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EDITOR’S PAGE < Dear reader, This special issue of the National Defense magazine is timed to the Defexpo India 2014 exhibition.

For a long time, India has been the major partner of Russia in the area of military-technical cooperation (MTC) which covers three environments: Sea (Navy), Land (Army) and Air (Air Force). Russian Su-30MKI fighters make up currently the backbone of the Indian Air Force; and development work on a fifth-generation fighter (FGFA) has started. The Indian Navy operates Russian-built destroyers and frigates.

In 2013 it received the aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya, which will remain the most advanced ship of this class in the Indian Navy in the short term. Russian-developed vehicles make up the bulk of the Indian Army’s tank and IFV fleet. By 2020, some 1,657 T-90 MBTs will be in service with the Indian Land Forces.

At Defexpo India 2014 Russia will display its latest defense products: SAM systems (Almaz – Antey Concern), armored combat vehicles (Uralvagonzavod Corporation), infantry weapons (Kalashnikov Concern), precision-guided weapons (High-Precision Weapons Holding) and other equipment.

For many years, since as early as Soviet times, MTC between our countries has largely evolved on the «seller – buyer» basis. Today, India has sufficiently strong national industrial capabilities and research & engineering personnel, which enabled our countries to diversify MTC into the area of the joint development and production of most advanced weapons.

National Defense Editorial Board

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Si vis pacem, para bellum

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ELECTRONICS 1

AGAT-CONTROL SYSTEMS OJSC – MANAGING COMPANY OF GEOINFORMATION CONTROL SYSTEMS HOLDING

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LAND FORCES NEW PRODUCTS OF URALVAGONZAVOD IN INDIA

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OVERWHELMING FIREPOWER

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NAVY

AIR DEFENSE ULYANOVSK MECHANICAL PLANT: LAYERED AIR DEFENSE ASSETS

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PROTECTION ON LAND AND AT SEA

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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS

NEWS FROM RUSSIA

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INS VIKRAMADITYA: THE MASTER OF THE INDIAN OCEAN

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NAVAL SHIELD

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THE UNIFIED MODULAR OPERATOR’S CONSOLE FROM GRANIT-ELECTRON

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TIME-PROVEN QUALITY AND RELIABILITY

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CONCERN AVRORA: TRAINING AIDS

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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS JSC

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MEET THE DICTATES OF THE TIME

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ENHANCING THE COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS OF BMP-2

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VERSATILE GUN FOR MULTIMISSION SHIPS

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PANTSIR-S1 AIR DEFENSE MISSILE-GUN SYSTEM

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RUSSIA’S MARINE AND POWER ENGINEERING INDUSTRY: PROLETARSKY ZAVOD JSC

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ADS AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT RIFLE IS FREE OF USAGE LIMITATIONS

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TULA-BASED KBP INSTRUMENT DESIGN BUREAU JSC

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WORKING FOR NATIONAL DEFENSE

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ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE «SIGNAL» JOINT STOCK COMPANY

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OJSC «V.A. DEGTYAREV PLANT»

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7.62MM 6P41 PECHENEG MACHINE GUN

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12.7MM KORD MACHINE GUN

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CONVERSION INTRODUCING DUAL-USE TECHNOLOGY IN NATIONAL ECONOMY

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EQUIPMENT JOINT-STOCK COMPANY HOLDING COMPANY «VNIIKHOLODMASH-HOLDING»

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50 PUBLISHER IGOR KOROTCHENKO EDITOR-IN-CHIEF VLADIMIR SHVARYOV DEPUTY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ILYA KEDROV ART DIRECTOR YURI IVANOV EDITOR ALEXANDER MOZGOVOY DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL YURI MAKAROV CORRESPONDENT VLADISLAV LISTOVSKY ENGLISH EDITING DIRECTOR YELENA YOLKINA PHOTO LEONID YAKUTIN, YURI IVANOV, VADIM SAVITSKY, ALEXANDER BELYAYEV, PRESS SERVICES OF RF DEFENSE ENTERPRISES, ALMAZ SHIPYARD, shipspotting.com, forums.airbase.ru MARKETING AND ADVERTISING DIRECTOR AURELIYA KONOVALOVA BACK OFFICE MANAGER TATYANA BUDEYEVA ESTABLISHER: NATIONAL DEFENSE PUBLISHING HOUSE Ltd. PHONE: +7 (495) 220-3538, +7 (495) 926-5161, FAX: +7 (495) 926-5162 FOR MAIL: PO Box 16, Moscow 123104, Russia, E-MAIL: portal-oborona@mail.ru www.nationaldefense.ru THE MAGAZINE IS REGISTERED BY THE FEDERAL SERVICE FOR SUPERVISION OF COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION IN MASS MEDIA, COMMUNICATIONS AND PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE, CERTIFICATE #FS 77-22321 OF NOVEMBER 16, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. REPRODUCTION IN PART OR WHOLE IS ALLOWED ONLY WITH THE EXPLICIT AUTHORIZATION OF THE PUBLISHER. WRITTEN MATERIALS NOT ORDERED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF ARE NEITHER REVIEWED NOR RETURNED TO THE AUTHORS © NATIONAL DEFENSE 2014

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> LAND FORCES > Fire support combat vehicle Terminator-2

NEW PRODUCTS OF URALVAGONZAVOD IN INDIA On 6th-9th February New Delhi, India will see the international Land and Naval Systems Exhibition DEFEXPO 2014.

OJSC «Research and Production Corporation «Uralvagonzavod» is a firm participant of this prestigious military fair. This year Uralvagonzavod will show numerous exhibits: both world approved and unique military vehicles. he exhibits include 155mm selfpropelled howitzer Msta-S developed by OJSC «Uraltransmash», the Yekaterinburg site of Uralvagonzavod.

Self-propelled howitzer 2S19М1-155 is an advanced combat tracked vehicle with powerful armament, NBC protection, high mobility with cross-country ability

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and self-support tactical employment. It can fire from sheltered fire positions. By their powerful artillery attacks the units of self-propelled howitzers obstruct the adversary reserve movement, contain its lateral movement and manoeuvre in depth, destroy and suppress defended points, artillery batteries, open and sheltered manpower.

Msta-S is a state-of-the-art mechanized artillery.

Also, upgrade options of tank T-72 will be exhibited as part of DEFEXPO 2014. Today tank Т-72 is the most widely used tank, its modifications are in service with the armies of more than 40 countries of the world. Accordingly, much attention is paid to the vehicle upgrade by the corporation. In view of the

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recent conflicts with city combat operations the Uralvagonzavod upgrades are of high priority.

One of the tank Т-72 upgrades provides an endurance equipment package for the tank and its crew to survive in city combat operations with a high use of antitank means, frequency induction fuzes included.

The upgrade can mount special accessories to operate in urban areas. Having special equipment, the vehicle can clear away rubbles with the tank commander firing his enclosed machine gun.

Besides, the vehicle hull sides and turret are equipped with additional counter-HEAT ERA protection units and slats. The tank features high fire power, mobility and protection. The vehicle mounts gun

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LAND FORCES < 2А46М5 and the automatic loader to fire guided missiles at a range of up to 5 km. Thanks to the gunner’s sight with the optic thermal channel, the vehicle can operate in any weather by day and at night. The rangefinder effective distance is up to 7 km. The upgrade package makes the upgrade one of the best world vehicles.

It is planned to present upgraded tank T-72 with active protection system Arena-E. The active protection system is designed to protect the tank against > Upgraded tank T-72 with equipment package for the tank and its crew to survive in city combat operations such antitank means as hand antitank grenades, earlier production, tanks T-90 and artillery HEAT shells and antitank any time of the day. Nevertheless, other vehicles. guided missiles, including the ones Terminator-2 has a number of differThe premiere of the foreign exhithat actuate when flying over the ences from the previous model, such bition is fire support combat vehicle tank. The new system configuration as: advanced FCS and navigation BMPT (Terminator-2), revolutionary allows integration of the Arena syssystem, protection of guided missiles upgrade of tank T-72. The vehicle is tem virtually on any vehicle. It diflaunchers against fragments and made by refurnishing T-72 tanks put fers from earlier options in radiolosmall arms, it’s also possible to inteout of operation. Refurnishing can cation station arrangement. The grate a more powerful diesel-generabe carried out at Customer’s repair radiolocation station, a multipletor unit, etc. The crew has been bases with the use of upgrade kits component unit, is arranged in a reduced to 3 members. supplied by Uralvagonzavod. way that does not prevent the tank The main advantage of BMPT-72 from performing other tasks. The Like its predecessor made on tank is that it’s made on the platform of exterior of the vehicle is almost the T-90 platform, Terminator-2 features tank T-72. This fact provides a same compared to the fellow tanks high levels of fire power, protection, unique opportunity to extend vehiof the series. At that, the system procle life, as well as to enhance combat and battle management. It provides vides all-round protection in 360 effective solutions for fire support of capabilities of the land forces at the degrees. The system can be integrattanks and infantry in all types of minimum cost. ed in tanks T-72, T-72B, tanks T-72 of combat, in different climate zones at As usual, DEFEXPO 2014 will see tanks of the T-90 type presented by the OJSC «Research and Production Corporation «Uralvagonzavod». Among them is the famous and the most widely sold «flying» tank in the world, tank T-90S, also the newest development tank T-90MS, as well as fire support combat vehicle Terminator-1 made on the platform of tank T-90S. Besides, for the first time abroad the OJSC «Research and Production Corporation «Uralvagonzavod» will exhibit armoured deminer BMR-3MS on the T-90S platform, special firefighting vehicle SPM with remote control, dataware elements of the vehicle life cycle with demonstration of on-line catalogues of the T-72, Т-90 tank assembly units.

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OVERWHELMING FIREPOWER 155mm Msta-S self-propelled howitzer Alexei NOSOV he 2S19M1-155 self-propelled howitzer is an upto-date combat tracked vehicle featuring powerful armament, NBC protection, high mobility, cross-country capacity and autonomous operation.

It is capable of delivering indirect and direct fire at any time of day, including in mountainous terrain, at elevation from -4 to +50 deg.

The SP howitzer units are capable of providing powerful barrages to prevent the enemy from advancing its reserves and carrying out maneuver laterally and in depth, destroy and suppress its strong points, artillery batteries, exposed and protected manpower.

The self-propelled howitzer remains operable at any time of day and year at temperatures from -35 to +50 °C, as well as in the mountains at an altitude of up to 3,000 m above sea level.

Its turret accommodates the following basic equipment: • 155mm 52 caliber MZ-158 gun; • automated gun laying and fire control system; • satellite navigation equipment; • muzzle velocity radar; • autoloader for projectiles; • mechanisms for feeding projectiles and propelling charges from the ground; • 12.7mm remote-controlled AA machinegun; • two filtration units; • self-contained power supply & air-conditioning unit; • thermal night sight with laser rangefinder; The turret is installed on a slewing ring mount that provides gun laying and firing within 360 deg in azimuth.

In terms of cross-country capacity on rough terrain, the 2S19M1-155 self-propelled howitzer is comparable to

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a main battle tank. Its chassis offers a high level of commonality with the engine compartment of the T-90S MBT. The self-propelled howitzer can also be laid on the target and fired in backup manual mode.

Its high survivability is achieved through: • all-around armor protection against 7.62mm armor-piercing bullets from a distance of 30 m; • effective automatic fireextinguishing system; • NBC protection system; • disrupting camouflage painting; • smoke screen system; • smoke discharger system; • self-digging equipment.

The combat weight of the howitzer is 43 t. Its crew consists of five men.

The gun fires HE projectiles (M1A4 ERFB, ERFB/BB) and other 155mm NATO standard projectiles at ranges of up to 40,000 m. The Krasnopol-M laser-guided projectiles can be fired. The use of an autoloader for projectiles and a semi-autoloader for modular propelling charges facilitates crew functioning and provides a rate of fire up to 6-8 rounds per minute at all laying angles using projectiles shells from onboard ammunition stowage and 56 rounds per minute with ammunition fed from the ground. This means that a battery consisting of eight howitzers is capable of delivering up to three tons of projectiles to a target per minute. When fire is delivered at maximum range, up to 70 projectiles will be in the air simultaneously before the first of them reaches the target. The ammunition load is housed in the turret. It consists of 42 155mm rounds and 300 12.7mm rounds.

The self-propelled howitzer offers a sector of fire from -4 to +70 deg in elevation and 360 deg in azimuth.

In terms of performance, the 2S19M1-155 selfpropelled howitzer is comparable to the world's best self-propelled artillery systems.

The 155mm Msta-S self-propelled howitzer (2S19M1-155) has been developed by the TransmashSpetstekhnika Design Bureau at OJSC «Uraltransmash» (part of OJSC «Research and Production Corporation «Uralvagonzavod»).

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> AIR DEFENSE

ULYANOVSK MECHANICAL PLANT: LAYERED AIR DEFENSE ASSETS Vyacheslav LAPIN he warfare trends stemming from war and military conflict experience confirm the dominant part of airspace attack forces of world militarily leading states in attaining their military operations goals.

Buk-M2E ADMS. To protect troops and facilities from modern air attack assets, there was developed the Buk-M2 air defense missile system (ADMS), its export version is called Buk-M2E. The Buk-M2E ADMS original developer is the Tikhomirov Instrument-Making Research Institute JSC and its original manufacturer is the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant (Russian acronym UMZ) JSC. Both enterprises make part of the Almaz – Antey Air Defense Concern JSC. From the functional point of view, the Buk-M2E ADMS includes combat assets and maintenance and repair assets. The combat assets are: • command post 9S510E (CP); • target acquisition (detection) radar 9S18M1-3E (TAR); • up to six firing groups of two kinds: 9A317E self-propelled firing unit (SPFU), controlling one 9A316E launcher-loader unit (LLU); 9S36E target illumination and guidance radar (TIGR), controlling two 9A316E launcher-loader units.

The ADMS weapon is a 9M317 surface-to-air missile (antiaircraft guided missile) located in the SPFU and LLU. The Buk-M2E ADMS is a datacomputing system located on the terrain. In the Buk-M2E ADMS there are two modes of operation: target designation from the CP and autonomous mode.

The target acquisition radar may carry out air reconnaissance at a range of 150 km, at a height ranging from 15 m up to 25-30 km; in azimuth – 360° or in a sector 90120°. The target data in «path tyingup» mode are transmitted to the CP. The decision to engage the AAW is taken in the CP which is able to

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> Vyacheslav LAPIN – Director General of the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant JSC

receive 30 target tracks from the TAR and 20 target tracks from the high level CP. The CP analyses the data received from the attached SPFU, TIGR, LLU, including the SAM availability and IFF results, and distributes the targets among the TAR and TIGR automatically or manually.

The selected target engagement is performed by firing groups.

Having received the target designation commands, the SPFU and TIGR lock on the selected targets using radar equipment or optoelectronic system, record the flight task in computing systems of SAMs located on launching mounts of SPFU or LLU and control the missile flight.

Engagement zone: • aerodynamic targets at ranges from 3 to 40 km, at altitudes from 10 to 25 km, the target speed being 830 m/s; • tactical ballistic missiles at a range up to 20 km, the maximum target speed being 1,200 m/s; • aviation cruise missiles at ranges 15-20 km, at an altitude of 100 m; • water and ground based target at a range up to 20 km; • low-flying hovering helicopters at ranges up to 10-12 km.

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The engagement (kill) probability by one missile for tactical aviation aircraft and helicopters is 0,9-0,95.

If the TAR, CP are destroyed by the enemy or failed, the firing groups SPFU-LLU or TIGR-LLU operate in autonomous mode, when the whole cycle of combat operation is carried out the SPFU or TIGR crews. The SPFU and TIGR radar equipment may carry out reconnaissance within the sector with parameters: in azimuth 90°, in elevation: 0-7°; 7-14°; 14-52°, at ranges up to 85 km, at altitudes ranging from 15 m to 25 km.

