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Dear reader,

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— Tomas Janicek

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A—4 B—4 Le pont de l’Europe Gustave Caillebotte (1876)

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Walking is both invigorating and inexpensive.

So what better activity to cleanse the mind and restore the body after a night of debauchery and outrageous indulgence?

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The flaneur is someone who appreciates the urban landscape. It may seem humorous to think walking and paying attention to one’s surroundings is a novel idea, but more often than not, our eyes glaze over as we pass through a familiar stretch of road; we make no effort to appreciate the getting there and therefore we miss out on a large portion of experience. I have never once been disappointed on a long stroll by lack of some amazing occurrence of which I may recount later to friends who are eager to hear of such things happening to someone they know. The author Will Self is certainly a flaneur, and a kind of English equivalent to Hunter S. Thompson. In Walking to Hollywood (2010), he describes his walking expedition from his home in London to Heathrow Airport, and then from LAX to Hollywood, gonzo-style. He is a habitual

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Instead of surfing the web for five hours and then hopping in a car to drive to the theater, the decision to start early and walk is almost never a disappointment. I do however know the actual physical process involved may require some explanation for those of you who are from a city such as mine where the only other ambulators are either destitute or insane (or both). So: you begin walking at a leisurely pace until you are tired and

hungry and your brain begins to despair for lack of food and thirst (this is when you begin to enter the meditative state); some time later you stop for a martini and light meal; you then continue to your destination where you may rest for the return journey (via bus, train, automobile, or back again by foot). To be a flaneur, physically all you must do is walk, but that is only half the exercise — you must also pay attention.

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Merriam-Webster defines a flaneur as an “idle man about town.” Baudelaire used the term to define one who walks a city in order to experience it. The flaneur is a kind of saunterer, whose chief aim is not in getting somewhere, but of observing and appreciating the modern landscape.

Walking is the most comfortable position for the human body and long term walking can be truly meditative. The writers of Internal Policy have begun regularly engaging in long term strolls (of at least two hours; which is of course considered an excessive period of time to use one’s legs, at least in the mind of a native-son of Los Angeles) as a form of leisure and exercise on the weekend.

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WANT TO READ SHORT STORY WRITTEN BY WILL SELF?

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John Stilgoe is a Harvard professor and strong proponent of walking and exploration.

In Outside Lies Magic (1998), Stilgoe details the history behind the things we take for granted every day, and explains what many of things we see as random actually signify (including patches of wildflowers by the roadside). Instead of viewing urban landscapes as a bland whole, through thoughtful observation we may deconstruct and understand the complicated factors which shape

the world around us. Very striking is his analysis that persons living a hundred years ago could literally see more accurately. Paintings from that period and earlier are almost always more visually correct — we no longer teach color theory, but in general people seem not to be visually interested in the same way. He provides the example of how the difference in the color of smoke used to fascinate individuals, such as the change in color of tobacco smoke after exhalation or the blue appearance of wood smoke against a dark background.

“For the perfect flâneur, it is an immense joy to set up house in the heart of the multitude, amid the ebb and flow. To be away from home, yet to feel oneself everywhere at home; to see the world, to be at the center of the world, yet to remain hidden from the world—such are a few of the slightest pleasures of those independent, passionate, impartial natures which the tongue can but clumsily define.”

– Charles Baudelair

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You should definitelly start with a top hat, don’t be affraid of looking like a monopoly guy, you’ll get used to it. If you want to know more about top hats. See A —27/3—27 —

Then you definitely should wear Cutaway coat (Morning coat) which is usualy worn as the principal item in morning dress.

See C — 7/3 — 7 —

Nice walking stick will also improve your image, you don't have to use it, just pretend. See C — 7/3 — 7 —

For hardcore flaneurs there is optional golden pocket watch. See C — 7/4 — 7

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walker and the kind of experience he describes in this article is from my experience, really not so rare:

“I walk by night. I remember years ago, before there were buses or Tubes on New Year’s Eve, walking over London Bridge, in the chill of the first 3am of the year, and seeing an entire platoon of Roman legionnaires marching towards me. At the front, a standard bearer carried the eagle captioned “SPQR”; at the back, a drummer in a leopardskin beat the rhythm for their sandaled feet. I was not alone, so could not dismiss this as fancy or hallucination. Yet neither my companions nor I were disposed to talk to each other as the ancient squad passed us by; nor did we hail them, nor did we speak of it again. It was a benison of the night.”

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Paul Kruger was a descendant of German immigrants to South Africa. His ancestor, Jacobus Krüger, emigrated from Berlin to South Africa in 1713 to work as a mercenary for the Dutch East India Company (VOC).

According to tradition Kruger was born

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The following year he married Maria du Plessis, and they went together with Paul Kruger’s father to live in the Eastern Transvaal. After the family had returned to Rustenburg, Kruger’s wife and infant son died, most probably from fever. He then married his second wife Gezina du Plessis in 1847, with whom he remained until her death in 1901. The couple had seven daughters and nine sons, some dying in infancy.

Kruger was a deeply religious man; he claimed to have only read one book, the Bible. He also claimed to know most of it by heart. He was a founding member of the Reformed Church in South Africa.

Kruger began his military service as a field cornet in the commandos and eventually became Commandant-General of the RSA.

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at Bulhoek, his grandfather’s farm was approximately 15 km west of the town of Steynsburg and 100 km to the north of Cradock in the Eastern Cape Province, and grew up on the farm Vaalbank.

He received only three months of formal education, his master being Tielman Roos, but he became knowledgeable from life on the veld. Paul Kruger became proficient in hunting and horse riding. He contributed to the development of guerrilla warfare during the First Boer War. Kruger’s father, Casper Kruger, joined the trek party of Hendrik Potgieter when the Great Trek started in 1835.

The trekkers crossed the Vaal River in 1838, and at first stayed in the area that is known today as Potchefstroom. Kruger’s father later decided to settle in the district now known as Rustenburg. At the age of 16, Kruger was entitled to choose a farm for himself at the foot of the Magaliesberg, where he settled in 1841.

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WAS STATE PRESIDENT OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC (TRANSVAAL). HE GAINED INTERNATIONAL RENOWN AS THE FACE OF BOER RESISTANCE AGAINST THE BRITISH DURING THE SOUTH AFRICAN OR SECOND BOER WAR (1899–1902).

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A—8 B—8 State President Paul Kruger of the South African Republic at his fourth inaguration in 1898

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In the Transvaal, things changed rapidly after the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand. This discovery had farreaching political repercussions and gave rise to the uitlander (Afrikaans: foreigner) problem, which eventually caused the fall of the Republic. Kruger acknowledged in his memoirs that General Joubert predicted the events that followed afterwards, declaring that instead of rejoicing at the discovery of gold, they should be weeping because it will “cause our land to be soaked in blood”.

At the end of 1895, the failed Jameson raid took place; Jameson was forced to surrender

The Krugerrand is a South African gold coin, first minted in 1967 to help market South African gold. The coin, produced by the South African Mint, proved popular and by 1980 the Krugerrand accounted for 90% of the gold coin market. The name itself is a compound of Kruger (the man depicted on the obverse) and rand, the South African unit of currency. During the 1970s and ‘80s some countries forbade import of the Krugerrand because of the association with the apartheid government of South Africa, which has since been abolished. The Krugerrand today is a popular coin among collectors.

The Krugerrand was introduced in 1967 as a vehicle for private ownership of gold.

Unusually for bullion coins, the Krugerrand was intended to circulate as currency. To this end, it was minted in a more durable copper-gold alloy.

of the Executive Council and shortly after became the Vice-President of the Transvaal.

