-out structures were replaced, but also their electronic equipment was upgraded and, most importantly, the boats received air-independent auxiliary Stirling engines that enable them to stay submerged for more than two weeks. These are ships with great capabilities.
In December last year, Singapore signed a contract with ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems for the purchase of two more Type 218SG submarines. Little is known about these boats except that they will also be equipped with an AIP system and electronics from ST Electronics and Atlas Elektronik. The deal is estimated at EUR 2.8 billion. It is likely that Singapore will continue to build such boats at its shipyards. They will supersede four Challenger-class (A-11B) submarines. The Singapore Navy operates also highly capable surface combatant ships. First of all we are talking about six Formidable-class frigates and six Victory-class missile corvettes. The latter have recently undergone upgrade. They received an updated command and control system integrated with sensors installed on board the ScanEagle UAVs. However, 550-t ships had to lose their antisubmarine weapons. Instead, the ASW functions are performed by eleven indigenously-built 500-t Fearless-class ships. Eight more advanced ships are under construction to replace them.
> Indonesian Navy’s advanced SIGMA 9814 class frigate
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Singapore builds landing platform docks (LPD) not only for its naval forces, but for other countries in the region as well. These are rather compact ships with a full displacement of about 8,500 t can carry more than 350 marines, 18 tanks, and 20 wheeled vehicles at 12 knots to a range of 10,400 miles. Indonesia, the Country of Thousand Islands (there are actually 17,508 islands, with about 6,000 of these inhabited), whose population is 245.6 million (fourth largest in the world) and the coastline has a length of 54,716 km (second longest in the world), is destined to be a major maritime power. The ship strength of its Navy is impressive, but the performance leaves much to be desired. It looks like a patchwork quilt. The fleet includes Dutch-, German-, Yugoslav-, South Korean-, Singapore-, US-, Japanese- and indigenously-built ships. All of them are mostly second hand, that is quite worn-out. Such a «palette» complicates logistic support of the fleet and does not contribute to a high combat capability of the country's Navy. Now Jakarta is making strenuous efforts to improve the situation by building ships and vessels at national shipyards. The KCR-40 and KCR-60 type fast missile boats have already joined the Navy or are under construction. Production of amphibious ships has been mastered with South Korea's assistance. One of the two SIGMA 10514 class frigates will be supposedly built in Indonesia. In terms of their characteristics, these ships will be close to the Vietnamese SIGMA 9814 corvettes. All three new Type 209/1400 diesel-electric submarines will be built in Indonesia from components supplied by South Korea. But all this is not enough. Therefore, Jakarta continues to purchase naval equipment abroad. Recently, three BAE Systems Corporation-built Type F2000 corvettes, which the Royal Brunei Navy refused to accept back in 2006 because of their non-compliance with
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> EXPERT OPINION
> Royal Thai Navyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s frigate HTMS Naresuan was built in China.
the specification, were purchased for one-fifth of the original price, that is, 40 million pounds per ship. Now, following depreservation they are being prepared for passage to Indonesia. The Royal Thai Navy (RTN), too, looks rather patchwork. Its backbone consists of the Spanishbuilt light aircraft carrier Chakri Naruebet, two obsolete Knox type frigates, four Type 025T and 053HT frigates made in China, four corvettes supplied by the United States in the early 1970s and mid1980s, as well as three indigenously-built corvettes. The Navy includes nine missile boats. Recently, it has been decided to purchase submarines, but neither supplier nor the number of ordered submarines have been determined. On the other hand, two new Type
DW 3000F frigates will be built in South Korea. The Philippines Navy is perhaps the weakest link among the Southeast Asian navies. It includes mostly old American ships, which have long served out their life. Suffice it to say that the Cannonclass frigate Datu Sikatuna and six PCE 827 class corvettes date back to the WWII era. The newest ships â&#x20AC;&#x201C; two Hamilton-class frigates (ex-US Coast Guard cutters) were commissioned in the second half of the 1960s. Apparently, the island republic lacked the resources to develop its Navy. But in September last year the Navy announced a tender for the purchase of new modern frigates. Eleven shipbuilding companies in different countries announced their willingness to participate in it.
However, Typhoon Haiyan, also known as Typhoon Yolanda, which struck the country in November last year, caused great economic losses to the Philippines and so the tender was put on ice. But the US made hay by promising to provide a grant of US$ 40 million, which will be part of payment for another two Hamilton-class cutters, if Manila decides to buy them. However, it is clear that these ships will not significantly enhance the combat capability of the Philippines Navy. Like all over the world, Southeast Asian navies have not passed the fashion for offshore patrol vessels (OPV). But, as already noted, except for the Malaysian Kedah type OPV, all of them can not be attributed to the warships. Fighting a battle using them is the same as hunting elephants by using a fly swatter. Of course, the Southeast Asian countries keep a wary eye on China's growing military power. But it does not mean that the states in the region will lean over backwards to protect Washington's interests. Especially, since many of them maintain the excellent relationship with Beijing. Therefore, an antiChinese wall is hardly to be built in Southeast Asia.
> Indonesian and US ships in joint exercises
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