The advantage of the TIGR compared with the SPFU consists in the fact that its range of low-flying target detection is half as long again. In target tracking mode, its coverage sector is delimited as follows: in azimuth – up to 120°, in elevation – from minus 10 to plus 80°. The decision to engage the AAW is made, taking into account the target class, IFF response and the status of the four sighting channels. The SAM may be launched from the SFPU launching mount with firing rate of 3 s, as well as from the attached LLU. In the ADMS, the following operation modes are available: • ADMS facilities protection from the antiradar missiles; • bearing and engagement of aerial active noise jammers; • firing group operation in mode «Alien illumination»; SPFU – in mode «Launching mount» when the radar equipment of SPFU or TIGR in one of firing groups fails.

The Buk-M2E ADMS mobility is due to vehicle chassis cross-country ability, both tracked and wheeled.

The ADMS may run at a speed of 60 km/h on hard-surface roads and at a speed of 45 km/h on soil roads, crossing the water fords 1-1.2 m deep, going up on the 30-35° ascending slopes, going as far as 500 km without refueling with further ability of operation during two hours.

Signal and control data automatic processing allows a prompt execution of combat missions by the ADMS alone or being integrated

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AIR DEFENSE < into AD grouping to protect troops and administrative installations. The opportunity of air attack repelling by the Buk-M2E ADMS is due to the availability of 48 ready-to-launch missiles and 24 SAMs re-loadable within 15 minutes.

Along with the Buk-M2E ADMS delivery, the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant JSC offers its services in training commanding officers and engineering staff. The company has its own training and re-training center for Foreign Customerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s specialists. It is equipped with newest teaching aids and visual mockups. To improve training on the Customerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s territory and to upgrade the personnel skills off-site, the company may deliver training classes and simulators for the Buk-M2E ADMS. Tunguska-M1 SPAAGMS. The 2S6M1 Tunguska-M1 self-propelled antiaircraft gun-missile system (SPAAGMS) meets main requirements to up-to-date air defense assets. It is this system that combines missile and gun weapon with unified radar equipment.

The 2S6M1 SPAAGMS is designed to protect land forces units and is able to detect, identify and engage aircraft, helicopters (including hovering ones), sudden low-flying targets, operating on the move > Buk-M2E ADMS on tracked chassis or in stationary position, as well as to engage ground- and water-based targets and parachuted targets too.

In the 2S6M1 SPAAGMS there were implemented several engineering solutions which boosted its abilities: 1. A new missile with optical pulse responder and updated control equipment was implemented. This raised its noise immunity and the probability of target engagement. The increased missile elements useful time enabled to raise the engagement range from 8,000 to 10,000 m.

2. The implemented equipment for automatic reception and processing of external target designation made it possible to distribute the targets among the battalion vehi> Buk-M2E ADMS on wheeled chassis cles automatically, boost-

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ing thus the combat efficiency of the system at massed air attacks.

3. An implemented gun-layer relief system carries out automatic target tracking in two coordinates and in speed.

4. A modified measuring system of roll and direction angles decreased the impact upon the gyroscopic devices, diminished sight line stabilization errors and raised the gun control circuit stability.

5. A new powerful computer with large memory space increased the task solution frequency and lowered computational errors.

6. The upgraded radar made it possible to increase the missile weapon engagement range up to 6 km.

7. The integrated thermal imaging and TV chan-

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> Tunguska-M1 SPAAGMS

nels together with automatic tracking sub-system provide for roundthe-clock use of missile weapon with increased precision and reliability of target tracking.

The system upgrade up to the 2S6M1 SPAAGMS level boosted its tactical and technical performances thanks to combined use of extended operational modes resulting in increased combat efficiency.

The operation of Tunguska-M1 SPAAGMS on the move being directly integrated into the protected units formations make this system second to none in the world as for its protection efficiency against air attacks.

Upgraded Shilka self-propelled antiaircraft mount. The AD short range

Shilka self-propelled anti-aircraft mount (SPAAM) is designed to protect troop combat formations, columns on the march, stationary installations and troop trains from enemy air attacks at altitudes up to 1,500 m and at ranges up to 2,500 m.

It may be used to destroy groundand water-based targets at ranges up to 2,000 m and parachuted targets too.

The Shilka SPAAM was delivered to more than 30 countries of the world. Having been tested in many regions of the globe and possessing high firing strength and tactical mobility, it remains a perfect AD weapon so far. It is easily adaptable to various organizational and managing structures and has a ramified

structure for repair jobs and staff training.

At the same time, the enhancement of air attack means and new weapons developed within the last 10 or 15 years, as well as logistical limitations in SPTA procurement due to components manufacturing stoppage, make it necessary to upgrade the Shilka SPAAM. To enhance the combat abilities against air attack and to fit it with modern AD requirements, the UMZ JSC upgraded the ZSU-23-4 Shilka SPAAM. An enhanced fire control system was developed and implemented. It features: • data reception and transmission equipment for exchanging information between the SPAAM and the high level command post; • modified method of secondary information processing (analog to digital); • new-generation radar with solid-state electronics. The noise immunity system and range finder are now digital; • powerful computing system (on the basis of a modern commercial computer) with large memory space was introduced instead of analog calculating device, gun and sighting coordinates converters; • built-in simulator mode allows to train the radar operators efficiently.

The integration of launching equipment for Igla type missiles into the SPAAM increased the engagement range of the system up to 5 km.

Almaz – Antey Concern JSC 41 Vereiskaya Str., Moscow 121471, Russia Phone: +7 (495) 276-2965 Fax: +7 (495) 276-2969 E-mail: vts@almaz-antey.ru Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant JSC 94 Moskovskoye Shosse, Ulyanovsk 432008, Russia Phone: +7 (8422) 42-03-70 Fax: +7 (8422) 32-61-63 E-mail: ump@mv.ru

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> AIR DEFENSE

PROTECTION ON LAND AND AT SEA Modular Tor-M2KM: A versatile air defense weapon Vyacheslav KARTASHOV he Tor-M2KM is the latest version of the Tor SAM system featuring modular combat and technical support assets available from the Almaz – Antey Air Defense Concern and its subsidiary JSC Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant «Kupol». It has high reliability and effectiveness against highly maneuvering air targets, guided and gliding air bombs, antiradar, guided and cruise missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, aircraft and helicopters.

The SAM system is equipped with advanced computers and radars capable of detecting up to 144 target markings, tracking simultaneously up to 20 (in the «Echelon» mode) of the most dangerous targets and engaging simultaneously four of them.

The Tor-M2KM is a modular system, the autonomous combat module (ACM) and equipment of which can be placed on any truck chassis, semitrailers, trailers, other platforms of suitable capacity. Its stationary deployment is also possible. The ACM, which houses all of the special equipment, computing system, radar and optical sensors, missiles, operator's compartment and an additional power supply unit with its own fuel reserve, life support, ventilation and air-conditioning systems, is installed on a truck chassis or other platforms using three special quick-release brackets. The bracket design allows quick redeployment of the ACM from one platform to another, which takes less than 10 minutes and can be done using a common 25-t crane. There is only one limitation – the technical characteristics of the platforms must meet the following requirements: capacity is at least 20 t, width – not less than 2,500 mm, length – not less than 7,100 mm. For technical sup-

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AIR DEFENSE < port assets (transporter/loader, maintenance workshop, group SPTA set, battery command post) the minimum characteristics are as follows: capacity is 5-8 t, width – 2,500 mm and length – 6,000 mm.

The ACM is connected with a platform by neither mechanical or hydraulic drives nor power supply systems. It has its own power supply source in the form of a gas turbine unit (GTU), which generates electricity of the required parameters and power. Warm-up time of the GTU is not more than 60 seconds. The total time to get the ACM ready for engagement is not more than 3 minutes. The module uses an electrostatic transducer for the first time as an additional power source to convert three-phase 380-V 50-Hz electricity coming from any external source to three-phase 220-V 400-Hz electricity.

The Tor-M2KM installed on an Indian TATA Motors’ production truck chassis was shown at the MAKS-2013 International Air Show.

Thus, we demonstrated that Kupol had developed and manufactured a SAM system, the combat and support assets of which can be placed on any automotive chassis and other platforms at a customer’s request.

It is also possible to place the ACM on the roofs of buildings and structures, on hard-to-get sites, trailers, semitrailers, railway platforms and even onboard small vessels.

This helps significantly extend the functionality of the SAM system, provide air defense of various military units, ships and vessels of different services and arms of the Armed Forces, vital government, military and industrial facilities, large cities (megacities), provide reliable protection of major international sporting events like the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup against air terrorists.

Tor-M2KM’s fully loaded ACM weighs less than 15 t, which enables its external transportation by the Mi-26T heavy transport helicopter or its foreign counterparts.

Thus, the ACM can be delivered and installed in the most hard-to-get places: on the command-

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> Vyacheslav KARTASHOV – Assistant to Director General of JSC Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant «Kupol» for interaction with MTC and SDO entities

ing heights, roofs of buildings and structures, where it will provide reliable protection against any air threats within its 15-km engagement envelope.

The whole target engagement process in the Tor-M2KM is fully automated, the human operator needs just choose one (first) target to destroy out of 10 ones proposed him by the machine; this target is locked on by the system for automatic tracking, the remaining three targets that are within the 30-deg sector are automatically detected by the system and also locked on for automatic tracking already without human participation. Upon missile launch readiness, the commander presses the «Launch» button four times.

Four surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) are launched and automatically homed on four tracked targets.

Missile warheads are initiated at the expected missile-target meeting points. Thus, all four air targets are engaged. Once the first target is defeated, the target and missile channels get free, the system automatically searches for the next target, automatically locks on it for tracking, and the commander presses the «Launch» button when the missile is ready for launch. This process is repeated automatically as the target and missile channels get free until targets remain in the air and the missiles are available in the ACM. The SAM warhead includes intricately-shaped prefabricated fragments made of a special heavy W-Ni-Fe alloy, which gives the fragment the highest penetrating ability and virtually eliminates ricochet.

The Tor-M2KM offers a high kill probability against all types of air targets, owing to small errors in the kill point and adaptability of the radio fuze to the type of air target, coupled with a special missile warhead. The one-missile kill probability is at least 0.98.

One missile module provides transportation, storage and launch of four SAMs. Each ACM accommodates two missile modules each. The transport/loading module, maintenance and repair facilities, group SPTA set and a training simulator, housed in standardized body-containers, can be mounted either on an automotive chassis similar to the ACM chassis or any truck chassis,

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> Tor-M2KM ACM installed on a corvette

trailers and semitrailers at a customer’s request.

The Tor-M2KM is equipped with a GLONASS/GPS navigation system developed by Russia’s Navis Company. This system not only finds the SAM system’s position very accurately, but also provides measurement of the ACM’s angular parameters in different planes.

Furthermore, no geodetic skills are required from the crew that earlier were necessary in using the previous generation instruments.

Of course, the use of new equipment and expanded functionality required some changes to the ACM software, too.

In October and November 2013, the Tor-M2KM SAM system, with its modular combat and technical support assets installed on Indian-made TATA truck chassis, underwent testing at the RF Ministry of Defense’s Kapustin Yar Missile Test Range. The tests have fully substantiated all the claimed performance characteristics of the SAM system, in particular its capabilities to engage targets flying at a speed of 700 m/s at the maxi-

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mum engagement range of 15 km, as well as targets flying at a cross-range of over 6 km at a range of 12 km.

The all-weather, round-the-clock and cross-country capabilities of the Tor-M2KM system were demonstrated. In addition, teamwork within a grouping consisting of the ACM, the 9T244K transport/loading module, the Kasta-2E2 standby radar and the Ranzhir-MK unified battery command post was evaluated during the tests. The Tor-M2KM has successfully passed all tests.

Today JSC Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant «Kupol», together with the Severnoye Design Bureau JSC and the Zelenodolsk Design Bureau JSC (which are part of the United Shipbuilding Corporation JSC), with the participation of the RF Navy Research Institute of Shipbuilding and Armaments, is working on the deployment of the Tor-M2KM (M-Tor SAM system) on various Russian Navy ships.

The use of the newest Tor-M2KM (M-Tor) short-range SAM system on naval ships will significantly

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improve the defense capabilities of both single ships and task groups against attacks by enemy precisionguided weapons: antiship missiles, various cruise missiles, antiradar missiles, guided aerial bombs, as well as deck-based and tactical helicopters and aircraft.

Almaz – Antey Concern JSC 41 Vereiskaya Str., Moscow 121471, Russia Phone: +7 (495) 276-2965 Fax: +7 (495) 276-2969 E-mail: vts@almaz-antey.ru JSC Izhevsk ElectromechanicaI Plant «Kupol» 3 Pesochnaya Str., Izhevsk, Republic of Udmurtiya, Russia Phone: +7 (3412) 72-51-25 Fax: +7 (3412) 72-68-19 E-mail: iemz@kupol.ru

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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS <

HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS JSC Based on materials contributed by the press service of the High-Precision Weapons Holding

he High-Precision Weapons JSC was set up in 2009 to consolidate the research and technological capabilities of a group of specialized defense enterprises in order to develop advanced weapons, military and special equipment (WMSE) in the field of tactical-level precision-guided weapon systems on the basis of innovation and technological modernization of existing production facilities. The company is part of the Rostec State Corporation.

The core areas of activities of these enterprises are the development, production, modernization, repair and sale of WMSE in the following areas: • tactical missile systems, shortrange and very short-range air defense missile (including portable) and missile-gun systems for the Army, the Air Force and the Navy; • antitank missile and assault weapon systems; • guided artillery weapon systems; • armament systems for armored vehicles, fighting compartments for light armored vehicles; • small arms and close-in weapons.

The High-Precision Weapons JSC activities are focused on meeting the following long-term objectives: • supply the RF Armed Forces with hi-tech weapons in accordance with the SAP and SDO guidelines; • increase exports, including through the expansion of sales markets and the range of export defense products, after-sales services and upgrade efforts on previously supplied equipment; • achieve parity with the world’s leaders on the market for tactical precision-guided weapons and ensure the effective functioning of the enterprises; • preserve and improve scientific, industrial and human capacity, maintain social stability at enterprises.

The established business structure is capable of implementing the full cycle, from concept to production of finished precision-guided weapons for the Army and partially for the Air Force and the Navy with

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> Alexander DENISOV – Director General of the High-Precision Weapons JSC

due regard to their current requirements.

In 2011, Rostec formed an investment program for its holding that included investment projects, which are being implemented now, as well as promising projects through 2020.

Most of them are innovative projects. The holding invests heavily both in modernization and expansion of production facilities and the development of its scientific and technological capabilities.

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The ongoing investment is targeted at laying the strong groundwork, as well as developing modern, efficient production of innovative hi-tech products related to precision-guided weapons. Most of the projects being implemented by the holding company are part of the Federal target-oriented Russian defense industry development program for 2011-2020.

The holding’s production program is aimed at meeting two major

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challenges: equipping the RF Armed Forces with modern weapons & military equipment and increasing exports.

Among the priority types of weapons supplied to meet the national defense, security and lawenforcement needs are the Pantsir-S AD missile-gun system, fighting compartments for light armored vehicles with missile weapons, rounds with the Arkan antitank guided missile, the Iskander-E theater missile system, the Krasnopol-M2 and Kitolov-2M guided artillery systems, the Palma and Kashtan shipborne air defense missile-gun systems, and the Khrizantema-S self-propelled antitank missile system.

The second multi-faceted direction of the holdingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s activities is work with foreign partners, primarily the provision of after-sales service, upgrade of the previously delivered equipment, and delivery of final defense products manufactured by the holdingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s enterprises under contracts secured by Rosoboronexport.

Currently, the Pantsir-S1 air defense missile-gun system, developed by the Tula-based KBP Instrument Design Bureau, and the

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> Serial-produced Pantsir-S1 ADMGS

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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS < Palma shipborne air defense missilegun system, developed by JSC Nudelman KBtochmash Design Bureau, are in large-scale production and successfully exported.

The Pantsir-S1 system is capable of assuredly destroying enemy cruise missiles, UAVs, aircraft and ground targets within 20 km and at altitudes of up to 15 km using missile and cannon armament.

Furthermore, this weapon is much less expensive in use than long- and medium-range systems.