Following the annexation of the Transvaal by Britain in 1877, Kruger became the leader of the resistance movement. During the same year, he visited Britain for the first time as the leader of a deputation. In 1878, he formed part of a second deputation. A highlight of his visit to Europe was when he ascended in a hot air balloon and saw Paris from the air. The First Boer War started in 1880, and the Boer forces were victorious at Majuba in 1881. Once again, Kruger played a critical role in the negotiations with the British, which led to the restoration of the Transvaal’s independence under British suzerainty.

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In 1873, Kruger resigned as Commandant-General, and for a time he held no office and retired to his farm, Boekenhoutfontein.

However, in 1874, he was elected as a member

On 30 December 1880, at the age of 55, Kruger was elected President of the Transvaal.

One of his first goals was the revision of the Pretoria Convention of 1881; the agreement between the Boers and the British that ended the First Boer War. He again left for Britain in 1883, empowered to negotiate with Lord Derby. Kruger and his companions also visited the Continent and this became a triumph in countries such as Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, France and Spain. In Germany, he attended an imperial banquet at which he was presented to the Emperor, Wilhelm I, and spoke at length with Bismarck.

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He was appointed member of a commission of the Volksraad, the republican parliament that was to draw up a constitution. People began to take notice of the young man and he played a prominent part in ending the quarrel between the Transvaal leader, Stephanus Schoeman, and M.W. Pretorius. He was present at the Sand River Convention in 1852.

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and was taken to Pretoria to be handed over to his British countrymen for punishment.

Joshua Slocum’s sailing memoir relates that, calling at Durban in 1897 on his solo roundthe-world trip, he was introduced to Kruger, who as an adherent of the Flat Earth theory exclaimed “You don’t mean round the world, it is impossible! You mean in the world.

Impossible!”. In 1898, Kruger was elected President for the fourth and final time.

On 11 October 1899, the Second Boer War broke out. On 7 May the following year, Kruger attended the last session of the Volksraad,

Heroes’ Acre of the Church Street cemetery, Pretoria.

Kruger was a large squarely built man, with dark brown hair and brown eyes. As he aged, his hair went snowy white. He wore a moustache and full beard when he started to play a role in public life, but in later years a chinstrap beard and no moustache. Martin Meredith cited W. Morcom’s statement that he had very oily hair and sunken eyes. He was most often dressed in a black frock coat with a top hat.

Never far from his pipe, he was a chain smoker.

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Despite the coin’s legal tender status, economic sanctions against South Africa for its policy of apartheid made the Krugerrand an illegal import in many Western countries during the 1970s and 1980s. These sanctions ended when South Africa abandoned apartheid in 1994.

By 1980 the Krugerrand accounted for 90% of the global gold coin market. That year South Africa introduced three smaller coins with a half ounce, quarter ounce, and tenth ounce of gold. Through 2008, Krugerrand coins containing 46 million ounces of gold have been sold. The success of the Krugerrand led to many other gold-producing nations minting their own bullion coins, such as the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf in 1979, the Australian Nugget in 1981, the American Gold Eagle in 1986 and the British Britannia coin.

Private mints have also attempted to capitalize off the popularity of the Krugerrand, minting gold and silver bullion rounds (the term coin denotes legal currency) in the style of the Krugerrand. The rounds often depict Paul Kruger and a springbok antelope, some even blatantly copying the same design as on the Krugerrands themselves, though the inscriptions are altered.

These bullion rounds are not offered by the South African Mint or the Government of South Africa, and are therefore not official, have no legal tender value and can not technically be considered coins. The Krugerrand is 32.77 mm in diameter and 2.84 mm thick. The Krugerrand’s actual weight is 1.0909 troy ounces (33.93 g).

It is minted from gold alloy that is 91.67% pure (22 karats), so the coin contains one troy ounce (31.1035 g) of gold. The remaining 8.33% of the coin’s weight (2.826 g) is copper (an alloy known historically as crown gold which has long been used for English gold sovereigns), which gives the Krugerrand a more orange appearance

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and he fled Pretoria on 29 May as Lord Roberts was advancing on the town. For weeks he either stayed in a house at Waterval Onder or in his railway carriage at Machadodorp in the then Eastern Transvaal, now Mpumalanga.

In October, he left South Africa and fled to Mozambique. There he boarded the Dutch warship Gelderland, sent by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, which had simply ignored the British naval blockade of South Africa. He left his wife, who was ill at the time, and she remained in South Africa where she died on 20 July 1901.

Kruger went to Marseille and from there to Paris. On 1 December 1900 he travelled to Germany, but Kaiser Wilhelm refused to see him. From Germany he went to The Netherlands, where he stayed in rented homes in Hilversum and Utrecht. He also stayed twice in Menton, France (Oct 1902 to May 1903 and Oct 1903 to May 1904) before moving to Clarens, Switzerland, where he died on 14 July 1904. His body was embalmed by Prof. Aug Roud and first buried on 26 July 1904 in The Hague, Netherlands.

After the British government gave permission he was reburied on 16 December 1904 in the

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The image of Kruger in his top hat and frock coat, smoking his pipe was used to great effect in the Anglo-Boer war by British cartoonists.

According to legend, he was named Mamelodi’a Tshwane (Tswana: “whistler of the Apies River”) by the inhabitants of the surrounding area for his ability to whistle and imitate bird calls.

him, as is the Krugerrand coin, which features his face on the obverse. Pipe manufacturers still produce a style named “Oom Paul”, the characteristic large-bowled full-bent shape often seen in photographs of Paul Kruger and believed to have been designed especially for him.

In 2004 he was voted 27th in the SABC3’s Great South Africans poll conducted by the South African Broadcasting Corporation.

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WANT TO READ MORE ABOUT GOLD KRUGGERAND COINS?

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Vanity Fair cartoon of Paul Kruger 1899

Was an American commercial artist.

He is recognized as the earliest known designer of the smiley, which became an enduring and notable international icon. Ball was born and raised in Worcester, Massachusetts. During his time as a student at Worcester South High School, he became an apprentice to a local sign painter, and later attended Worcester Art Museum School, where he studied fine arts.

Ball was based in Asia and the Pacific during World War II and was awarded the Bronze Star for heroism during the Battle of Okinawa. He served 27 years in the National Guard, retired as a Brigadier General in 1973 and then served six years in the Army Reserves.

He retired as a full colonel in 1979. Ball was awarded the Veteran of the Year award from the

than silver-alloyed gold coins. Copper alloy coins are harder and more durable, so they can resist scratches and dents. The Krugerrand is so named because the obverse, designed by Otto Schultz, bears the face of Boer statesman Paul Kruger, four-term president of the old South African Republic. The reverse depicts a springbok, one of the national symbols of South Africa. The image was designed by Coert Steynberg, and was previously used on the reverse of the earlier South African five shilling coin. The name “South Africa” and the gold content are inscribed in both Afrikaans and English (as can be seen on the pictures of the coin).

The word “Krugerrand” is a registered trade mark owned by Rand Refinery Limited, of Germiston.

INTERESTED IN FINDING OUT MORE ABOUT VANITY FAIR?

His former Pretoria residence is now the Kruger House Museum.

A statue of Paul Kruger in his characteristic formal dress stands in Church Square, Pretoria.

The Kruger National Park is named after

There are streets and squares named after Kruger in Dutch towns and cities. In Amsterdam’s Transvaalbuurt where most of the names of the streets and squares are taken from the Boer wars there is a Krugerstraat and a Krugerplein. There are other “Transvaalbuurts” in other Dutch towns and cities. These names were given some years after the Second Boer War.

In Den Haag, the Netherlands, a renowned market street is still called, de Paul Krugerlaan.

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Worcester Veterans Council in 1999.