According to experts, the system is effective both as an independent battlefield air defense weapon capable of providing protection against enemy air attacks, including on the march, and as part of an integrated air defense system protecting strategic facilities, such as nuclear power plants, government and military control facilities. The 2011-2013 results demonstrated ever-growing interest in the Pantsir-S1 from customers.

The Palma shipborne air defense missile-gun system from the Nudelman KBtochmash Design Bureau was intended to equip ships

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of various types and counter precision-guided weapons, aircraft and UAVs. It differs from its predecessors in high hit precision, kill probability and ECM immunity. It should be noted that the cost of missiles used in Palma, like in Pantsir-S1 is relatively low. The weapon is already supplied to foreign customers as part of Russian-built combatant ships. Interest in it is evergrowing. The possibility of installing Palma on domestically-built ships is being studied with potential partners from the Southeast Asian countries.

There is still interest from foreign customers in antitank guided missile (ATGM) systems like Metis-M1, Konkurs-M, and Kornet-E/EM. Their deliveries number in the thousands of units.

The Kornet-E has become the most popular domestic ATGM system delivered abroad. Today it is operational with the armies of 16 countries. The Kornet-EM versatile missile system, its advanced version, has a range of 8 km and offers a unique capability of destroying both

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ground and some low-flying air targets like unmanned aerial vehicles and attack helicopters.

Since 2010, the performance indicators of the enterprises affiliated to the High-Precision Weapons JSC have shown steady positive dynamics – both in the area of resolving technical problems and in the financial and economic sphere.

The High-Precision Weapons JSC is among Rostec’s top five largest holdings by revenue.

HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS JSC 7 Kiyevskaya St., entr.7, Moscow 121059, Russia, (7th floor of business center «Legion») Phone: +7 (495) 981-9277 Fax: +7 (495) 981-9278.

E-mail: npovk @yandex.ru www. npovk.ru

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ENHANCING THE COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS OF BMP-2 nfantry fighting vehicles are currently the most widespread type of army equipment. They feature sufficient armor, reliable chassis, and versatile armament, including antitank missiles and automatic cannon.

Among them are the BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicles.

The BMP-2 is armed with a 30mm 2A42 automatic cannon and the externally mounted secondgeneration Konkurs wire-guided SACLOS ATGM system. This provides an effective engagement of similar vehicles and second-generation tanks which make up the mainstay of most armies worldwide.

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However, analysis of the trends in modern weaponry suggests that a number of basic characteristics, primarily those related to the guided missile, need a significant improvement. The first and foremost task is to provide a capability to defeat modern tanks equipped with explosive reactive armor (ERA). In addition, the firing range of the BMP-2 at night is 800 m, while most modern MBTs and IFVs carry thermal imaging surveillance devices having a range of at least 2,000-2,500 m. The necessity for reloading the Konkurs ATGM launcher involves considerable loss of time and the risk for a

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crew member of being injured from fragments or small arms fire. A serious drawback of the BMP-2â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s armament system is the impossibility of firing ATGMs on the move.

Improving unguided weapons, making them more efficient and cost-effective in the close-in zone and when firing against enemy manpower is also a challenge.

However, meeting it in the baseline BMP-2 is very difficult, due to the use of a non-automated fire control system (FCS).

The challenge of increasing firepower of in-service BMP-2s to ensure their superiority over all existing IFV

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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS < models has been met by KBP at minimum refurbishment cost and in a short time (while retaining the hull and internal layout of the turret) through equipping the BMP-2 with the third-generation Kornet-E ATGM system, 30mm AG-30 automatic grenade launchers, installing an integrated gunner’s sight, a TV/thermal imaging automatic target tracker, and a ballistic computer together with a sensor set. An optional panoramic TV sight can be installed at the commander’s station. To increase the kill effectiveness against light armored vehicles, it is advisable to use the new Kerner ammunition with subcaliber kinetic energy projectile.

Among the entire range of targets for the IFV, excluding heavily armored ones, there are many targets, the engagement of which on the battlefield is as equally important as tanks. In this context, an improvement in fire effectiveness of the 30mm automatic cannon against light armored vehicles and tankkilling teams, which constitute a significant portion of antitank weapons, is becoming critical.

• a sight/ranging module with an optical system and a laser pulse rangefinder (operating frequency – 5 Hz); • a thermal imaging module providing the detection range against real-world targets of up to 5,000 m; • an information laser channel for missile guidance.

A video vision device is used to observe the thermal image.

Owing to the use of a built-in laser rangefinder and an independent LOS stabilization system, the possibility to automatically allow for more than 10 environment parameters in the digital ballistic computer helps reduce the total fire errors 2-3 times and implement an efficient aerial target engagement algorithm.

Automatic target tracking significantly mitigates the impact of the gunner’s skills and psychophysical condition on the result of fire, especially when using guided weapons.

Alternatively, it is proposed to use a panoramic commander sight in the FCS to ensure enhanced search capabilities for the crew and firing of all kinds of weapons from the commander station.

Upgraded fighting compartment

The upgrade package for the BMP-2’s fighting compartment involves: • replacement of the BPK 2-42 sight with an integrated gunner’s sight featuring an independent LOS stabilization system and comprising sight optical, thermal and ranging channels, as well as a missile guidance channel; • placement of armored Kornet-E ATGM launchers with two ready-to-fire missiles each along the turret sides with independent electromechanical elevation drives; • installation of a ballistic computer with automatic cannon and launcher attitude sensors;

Automatic fire control system

A non-automated fire control system used in the armament system of the BMP-2 does not allow it to effectively counter the existing IFVs under modern conditions and timely defeat tank-killing manpower. To address this shortcoming, it is proposed to use an integrated day/night sight with laser rangefinder and beam ATGM guidance channel, an automatic target tracker and a digital ballistic computer with a sensor system.

The gunner’s sight enables all types of ammunition to be fired not only at any time of day, but also under reduced visibility conditions (haze, smoke interference). The sight has modular design and includes: • a head mirror unit providing independent line-of-sight (LOS) stabilization with high accuracy;

> Armored vehicles weapon system with Kornet-E ATGM

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> Upgraded BMP-2

• installation of an automatic TV/thermal target tracker; • installation of a 30mm grenade launcher with a drive independent from the cannon and a magazine for 300 grenades, placed at the rear of the armored turret; • optional installation of a commander’s panoramic sight.

This provides: • day/night fire of all types of ammunition on the move through equipping the IFV with a round-theclock FCS; • assured destruction of current and advanced ERA-protected tanks at ranges of up to 5,500 m, as well as pinpoint targets using guided missiles, day or night; • higher rate of ATGMs fire; • eliminates the need for reloading ATGM launchers on the battlefield, thus increasing crew survivability; • mitigates the effects of the operator’s psychophysical condition on the result of fire; • engagement of tank-killing manpower, both sheltered and going

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to ground, through fitting the vehicle with a 30mm AG-30 grenade launcher; • higher kill probability against different targets using the automatic cannon through FCS modification and the use of a new subcaliber armor-piercing round.

Placing the new equipment requires minimal turret modifications. Elements of the armament system are fixed on the production-type armored turret body and can be installed where BMP-2s are deployed.

Automatic TV/thermal target tracker

The automatic target tracker gives the fire control system a new feature – it implements the «fireand-forget» concept. Human is excluded from the guidance loop, and accurate target tracking becomes a technical warranted characteristic.

KBP has been working on automatic target tracking systems more than 20 years and pioneered developing an automatic target tracker for

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fire control systems of armored vehicles in Russia. Currently, the automatic target tracker has undergone extensive testing and demonstrates stable operation in complex terrestrial backgrounds. Given the specifics of employing armored fighting vehicles (terrain features, background, jamming), the automatic target tracker developed by KBP is the best and most mature system.

The up-to-date armament system for IFV is designed for both offensive and defensive fighting and should be capable of engaging a wide range of targets: • unsheltered and sheltered manpower equipped with a variety of antitank weapons (ATGM, LAW), both single and dispersed over an area; • soft-skin equipment and weapons; • light armored vehicles (IFV, APC); • tanks; • aerial threats.

Using the Kornet-E system allows the destruction of ERA-pro-

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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS < tected armored targets, including future tanks, engineer fortifications (permanent strong points, earthand-timber emplacements) and provides continuous fire support to attacking tanks day and night.

Using a versatile 30mm automatic cannon in conjunction with an automatic FCS makes it possible to effectively engage soft-skin and lightly armored targets, as well as to repel the attacks of helicopters and army airplanes. Furthermore, the effective range of fire increases 1.41.7 times compared with the baseline armament system.

A new feature of the upgraded armament system for the BMP-2 is the capability to effectively defeat enemy manpower being on the defensive or going to ground and sheltered on reverse slopes. This is achieved through the use of an automatic grenade launcher firing a HE grenade.

The use of an advanced sighting system, comprising an integrated gunner’s sight and a com-

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mander’s panoramic sight, dramatically increases the commander’s and gunner’s abilities to detect targets at halt and on the move, day or night.

The performance of the upgraded armament system for the BMP-2 has been assessed against the baseline system in terms of the balance between the armament capabilities and the sizes of forces having equivalent fighting power. The armament capability is understood to be the sum of the areas under the kill probability graphs multiplied by the ammunition unit for each type of armament. This indicator reflects the at-halt and on-the-move fire capabilities against different targets, from heavy armored (tanks) to soft-skin targets using different types of projectiles and the size of their ammunition units.

The equivalent numbers are determined from the accomplishment of combat missions by forces consisting of upgraded or baseline IFVs. The effectiveness calculations for the

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above forces suggest that the required number of IFVs can be reduced 3.8 times, given the equal probability of successful mission accomplishment.

This is achieved through a higher probability of defeating tanks with ATGMs, their increased ammunition unit, effective fire at night and higher effectiveness of the 30mm automatic cannon. Technical solutions embodied in the upgraded fighting compartment give it an average 3.3-fold improvement in armament capabilities over the baseline BMP-2 fighting compartment.

In terms of fighting power, the upgraded BMP-2 reaches the level of the best current IFVs. When firing the automatic cannon at light armored targets, the upgraded BMP-2 is comparable to the M2 Bradley IFV and offers a clear advantage in destroying tanks with a guided missile. The battle simulation results suggest that the upgraded BMP-2 wins 62 percent of duels against the M2 Bradley owing to this advantage in armament parameters.

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PANTSIR-S1 AIR DEFENSE MISSILE-GUN SYSTEM

> Future Pantsir-S1 ADMGS on the Indian-developed TATA chassis

and at all cases of interference. he system is designed for air Stand-alone combat application defense of small military and is conditioned by integration of taradministrative-industrial objects get detection, tracking and engageand areas against aircraft, helicopment means within a combat unit. ters, cruise missiles and high-preciThe modular design taken as the sion weapons, guided air bombs and basis for making of the combat vehiunmanned aerial vehicles, as well as for reinforcement of AD > Specifications groups during repulse of combined missile-gun Armament massive air strikes and Engagement zones, m: ensuring of engagement of 1,200-20,000 – missile armament range lightly-armored targets.

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System components 1.

Combat assets:

Combat vehicle (up to 6 pcs in a battery).

The combat vehicle is designed for accomplishment of system inherent tasks, i.e. engagement of wide variety of aerodynamic targets – manned aircraft, UAVs, high-precision weapons and antiradiation missiles – in all instances of combat application, round-the-clock

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– altitude – gun armament range – altitude Maximum velocity of engaged targets, m/s Number of simultaneously engaged targets in the ±45° sector Reaction time, s Integrated armament control system Ammunition load, pcs: – SAM on launchers – rounds Engagement of ground targets by missile and gun armaments Missile salvo firing Engagement of targets on the move Combat crew, men

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15-15,000 200-4,000 0-3,000 1,000 4 4-6 radar-optical 12 1,400 provided provided provided 3

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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS < cle enables its mounting on different transporting platforms or its use as a stationary variant.

Unit control posts

The control post of a battalion (regiment) is designed for automated control over combat operations of AD units and subunits, provided with the Pantsir-S1 ADMGS, during repulse of massive enemy air strikes.

• calculation of coverage angles for selected positions of a detection radar, calculation of detection zones of a detection radar, as well as of battalion firing sectors; • routing and displaying of battalion routes and a regiment CP on digital maps during redeployment; • survey control and orientation of regiment assets (CP, detection radar).

Surface-to-air missile

> Specifications Number of guided firing means: – from battalion CP – from regiment CP Number of information sources Time of continuous operation, h Time of shutting down/deployment, min Number of workstations, including: – combat crew – driver-mechanic Power supply

up to 6 CVs up to 3 battalions up 10 24 5 4 3 1 autonomous PSS or external power network 380 V, 50 Hz

The tasks accomplished by the regiment control post during warfare: • planning of combat operations and development of combat documents (commander’s decision); • planning of operating frequencies of regiment radio electronic assets (detection radar, battalions, radio assets of the CP);

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Characteristics: • short flight time at launch phase (t = 2.4 s, Vmax = 1,300 m/s); • high maneuverability; > Specifications Missile velocity, m/s: – maximum – mean at D=18 km Maximum overload, g Missile weight, kg: – containerized – at launch Containerized missile length, mm Caliber, mm: – sustainer stage – booster stage Warhead: – weight – fuse type – fuse effective radius

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1,300 700 32 92.0 72.5 3,300 90 170 20.0 kg impact, proximity 7m

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> HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS • short ballistic delay during nobooster flight (40 m/s for 1 km of track); • expanded engagement zones: in range – up to 20 km, in altitude – up to 15 km; • heavy weight of the warhead (20 kg) with low launch weight of the SAM (74.5 kg); • application of rod contact elements in the warhead ensures reliable engagement of wide class of targets; • microminiature design of the onboard equipment.

Gun armament

The gun armament comprises two 2A38M twin-barrel air defense guns capable of engaging air and ground targets within the following zone: in range – up to 4 km and altitude – up to 3 km.

Gun armament characteristics: • high firing rate (up to 5,000 rds/min); • high onboard ammunition load (1,400 pcs.); • capability to use different ammunition types (FT, FHEI); • automatic and semi-automatic firing modes. > Specifications Caliber, mm Projectile muzzle velocity, m/s Bore life Feed

30 960 not less than 8,000 rds belt

Transporting-loading vehicle

TLV is designed for: • transporting and storage of two ammunition loads for a CV (24 SAMs+2,800 30mm rounds); • loading of ammunition from ground and cargo vehicles; • loading-unloading of CV ammunition.

2.

Maintenance assets

Electronic maintenance vehicle EMV is designed for: • maintenance 1 and maintenance 2 of the CV electronic units, as well as for finding and elimination of failures (repair), namely: – automated diagnostic of faulty units, elimination of failures by replacement of a faulty component with one taken from common spare parts kit, after-repair adjustment; – current repair of radio-electronic and optronic systems of a CV. Mechanical maintenance vehicle MMV is designed for: • maintenance 1 and maintenance 2 of the CV mechanical systems; • maintenance and current repair of the CV, TLV, EMV, MMV, AV and Spare parts vehicle chassis using common spare parts kit; • transportation of common spare parts kit components (mechanical assemblies).

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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS < Spare parts vehicle Spare parts vehicle is designed for stowage, storage and transportation of a battery common spare parts, tools and accessories kit (electronic units) for a CV. Adjustment vehicle AV is designed for adjustment of the radio-electronic and optronic systems of a CV. Base kit of test equipment BK TE is designed for inspectorial selective check of SAMs during storage. The check of a SAM is carried out automatically without extraction from its tube.

Electronic maintenance vehicle of the control post EMV-P is designed for: • maintenance and current repair of the CP radio-electronic systems with the use of common spare parts kit; • storage and transportation of

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a common spare parts kit of a CP radio-electronic systems.

indoor and mobile simulators present these aids.

• Indoor simulator.

Mechanical maintenance vehicle of the control post MMV-P is designed for: • maintenance and current repair of the CP mechanical systems and chassis with the use of the common spare parts kit; • storage and transportation of a mechanical systems common spare parts kit for a CP. 3.

Training aids:

• Mobile simulator.