After World War II, Ball worked for a local advertising firm until he started his own business, Harvey Ball Advertising, in 1959.

His design of the Smiley came about in 1963. The State Mutual Life Assurance Company of Worcester, Massachusetts (now known as Hanover Insurance) purchased Guarantee Mutual Company of Ohio. The merger resulted in low employee morale. In an attempt to solve this, Ball was employed in 1963 as a freelance artist to create a smiley face to be used on buttons, desk cards, and posters. In less than ten minutes the smiley face was complete.

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In Ireland, in the early years of the Gaelic Athletic Association a number of clubs were named after opponents of the British. In Tuam, one local club was named after Kruger around 1900, although the name disappeared when the club merged with another Tuam club later that decade.

A street in St. Gallen, Switzerland – Krügerstrasse – was named after Kruger, most likely because he enjoyed a reputation as a freedom fighter in late 19th-century

Switzerland. The street was, however renamed in 2009 by the local authority due to Kruger’s racist statements (typical of his period) about indigenous Africans. The street is now renamed after Swiss author Friedrich Dürrenmatt in 2009. A South African diplomat attended the ceremony for the name change.

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The use of the smiley face was part of the company's friendship campaign whereby State Mutual handed out 100 smiley pins to employees. The aim was to get employees to smile while using the phone and doing other

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The Nazis used his biography (Kruger had German ancestors) for one of their anti-British propaganda films: Ohm Krüger (Uncle Krüger), shot by director Hans Steinhoff in 1940–41. The role of Kruger in this movie was played by Emil Jannings.

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Holly knew that it was involuntary on

his part; that Brion’s gesture was a handme-down from his headmaster father.

Presumably, she thought, Michael McCluskey had inherited it as well, and so the flick went back, for generation after generation, until in the dim, distant past there was a primordial McCluskey in a bothy in Connemara, so dismissing his own, importunate cow of a wife.

steering howled in protest, as Holly wrenched the wheel the other way, and they shot off up the track to the main road, loose stones drumming on the undercarriage.

She pictured the sweat-damp swirls of fair hair on Brion’s high forehead. She pictured his hooded, grey-blue eyes. But she felt no forgiveness: only resentment, as acidic and uncomfortable as heartburn.

Holly got lost on the switchback roads, and further confused by the inadequate map. In the little hilltop, medieval towns, the honeyed stone porticos taunted her with their ancient indifference, while the inhabitants bamboozled

tasks. The buttons were highly popular, with orders in lots of 10,000. More than 50 million smiley face buttons were sold by 1971, and the smiley has been described as an international icon.

Ball never applied for a trademark or copyright of the smiley and earned just $45 for his work. State Mutual, similarly, did not make any money from the design. Ball's son, Charles Ball is reported to have said his father never regretted not registering the copyright. Telegram & Gazette reported Charles Ball as saying "he was not a money-driven guy, he used to say, 'Hey, I can only eat one steak at a time, drive one car at a time'".

The associated "have a nice day" tag was not part of the original design. Brothers Bernard and Murray Spain later trademarked the line combined with a smiley face in the early 1970s.

On July 18, 1998, around the 35th anniversary of the design's inception, Ball appeared at That's Entertainment to meet fans and sign smiley pins and art. At this appearance Ball was shown copies of the graphic novel Watchmen issue #1, which featured a notorious image of a smiley face with a splatter of blood across it. Store Manager Ken Carson was quoted as saying Ball seemed amused to see it on the cover.

The World Smile Corporation was founded by Ball in 1999. The corporation licenses Smileys and organizes World Smile Day. World Smile Day raises money for the Harvey Ball World Smile Foundation, a non-profit charitable trust which supports children's causes. World Smile Day is held on the first Friday of October each year and is a day dedicated to "good cheer and good works". The catch phrase for the day is "Do an act of kindness - help one person smile".

“He’s tired,” she tried to forgive her husband as she corralled their twins into the hire car. “This is his one holiday of the year – otherwise he works flat-out. Why shouldn’t he stay behind?” Why indeed? The Tuscan sky was

She wrenched the steering wheel of the big Renault and it reversed with a sudden lurch, almost clipping the gatepost. The twins howled with delight, the car’s power

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a flawless blue, a tasty bouquet of thyme and rosemary was blowing in from the fields. The loungers by the pool were well-padded. Brion had a good book. And yet… “It’s out of character – his bloody, pushy character! These are exactly the sort of people he usually wants to suck up to.

Socio-networking he calls it. The jerk.”

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It was one of those things that married people come to loathe about their spouses with a deep and passionate intensity, along with the timbre of their coughs, their tipsy giggles, the particular, guilty creaks with which they ascend the stairs. In Holly’s case, it was the dismissive flick of thumb and index finger, with which Brion indicated that the subject was closed. That he wasn’t going to come out with them to lunch – and that he didn’t wish to talk to her anymore.

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SHORT STORY BY WILL SELF

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her with their directions. By the time she reached Monte Felacco, almost an hour late, she was close to crying, while the twins were, as always, bickering with each other. She pulled to a halt and swivelling round let fly with slaps of tongue and hand.

For a moment their two, non-identical – but for all that absurdly similar – faces, were frozen with shock. Holly thought she’d gone too far – that they were about to burst into tears. But at 11 they were too old for that now. Instead, the boy, Peter, muttered derisively “Really, Mum.” Just as his father would’ve done. Then they both got out of the car and sauntered off to find their friends.

prosecco in her outstretched hand.

“I’m so glad I caught you before you came down to the villa.” She launched straight in after an exchange of cheeks and kisses. “There’s something I absolutely have to tell you before we eat.” She flicked back her great mane of grey, corkscrew curls – which, with her youthful, almost gamine face, made her startlingly beautiful, like some mythical queen. She linked a gym-toned arm in Holly’s and they strolled together. “Jessica Albie is here this summer, with her husband Xavier Suarez. Of course, you know who they are… ” Holly did: she a

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It is an evergreen climbing plant, growing to 20– 30 m high where suitable surfaces (trees, cliffs, walls) are available, and also growing as ground cover where there are no vertical surfaces. It climbs by means of aerial rootlets which cling to the substrate.

The leaves are alternate, 50–100 mm long, with a 15–20 mm petiole; they are of two types, with

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Holly redid her sweat-smeared makeup in the rearview. Her white, lace-trimmed smock blouse was last season’s. “My face,” she lacerated herself “is last bloody millennium’s.” Melissa and her posse of smart friends made Holly feel frumpy and inadequate in London – in Tuscany they were bound to be a nightmare. She knew they all hung out together for a month every summer in this idyllic, hilltop compound. Each family with its own perfect villa, the ivied ruins of an exquisite, ancient palazzo looming over the huge swimming pool.

Melissa’s friends were movie people and successful novelists. They were as at home in LA as they were in Tuscany. None of the women had little jobs like hers – they were all beautifully groomed powerhouses. None of the men would even deign to look at her – let alone engage her in conversation. If it wasn’t for the fact that Melissa had children the same age as the twins, Holly would’ve cancelled. If only Brion had been there, he may have been a pushy jerk – but there was no denying he was a charming one, always perfectly at ease. “Bloody Brion!” Holly thought for the thousandth time. Then broke off, because Melissa was standing by the car with a glass of

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palmately five-lobed juvenile leaves on creeping and climbing stems, and unlobed cordate adult leaves on fertile flowering stems exposed to full sun, usually high in the crowns of trees or the top of rock faces.

The flowers are produced from late summer until late autumn, individually small, in 3–5 cm diameter umbels, greenish-yellow, and very rich in nectar, an important late autumn food source for bees and other insects.

The fruit are purple-black to orange-yellow berries 6–8 mm diameter, ripening in late winter, and are an important food for many birds, though somewhat poisonous to humans.

There are one to five seeds in each berry, which are dispersed by birds eating the berries.

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different fathers! Anyway,” Melissa shrugged off this bizarre revelation as if it were any old piece of tittle-tattle, “I thought I’d better warn you. Now come on, everyone’s down on the terrace waiting.”

Lunch went far better than Holly could ever have dreamed. Perhaps it was the large quantities of prosecco – which everyone swilled as if it were elegant 7up. Perhaps it was the exquisite octopus risotto that Xavier Suarez had cooked after – as he informed Holly – “Marinading those suckers in their own ink for two nights.” Or maybe it was the majestic sweep of the view from the hill, across the rolling

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“I assure you I’m not,” Melissa continued as they strolled down a stone-flagged path, between glossy cypresses. “You wouldn’t think it to look at her, but Jessica had half the men in London before she finally settled on Xavier.

Settled just in time, because a few months later she gave birth to these twin boys – ” “Non-identical, right?”

“Oh,” Melissa laughed again “as non-identical as could be. I mean, clearly not the fruit of the same man’s loins.”

“B-but, how can that be?”

Holly struggled to picture the biological processes involved in this, but gave up: “You’re telling me that one of her eggs was, that it – ” “It divided, and each half was fertilised with the sperm of two different men. So that in the fullness of time she gave birth to twins with

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“Different fathers?” Holly laughed. “Don’t be ridiculous!”

“Come on, Holly, don’t be naive,” another squeeze of the arm, “sperm can swim about in the uterine canal for anything up to three days. It’s not impossible that some other fellow’s different little fellows might dive in there during that time.”

The second Vanity Fair was a British weekly magazine published from 1868 to 1914.

Subtitled "A Weekly Show of Political, Social and Literary Wares", it was founded by Thomas Gibson Bowles, who aimed to expose the contemporary vanities of Victorian society.

The first issue appeared in London on 7 November 1868. It offered its readership articles on fashion, current events, the theatre, books, social events and the latest scandals, together with serial fiction, word games and other trivia.

Bowles wrote much of the magazine himself under various pseudonyms, such as "Jehu Junior", but contributors included Lewis Carroll, Willie Wilde, P. G. Wodehouse, Jessie Pope and Bertram Fletcher Robinson (who was editor from June 1904 to October 1906).[1]

fashion designer, he a film director. ” … And, well, I wouldn’t mention this – because they sort of fudge it, by pretending one’s a year older than the other – but, well, since you’ve got twins, I thought you might make the mistake of asking about them, which might be awkward.”

“Them?” Holly queried.

“Their twins, I mean.” Melissa gave Holly’s arm a squeeze.

“Awkward?” Holly was feeling very confused “Why?” “Because, well, to put it bluntly: they’ve got different fathers.”

countryside, with its chiaroscuro of tawny and umber shades, and its jewel-like villages. A view that made one realise that those Renaissance landscapes were, in fact, almost photo-real.

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marinading had taken place: doubly alien, tentacular, fingers, detaching from a protoplasmic ball. As for Suarez, whose bear-like bulk and grizzled muzzle already suggested some noble beast of the woods, Holly couldn’t forbear from visualising great horns, arcing up from his brows as he browsed on his insalata verde.

Even if the other members of this smart set – a glossy magazine editor, her actor boyfriend, a brace of architects, and an absurdly famous and flamboyantly gay musician – had been inclined towards intimidating Holly, they couldn’t have. For the focus of the whole

“Come on, Holly, don’t be naive!”

The others expressed sympathy to Jessica and Xavier, offered up tales of their own offspring’s outrageous doings, ventured diagnoses of fashionable new disorders. All in all, everyone had the happy experience of witnessing child behaviour that made them feel deeply smug about their own parenting.

Except for the gay musician that is – but then, he was deeply smug all the time.

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Thomas Allinson bought the magazine in 1911 from Frank Harris, by which time it was failing financially. He failed to revive it and the final issue of Vanity Fair appeared on 5 February 1914, after which it was merged into Hearth and Home.

A full-page, colour lithograph of a contemporary celebrity or dignitary appeared in most issues, and it is for these caricatures that Vanity Fair is best known today. Subjects included artists, athletes, royalty, statesmen, scientists, authors, actors, soldiers, religious personalities, business people and scholars. More than two thousand of these images appeared, and they are considered the chief cultural legacy of the magazine, forming a pictorial record of the period. They were produced by an international group of artists, including Max Beerbohm, Sir

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However, on balance, Holly thought that the reason she felt so at ease with Melissa’s ineffably stylish friends was the secret that had been vouchsafed her. Without it the chillily pretty, stick-thin Jessica Albie would have been grossly intimidating; while with the secret inside her, Holly was free to look upon her as a strange freak, within whose own pinched insides the most peculiar

luncheon – the entire afternoon even – were the Suarez boys. They didn’t just bicker, they kicked and punched each other. They didn’t just play harmless tricks – they smashed the windscreen of the musician’s brand-new 4wd Porsche. They didn’t only pee in the swimming pool, they also – and it was Holly’s daughter who informed the assembled company of this latest outrage – “Did a number two!”

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thumb and index finger. Holly’s resentment of that morning flooded back – now with the strength of a tsunami.

No, the Suarezes wouldn’t be visiting the McCluskeys in their, far less salubrious villa. In fact, Holly wasn’t sure she’d even be returning there herself. Jessica Albie had had half the men in London, and the thought of ever sharing a bed again with one of her leftovers, made Holly sick to her stomach.

The Pinkerton National Detective Agency, usually shortened to the Pinkertons, is a private U.S. security guard and detective agency established by Allan Pinkerton in 1850.

Pinkerton became famous when he claimed to have foiled a plot to assassinate president-elect Abraham Lincoln, who later hired Pinkerton agents for his personal security during the Civil War.

Pinkerton's agents performed services ranging from security guarding to private military contracting work. At its height, the Pinkerton National Detective Agency employed more agents than there were members of the standing army of the United States of America, causing the state of Ohio to outlaw the agency due to fears it could be hired as a private army or militia.[citation needed] Pinkerton was the largest private law enforcement organization in the world at the height of its power.

During the labor unrest of the late 19th century and early 20th century, businessmen hired the Pinkerton Agency to provide agents that would infiltrate unions, to supply guards to keep strikers and suspected unionists out of factories, and sometimes to recruit goon squads to intimidate workers. The best known such confrontation was the Homestead Strike of

Holly stayed far later than she’d planned.

It was almost dark when she had finally said her thankyous and goodbyes, tracked down her own twins – who were smoking in a barn – and kicked them back into the Renault. She accepted a basket of porcini from Melissa and bestowed two kisses on her with genuine warmth. “We’ve had a fantastic day,” she said “haven’t we kids?” And they dutifully intoned: “Ye-es.” “You must come over to where we’re staying,” Holly continued “and

Leslie Ward (who signed his work "Spy" and "Drawl"), the Italians Carlo Pellegrini ("Singe" and "Ape"), Melchiorre Delfico ("Delfico") and Liborio Prosperi ("Lib"), the French artist James Jacques Tissot (Coïdé), and the American Thomas Nast.

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contours, she could discern the answer to a halfremembered riddle which had troubled her for years.

When she issued the invitation, Holly meant it. However, within seconds she mentally withdrew it. For, as she shifted into gear, and purely automatically looked in the rearview mirror, the last thing she saw on Monte Felacco was this: Jessica Albie telling off her freakish eight-year-old yet again. This time Ferdie had clearly had enough, and he was dismissing his mother with a familiar gesture, a peculiar flick of his

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bring the Suarezes with you too, I’m sure Brion would love to meet them. If only he hadn’t been laid up with this bloody sunburn today.”