• Mobile and indoor simulators.

• Crew workstations.

• Multimedia equipment.

• Indoor simulator.

• Crew workstations.

• Instructor stations.

Training aids are designed for training and practice routine of CV crews in main techniques of combat operation and maintenance, and the

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Advantages and peculiarities of application:

• versatility of operation against aerial and ground targets; • capability to fire on the move; • modular design enables mounting on wheeled, tracked, towed and stationary bases; • availability of a jamproof multiband radar-optical control system; • all-weather and round-theclock application; • application of a small-size surface-to-air missile with a command guidance system; • simultaneous engagement of four targets – three targets in radar mode, one target in optical mode; • versatility of combat operation – stand-alone, «Master-Slave» mode, as well as under control of a battery command post.

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ADS AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT RIFLE IS FREE OF USAGE LIMITATIONS

n the second half of the 1960s, the first combat diver (frogman) units emerged in our country: a squad tasked with countering undersea subversive forces and means was formed in the Black Sea Fleet in 1967. The reason was that the West had intensified efforts to establish regular frogman units to conduct reconnaissance and sabotage operations. In addition, the memory of loss of the battleship Novorossiysk in the Sevastopol Bay on October 29, 1955, was still fresh. Although sabotage looked (and still looks) the least likely cause, such a threat could not be disregarded. The combatants designed to fight underwater saboteurs needed a weapon capable of firing underwater.

The 5.66mm APS assault rifle and 4.5mm SPP-1 pistol, developed

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for this purpose, are of particular interest among underwater firing weapons owing to their unusual designs.

With all the advantages of these systems, they have a significant

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drawback â&#x20AC;&#x201C; poor efficiency when fired above the water. It is also worth noting that the service life of the APS rifle when fired on land is a mere 180 shots. Therefore, special forces engaged in amphibious mis-

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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS < sions (below the water and above) had to carry two types of weapons – one for underwater use and another for on-shore action.

A distinctive feature of modern naval special force units is their multimission capability. After all, their core consists of versatile combat divers able to cope with any tasks: conduct underwater sabotage missions in enemy ports, defend friendly waters from enemy saboteurs and, moreover, act on land as common scouts/saboteurs. Russian and international experience with similar units confirms that in 80-90 percent of cases they perform «land» tasks. So, the need arose to equip these units with a special underwater/abovewater weapon like a general-purpose dual-medium assault rifle. In addition, as regards the effectiveness of fire (accuracy, fire dispersion, and armor penetration), the weapon must be comparable to 5.45mm AK-74 assault rifle when used on land and to 5.66mm APS assault rifle under water.

In 2007, the Central Design Bureau of Sporting and Hunting Arms (Russian acronym TsKIB SOO), KBP Instrument Design Bureau’s subsidiary, completed the development of the 5.45mm ADS special dual-medium assault rifle that handles the problem of underwater/abovewater use of the assault rifle.

The purpose of the ADS program was to develop a special dual-medium assault rifle and a special underwater cartridge to it in order to replace the in-service APS assault rifle as a weapon of the Russian naval special units.

The assault rifle is designed to engage enemy manpower and suppress fire weapons: • on land - by firing all types of 5.45x39mm standard cartridges from the rifle and 40mm VOG-25 and VOG-25P standard ammunition from an underbarrel grenade launcher; • under water – by firing 5.45x39mm special underwater cartridges.

This became possible through the development of a new underwater cartridge having the same dimensions as the standard «land» cartridges.

The ADS special dual-medium assault rifle with an integrated grenade launcher employs the

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bullpup configuration, which provides a shorter assault rifle length compared with traditional rifle layouts (with the same barrel length), increased maneuverability, better balance and excludes butt unfolding/folding operations.

Empty cases are ejected ahead, with the ejection port cover closed.

This reduces fumes near the soldier’s face, eliminates the possibility of injury by a spent case when a group is engaged, as well as (unlike lateral case ejection) provides adaptation of the weapon to left- and right-handers without the need for its reassembly.

Application of high-impact plastics, specialty materials and coatings

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provides improved corrosion resistance and lower weight of the weapon.

A gas regulator which switches between water/air modes was added to the gas venting device.

Currently, the ADS assault rifle is undergoing trial field operation in naval special force units in Russian Navy’s Northern, Black Sea and Pacific fleets. Owing to its versatility and compact design, the rifle has received positive feedback from the units operating it.

For the first in the world practice, the combat diver has received the opportunity to perform tasks under water and on land using a single weapon.

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TULA-BASED KBP INSTRUMENT DESIGN BUREAU JSC

oday the KBP Instrument Design Bureau JSC – part of the High-Precision Weapons Holding – is among the world’s leaders in the field of precisionguided weapons, machine guns and cannons, sporting and hunting weapons.

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Founded in 1927, for more than 85 years, KBP has successfully been designing the most up-to-date advanced weapons for its time surpassing the world’s best counterparts.

From 1962 to 2006, KBP was led

by A.G. Shipunov, the Hero of

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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS < Russian Academy of Engineering, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, and Professor. It was under his leadership that KBP started developing guided missile systems, including precision-guided weapons. Implementing the technical solutions proposed by Shipunov resulted in weapon systems and military equipment unrivalled abroad or surpassing foreign counterparts in performance.

Such systems are strongly exemplified by the Kornet-E ATGM system, the Krasnopol-M2 artillery guided weapon system, the Tunguska SPAAGM, the Pantsir-S1 ADMGS, and the Kashtan ship> 9mm submachine gun PP-2000 borne air defense missilegun system. prospects for weapons on a national The company has designed, scale. launched into production and supplied the Russian Army with more Its products have incorporated than 150 models of weapons and more than 5,000 patented technical military equipment. solutions.

KBP is developing weapons in KBP has strong manufacturing the following areas: capabilities to run batch production • antitank missile systems and of its new weapons. light assault weapons; The company employs several • armament systems for tanks thousand workers and engineers. Its and light armored vehicles; machining and production equip• AA systems; ment are capable of manufacturing • guided artillery systems; mechanical and electronic assem• machine guns, cannons and blies, systems of any complexity, as ammunition; well as fine-tuning advanced • hunting and sporting guns. processes for producing parts and Among the key principles underassemblies in such areas as composlying the development of precisionites, metal working, electronics. guided weapons, the following Since KBP develops weapons for should be highlighted: all arms of the armed forces, some • combination of different component parts (thermal imagers, weapons in one armament system; radars, laser rangefinders/designa• modular/building block tors, etc.) are developed and prodesign concept; duced jointly with other leading • control systems integration; Russian companies, with which • intra- and inter-service compartnership relations have been monality. established.

Today KBP is an established Over the years, KBP has successresearch & production center profully been cooperating with foreign ducing the most up-to-date precicountries offering the export version-guided weapon systems. sions of modern weapons and military equipment.

As prime systems integrator for Aside from weapon supplies, sophisticated weapons, KBP coordiKBP may sell licenses and technical nates a large number of enterprises documentation and carry out R&D and organizations, including the RF work on new weapons and on Academy of Sciences’ institutions upgrading existing ones in the interand RF Ministry of Defense’s ests of a foreign customer. research institutes, shapes the phiThe company has established a losophy and development

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Training Center on its premises which provides instruction and training of customer specialists that operate KBP products. Since 2003, over 800 specialists have been trained in such areas as air defense missile-gun systems, ATGM systems, armored vehicles’ guided artillery systems.

The Center’s employees give classes on KBP premises, at participating organizations, at test ranges, on customer premises. Equipping specialized classrooms with illustrated training materials, dimension/weight mock-ups, and training/operating models enhances the quality of the training process.

In addition, KBP has set up an operations & maintenance service that deals with equipment delivered to customer. Its skilled specialists are ready to get to the site at short notice and promptly fix technical problems encountered, including spare parts and accessories (SPTA) supply.

KBP weapons are in service with the armies in more than 70 states worldwide.

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WORKING FOR NATIONAL DEFENSE

he Kovrov Electromechanical Plant JSC (Russian acronym KEMZ), part of the HighPrecision Weapons JSC Holding, is a diversified enterprise with strong production capabilities specializing in the manufacture of: • special-purpose hi-tech products, including laying and stabilization systems for armored vehicles, components of the laying and stabilization system for the Pantsir air defense missile-gun system, fighting compartments for BTR-82A APC, laying drives for artillery systems, topographic positioning systems, electro-hydraulic engineer equipment, chassis information management systems; • remote controlled mobile robotic systems; • commercial machinery and

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equipment, including multifunction front end loaders, towed and vehicle-carried elevators with telescopic booms, hydrostatic transmissions, hydraulic motors, pumps, section hydraulic control valves, switching hydraulics.

KEMZ has traditionally been supplying the laying & stabilization systems for armored vehicles to the RF Armed Forces and foreign customers (as part of the final weapons) for more than half a century.

In recent years, the company has launched production of upgraded armament stabilizers developed by the Kovrov-based Special Design Bureau of Instruments and Automatics JSC (Russian acronym SKB PA). Their use essentially increases the fighting capabilities of armored vehicles enabling the crew

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to deliver effective fire on target in any weather, day or night.

KEMZ has started producing new types of modern equipment, including the TRONA and STNO navigation systems.

Batch production of a topographic positioning system based on laser sensing elements and designed for use in reconnaissance and command & control vehicles began in 2012.

The Trona-1 navigation systems built around a mechanical gyroscope for command vehicles, command post vehicles and topographic survey vehicles are also now in production.

The Kovrov Electromechanical Plant is the sole batch manufacturer of robotic equipment for special services. To date, more than 200 robotic systems of five types have

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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS < been developed, produced and are in service with the RF FSB Federal Security Service and Ministry for Internal Affairs. The Varan, Vezdekhod-TM3, Vezdekhod-TM5 are designed to conduct remote visual reconnaissance, search and initial diagnostics of suspicious items similar to an improvised explosive device (IED) using TV cameras and special attachments; carry out remote neutralization of IEDs, load them into special containers for evacuation, as well as to perform technical operations to ensure access to IED. The company is actively engaged in the implementation and development of AI-assisted remote control systems to control machines that vary in power and purpose.

The ANT 750R mobile robotic system is designed to: • do jobs in places that are dangerous to humans (demolition of ramshackle or half-ruined buildings, dam restoration, etc.); • load/unload dangerous ammunition; • perform jobs at artillery depots; • collect hazardous items and soils; • conduct remote reconnaissance; • carry out visual reconnaissance in case of fire at warehouses; • move property from the fire source; • extinguish fires at warehouses; • make fire breaks.

As of today, the design documentation has been developed and an operating prototype is being launched in production. In the future, it is planned to expand the application areas through additional attachments, as well as to offer custom-made versions.

To maintain the army at a high technology level, there are suggestions to use a self-contained platform based on the loader to deliver

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ammunition, evacuate the wounded from the battlefield, protect the perimeter along a given route, and generate a contamination map.

Besides, it can perform secondary jobs: • generate electricity for battery recharging; • provide radio relay.

The Ant-750 and Ant-1000 mini skid steer loaders have been developed keeping in mind the best technological solutions and advanced technologies to operate in all regions of our country at temperatures from -50 to +40 °C. A standard unit of a quick-detachable device is suitable for most types of attachments: road brush, basic construction bucket, deicing agent dispenser, blade, snow removing device, trencher, cargocarrying pin, cargo handling forklift,

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concrete mixer, auger, hydraulic hammer.

KEMZ has operated in the national defenseindustrial complex for more than 70 years, traditionally taking its rightful place among weapon and military equipment manufacturers. With its technical facilities, specialists and skilled workers, the company addresses complex problems related to the production of highprecision hi-tech products in the interests of major defense manufacturers.

KEMZ products are distinguished for their high quality and reliability.

Implementing the innovative development strategy, the company is strengthening its capacity, holds a strong economic and financial position, and is a reliable partner to the Government in addressing defenserelated challenges and developing the machine-building complex of Russia.

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ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE «SIGNAL» JOINT STOCK COMPANY

ll-Russian Research Institute «Signal» (VNII «Signal») – now part of the High-Precision Weapons Holding – was established in Kovrov, Vladimir Region, according to Decree No. 170 dated April 19, 1955, signed by Dmitry Ustinov, Minister of Defence Industry of the USSR. VNII «Signal» ranks among the leading Russian designers of laying and stabilization systems for armoured vehicles, infantry combat vehicles, rocket systems, air defence systems, artillery systems, combat helicopters and naval ships. Such well-known armament systems as Tunguska, Pantsir-S, Smerch, Msta-S, and Uragan are equipped with the systems designed by the Institute’s experts.

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As the main contractor for navigation systems VNII «Signal» designed and put into operation a new generation of tank navigation equipment TNA-3 and TNA-4 for tanks, infantry combat vehicles, armoured personnel vehicles and combat reconnaissance patrol vehicles. Over 70 types of land vehicles of the Armed Forces are equipped with TNA systems. Gamma is a new generation of navigation equipment designed by VNII «Signal», which enables time reduction, accuracy improvement and complete automation to provide navigation and survey for land vehicles of the Armed Forces. A number of fire-control combat vehicles, Iskander artillery system, and Vena SPG are equipped with Gamma navigation equipment.

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As the general designer of artillery fire control systems, the Institute designed the first domestic automated fire control system (AFCS) for self-propelled artillery Mashina AFCS, Faltset AFCS, Reostat airborne reconnaissance and fire control CV, automated guidance and fire control system for Msta-S SPG. To date, Kapustnik-B and Mashina-M AFCS, and automated laying and fire control systems (ALFCS) of VNII «Signal» design are in serial production. The modernization of the deployed tube/rocket artillery systems has been started.

Development and design engineering of hydraulic drives, hydrostatic transmissions, hydraulic control systems, and various hydraulics for defence and commercial systems

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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS <

are of high importance within the Institute’s scope of activity.

VNII «Signal» has a high scientific and technical potential, a stable team of high-professional designers and performers, a unique test basis, a developed and balanced production infrastructure. Advanced design engineering methods, state-of-theart technology and facilities, being used by the staff, result in development of new systems and equipment. All-Russian Research Institute «Signal» ensures pilot and serial production of new unique systems and equipment for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

> 1V152 command and observation vehicle

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OJSC «V.A. DEGTYAREV PLANT» he Open Joint Stock Company «V.A. Degtyarev Plant» (Russian acronym ZiD) is a modern diversified manufacturer decorated with orders three times over the entire history of its existence. It is the largest enterprise in the Vladimir Region and one of the leading machine builders in the country. Now it is part of the HighPrecision Weapons Holding. Its history dates back to the World War I years, when the Russian Army faced an acute shortage of automatic small arms. In 1916, the First Russian Corporation of Rifle and Machine Gun Plants was set up in Petrograd to implement the proposal from Denmark’s Dansk Rekilriffel Syndikat concerning building a new machine gun plant in the center of

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Russia. On August 27, 1916, the construction of the first buildings of the Kovrov Machine Gun Plant began.

This date is considered the birthday of the plant (it has borne the name of Degtyarev since 1949). On August 12, 1917, the first Danish Madsendesign rifle-machine guns were accepted by artillery inspectors.

However, the real establishment of the plant was associated with the activities of Vladimir Fyodorov, the outstanding Russian scientist and designer, inventor of the world’s first assault rifle (1874-1966, worked at Kovrov in 1918-1931) and his closest apprentice and assistant outstanding designer Vassily Degtyarev (1880-1949, worked at Kovrov in 1918-1949). They were sent to Kovrov by the Main Artillery

Department in early 1918, at a critical moment when the former owners (Petrograd and Danish entrepreneurs) decided to discontinue production and shut down the plant.

Vladimir Fyodorov and Vassily Degtyarev were able to save the plant and establish production of domestic weapons here. In 1919 the plant was nationalized. In 1921 Fyodorov set up the country’s first automatic small arms design bureau at the plant.

In 1927, the Red Army adopted the Degtyarev DP infantry light machine gun designed at the plant; Degtyarev DA aircraft and DT tank machine guns, Degtyarev-Shpagin DShK heavy machine gun, Degtyarev PPD and PPSh submachine guns, Vladimirov ShVAK air-

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HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS < craft gun and other models designed and manufactured in Kovrov in the subsequent years are rightly considered the weapon of the Victory.