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And Holly – Holly had the double pleasure of being in on the secret. Of being able to read the way Xavier always took the side of Antonio, his own, small, Hispanic doppelganger at a deeper, more sinister level. As for the other Suarez boy, Ferdie, what could’ve been more pathetic than the sight of his mother, taking him aside from the party, time after time, and admonishing him with the same, utterly chilly indifference? Ferdie didn’t resemble her in any way at all – anymore than he looked like his nominal father. Holly couldn’t forbear from peering into his pale face more and more as the afternoon wore on, as if in its pale, unformed

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FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT ENGLISH IVY:

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What is the love of shadowy lips That know not what they seek or press, From whom the lure for ever slips And fails their phantom tenderness?

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The mystery and light of eyes That near to mine grow dim and cold; They move afar in ancient skies Mid flame and mystic darkness rolled.

O beauty, as thy heart o’erflows In tender yielding unto me, A vast desire awakes and grows Unto forgetfulness of thee.

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—

by George W. Russel

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INTERESTED IN GROWING YOUR VERY OWN GERANIUMS?

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They have a willingness to flourish without any special attention, and what is more they are disease-resistant which in my book makes them irreplaceable for most garden situations. They get their common name of "Cranesbills" from the shape of the seed heads after the petals have fallen. They are long-lived and easily propagated, so from the purchase of just one plant; by division it is possible to quickly increase the stock.

Leaves of hardy geraniums are typically

divided into leaflets arranged in a palm-like fashion. They range from the thumbnailsized brown leaves of G. sessiliflorum 'Nigricans' to the rich mid-green dinner-plate-sized leaves of G. maderense. You can find leaves with all sorts of veining, and blotching of white to deepest maroon and purple. Even when not in flower, the intricately cut foliage makes a handsome addition to the borders giving valuable texture and interest, mixing well with other herbaceous plants.

Many are herbaceous perennials that die down in winter and flower again year after year.

They vary in growth from about 6" (15cm) to 4ft

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1892, in which Pinkerton agents were called in to enforce the strikebreaking measures of Henry Clay Frick, acting on behalf of Andrew Carnegie, who was abroad; the ensuing conflicts between Pinkerton agents and striking workers led to several deaths on both sides. The Pinkertons were also used as guards in coal, iron, and lumber disputes in Illinois, Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania, as well as the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.

The company now operates as Pinkerton Consulting and Investigations, a division of the Swedish security company Securitas AB, although its government division is still known as Pinkerton Government Services.

The organization was pejoratively called the "Pinks" by the outlaws and opponents.

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Some confusion exists between geraniums and pelargoniums also frequently referred to as geraniums. The mix-up can be traced back to the eighteenth century and though both are members of the same plant family, they are very different. The pelargoniums or 'Annual Geraniums'; are in fact very unlike the hardy "Cranesbill" for they are only half-hardy being frost tender plants with a single flower stem holding

a flower head made up of florets. It was Joannis Borman, 1738/1739 who first proposed pelargoniums as a group separate from Geraniums.

Unlike the half-hardy Pelargoniums, Cranesbill flowers come in shades that also occupy the blueend of the spectrum spreading towards pinks but do not produce any of the deep vivid reds as the Pelargoniums. Many begin to flower in late spring/early summer and continue on until autumn.

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Is a twelve-issue comic book limited series created by writer Alan Moore, artist Dave Gibbons, and colourist John Higgins. The series was published

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THE HARDY GERANIUM IS A GENUS OF OVER 300 SPECIES FROM TEMPERATE REGIONS OF BOTH HEMISPHERES. THEY ARE INVALUABLE FOR THEIR PRETTY FLOWERS, ATTRACTIVE FOLIAGE, AND THEIR ABILITY TO COVER THE GROUND, A CONTRIBUTION IN THE SUPPRESSION OF WEEDS IN THE BORDER.

(120cm) tall depending on variety. New and lovelier varieties appear on the market each year and few gardens are complete without at least one of them.

Geraniums grow well in well-drained soil in sun or shade, depending on the species. Their position in the border will also depend on the growing height, for some are

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Most hardy geraniums are easily propagated by division, which can be done either spring or autumn. Root cuttings may also be used and should be taken after flowering has finished. Many species are also easy to grow from seed and many will come true as long as there are no other compatible species in the garden.

In most cases seed pods split from bottom to top

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Geraniums require well-drained, fertile, soil. All are low-allergen plants, and most are drought tolerant. However they should not be allowed to dry out; in very dry summers make sure that the plants are frequently watered. If you garden in an area with hot, sunny conditions then most of the species will benefit from a position where there is some

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by DC Comics during 1986 and 1987, and has been subsequently reprinted in collected form.

Watchmen originated from a story proposal Moore submitted to DC featuring superhero characters that the company had acquired from Charlton Comics. As Moore's proposed story would have left many of the characters unusable for future stories, managing editor Dick Giordano convinced the writer to create original characters instead.

Moore used the story as a means to reflect contemporary anxieties and to critique the superhero concept. Watchmen depicts an alternate history where superheroes emerged in the 1940s and 1960s, helping the United States to win the Vietnam War. The country is edging towards a nuclear war with the Soviet Union, freelance costumed vigilantes have been outlawed and most former superheroes are in retirement or working for the government. The story focuses on the personal development and struggles of the protagonists as an investigation into the murder of a government sponsored superhero pulls them out of retirement, and eventually leads them to confront a plot that would stave off nuclear war by killing millions of people.

Creatively, the focus of Watchmen is on its structure. Gibbons used a nine-panel grid layout throughout the series and added recurring symbols such as a blood-stained smiley. All but the last issue feature supplemental fictional documents that add to the series' backstory, and the narrative is intertwined with that of another story, a fictional pirate comic titled Tales of the Black Freighter, which one of the characters reads. Structured as a nonlinear narrative, the story skips through space, time and plot.

Watchmen has received critical acclaim both in the comics and mainstream press, and is

low growing and can be placed at the front of the border while others are better placed to the centre where they will be at their best. Some less vigorous species are useful in rock gardens (e.g., Geranium cinereum 'Lawrence Flatman').

dappled shade in the hottest part of the day.

However some do better in permanent shade such as G. Nodosum while G. Phaeum requires deep shade. Cutting back old flowering stems keeps the plant tidy and often encourages a further flush of flowers.

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! ! ! S P O I L E R ! ! !

In October 1985, New York City police are investigating the murder of Edward Blake.

With the police having no leads, costumed vigilante Rorschach decides to probe further.

Discovering Blake to be the face behind The Comedian, a costumed hero employed by the United States government, Rorschach believes he has discovered a plot to terminate costumed adventurers and sets about warning four of his retired comrades: Dan Dreiberg (formerly the second Nite Owl), the superpowered and emotionally detached Doctor Manhattan and his lover Laurie Juspeczyk (the second Silk Spectre), and Adrian Veidt (once the hero Ozymandias, and now a successful businessman).

After Blake's funeral, Doctor Manhattan is accused on national television of being the cause of cancer in friends and former colleagues. When the U.S. government takes the accusations seriously, Manhattan exiles himself to Mars. In doing so, he throws humanity into political turmoil, with the Soviet Union invading Afghanistan to capitalize on the perceived American weakness. Rorschach's paranoid beliefs appear vindicated when Adrian Veidt narrowly survives an assassination attempt, and Rorschach himself is framed for murdering Moloch, a former supervillain.