Heroes of Socialist Labor V.A. Degtyarev, S.G. Simonov, G.S. Shpagin worked their way up from ordinary worker to designer at the plant; prizewinners of State Prize S.V. Vladimirov, P.M. and M.M. Goryunovs, V.Ye. Voronkov and other talented inventors fruitfully worked here for many years.

Production of automatic small arms was the priority for the plant personnel. However, in 1920s-1930s the plant also constantly produced a variety of consumer goods, from simplest household items (buckets, troughs, furniture, watering cans) to spare parts for agricultural machinery (in particular, for the first domestic tractors), starters for Nizhny Novgorod automaker’s trucks, parts for gramophones.

Production of cutting and measuring tools as well as machine tools (since 1930s), both for own needs and other defense industries, was also an important area of the plant’s activities.

At the outset of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945, the Degtyarev PTRD antitank gun was designed, and the Red Army soldiers already used it in the autumn of 1941 to fight the enemy on the outskirts of Moscow. On January 18, 1942, for the exemplary performance of the Government’s assignments related to the production and mastering of new weapons, Kovrov Plant #2 named after K.O. Kirkizh was awarded the Order of Red Banner of Labor, while a large group of its workers, specialists and leaders received orders and medals.

Already during the war, the plant continued to improve the earlier developed small arms and design new models. In particular, the Goryunov SG-43 medium machine gun and Vladimirov KPV (KPVT) heavy machine gun entered service with the Red Army. The plant’s workers were among the initiators of the front-line team movement that spread across the country during the war. The plant was most important in the People's Commissariat of Armament system, according to the leaders of the Commissariat. Specialists in the history of arms and defense industry have noted that most of the machine

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guns of all types manufactured in our country during the war were made in Kovrov and their number is comparable to that of machine guns produced by the entire German industry. The plant made 1 million 202 thousand 481 units of various weapons during this period and shipped them to the front. Its workers fought the enemy on all fronts, more than a thousand of them did not return from the battlefield.

On September 16, 1945, for the successful fulfillment of the State Committee of Defense’s assignments to supply the Red Army with aviation and infantry small arms, the plant was awarded the Order of Lenin. In the postwar period, the plant continued to design and manufacture small arms and cannons. It is here that Mikhail Kalashnikov, with the active participation of Kovrov specialists and workers, prepared the first AK-47 rifle prototypes for successful testing.

Since 1959, the Degtyarev Plant began producing missile weapons: initially, their separate elements and since the 1960s – antitank guided missiles (Shmel, Malyutka, Fagot, and Faktoriya) and MANPADS (Strela-2, Strela-2M, Igla-1).

On January 18, 1971, for the successful implementation of the fiveyear plan and the organization of production of new equipment, ZiD was awarded the Order of the October Revolution.

In 1992, in accordance with the Presidential Decree On Organizational Measures on Transformation of State Enterprises into Joint Stock Companies, the stateowned enterprise Degtyarev Plant received the status of the Open Joint Stock Company «V.A. Degtyarev Plant».

In the last decades of the 20th century, ZiD continued to master the production of the most advanced defense and civil products developed by its designers and partner

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companies: the KBP Instrument Design Bureau (Tula), the KBM Engineering Design Bureau (Kolomna), research and production centers in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other regions of the country.

The Degtyarev Plant entered the 21st century with a good reputation of a high-technology manufacturer furnished with modern equipment in both basic and auxiliary workshops. Its employees’ capabilities increase manifold through the widespread adoption of computer technology at all phases, from design of separate items to enterprise management in general. Strong technical capabilities and highly skilled personnel coupled with a constant willingness to realign production activities serve as the foundation for efficiently fulfilling the most challenging orders while accommodating ever-changing needs.

The plant’s current products are widely known and have been appreciated in many countries. ZiD manufactures weapons to meet the Air Force, Navy and Army needs in 17 countries. This is, first and foremost, the Igla 9K38 MANPADS, the 9M133 missile to the Kornet-E long-range ATGM system, the 30mm AGS-30 automatic antipersonnel grenade launching system, the 3UBK20 round with the 9M119M guided missile designed to destroy armored vehicles, helicopters and surface targets. For the Air Force, the plant manufactures the GSh-30 and GSh-23 rapid-fire twin-barrel aircraft cannons. For the Navy, ZiD offers the DP-65 compact remote controlled anti-saboteur grenade launcher designed to protect ships, waterworks, offshore and coastal facilities from underwater saboteur attacks. The plant is working on its improvement to ensure remote detection of underwater targets and automatic fire control of the grenade launcher, which will definitely increase its combat effectiveness.

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7.62MM 6P41 PECHENEG MACHINE GUN

> Technical Characteristics Caliber, mm Weight, kg Rate of fire, rds/min Muzzle velocity, m/s Aiming range, m Cartridge Belt capacity, rds Overall dimensions, mm Operational temperature range, °C

.62mm 6P41 Pecheneg machine gun is intended to engage hostile manpower, fire means and aerial targets.

The whole range of rifle cartridges is used to fire from the machine gun.

The availability of gas regulator ensures the reliable operation of machine gun automatics in various operation conditions.

The high degree of commonality with the PKM machine gun and similar layout of automatics action ensure the

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reliability of the Pecheneg machine gun in any operating conditions.

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7.62 8.2 600-800 825 1,500 7.62x54R 100; 200 1,200x115x213 Âą50

The machine gun incorporates some design novelties aimed to increase the effectiveness of barrel cooling, which has allowed a spare barrel to be eliminated from the machine gun set.

The enhanced rigidity of the barrel, annihilation of its thermal deformation due to wind and actually the absence of thermal air flow from the heated barrel has made it possible to improve aiming conditions and increase accuracy of fire more than 2 times.

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12.7MM KORD MACHINE GUN

have been resolved in the course of • the machine gun is equipped t is designated for the defeat of creating the machine gun: with the bracket for the mounting of lightly armoured targets, fire • the automation mechanisms optical and night sights; installations and living force of reduce influence of the barrel which • left or right feed of the belt. enemy at distances of up to 1,500prevented resonance oscillation of The KORD machine gun has 2,000 m and for the defeat of air the barrel and enhanced its accurabeen developed to use 12.7x108 mm targets at slant distances of up to cy; and 12.7x99 mm NATO cartridges 1,500 m.

• recoil energy has been with the right or left feed of the belt.

Ammunition: reduced and the machine gun stabilThree important design problems • 12.7mm cartridges with ity has been increased armour-piercing-incendi> Technical Characteristics which made it possible to ary and armour-piercing12.7 Caliber, mm develop a bipod mounted tracer bullets; not less than 600 Firing rate, rds/min KORD gun for infantry; • metallic link is used 820-860 Bullet muzzle velocity, m/s • the barrel life has for the belt filling. up to 2,000 Aimed firing range, m been considerably Design Execution: 9.25 Barrel weight, kg increased and provision • type of fire is by 11.1 Loaded magazine weight, kg has been made for fitting salvos, single-shot fire is 7.7 50 cartridges belt weight, kg automatic large calibre ensured by abrupt action ±15° Machine gun traverse angle relative to fixed bipod small arms with one barrel on the trigger lever; not more than 300 Grouping (R50) at 100 m range, mm type.

• sight is of the open 10,000 Technical endurance, shots The KORD tank type, mechanical for up to 20 Armour-piercing capability at 100 m, mm mounted machine gun 2,000 m;

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> HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS with an electric release is a basic variant. It can be installed on various moving and stationary objects for fighting low flying aerial threats, for destroying lightly armoured and unarmoured materiel, weapons, and concentrated enemy personnel at ranges up to 2,000 m.

The machine gun design ensures high grouping and accuracy of fire in a wide sector of traverse and elevation. It has an open type of iron sight and a device for fitting an optic and night sight.

The propitious engineering and design decisions along with manufacturability gave the KORD machine gun effective combat performance and ease of maintenance.

It differs from its counterpart in: • high reliability of operation at environment temperature of ±50 °C, in dusty conditions, after immersion in water, without cleaning and lubricating for a number of days, in case of icing and in other adverse operating conditions; • the trouble-free operation and the capability to conduct intense fire without additional cooling of the barrel and with retention of aiming accuracy; • consistent grouping, accuracy and rate of fire throughout the entire service life of the weapon; • ease of maintenance and the capability to rectify faults by the crew in course of combat employment with the aid of individual

SPTA; high reparability of the machine gun at troops’ facilities.

The KORD machine gun's attractive feature to the troops is the similarity of its weight, size and connection parameters with those of the Utyos (NSV-12.7 mm) machine gun.

This allows replacing the latter without adjustment in all machine gun complexes. It's worth noting that in terms of main characteristics the KORD exceeds by far its predecessor.

For aimed firing, KORD can be installed complete with a machine gun mount and supportion all automotive or armoured vehicles, on helicopters, sea vessels, and railroad cars. If necessary, it can be easily removed from the installation for use in troops’ formations to support them with fire in all types of operations. When placed on combat vehicles, the machine gun design allows securing the ammunition box on its hinges, fastening the machine gun in the «combat configuration», collecting or deflecting spent cases, collecting the belt links, bringing the machine gun into the carrier through its hatch or door for placing on a mount.

KORD provides effective firing from any position of the fire on a prepared or unprepared firing emplacement, from buildings, moving or standing vehicles. The relatively small weight and the capability to rapidly convert the weapon from travelling to combat configura-

tion enable the crew to change quickly their firing positions for enhanced survivability, unexpectedness and effectiveness of fire.

Around 22 countries manufacture now 12.7x99 mm NATO cartridges. On this basis, KORD machine gun has been developed in all above described variants using those cartridges. The performance and maintenance specifications of the gun did not change despite changes in the design decisions of the barrel and feeding mechanism.

12.7mm 6P49 Kord tank mounted machine gun

Overall dimensions (length x width x height), mm: 1,625x135x215 Weight, kg: 27 12.7mm 6P57 Kord infantry machine gun on the 6T19 bipod

Overall dimensions (length x width x height), mm: 1,980x450x500 (in horizontal position) Weight, kg: 32 12.7mm 6P58 Kord machine gun on the 6U16 mounting

Overall dimensions (length x width x height): 1,980x810x450 Weight, kg: 60 12.7mm 6P59 Kord machine gun on the 6U16 mounting and SP stand

Overall dimensions (length x width x height), mm: 1,980x810x1,625 (adjusted) Weight, kg: 80

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> EQUIPMENT

JOINT-STOCK COMPANY HOLDING COMPANY «VNIIKHOLODMASH-HOLDING» JSC «VNIIKHOLODMASHHOLDING» − Russian engineering and production company specializing in the development, production, and servicing of conventional and special-purpose air-conditioning and cooling systems.

JSC «VNIIKHOLODMASHHOLDING» has a long history of the development of various cooling systems, including conventional and special-purpose air-conditioning systems.

One of the key company’s customer is the Russian Navy, and JSC «VNIIKHOLODMASH-HOLDING» conducts a variety of engineering and research activities, prototyping, production, repair of refrigeration equipment for use on vessels and submarines.

In accordance with the State program of armament development for 2011-2020, JSC «VNIIKHOLODMASH-HOLDING» started the development of refrigeration equipment for newly built ships and the implementation of modernization program for nuclear multipurpose submarines of the Northern and Pacific fleets.

Also JSC «VNIIKHOLODMASHHOLDING» is designing the air-con-

ditioning system using the thermoelectric effect (Peltier effect) for specialized and transportation vehicles of the Russian Armed Forces. This method of cooling is widely known and successfully applied in many industries. Air-conditioning systems designed using this principle have higher service life and reliability (because they do not have any moving parts), high reparability, and the ability to completely reverse operation (switching over the current polarity allows using the cold junction as the hot junction and the hot junction as the cold junction). Due to the use of modern thermoelectric modules, the design of which is worked out and optimized specifically for the given conditions, we were able to achieve the high energy efficiency of air conditioner at relatively small weight and size parameters.

JSC «VNIIKHOLODMASH-HOLDING» 79A Altufievskoe Shosse, Bldg. 3, Moscow 127410, Russia Phone/Fax: + 7 (499) 901-0100 www.vniikholodmash.ru

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> ELECTRONICS

AGAT-CONTROL SYSTEMS OJSC – MANAGING COMPANY OF GEOINFORMATION CONTROL SYSTEMS HOLDING he AGAT-Control Systems OJSC – Managing Company of Geoinformation Control Systems Holding (Republic of Belarus) has been developing automated command & control and weapons control systems since 1969.

For over 45 years, the company has developed three generations of the C4ISR-type automated command & control and weapons con-

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trol systems, which are in service with armed forces of several nations.

Currently, AGAT is offering fourth-generation automated control systems (ACS) based on the NetCentric Operations concept. The use of such a system provides comprehensive and effective control of troops and weapons.

The new-generation ACS provide for the possibility of the widest use of combat robotic systems (ground, air and surface platforms) in battlespace.

AGAT’s efforts are also focused on protecting the information resources of the systems under development from enemy electronic countermeasures and developing an IFF system on the battlefield.

The threat assessment and decision support tasks are implemented using various modeling techniques.

Engineering solutions used in the new-generation ACS make it possible to deploy ACS facilities using the telecommunications infrastructure available to troops.

With its many years of experience, AGAT is capable of integrating active devices from different

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manufacturers in ACS and forming a single information battlespace based on sensors data implemented using different physical principles.

AGAT-Control Systems OJSC – Managing Company of Geoinformation Control Systems Holding 117 Nezavisimosti Ave., Minsk 220114, Republic of Belarus Phone: +375 17 267 44 55 Fax: +375 17 267 24 50 E-mail: agat@agat.iptel.by www.agat.by

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> NEWS FROM RUSSIA. NAVY Zvezda Shipyard to upgrade Project 949A submarine Irkutsk

Alexander Nevsky commissioned by the Russian Navy

The ceremony of handing over the nuclear strategic submarine (SSBN) Alexander Nevsky – the first follow-on submarine of Project 955 Borey developed by the Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering (CDB ME) – to the Russian Navy took place at Sevmash. The SSBN was laid down on March 19, 2004, and

The Zvezda Shipyard in the Russian Far East announced the commencement of upgrade works on the Project 949A nuclear cruise missile submarine (SSGN) K-132 Irkutsk.

According to the tender documentation, it is planned to spend 12 billion rubles for this purpose. The following equipment will be replaced on a submarine: missile strike system (Kalibr-PL and Onyx cruise missiles will be installed instead of Granit missiles), radar and sonar systems, navigation equipment and a number of life-support systems. As a result, the boat’s performance and striking capabilities will be enhanced. The upgrade project for the Project 949A boat developed by the Rubin CDB ME involves 27 contractors, including the Morinformsistema-Agat Concern, the Concern Avrora S&PA, the Prometey Central Research Institute of Structural Materials and the Lazurit Central Design Bureau.

launched on December 6, 2010. The submarine’s displacement is about 24,000 t, length – 170 m, beam – 13.5 m, draft – 10 m, maximum submerged speed – 29 knots. The boat is armed with 16 Bulava SLBMs, torpedoes and rocket-assisted torpedoes which are fired from six bow 533mm torpedo tubes.

Second hull keel-laid

Pella Shipyard starts the construction of second Project 11982 research vessel The Severnaya Verf Shipyard has laid down the keel of the Project 23120 supply tug MB-75. This is the second of the three vessels of this class being built for the Russian Navy.

The tug’s full displacement is 9,000 t, length – 90 m, beam – 22 m, maxi-

mum draft – 8.65 m, maximum speed – 18 knots, crew – 27 men. The vessel is intended for loading, storage, transportation and transfer of dry cargo, towing of emergency vessels and ships, providing assistance to their crews.

Yantar Shipyard keel-laid the frigate Admiral Istomin

> Seliger – the type ship of Project 11982

The Pella Shipyard in the Leningrad region has started the construction of the second Project 11982 research vessel developed by the Almaz Central Marine Design Bureau, which was assigned the name Ladoga.