Neglected in her relationship with Manhattan, and no longer kept on retainer by the government, Juspeczyk stays with Dreiberg; they don their costumes and resume vigilante work as they grow closer together. With Dreiberg starting to believe some aspects of Rorschach's

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regarded by critics as a seminal text of the comics medium. After a number of attempts to adapt the series into a feature film, director Zack Snyder's Watchmen was released in 2009.

into five sections and the seeds are then shot some distance away or simply fall to the ground, depending upon the species. G. Robertianum selfseed easily and spread quickly, therefore wonderful grown in a wild garden situation.

Seed is collected when it is ripe which is easy to detect as the seedpod undergoes a colour change from green to brown. This is a sign of ripeness but there will be varying degrees of colour depending upon the species.

Luckily most species flower and set seed over a long period of time so there can be plenty of opportunity in which to collect it. However

germination of Geranium seeds can be quite erratic, often taking a long time for seedlings to appear. Seeds may be sown from early February to late June in good free draining seed compost just covering the seed with compost or vermiculite. Make sure the compost is moist but not wet. If you are planting into pots, push a couple of sticks (lollypop sticks are ideal) into each pot and cover with a polythene bag.

If you are sowing into trays you can rig something similar to keep the polythene from touching the seedlings. Maintain a temperature of 13-20C (55-68F). Germination takes 21-60

1 — 26 days. The germination period will depend very

much on the variety being sown as will the temperature; some germinate better at a slightly higher temperature. Even the sowing time may differ with variety; some can be sown again in September to October. If you are starting your collection by seed, details of propagation for each variety will be contained on the seed packet.

They flourish without any special attention!

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in England is credited to George Dunnage, a hatter from Middlesex, in 1793. The invention of the top hat is often erroneously credited to a haberdasher named John Hetherington.

Within twenty years top hats had become popular with all social classes, with even workmen wearing them. At that time those worn by members of the upper classes were usually made of felted beaver fur; the generic name "stuff hat" was applied to hats made from various non-fur felts. The hats became part of the uniforms worn by policemen and postmen (to give them the appearance of authority); since these people spent most of

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long after the headgear had been abandoned by those satirized. It was a part of the dress of Uncle Sam and used as a symbol of US monopoly power. By the end of World War I, it had become a rarity, though it continued to be worn daily for formal wear, such as in London at various positions in the Bank of England and City stockbroking, or boys at some public schools.

The top hat persisted in politics and international diplomacy for many years, including U.S. presidential inaugurations, last being used in 1961. Top hats are still associated with stage magic, both in traditional costume and especially the use of hat tricks.

conspiracy theory, the pair take it upon themselves to break him out of prison. Doctor Manhattan, after looking back on his own personal history, places the fate of his involvement with human affairs in Juspeczyk's hands. He teleports her to Mars to make the case for emotional investment.

During the course of the argument, Juspeczyk is forced to come to terms with the fact that Blake, who once attempted to rape her mother, was in fact her biological father following a second consensual relationship. This discovery, reflecting the complexity of human emotions and relationships, re-sparks Doctor Manhattan's interest in humanity.

On Earth, Nite Owl and Rorschach continue to uncover the conspiracy surrounding the death of The Comedian and the accusations

Is a tall, flat-crowned, broad-brimmed hat, predominantly worn from the latter part of the 18th to the middle of the 20th century.

Now, it is usually worn only with morning dress or white tie, in dressage, as servants' or doormen's livery, or as a fashion statement. The top hat is sometimes associated with the upper class, becoming a target for satirists and social critics.

It was particularly used as a symbol of capitalism in cartoons in socialist and communist media,

It is possible the top hat descended directly from the sugarloaf hat. Otherwise it is difficult to tell who exactly invented the hat. One of the earliest references to the top hat is in a 1747 etching (part of the series Industry and Idleness)

by William Hogarth, depicting the Lord Mayor of London in a carriage wearing a top hat. Gentlemen began to replace the tricorne with the top hat at the end of the 18th century; a painting by Charles Vernet of 1796, Un Incroyable, shows a French dandy (one of the Incroyables et Merveilleuses) wearing such a hat. The first silk top hat

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BEAVER HAT, HIGH HAT, SILK HAT, CYLINDER HAT, CHIMNEY POT HAT, STOVE PIPE HAT OR JUST A TOP HAT.

FIND OUT WHO IS STANDING ON THE LEFT!

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GO FOR MORE SMILEY FACES!

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never have called it stovepipe himself, merely a silk hat, or a plug hat. It is said that Lincoln would keep important letters inside the hat.

James Laver once observed that an assemblage of "toppers" resembled factory chimneys and thus added to the mood of the industrial era. In England, post-Brummel dandies went in for flared crowns and swooping brims.

Their counterparts in France, known as the “Incroyables,” wore top hats of such outlandish dimensions that there was no room for them in overcrowded cloakrooms until Antoine Gibus invented the collapsible top hat in 1812.

A Gibus has springs inside allowing it to be folded flat by hand and stored conveniently, as for example in an Opera house cloak-room.

For this reason they are often called opera hats, though the term can also refer to any tall formal men's hat. The characteristic snapping sound upon opening a Gibus suggested another name, the Chapeau Claque. Invented for convenience at the opera, collapsible top hats are still used as eveningwear.

Rich Uncle Pennybags, as depicted on the cover of the first edition of the Parker Brothers Monopoly game that gave the character a name. He personifies financial monopoly and wears a top hat.

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that drove Doctor Manhattan into exile. They discover evidence that Adrian Veidt may be behind the plan. Rorschach writes his suspicions about Veidt in his journal, and mails it to New Frontiersman, a small, right-wing newspaper in New York. The pair then confront Veidt at his Antarctic retreat. Veidt explains his underlying plan is to save humanity from impending Atomic war between the United States and Soviet Union by faking an alien invasion in New York City, which will annihilate half the city's population.

He hopes this will unite the nations against a

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During the 19th century, the top hat developed from a fashion into a symbol of urban respectability, and this was assured when Prince Albert started wearing them in 1850; the rise in popularity of the silk plush top hat possibly led to a decline in beaver hats, sharply reducing the size of the beavertrapping industry in North America, though it is also postulated that the beaver numbers were also reducing at the same time. Whether it directly impacted or was coincidental to

the decline of the beaver trade is debatable.

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perceived common enemy. He also reveals that he had murdered The Comedian, arranged for Dr. Manhattan's past associates to contract cancer, staged the attempt on his own life in order to place himself above suspicion, and eventually staged Moloch's death to frame Rorschach. This was all done in an attempt to prevent his plan

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their time outdoors, their hats were topped with black oilcloth. Between the latter part of 18th century and the early part 19th century, felted beaver fur was slowly replaced by silk "hatter's plush", though the silk topper met with resistance from those who preferred the beaver hat.

The 1840s and the 1850s saw it reach its most extreme form, with ever higher crowns and narrow brims. The stovepipe hat was a variety with mostly straight sides, while one with slightly convex sides was called the "chimney pot". The style we presently refer to as the stovepipe was popularized by Abraham Lincoln during his presidency; though it is postulated that he may

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for formal wear, such as in London at various positions in the Bank of England and City stockbroking, or boys at some public schools.

from being exposed. Finding his logic callous and abhorrent, Dreiberg and Rorschach attempt to stop him but discover that Veidt had already enacted his plan.

When Doctor Manhattan and Juspeczyk arrive back on Earth, they are confronted by mass destruction and wide scale death in New York City. Doctor Manhattan notices his abilities are limited by tachyons emanating from the Antarctic, and the pair teleport there. They discover Veidt's involvement and confront him. Veidt shows everyone news broadcasts confirming the cessation of global hostilities and cooperation against a new threat; this leads almost all present to agree that concealing Veidt's truth from the public is in the best interests of the world to keep it united. Rorschach refuses to compromise and leaves, intent on revealing the truth. As he is making his way back, he is confronted by Manhattan. Rorschach tells him that Manhattan will have to kill him to stop him from exposing Veidt and his actions, and Manhattan responds by vaporizing him.