The customer of the vessel is the RF Ministry of Defense’s Main Deep-Sea Research Department. The type ship Seliger was built by the Yantar Shipyard and delivered to the customer in December 2012. The vessel is intended to test equipment, carry out deep-sea research and search-and-rescue operations.

Ladoga, according to the Department’s Chief Vice Admiral Alexei Burilichev, «will have some differences from the type ship.»

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The Yantar Shipyard has keel-laid the frigate Admiral Istomin, the fifth ship of Project 11356ZR/M. The frigate will be built for the Russian Navy’s Black Sea Fleet. The ship is named in honor of Vladimir I. Istomin (1809-

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1855), famous Russian naval commander who participated in the Battle of Navarino (1827) and the Battle of Sinop (1853). He died in the defense of Sevastopol on March 7, 1855, during the Crimean War.

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> NEWS FROM RUSSIA. NAVY Euroyachting-designed assault landing craft BK-10 built at Rybinsk Shipyard

MiG-29K and MiG-29KUB shipborne fighters fielded to the Russian Naval Aviation

The fast assault landing craft BK-10 has been built at the Rybinsk Shipyard to a project designed by Euroyachting.

The BK-10 was developed around the base platform of the Lider-10-type craft that are supplied to Russia’s Emergencies Ministry. The BK-10 is designed to transport personnel in the coastal zone, get on the beach, counter piracy and terrorism, and assist those in distress. The craft features a displacement of 4.5 t, a length of 10.4 m, a beam of 3.5 m, a draft of 0.6 m, a maximum speed of 40 knots, and a range of 200 miles at 20 knots. The crew consists of 2 men, and the craft can carry 10 troopers. The BK-10 is equipped with one 7.62mm machinegun, and provision is made to install one more machinegun.

The first four production MiG-29K and MiG-29KUB shipborne fighters have been fielded to the Russian Naval Aviation. These are multifunction Gen 4++ aircraft designed to perform fleet air defense tasks, win air supremacy,

engage surface and ground targets with precision-guided weapons in any weather, day or night. The RF Ministry of Defense has signed a contract for 24 MiG-29K/KUB fighters to be supplied to the Navy until 2015.

Two ships keel-laid at once

Two diesel-electric submarines handed over to Vietnamese Navy The Admiralty Shipyard has handed over two Project 06361 diesel-electric submarines (SSK) Hanoi and Hoshimin to Vietnam. The subs of this class feature a submerged displacement of 3,125 t, a submerged speed of 17 knots, and a diving depth of 300 m. The crew is 52 men. They are equipped with modern electronic sensor systems, armed with torpedoes,

> Project 22350 frigate

mines and Club-S cruise missiles for engaging surface and shore targets.

Advanced noise-absorbing materials and extensive dampening of all the mechanisms provide the boats high stealthiness.

The keel-laying ceremony of two ships for the Russian Navy – the frigate Admiral of the USSR Fleet Issakov (the fourth ship of Project 22350) and the medium intelligence

Admiralty Shipyard launched type diesel-electric boat of Project 06363

Severodvinsk entered service

The attack nuclear submarine (SSN) Severodvinsk, the type boat of Project 885 Yasen, has become operational with the Russian Navy.

This is a one-shaft submarine featuring a submerged displacement of 13,800 t, maximum speed of 30 knots, diving depth of 600 m and a reduced acoustic signature. Boat’s main armament includes the Onyx supersonic antiship missiles and Kalibr-PL missile system’s cruise missiles designed to destroy surface and shore targets, as well as torpedo tubes for firing torpedoes and rocket-assisted torpedoes. The crew consists of 90 men, including 32 officers.

The Russian Navy expects to get eight submarines of this project until 2020.

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ship Ivan Khurs (the second ship of Project 18280) – was held at the Severnaya Verf Shipyard on November 14 on the eve of its 101st anniversary.

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The Project 06363 type diesel-electric submarine (SSK) Novorossiysk designed by the Rubin CDB ME was launched at the Admiralty Shipyard.

The sub’s submerged displacement is about 3,100 t, maximum submerged speed – 20 knots, diving depth – 300 m. The crew consists of 52 men.

The submarine will be armed with the Kalibr-PL strike missile system, torpedoes and mines. Her sonar system is capable of detecting a target at a dis-

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tance 3-4 times longer than that at which the enemy can see the boat. It is planned to have a total of six boats of this class in the Black Sea Fleet, three of which are under construction.

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INS VIKRAMADITYA: THE MASTER OF THE INDIAN OCEAN Fyodor DIANOV n January 8, 2014, the newest aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya, which is currently the most powerful surface combatant ship available to the navies of the states located on the shores of the Indian Ocean, arrived at Kadamba Naval Base on the Arabian Sea. The ship was retrofitted at the Sevmash Shipyard into an aircraft carrier from the heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser Admiral Gorshkov. By the way, Commanderin-Chief of the Soviet Navy Sergei Gorshkov was among the active supporters and enthusiasts who favored developing military-technical cooperation between the two countries. It was when the Soviet Navy was under his command that

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a variety of naval ships were delivered to the Indian Navy in the last century, including: eight Project 641 (Foxtrot class) diesel-electric submarines, five Project 61ME (Kashin II class) guided missile destroyers, five Project 159 (Petya II class) corvettes, three Project 1234E (Nanuchka II class) small missile ships, fourteen Project 205 (Osa class) missile boats, twelve Project 266ME (Natya class) ocean minesweepers and six Project 1258 (Yevgenya class) harbor minesweepers, eight Project 773 (Polnochny class) amphibious ships, as well as several auxiliary vessels. The supply of twelve Project 1241RE (Tarantul class) large missile craft and four Project 1241PE (Pauk class) small

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antisubmarine ships to the friendly country started under Gorshkov. As can be seen from the list, these were the concerted efforts to strengthen the Indian Navy rather than occasional shipments from time to time.

These combatant and support ships made up the backbone of the Indian Navy.

They also took part in fighting during the Indo-Pakistani conflict of 1971. Particularly, on the night of December 5, three Indian Osa-Ń lass boats raided Karachi, the main naval base of the enemy. The destroyer Khaibar got off the harbor to intercept them. One of the Indian boats attacked the destroyer with two P-15 missiles. Both the missiles hit the target. The ship caught fire, began taking on water, lost stability, turned turtle and sank. Indian missiles also

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> Commander of the aircraft carrier Commodore Suraj Berry and Rosoboronexport Deputy Director General Igor Sevastyanov signing the act of acceptance

sank a Pakistani minesweeper and severely damaged a transport vessel that remained off the harbor.

Another two missiles hit port facilities, setting them ablaze. Four days later, the Indian boats re-launched a raid. This time the main targets of the night attack were Karachi’s oil storage tanks. Four missiles set them on fire. The flame of a huge fire lit up the sky and the city. Other onshore facilities, as well as four Pakistani and one British vessels lying in the port were also damaged.

Some of the Gorshkov-era ships are still in service. In recent years, the Indian Navy has been supplemented by a number of combatant and support ships built in postSoviet time: ten Project 877EKM (Kilo class) diesel-electric sub-

marines, six Project 11356 (Talwar class) frigates, and the tanker Jyoti.

One of these Project 11356 frigates – INS Trikand – escorted INS Vikramaditya during its voyage from the Barents Sea to Kadamba Naval Base. The Indian Navy has leased the Project 971I nuclear-powered submarine Chakra from Russia.

Russian-Indian cooperation has resulted in the BRAHMOS supersonic cruise missile designed to destroy surface and shore targets.

Russian specialists have assisted India in building three Project 15 (Delhi class) guided missile destroyers, four Project 25 (Khukri class) and four Project 25A (Kora class) corvettes. The latest Indian Project 15A (Kolkata class) destroyers were partially equipped with Russian

weapons, while the Russian Project 11356 ships became the prototype for the Project 17 (Shivalik class) frigates, which are fitted with BRAHMOS missiles, Shtil-1 (Kashmir – according to Indian Codification) SAM systems and sixbarreled 30mm AK-630 CIWS. In other words, with the assistance from the USSR and then Russia, India has become one of the largest naval powers. Now its Navy has been supplemented by the aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya.

The heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser Admiral Gorshkov with the full displacement of 44,500 t, built at the Black Sea Shipyard in Nikolaev (now Ukraine) to Project 11434 (designer: Nevskoye Design Bureau), joined the Soviet Navy in December 1987 under the name of Baku. The ship carried varied aviation, strike and defensive armaments, including 36 Yak-38M VTOL attack aircraft and Ka-27 helicopters, 12 P-500 Bazalt antiship missiles capable of engaging targets at up to 500 km, two 100mm AK-100 versatile guns, four Kinzhal air defense missile/gun systems, as well as 30mm AK-630 CIWS. In 1988, the ship moved from the Black Sea to the Northern Fleet and in October 1990 it was renamed Admiral Gorshkov. The Yak-38Ms were soon discarded and the heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser remained without her main armament. The year 1994 saw the beginning of the negotiations on retrofitting the cruiser into a light aircraft carrier and selling her to India. They lasted nearly nine years. Finally, on

> Soviet Navy’s heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser Baku

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> MiG-29KUB fighter taking off from the aircraft carrier deck

January 29, 2004, the agreement was signed.

Under the agreement, India would receive the ship for free, while Russia would convert her to a light aircraft carrier according to Project 11430 (designed by the Nevskoye Design Bureau) for US$ 974 million. The contract also included a provision that India would purchase 16 MiG-29K and MiG-29KUB deck-based fighters, as well as several Ka-28 ASW helicopters and Ka-31 radar picket helicopters for the ship worth US$ 530 million.

Soon it became clear that the money allocated was not enough to complete the contract. The scope of work to be performed turned out too big. Only the hull remained from ex-Gorshkov. Everything else was to be replaced. The ship was to receive a continuous flight deck 198 meter long with a bow ski-jump ramp, arrester gears, two aircraft elevators, a completely reconfigured hangar deck, new main powerplant and electronic warfare suite. This is just a general outline. In fact, the ship underwent a retrofit at the Sevmash Shipyard in Severodvinsk from the keel to the truck.

That is why new negotiations were initiated. On March 12, 2010, a supplementary agreement was signed. The cost of upgrading the ship rose to US$ 2.35 billion. This was a fair compromise.

On November 16, 2013, the Indian Navy received the aircraft carrier, which will carry 16 MiG-29K deck-based fighters, two

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MiG-29KUB combat trainers, as well as up to ten helicopters: Ka-28 ASW, Ka-31 radar picket, as well as Dhruv Indian-built multipurpose helicopters. In the future, the carrier will be able to operate Tejas fighters, which are under development in India.

On the Indian side the act of acceptance was signed by commander of the aircraft carrier Commodore Suraj Berry, and on the Russian side – by Rosoboronexport Deputy Director General Igor Sevastyanov. The ceremony in Severodvinsk was attended by Indian Defense Minister A.K. Antony and other officials. The Russian side was represented by Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, RF Navy Commander-inChief Admiral Victor Chirkov, USC President Vladimir Shmakov, Sevmash Director General Mikhail Budnichenko, heads of Russian shipbuilding enterprises. Mr. Antony said in his speech that Sevmash had coped with the task in a professional manner and congratulated its personnel on the successful completion of the project.

As of today, the ship carries no strike missile and versatile artillery armaments. The backbone of ship’s self-defense capabilities against enemy aircraft will consist of 30mm AK-630M CIWS and Israeli-made Barak-8 SAM systems, the missiles of which have to down aerial targets, including supersonic cruise missiles, at ranges up to 70-80 km in difficult weather conditions, at any time of day. However, this SAM system is still far from

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mature, and it’s not yet clear when it is available for fitting the Indian aircraft carrier.

INS Vikramaditya is a beautiful and impressive ship. Here's what Lt Cdr Chris Hollingworth from the British frigate HMS Monmouth, which escorted the Indian aircraft carrier through the English Channel, told the Royal Navy’s official website about it: «I was impressed at the scale the Vikramaditya, which displaces twice as much as HMS Illustrious.»

During a passage of INS Vikramaditya to India, a Russian guarantee team consisting of 183 specialists was on her board. They will stay in the friendly country for a year until the guarantee period expires. And now Moscow and New Delhi are negotiating ship maintenance in the future. «Russia is seeking to provide modernization of the aircraft carrier during her whole 40-year life cycle,» said Nevskoye Design Bureau’s CEO Sergei Vlassov outlining the parameters of bilateral cooperation in this area.

Russia continues to supply India with MiG-29K multifunction shipborne fighters and MiG-29KUB combat trainers. Twenty-one of them are already in service with the Indian Navy’s Black Panthers Squadron: 16 under the 2004 contract and five from the batch of 29 MiGs under the additional 2010 agreement worth US$ 1.5 billion.

The Indian delegation’s stay in Russia on the occasion of handing over the aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya coincided with the 13th meeting of the Russian-Indian intergovernmental commission on military-technical cooperation. The parties discussed the issues of the further expansion of military-technical cooperation between the two countries, including in the naval sphere.

The meeting chaired by Indian Defense Minister A.K. Antony and RF Defense Minister General of the Army Sergei Shoigu took place in Moscow.

The dialogue was confidential and most of the topics covered remained undisclosed. However, one thing is certain – the transfer of the aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya to the customer and the regular meeting of the Russian-Indian intergovernmental commission on MTC will spur further fruitful militarytechnical cooperation between the two states.

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NAVAL SHIELD

t the beginning of the 21st century the geopolitical situation in the world is rapidly changing and is characterized by constant clashes of political, economic and military interests of the countries and the coalitions of states, including in the oceans of the world as well. There are many reasons to believe that the conflicts will acquire a completely different look in this century. A technologically equipped enemy will deliver massive strikes with precision weapons on the opposing side, while staying beyond the reach of its weapons. These strikes will be accompanied by heavy electronic countermeasures and subversive actions. In most cases, the naval component will be dominant in the conflicts of the future.

Currently, many states having the maritime border are focusing on improving their naval forces and the appropriate command & control (C2) systems. The naval forces today are becoming the most versatile, mobile, protected and effective service of the armed forces capable of handling a wide range of missions not only in the ocean and sea areas, but also in the depth of the continental theaters of operations. That's why the construction and modernization of ships together with equipping them with modern precision guided weapons, the development of the surveillance and communication aids that help build a unified real-time information space, improv-

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ing the force C2 system together with introducing network-centric principles are now the key areas of their activities.

In the context of this trend, the Federal Research-and-Production Center Open Joint-Stock Company Research-and-Production Association (FRPC OJSC RPA) «Mars» – Russia’s prime developer of command & control automation systems for the Russian Navy – together with other enterprises affiliated with the MorinformsistemaAgat Concern and the Russian defense industry has developed an integrated solution – the Combined Shoreline Guard and Defense System (CSGDS). The CSGDS architecture, based on modern information technology, makes it possible to integrate Russian- and foreign-supplied systems, both new-made and operational with customer’s armed forces.

The CSGDS includes: • surface, underwater and air object detection and tracking equipment; • communication and data exchange equipment; • fixed and mobile control automation facilities; • mobile weapons for destroying sea, air and ground targets.

Today the emergence of new armaments, the development of reconnaissance and surveillance aids, a change in the roles and purposes of the naval forces, increase in their combat capabilities, and the

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ever-complicating conditions for preparation of naval operations and fighting entail a significant increase in the requirements for naval forces command & control. The need to meet these requirements, including the totally new ones, on the one hand, and the rapid development of communications, telecommunications and computer technologies, on the other, have led to the fact that automating the most labor-intensive information and computational processes is now the main way to improve command & control of the forces. In addition, two control automation purposes may be noted: the primary purpose – to maximize the effectiveness of using the potential capabilities of forces in solving the assigned tasks; secondary – to create conditions for making the best use of the intelligence of officers at all levels in exercising control of forces through appropriate information support.

Therefore, the main components of the CSGDS control system offered

by Mars for foreign customers and implementing the above principles are as follows: • 83t170-E operations centers for equipping Navy and naval base command & control posts; • 83t611-E operations posts providing the integration and information exchange between all of CSGDS components; • 83t60-RSE regional data exchange systems providing the exchange of all kinds of information between the operations centers and all of CSGDS components.

We are open to suggestions on mutually beneficial cooperation, seek to find new reliable partners, can provide optimal solutions, as well as take orders to deliver our products or develop and manufacture new products to customer requirements.

FRPC OJSC RPA «Mars» 20 Solnechnaya St., Ulyanovsk 432022, Russia Phone: +7 (8422) 52-03-03 Fax: +7 (8422) 55-30-23 E-mail: mars@mv.ru www.npomars.com.

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THE UNIFIED MODULAR OPERATOR’S CONSOLE FROM GRANIT-ELECTRON Vasily SYSOEV, Yuri OVCHAROV modern approach to the development of shipborne automated radio electronic control systems for various functions (navigation, hardware control, weapon control, etc.) requires the use of unified technical solutions.

Three concerns, Granit-Electron, Avrora and Okeanpribor, which occupy a major market segment, are known both in Russia and abroad and work effectively and intensely both for the Russian Navy and export customers, have decided to join their efforts in this area. The significance of this decision, being a good example of successful cooperation between national OEM of such hi-tech equipment, can hardly be overestimated.

Granit-Electron manufactures high-performance modern radar systems, Okeanpribor is known for its advanced hydroacoustic systems, and Avrora is a motion control system developer. Generally, however, these systems operate independently, without being integrated together. Accordingly, each of them occupies a place and requires its own power supply. However, for some types of ships (primarily diesel-electric submarines), precisely the dimensional accuracy characteristics and power consumption parameters are a critical limitation.

Each of the systems (radar, hydroacoustic and motion control) had its own specialized data processing system. Now, it became possible to combine all these functions into a single high-performance processor. So far redundancy meant that an additional number of critical components or systems had to be physically available. In our case, redundancy is implemented on another, interface level. An operator may call information from any system to any display. For example, the

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top screen is displaying the locating situation. But the operator needs to see the motion system. Now he does not need to look for the required screen displaying with this information. He can instantly call it to a screen that it is more convenient for him. This is already the iPad-type human-system interface technology.

Generally, in the joint automated information control system, which we are developing, everything is new, from the processor base and data display elements to control and structural elements. The only groundwork we used is algorithmic know-how in our traditional areas of activities. The system uses the most up-to-date element basis. This is a fifth-generation complex and we have increased our best results for its developing.

The unification of technical solutions for the modular control console design is based on the following approaches: • the use of unified operatorsystem interface principles meeting ergonomics requirements; • the use of a modular approach to the design of digital computing facilities used in control console, both as to hardware/software and design.

To unify the technical solutions for modular control console we take into account such things as: • the differences and similarities in data display and input device requirements for systems with different functionalities; • the requirements for computing facilities performance; • ergonomics requirements; • the requirements for systems arrangement on board a ship.

Requirements for systems arrangement on board a ship raise the issue about the possibility of moving the instruments through

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hatches and opening of limited size, the possibility of the integrated installation of a control console in a single control center (section) of a submarine’s command control station.

The unified modular operator’s console concept has been developed with regard to these requirements and includes a modular console design consisting of three functional modules (pedestal, vertical panel, and console) and four accessory modules (connecting frame, basis, rear beam, and handrail) which are easily mated and unmated.

Design

The vertical panel and the console are the structural elements where the system-operator interface hardware is installed. The design of vertical panel provides for the placing of two 51cm displays. The design of the console envisages the possibility of placing two 21cm displays equipped with touch screens, alphanumeric keyboard and trackball. Depending on tasks assigned, the vertical panel or the console may include different sets of display and control facilities: control panels containing buttons, light indicators, keys, etc. can be installed instead of displays or keyboard. The vertical panel and console meet ergonomics requirements. All this creates a comfortable workplace yielding higher work performance.

The vertical panel and console as well as the accessory parts of the whole device are the frameless structures made of a sheet aluminum alloy. There are no cast and milled elements. > Vasily SYSOEV – Head of the Design Department of JSC «Concern «Granit-Electron» > Yuri OVCHAROV – Head of the Scientific and Technical Center of JSC «Concern «Granit-Electron»

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NAVY < requirements. 3U or 6U A digital computer sysmodules can be used tem is installed in the which makes it possible to pedestal. In its baseline develop the DCS of a varidesign, the pedestal has ety of architectures. The the height and depth suffiapplication of the modular cient to put a crate with architecture concept to the 6U (or 3U) modules on computer system provides either side of rack. a higher level of unificaThe device pedestal is tion and interchangeabilia prefabricated frame ty of its elements. structure. The frame is The QNX v.4.25 real made of specialized time operating system is shaped sections. The secused to ensure reliable tions have grooves and operation of the device openings, in which movand vast experience with able fastening elements it has helped develop a are arranged. Frame skin program suite. This suite, elements are made of an implemented using the aluminum alloy sheet.

WatcomC/C++ package, Two covers having louallows the use of common vers for equipment ventihardware interface modlation and handles for ules. easy removal are installed The development on the frame. efforts have resulted in a In addition to the simple and low-cost uniabove features, the device fied control console. The design allows the placeunification of its structural ment of a large number of elements and compliance output connectors, inside with ergonomics requiredevice installation optiments help to develop a mization, separation of command control station low- and high-frequency around it in the single inputs, power and signal style and make the comlines, etc. mand room convenient The symmetrical and beautiful. The use of pedestal design makes it modern electronic modpossible to install crates ules based on the cPCI with modules on both and VME buses increases sides (at the front or on the reliability and perthe backside) at different formance of the device’s levels or at a single one, so DCS, enabling its applicait facilitates the device tion when developing installation optimization. simple and sophisticated If necessary, the automated control systems pedestal’s height can be for various functionalities. increased in order to put > The unified modular operator’s console for a shipborne radar system All the basic technical several crates in it thereby and design solutions used concentrating the entire compartment in the shortest time. in the device have been protected by digital computer system in one The introduction of such design patents. package. In this case, the pedestal results in a high level of unification will be placed separately from the We are pleased to offer this sysof the device and expands its applipanel part. tem to India, our long-standing cability. The console is available in Through the use of modular partner in military technical cooperboth marine (surface or submarine) design technology, the device can be ation. and shore-based versions. easily modified with minimal production costs for use in various suites.

DCS architecture and implementation Due to its design, the unified In developing the DCS architecmodular operator’s console can be ture for the unified console, the loaded through a hatch with a nomiprinciple of modularity has been nal diameter of 594 mm and a hatch applied and the cPCI and VME syswith the dimensions of 600x600 mm tem buses and Eurocard structural and 100 mm radius of curvature in elements have been used. Electronic minimally disassembled state and modules are placed in a crate, which E-mail: cri-granit@peterlink.ru accordingly it can be assembled in a also complies with the European www.granit-electron.ru

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TIME-PROVEN QUALITY AND RELIABILITY Anatoly BEKISHEV he Salyut Research and Production Enterprise JSC (Russian acronym NPP Salyut), part of the Morinformsistema-Agat Concern, is one of Russia’s leading developers and manufacturers of shipborne radars, radar data processing systems (RDPS) and other electronic devices. Since its foundation in 1942, the company has developed more than 70 types of different tactical radars and manufactured over 15,000 production-type radars and RDPS, which were installed on the ships operated by the Russian Navy and a number of foreign navies.

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> Anatoly BEKISHEV − Director General of the Salyut Research & Production Enterprise JSC

Salyut’s products enjoy steady demand on the international military radar equipment market owing to their high technical and operational characteristics. Today they are purchased by many navies around the world, including the Indian Navy. The company has delivered more than 24 radars for various ship projects implemented in that country, including the Project 11430 aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya commissioned by the Indian Navy on November 16, 2013.

With its highly professional design bureau and advanced technological equipment, Salyut is

> Project 11356 frigate with Salyut-developed Fregat-M2EM radar

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NAVY < capable of developing and manufacturing radars, RDPS and other electronics, which are comparable to the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s best counterparts in terms of performance.

NPP Salyut is undertaking a number of advanced development efforts, both on a heavy upgrade of its products that are in service with the Russian and foreign navies and on up-to-date radars based on active phased array antenna (APAA).

A comprehensive upgrade of radars is implemented using receivers with digital signal generation and processing, as well as solidstate transmitters. This improves the performance and significantly increases reliability of in-service radars.

Work on new advanced radars is focused on the development of early warning radars operating in the C and D bands, E-band radars based on fixed APAAs and H-band radars based on a rotating APAA designed to detect low-flying targets and provide their accurate tracking. The development of a system to provide joint processing of the primary radar data coming from all radar sources and adaptive control of radarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s power and time budget is also nearing the end.

Seeking to meet our foreign customersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs, we are offering the export versions of all of our latest products.

Relying on long cooperation experience with India's Ministry of Defense and Navy, our long-time customers, NPP Salyut is ready to continue and expand the range of cooperation including the supply of the latest radars and RDPS, their upgrade and repair, as well as implementation of advanced joint projects.

> Antennas of Salyut-developed Fregat-M2EM and Podberyozovik radars installed on the Project 11430 light aircraft carrier

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Salyut Research and Production Enterprise JSC 6 Plekhanov St., Moscow 111123, Russia Phone: +7 (495) 672-4859 Fax: +7 (495) 913-3979 E-mail: info@smp-salyut.ru www.smp-salyut.ru

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CONCERN AVRORA: TRAINING AIDS Valentin KOBZEV, Yuri SIZOV ffectiveness of automation systems used in submarines, as well as in other types of ships depends not only on how high are their performance, but also on how well are their crews trained to operate them. In this context, the level of operator training of the crew in handling ship materiel safely is gaining importance.

The postwar period saw changes in the Soviet Navy’s crew training system for the ships, primarily submarines. The corresponding training centers were set up and the level of their fitting with training equipment began to increase.

JSC Concern Avrora Scientific and Production Association has more than half a century experience in developing a variety of training simulators. This area of its activities began to grow with the development of part-task control simulators.

At present, the company is developing the special tactical training sets

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> Valentin KOBZEV – Chief Researcher, Dr. Sc. (Engineering), Professor

> Yuri SIZOV – Director of R&D Division, Cand. Sc. (Engineering)

(STTS), coastal training sets (CTS) and training centers (TC).

For the concern, the development of training equipment required for the national Navy is a critical and promising area of its activities.

Avrora has developed the training equipment concept based on the symbiosis of instructional and technical design. It should be noted also that our company offers the complete production cycle: from techni-

> In a training classroom

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NAVY < cal design of the training simulator to customer specifications to turnkey on-time delivery.

Analyzing the global trends in training simulators and considering our experience with their development, we can note a number of areas where Avrora specialists work successfully. These include the following: 1. Expansion in the range of training aids intended for tactical and operational-tactical training of Navy specialists.

2. Inclusion of mixed forces and facilities (submarines, surface ships, aviation, coastal defense, etc.) in simulator training modes.

3. Simulator training intellectualization, where the emphasis is placed on decision-making processes in emergency and abnormal situations rather than on practicing sensory > Training equipment motor skills, although the latter is necessary too. control panel and at local stations 4. Accounting specialists’ physiwhile wearing protective equipological parameters during simulator training, identifying the emotion- ment, etc.).

There are a number of issues, the al and stress stability thresholds, solution of which depends on the assessing the acquisition threshold customer. For example, training simand the level of training. ulators are ordered today mostly as 5. Determining an optimum control simulators. The use of them trade-off between real-world and for training personnel skills in mainvirtual elements in the training simtenance, much less repair, is possible ulator. only to a very modest extent.

6. Use of the modular approach The training set is a rather allowing the development of simusophisticated and expensive technilators for any purpose. cal/teaching facility, the operation 7. Development of onboard simtime of which needs to be optiulators, a new kind of training facilimized. Such optimization can be ties. done during pre-simulator training 8. Use of the simulator not only using software training aids (comas a training aid, but also as a means puter-based training (CBT) courses, of testing new technical solutions for integrated and group teaching sysin-service command & control systems). tems.

Avrora has a vast experience in 9. Using the models of control developing training software tools systems, controlled elements, inter(TST). The TSTs can be supplied not nal environment (ship compartonly as part of training simulators ments and spaces) and external one (this is already common practice), integrated into a single computing but also as electronic textbooks to environment. the Navy’s institutions and training 10. Imitating trainees’ operating centers. environment in the training set as The company is working also on close to real-world as possible part-task simulators for training in (rolling, noises generated by workmaintenance and repair in the form ing mechanisms, working on the

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of CBT classrooms equipped with workstations.

Among the training facilities developed and being developed by our company are: • part-task engineering station simulators with a TST set for Generation III nuclear-powered submarines; • integrated engineering station simulator for Generation IV nuclearpowered submarines; • STTS with a TST set for diesel-electric submarines (SSK); • coastal training set for SSK crew training with a TST set; • training centers together with a training set and a TST set for foreign customers.

The Avrora Concern develops a broad range of automated training aids and is able to meet the most demanding customer needs.

mail@avrorasystems.com www.avrorasystems.com

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MEET THE DICTATES OF THE TIME New ships from Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard > Project 10750E MCM ship

Vladimir SEREDOKHO he Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard JSC (Russian acronym SNSZ), part of the United Shipbuilding Corporation JSC, dates back to the Ust-Izhora Shipyard founded in 1912 to build warships. It has built more than 500 ships and vessels according to 43 projects for the Russian and foreign navies over a hundred years of its activities.

The Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard is among leading enterprises of the national shipbuilding industry. This is the sole shipyard in Russia offering customers a complete cycle of ship construction made of four types of materials (low magnetic and conventional steels, aluminum and composite materials) – from documentation development to ship delivery to the customer.

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Its traditional products include mine countermeasures (MCM) ships. So far, SNSZ has built more than 200 MCM ships to 18 designs.

Today the shipyard is offering customers a new configuration of the Project 10750E MCM ship.

Unlike the prototype, the previous configuration of the Project 10750E MCM ship and the Project 10750 minesweeper, the ship is equipped with modern countermine equipment, including the latest mine detection sonars, remotely operated and autonomous underwater vehicles. The full displacement of the ship with a monolithic fiberglass hull formed by vacuum infusion, a modern manufacturing process, is about 140 t, length – 31.45 m, and beam – 6.5 m. Two 279kW MAN diesels are used as propulsion engines. Maximum minesweeper speed is 11 knots, cruising range –

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NAVY <

30mm AK-306 automatic guns with 650 miles, endurance – 5 days. The 500 rounds, 12.7mm Kord machinecrew consists of 14 men, including gun with 480 rounds and four Igla three officers.

MANPADS. Mine/sweep armament installed on the MCM ship built to the During special missions, a team improved Project 10750E design of 5 frogmen is accommodated includes: the Diez-10750E automated onboard the ship. countermine activity control system, To reduce the ship’s magnetic Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard JSC which integrates ship’s countermine field, all equipment undergoes the 10 Zavodskaya St., Pontonny, equipment in a single set and is demagnetization procedure at St. Petersburg 196643, Russia designed to perform calculations in SNSZ’s unique test stand.

Phone: +7 (812) 648-3050 order to control weapons and equipThe shipyard is building a type Fax: +7 (812) 648-3070 ment during the countermine activiship of Project 10750E under a conE-mail: office@snsz.ru ties; the latest Sea Bat mine detection tract with a foreign customer. www.snsz.ru sonar operating at 200400 kHz with a range of up to 500 m; the Alister 9-type autonomous underwater vehicles operating at depths down to 100 m and intended to perform a primary search for mine-like objects; the K-Ster Inspector remotely operated vehicles (ROV) with a diving depth down to 300 m for classifying the detected mine-like objects; and the K-Ster Mine Killer ROVs. The Project 10750E MCM ship is capable of using traditional The Project R1650 Rondo multipurpose patrol/general service boat with a steel hull and a fiberglass supercountermine equipment – structure having a displacement of 27 t is a new product from the shipyard. The boat is intended to carry out such as the GKT-3ME deeppatrol/inspection tasks, be on duty in the assigned areas, transport people and cargo, save people in distress in sea contact sweep and the the duty areas. The boat’s maximum speed is 19 knots (approx. 40 km/h). The boat has a considerable cruising ShAT-U broadband acoustic range (220 nm), good seakeeping performance (up to sea state 6), and the endurance of 15 days. The boat is fursweep. The minesweeper is nished with a four-seat fast motorboat and an EO night vision system. equipped with six-barrel

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VERSATILE GUN FOR MULTIMISSION SHIPS Georgy ZAKAMENNYKH he modern trend towards a smaller range of surface combatant ships in most of the navies necessitates an increase in their versatility, that is, the capability to engage surface, air and ground targets.