Manhattan then wanders through the base and finds Veidt, who asks Manhattan if he did the right thing in the end. In response, Manhattan states that "Nothing ever ends" before leaving the Earth for a different galaxy. Dreiberg and Juspeczyk go into hiding under new identities and continue their romance. Back in New York, the editor at New Frontiersman complains about having to pull a two page column about Russia due to the new political climate. He asks his assistant to find some filler material from the crank file, a collection of rejected submissions to the paper, many of which had not even been reviewed. The series ends with the young man reaching towards the pile of discarded submissions, near the top of which is Rorschach's journal.

The top hat persisted in politics and international diplomacy for many years. In the Soviet Union, there was a fierce debate as to whether its diplomats should follow the international conventions and wear a top hat, with the pro-toppers winning the vote by a large majority.

Top hats were part of formal wear for U.S. presidential inaugurations for many years. President Dwight D. Eisenhower omitted the hat for his inauguration, and John F. Kennedy brought the top hat back for his inauguration (an irony, since

It is said that Lincoln would keep important letters inside the hat.

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By the end of World War I, it had become a rarity, though it continued to be worn daily

he later became famous for disliking all hats).

Kennedy did it in part to differ from Eisenhower (though Kennedy did not wear it at his swearing in and during his inaugural speech). However, the next president, Johnson, did not wear a top hat for any part of his inauguration in 1964, and the hat has not been worn since for this purpose.

Top hats are associated with stage magic, in particular the hat trick. In 1814, the French magician Comte became the first conjurer on record to pull a white rabbit out of a top hat though this is also attributed to the much later John Henry Anderson.

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The top hat is sometimes associated with the upper class, becoming a target for satirists and social critics. It was particularly used as a symbol of capitalism in cartoons in socialist and communist media, long after the headgear had been abandoned by those satirized. It was a part of the dress of Uncle Sam and used as a symbol of U.S. monopoly power. The character Rich Uncle Pennybags, who personifies financial monopoly in the board game Monopoly, wears a top hat.

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Ancient civilizations were interested and invested in recording and measuring the passage of time. Seasons, months and years were dictated by the motion of the celestial bodies and would lead to the development of the modern day calendar.

Dating back 20,000 years, humans began to understand the importance of recording the passage of time. Ice Age hunters in Europe used sticks and bones to record the days between the phases of the Moon by marking them with scratches and holes. This early civilization took part in extensive traveling and trade, which required the knowledge of astronomy -- something that was instrumental in their survival. The Egyptians in 3100 BCE were the first to officially record one of the earliest years in history. Following a calendar based solely upon the Moon, Egyptians used the seasonal placement of the star Sirius to complete their calendar. Certain difficulties arose when the lunar calendar failed to predict a critical event, the annual flooding of the Nile River. To solve this problem, Egyptians created a civil year based upon the lunar calendar. This calendar was complied of 365 days and divided into three seasons each having four 30-day months.

The Babylonians, in 300 BCE, used a calendar alternating between 29- and 30-day lunar months, which would provide a 354-day year. To help balance the calendar with the solar year, the Babylonians would add an extra month three times every eight years; however, this system did not accurately make up for the differences between the lunar and solar year.

SHORT OVERVIEW

The Smiley has travelled far from its early 1960s origins, changing like a constantly mutating virus: from early-70s fad to late-80s acid house culture, from millennial txt option to serial killer signature and ubiquitous emoticon. That's quite a journey for a simple logo that began in kids' TV and corporate morale-building.

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local company, State Mutual Life Assurance.

Noting the depressing ambience of the town (which is real, believe me, I've stayed there), State Mutual started "a friendship campaign" so that their employees would feel good when they interacted with the public and each other.

The classic Smiley arrived in the early 1970s. Within a perfect circle, there is the simplest, most childlike depiction of a happy face:

two vertical, oval eyes and a large, upturned semi-circular mouth. The choice of yellow as a background colour was inspired: it's the colour of spring, the sun, a radiant, unclouded happiness.

While the origin of the design is contested, it seems that it first appeared during the early 1960s. In 1963 there was an American children's TV programme called The Funny Company, which featured a crude smiley face as a kids' club logo: it was shown on their caps, in the end titles and the final message, "Keep Smiling". At the same time, Harvey Ball – a commercial artist in Worcester, Massachusetts – designed a simple Smiley for a

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READ MORE ABOUT HARVEY BALL

FOR WATCHMEN

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least 50m Smiley badges in 1972.

And that wasn't all. There was an eruption of Smiley ephemera: coffee mugs, tea trays, stationery, earrings, keyrings, bumper stickers, bracelets etc. The fad hit the post1960s mood: a traumatised American public turning to visual soma in order to forget the war in Vietnam and presidential meltdown.

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This was prescient. The Smiley presented such a fixed facade of childlike contentment that it was ripe for subversion. Evil was rendered even more sinister by this blank, expressionless face, a trigger horror image like a girl's doll with a broken eye, a prom queen (remember Carrie?) or 1950s style suburbia.

This continued in the late 1970s. If there was one thing that punk railed against, it was false consciousness. The Smiley was an icon worth mutilating, and the cover for the UK 12-inch of the Talking Heads' Psycho Killer picked up on the Taxi Driver vibe that would later inform Watchmen with an image of a distorted Smiley on the putative killer's T-shirt.

Whenever the king felt that the calendar had become too far out of synch with the seasons, he would order an extra month.

Used by the ancient Greeks, their calendar was based on the Moon and is known as the Metonic calendar. Built upon the observations of Meton of Athens in 440 BC, is based on a 19-year cycle which showed that 235 lunar months made up almost exactly 19 solar years. Modifications were being made to old calendars during the 8th century BCE. The duty of declaring when a new month would begin was placed upon priest-astronomers who declared a new month at the sighting of a new moon. A priest in Rome would observe the sky and relay to the King his sightings of a new moon, and thus, a new month. The number of days between one new lunar crescent to the next would determine a month's length. Romans referred to this first day in a month as "kalends," derived from the word "calare," which means to call out. What we refer to today as calendar came from this custom.

Romans, Celts, and Germans all followed this practice of spotting a young crescent moon and declaring the start of a new month.

The Smiley was the perfect feelgood symbol of a moment when 1960s ideas of freedom, hedonism and experimentation hit the American masses. The fad was so mainstream that it bypassed the iconography of post-hippy rock,

It did hit the comics, though. In May 1972, Mad magazine published a Smiley cover – with the distinctive facial features of Alfred E Neuman contained in one of those yellow circles.

A failed DC attempt from 1973/4 called Prez: First Teen President featured the first sinister use of the symbol in the figure of Boss Smiley, a Smiley-faced leader of an ultra-rightwing militia.

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What is not disputed is the extent to which the Smiley took off. In September 1970 two brothers based in Philadelphia, Bernard and Murray Spain, came up with the classic Smiley design to sell novelties. Adding the words "have a nice day", the Spains shifted at

which, still remaining in thrall to counter-cultural ideas, ignored such mass pablum.

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Ball was paid $45 for 10 minutes work.

However, neither he nor the company copyrighted the design, which has left its precise origins open: a Seattle designer called David Stern has also claimed authorship. But the Smiley is based on such an archetypal child's doodle that it could have come out of the ether.

Written during 1985 and published in 1986, Watchmen used the Smiley as a visual metaphor for a narrative that examines guilt, failure, megalomania and compromise with a corrupt power structure. All is not well beneath the idealised superhero surface, as the novel spirals into an existential crisis of betrayal, mass extinction, the transience of human existence.