As the capabilities increase, so does the spectrum of water area guard functions performed by frigates and corvettes. They can patrol territorial waters and exclusive economic zone, escort major combatant units (aircraft carriers, cruisers, etc.), provide fire support to amphibious landing forces, carry out independent tasks such as antipiracy missions, etc.

In this context, naval artillery is required to effectively destroy a wide range of targets. It must:

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> Georgy ZAKAMENNYKH – Director General of the Burevestnik Central Research Instritute JSC, Academician of the Russian Academy of Missile and Artillery Sciences, Dr. Sc. (Engineering), Professor

• have sufficient range, high rate of fire and minimal dead zones; • provide the reaction time of 2 to 5 s when repelling air attacks, primarily antiship missiles, and a quick transfer of fire in a multitarget environment; • operate in automated mode using main and backup control methods in conditions when the enemy employs all kinds of countermeasures.

Among the indispensable requirements for naval artillery are also high survivability and reliability, enabling its operation in different climatic conditions at any time of year and day. Minimizing the weight-and-dimension characteristics of the guns and their radar signature is of importance as well.

The 100mm A190 naval guns fully meet these requirements. Their developer and manufacturer is the

> A190 naval gun

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NAVY < Burevestnik Central Research Institute JSC, the prime research organization of the Russian defense-industrial complex in the field of artillery.

Burevestnikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s products are highly competitive with their foreign counterparts in terms of most of performance characteristics. As a result, its 76mm AK-176 and AK-176M naval guns, operational with the Russian and many foreign navies, are among the most common guns worldwide.

The 100mm A190 lightweight versatile naval gun is a single-barrel turretmounted automatic gun designed to equip ships > 100mm A190 naval gun mounted on Project 21631 small missile ships displacing 500 t or more. also contributed to higher reliability and combat effecIts operation sequence, including placing the gun autotiveness of the gun. The time to place the gun in battle matically in standby or battle readiness condition, readiness has decreased from 55 to 5-10 s. selecting and feeding the required type of ammunition, Today, the A190 guns are installed on surface comlaying the gun and firing a shot, is remotely controlled batants operational with the Russian and Indian navies. by operator. The gun is pointed at the target from the The weight and dimensions of the A190 allow its instalsignals coming from the shipboard fire control system. lation on ships instead of the 76mm AK-176M guns and As a result, the gun offers minimum reaction time and a thus increase the capabilities of previously built ships. high rate of fire.

Batch production of the A190 gun commenced at Use of an electronic automatic control and monitorBurevestnikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s facilities in 2011. To date, already six A190 ing system greatly simplifies the preparation of the gun advanced guns have been shipped to naval shipbuilders for combat use and firing, provides continuous health to equip Project 20380, 20385, 21631 and 11356 ships. monitoring of its mechanisms and transmits data on Project 21631 small missile ships Grad Sviyazhsk and their condition, and allows operator training without the Uglich, built by the Zelenodolsk Shipyard and equipped need to engage the main gun mechanisms. with the A190 gun, have successfully completed the official tests and joined the Caspian naval flotilla.

Basic specifications of A190 gun High growth potential, long service life, which is Rate of fire, rds/min ....................................approx. 80 commensurate with the mean time between overhauls of Horizontal firing range, km ................................over 20 the platform ships themselves, safety and ease of use Elevation angle, deg...............................from -15 to +85 coupled with an affordable purchase and operation cost of the production model make the A190 the gun of choice Projectile weight, kg ..........................................15.6 for equipping a modern multimission combatant ship.

Ammunition load per gun, rds ..................................80 Gun weight, t .....................................not more than 15 The Burevestnik Central Research Institute JSC is ready to consider customersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; proposals to manufacThe A190 fires fixed ammunition with HE and AA ture and tailor the A190 guns to ships of various projprojectiles. ects. High product quality and on-time delivery are The baseline A190 model has been upgraded through guaranteed! the introduction of a muzzle velocity meter, equipment enabling quick control of the alignment between the bore axis and the radar line-of-sight, ammunition conveyor reverse, and a stealthy turret.

Recently, the reliability and action speed of the gun have been significantly improved and its weight-anddimension characteristics have been reduced through a Burevestnik Central Research Institute JSC renewal of components used in its electric, hydraulic 1a Sormovskoye Shosse, and automatic control & monitoring systems. Equipping Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia the combat crew stations with data displays has simpliPhone: +7 (831) 241-1242 fied gun operation and fault diagnosis.

Fax: +7 (831) 241-5550 The addition of new rounds with more lethal HE E-mail: burevestnik@atnn.ru projectiles and a multifunction programmable fuze has www.burevestnik.com

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RUSSIA’S MARINE AND POWER ENGINEERING INDUSTRY: PROLETARSKY ZAVOD JSC Yuri SKORIKOV

often unique products which are currently in use on almost all Russian and many foreign ships and vessels.

Today the Proletarsky Zavod JSC is a strategic national enterprise supporting the implementation of the single state policy in a number of Russian industries. The plant produces a wide range of sophisticated marine equipment. Its products are supplied to implement big orders for the Russian Navy as well as are delivered to foreign customers under intergovernmental contracts concluded with Rosoboronexport’s participation. Marine equipment produced by Proletarsky Zavod includes a number of devices for deep-sea submersibles, powerful marine electrohydraulic heavy-duty cranes, stabilizers, deck machinery, transportation facilities, arresting gears and many other products that are used on board both naval and civilian vessels, including aircraft carrying cruisers, nuclear-powered missile submarines and supertankers.

t Defexpo India 2014, the 8th Land, Navy & Internal Homeland Security Systems Exhibition, the Proletarsky Zavod JSC, one of the oldest engineering enterprises in St. Petersburg founded in 1826, traditionally presents its products at the stand of the United Shipbuilding Corporation (Russia).

During the 188 years of its existence, Proletarsky Zavod changed and expanded its profile several times: from the construction of the famous architectural monuments of Russia and the production of various sophisticated machine tools to the launching of Russia’s first steam ships, construction of Russia’s first > Yuri SKORIKOV – Director General steam locomotives, manufacturing of the Proletarsky Zavod JSC and repair of Soviet diesel locomocargoes. In 1974, the plant merged tives. During World War II, the plant with the Economizer plant and starthad to switch completely to repair of ed producing also power engineermilitary equipment and military ing equipment. During this time, production. To meet the Soviet Proletarsky Zavod began to manuArmy needs, it began to repair facture a number of sophisticated, armored trains, armored railway motor cars, armored cars, equip railway platforms for artillery systems, produce land mines, and manufacture a wide range of parts for tanks and AA guns and much more.

In the 1960s, to supply the state shipbuilding programs with equipment, the plant was converted to the production of marine engineering products and the Special Design Bureau was set up in its premises.

The first prototypes of steering gears and marine cranes, handling manipulators for deep-sea submersibles were manufactured here. In the 1970s, the plant mastered the production of hydraulic units and transfer-at-sea > Underway transfer rigs for dry and liquid cargos (made by Proletarsky Zavod) gears for dry and liquid

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NAVY < Marine engineering products

The company currently manufactures: • Arresting gears for takeoff and landing facilities • Steering gears and stabilizers • Underway transfer gears for dry and liquid cargos • Handling manipulators for underwater work • Marine hoisting equipment • Marine power plants • Water treatment equipment • Hydraulic equipment The plant’s contribution to the development of large- and smallscale power generation facilities in Russia and abroad is significant, too.

For example, in 2013 its Power Engineering Department completed several projects important for the enterprise: production of special electric pump units for nuclear power plants, development and manufacture of suction oil pump units intended for OJSC AK Transneft’s mobile pumping units, overhaul of a turbine compressor and a gas turbine generator gearbox for LLC Gazprom Transgaz Ukhta, delivery of the first batch of turbine compressors for the Indian Navy.

Power engineering products

• Transportable gas-turbine power plants • Pumps for oil and gas industry • Steam turbine generators • Gas-turbine generators

> Handling manipulator for deep-sea submersibles (made by Proletarsky Zavod)

The plant’s employees who were involved in the development and manufacture of marine and ship's equipment were awarded numerous state and departmental decorations.

Vast experience, highest qualification and professionalism of the employees are coupled here with modern management principles, planned modernization, and structure and production process optimization.

This enables Proletarsky Zavod to manufacture competitive products and continue steadily participate in the implementation of Russia’s state programs, including the federal target-oriented programs like the Civil

Marine Engineering Program for 2009-2016 and the State Armaments Program for 2011-2020.

www.proletarsky.ru markeing@proletarsky.ru

> Aircraft carrier equipped with Proletarsky Zavod-made arresting gears

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INTRODUCING DUAL-USE TECHNOLOGY IN NATIONAL ECONOMY STANDARD HYDRAULIC DRIVES FOR LOCK GATE OPERATION Anatoly SHAPOVALOV, Vladimir FEDENKOV he Central Research Institute of Automatics and Hydraulics JSC (Russian acronym TsNIIAG) has accumulated a vast experience in developing various hydraulic drives having a wide range of specifications and applications. In addition, it succeeded at the vital task of standardizing hydraulic drives and their components and instruments, and formulating the standard hydraulic drive and hydraulics concept.

Design documentation was developed in accordance with the concept and a range of hydraulics designed to operate at flow rates of up to 1,500 l/min and pressures of up to 42 MPa were launched in batch production. In developing standard hydraulics, focus was placed on standardizing the dimensions of the basic components, leading to standard seals and reduced range of engineering support facilities. The possible values of diameters and linear dimensions of parts similar in purpose were standardized. Fitting operations were excluded from the process cycle. Standardization of materials minimized the range of steels applied.

The developed components were put into hydraulic drive design practice. The time to develop hydraulic systems for new products significantly shortened. All the conditions arose to implement the «debugging-free» design approach.

The use of standard hydraulic components and modules at production plants made it possible to drastically increase productivity, introduce standard test stands and significantly improve the quality of products.

The efforts have yielded hydraulic components and instruments that found use in self-propelled launchers of missile systems, antenna-feeder vehicles, hydrostatic tank transmissions, constant speed drives for alternators, manipulators

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> Anatoly SHAPOVALOV – Director General and Chief Designer of the Central Research Institute of Automatics and Hydraulics JSC

> Vladimir FEDENKOV – Head of department of the Central Research Institute of Automatics and Hydraulics JSC

for deep-sea submersibles, tunnel shields and many other military and civilian vehicles and units.

In 2011-2012 TsNIIAG carried out studies of the existing drives operating gates of the Moscow Canal locks, which are unique navigational hydraulic facilities. Most of the locks were built and put into operation in the early 20th century, while many of the lock buildings are architectural landmarks.

A lock is intended to provide the passage of ships and is a concrete dock-type structure. The total length of the lock between the exposed edges (faces) of the abutments reaches 700 m. The length of the lock chambers is up to 300 m, the width of the lock chamber is up to 30 m. The general view of the lock and the main types of gates are shown in Figure 1.

On the upstream and downstream sides, the lock is generally sealed by swing (rotating) gates, while miter gates are often installed on the downstream side.

The lock chamber is flooded either from below the swing gate or along culverts through their flat main and auxiliary lock filling

valves. The chamber is emptied through culvert flat valves bypassing the miter gates.

Three main types of lock gates were used on the Moscow Canal: tilting (hinged-leaf), segment and segment balanced gates.

The tilting gate is used in the Rybinsk Transport Hydrosystem locks. Most of the Moscow Canal locks use a segment double-cantilever gate with transoms resting on two I-shaped variable cross-section legs as a service gate of the upstream end of a lock. The locks of the hydraulic facilities located in the south of the Moscow region are equipped with segment balanced gates.

Currently, it is impossible to talk about a permissible service life of the Canal lock equipment due to its wear. Most of machinery and structures were fabricated to individual orders and are not now in production.

As a result of the studies, it was suggested to carry out lock upgrades using as few as three sizes of standardized hydraulic drive systems in lock gate mechanisms adapted to the Canal specifications.

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> Fig. 1 Main types of lock gates used in the Moscow Canal

Introducing advanced technologies for upgrading lock gate machinery improves the reliability and safety of navigation facilities. Standardization reduces the range of equipment used, optimizes the size of spare parts, improves maintenance quality through the uniformity of action, and reduces the time to recover normal operation of a mechanism in case of failure.

A uniqueness of a power hydraulic drive is that it is capable of developing maximum torques and maintaining load at zero speeds for long time.

This property makes it possible to optimize the operating conditions and reduce the installed capacity of equipment. A hydraulic drive includes a power unit, a control instrument, a set of cables and an SPTA set.

The power unit is a one-piece assembly (Ref. Fig. 2). Specifications, dimensions and weights of the basic power unit sizes are shown in Table 1.

The power unit uses a pressurized hydraulic system isolated from the atmosphere.

A controlled pump is used as a source of hydraulic energy which provides regulation over a wide range of output shaft speeds.

In service, a power hydraulic drive requires low maintenance, minimum time to determine its technical condition and conduct routine maintenance.

The drive control system operates four power units, two on each side of the gate (two of them are active and the other two are in standby).

The instrument implementation of the control system is based on the use of data sensors with standard analog outputs in the

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> CONVERSION Table 1.

Siz e

029

032

037

T orqu e, Nm: — Nominal — Maximum — Lim it 195 000 290 000 540 000 50 000 75 000 135 000 17 000 22 000 39 000

Overa ll dime nsions

Spe ed (n ), rpm

Weig ht, kg Power (N), kW

L

A

H

HD

1592

1322

1530

465

3100

1300

1128

1070

315

1170

1175

777

839

280

645

n: 0 to 5 N: up to 110 n: 0 to 5 N: up to 22 n: 0 to 5 N: up to 11

tional subsystems are cancelled and the motion of mechanisms underweight loads is stopped. In addition, a message is sent to the operator indicating the possible cause of shutdown and proposing recommendations how to eliminate the failure.

If implemented, the upgrade proposal from TsNIIAG will yield the following parameters and operation conditions in addition to the specifications given in Table 1: • angular misalignment between the shafts of the drive’s power units (synchronism) does not exceed 1 deg; • the proposed power hydraulic drive corresponds to climatic conditions coded «U» and placement category 1 according to GOST 15150-69 with an ambient temperature of -45 to +40 °C as regards exposure to environmental and climatic factors; • assigned service life of 25 years; • provision is made for the hydraulic drive to stay under water at a depth of down to 8 m (flooding) during two weeks once a year.

form of voltage or current, relay outputs in the form of low-current signals, and digital outputs. The analog information coming from the sensors is fed to matching (coupling) modules through a data acquisition and control unit installed in a computer (controller) and is processed by the system unit (CPU) according to a given algorithm.

Information from the sensors with relay outputs is fed to a computer (controller) through a relay switching unit and matching modules, where it is also processed.

To ensure uniform movement, gate position sensors must be installed on both sides of the gate tracks, whose digital information is fed to a computer (controller) along a lock control system’s dataexchange channel, where it is also used to support operation of the drive according to a given algorithm.

The hydraulic drive control system enables the operator to clearly and conveniently communicate with the hydraulic facility’s control system using a user-friendly interface. Coded access is provided to debug, control algorithm and operation sequence change modes (only for certain categories of operators). In case of power supply or instrument failures, the commands sent to the func-

> Fig. 2 Sizes and basic parameters of power hydraulic drives

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5 Sovetskoy Armii St., Moscow 127018, Russia Phone: +7 (495) 631-2944 Fax: +7 (495) 681-9534 E-mail: cniiag@cniiag.ru

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