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The Smiley is worn by the most corrupt and violent superhero, The Comedian. It even travels to Mars, when Jon and Laurie end up in the midst of a rock formation shaped like a Smiley. (Life followed art, as in early February 2008 it was reported that an orbiting satellite had spotted a big Smiley drawn on the face of the red planet).

As acid house became acieed that year,

the Smiley flip-flopped from dream symbol to harbinger of wickedness. Just as the early days of acid were beatific, so the media's initial response to this new youth cult was positive. This changed in the autumn as "smiley culture" was associated with headlines like "Evil Of Ecstasy" and "Shoot These Drug Barons", and the fad quickly subsided. This negative association continued into the early 1990s. Mutations of the symbol were used by Nirvana (crossed-out eyes, drooling mouth) on their famous "Corporate Rock Whores" T-shirt, as well as in the 1991 Fangoria comic Evil Ernie (angry eyes, mouth with bared teeth).

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Claes Oldenburg was born January 28, 1929, in Stockholm. His father was a diplomat, and the family lived in the United States and Norway before settling in Chicago in 1936.

Oldenburg studied literature and art history at Yale University, New Haven, from 1946 to 1950. He subsequently studied art under Paul Weighardt at the Art Institute of Chicago from 1950 to 1954. During the first two years of art school, he also worked as an apprentice reporter at the City News Bureau of Chicago, and afterward opened a studio, where he made magazine illustrations and easel paintings.

Oldenburg became an American citizen in December 1953.

Then came the explosion. In February 1988, Bomb The Bass released the first pop refer-

ence to Watchmen, using the blood-stained logo on the cover of their hit Beat Dis. Tim Simenon has used the Smiley repeatedly: in the videos for the summer '88 hit Don't Make Me Wait (and for last year's Butterfingers). In the previous month, Danny Rampling had used the Smiley in a flyer for his club Shoom. He'd got the idea from seeing the designer Barnzley at the Wag Club in a shirt covered "in a lot of smiley faces". Embedded into the second "o" in Shoom, the symbol took a few weeks to catch on, but when it did, it swept the country as the logo of acid fashion.

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In 1956, he moved to New York and met several artists making early Performance work, including George Brecht, Allan Kaprow, George Segal, and Robert Whitman. Oldenburg soon

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In 1979, Bob Last and Bruce Slesinger put together a collage of Californian Governor Jerry Brown and a Nuremberg-style rally to illustrate the UK Fast Records release of the Dead Kennedys' California Über Alles. Behind the podium were large red, white and black banners: in place of swastikas were large Smileys.

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Quite apart from the Watchmen associations, the Smiley is coming back in the UK as part of acid retro fashion, just in time for the 20-year revival. Coincidental to this, it has

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It has also swept the digital world via emoticons, suggesting various moods from confused to secret-telling, sarcastic to psychotic. (Naturally, the emoticon trademark has already been claimed, by the Russian company Superfone). It may seem weird that such a bland symbol should be used to convey emotion, in such a way that creates as much distance as real empathy. But then there is something powerfully archetypal about an image of a happy face that resembles the sun. Infantilisation or greater communication, joy or horror: the Smiley can encompass everything. It pretends to be our servant, but it will rule us all.

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As you might expect, the Smiley has also been surrounded by copyright controversies ever since the early 1970s when a Frenchman, Franklin Loufrani registered the trademark as Smiley World in some European countries. Wal-Mart tried to copyright the Smiley in 2006, but lost the case to Smiley World.

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became a prominent figure in Happenings and performance art during the late 1950s and early 1960s. In 1959, the Judson Gallery exhibited a series of Oldenburg’s enigmatic images, ranging from monstrous human figures to everyday objects, made from a mix of drawings, collages, and papier-maché. In 1961, he opened The Store in his studio, where he recreated the environment of neighborhood shops. He displayed familiar objects made out of plaster, reflecting American society’s celebration of consumption, and was soon heralded as a Pop artist with the emergence of the movement in 1962.

Oldenburg realized his first outdoor public monument in 1967; Placid Civic Monument took the form of a Conceptual performance/action behind the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, with a crew of gravediggers digging a six-by-three-foot rectangular hole in the ground. Beginning in the mid-1960s, he also proposed colossal art projects for several cities, and by 1969, his first such iconic work, Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks, was installed at Yale University. Most of his large-scale projects were made with the collaboration of Coosje van Bruggen, whom he married in 1977. In the mid-1970s and again in the 1990s, Oldenburg and van Bruggen collaborated with the architect Frank O. Gehry, breaking the boundaries between architecture and sculpture. In 1991, Oldenburg and van Bruggen executed a binocular-shaped sculpturebuilding as part of Gehry’s Chiat/Day building in Los Angeles.

Over the past three decades, Oldenburg’s works have been the subject of numerous performances and exhibitions. In 1985, Il Corso del Coltello was performed in Venice. It included the Knife Ship, a giant Swiss Army knife equipped with oars; for the

During the last decade, the Smiley has become an acknowledged part of pop culture history. In the US, it's become a shorthand for the high 1970s, referenced in that great touchstone of modern history, Forrest Gump, where Tom Hanks's mud-spattered T-shirt provides the origin for the design. also been used as a sinister signature – left at murder sites by a US group called The Smiley Face Gang who, it is alleged, have been responsible for around 40 killings. The symbol still oscillates between Heaven and Hell.

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and stretched by the hard-edged electric Bang on a Can Lost Objects Ensemble and the avant-turntables of DJ Spooky. In the same way that oratorios such as Handel's Messiah were intended to be staged, the 3 vocal soloists and 30 voice chorus of LOST OBJECTS inhabit a mythic and beautiful stage world, under the direction of the acclaimed, awardwinning director François Girard ("32 Short Films About Glenn Gould," "The Red Violin").

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In their second major collaborative performance project, genre-defying composers Michael Gordon, David Lang and Julia Wolfe team up with polyphonic writer Deborah Artman to work a strange and beautiful alchemy of text and sound. The baroque virtuosity of the legendary Concerto Köln is challenged

remix, solo voices and choir. The unique weave of sounds combines the resonance of animal gut and wood with the ethereal blend of soprano and countertenor voices mixed with the edgy force of amplified rock instruments and drums.

"LOST OBJECTS is a prayer hall, a hymn but also an invention," writes Ms. Artman. "There is a narrative, somewhat sacred, but it is a fractured meditation. In the tenuous and hurried climate of the times we live in now, LOST OBJECTS asks us to pause and consider the grace bestowed upon each thing, person, animal and idea, the ordinary and the not-so-ordinary lost objects of our shared and vanishing culture."

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LOST OBJECTS IS A MUSICAL EXPLORATION OF THE MEANING OF MEMORY. WITH THE SPINE OF A BAROQUE ORATORIO LAYERED WITH THE MUSCLE OF MODERN TIMES, IT IS A POWERFUL MONUMENT TO THE LOSS OF PEOPLE, THINGS, RITUALS, IDEAS.

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performance, the ship was set afloat in front of the Arsenal in an attempt to combine art, architecture, and theater. The Knife Ship traveled to museums throughout America and Europe from 1986 to 1988. Oldenburg was honored with a solo exhibition of his work at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, in 1969, and with a retrospective organized by the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, in 1995.

Oldenburg lives in New York.

The result is LOST OBJECTS, a haunting, hallucinatory and humane musictheater piece for baroque orchestra, rock ensemble (electric guitar, electric bass, keyboard and drums), live DJ

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DO YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE ABOUT HISTORY OF CALENDARS?

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READ MORE ABOUT FAMOUS SCULPTOR CLAES OLDENBURG!

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Please pass on the magazine when you are finished

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