Earthquake Museum in Cephalonia

EARTHQUAKE MUSEUM IN CEPHALONIA

NATALIA KOKKALA supervisor ISSAIAS DEMETRIOS advisor GAZETAS GEORGE

Thesis Project

Earthquake Museum in Cephalonia

student NATALIA KOKKALA supervisor ISSAIAS DEMETRIOS advisor GAZETAS GEORGE Professor of Soil Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, NTUA

National Technical University of Athens School of Architecture Department Ι Architectural Design November 2014

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Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professor Demetrios Issaias for his guidance and support during our long collaboration Professor George Gazetas for his enthusiastic willingness to offer a different perspective as well as Mr Athanasios Balafas, officer of the Hellenic Fire Service (1st Special Disaster Management Unit -EMAK) Mrs G.Panopoulou, Permanent Scientific Technical Staff at the Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory of Athens Mr Alkimos Papathanasiou, Structural Engineer Professor Panagiotis Touliatos who contributed, in different ways, to this project

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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1 2 3

ANALYSIS

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CEPHALONIA- ARGOSTOLI

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FUNCTIONAL ORGANISATION -BUILDING PROGRAMME

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4 5

THE BUILDING

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STRUCTURAL DETAILS

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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“Returning to Kobe and visiting the site of the earthquake, the first thing that struck me was just how important a responsibility we architects have on the very basic level of providing safety and security for people.�

Tadao Ando RIBA Royal Gold Medal Address, 1997

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Fractures, Arata Isozaki The award-winning japanese pavilion at the Venice Architecture Biennale, 1996 was dedicated to the disastrous 1995 earthquakes

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1

ANALYSIS

Eurasian

North American Plate Arabian Plate

Carribean Plate Coco Plate Pacific Plate Nazca Plate

South American Plate

African Plate

Scotia Plate Antarctic Plate

Global Seismic Activity data: NASA, USGS

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Greece is the sixth most seismogenous country in the world, as well as the most seismogenous country in Europe.[1] The creation of an Earthquake Museum, aiming at raising awareness on the various aspects of the natural phenomenon, but, most importantly, educating the public, was found to be a need of utmost importance.

n Plate

Philippine Plate Pacific Plate

Indian- Australian Plate

The country is located on the boundary between the Eurasian and the submerging African plate. Solid lithosphere material is progressively descending towards the earth’s core. Due to unfavourable conditions, soil rock formations fail, causing earthquakes.

In other areas, such as the Atlantic Ocean and more specifically the Mid-Oceanic ridge, lithospheric plates are divergent, resulting in hot, fluid matter ascending and solidifying.

The earth’s outer crust is therefore constantly engaged in a cycle of genesis and destruction, which is manifested though seismic activity.

As societies fail to design cities and buildings that take successfully into account this limitation, millions of lives have been lost and countless disasters have occurred throughout human history.

The main purpose of this project was to create a building dedicated to education, research, and vulnerability reduction, while proposing a spherical view of the phenomenon as an integral part of the region.

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Hanshin Expressway Earthquake Museum Japan

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1 4

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2

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Countries with the greatest seismic activity [data: OASP]

1. Japan

4.Solomon Islands

2. Vanuatu

5. Chile

3. Peru

6. Greece

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Ai Weiwei, Straight, 2013, Venice Art Biennale The artist straightned 150 tons of reinforcement bars of schools that collapsed during the Sichuan earthquake, 2008 19

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CEPHALONIA ARGOSTOLI

The Museum is designed in Cephalonia, an area characterised by very interesting geological features and that has been deeply marked, throughout history, by seismic events.

The island is at the end of the Hellenic outer non-volcanic arc, at the outskirts of the Aegean microplate.

Offshore the island is located the Cephalonia Transform Fault, one of the most important features of the Hellenic Trench and the Mediterranean Ridge. Through a network of faults, it is connected to the North Anatolia fault, responsible for the most disastrous earthquakes in Turkey, 1999.

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Apulian Aegean 45mm/y

Anatolian 25mm/y

African 10mm/y

100km

Mediterrean- Main Geological Attributes of Greece

Fault- plate or microplate boundary Volcanic Arc

Trench

Outer non-volcanic arc 23

3 2 1

5km

Cephalonia strike-slip fault and 2014 Seismic Events Epicentres

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1

5,8 ML, 26/1/2014, depth 21km

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5,1 ML, 26/1/2014, depth 17km

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5,7 ML, 3/2/2014, depth 10km

At the beginning of this year (2014) on January 26th and February 3rd, two seismic events of significant magnitude occurred in Cephalonia, seriously damaging infrastructure, but thankfully causing no human losses.

During these seisms the highest peak ground acceleration ever recorded in Greece manifested: 0,8g as opposed to the 0,36g acceleration indicated by the Greek Antiseismic Regulation of 2000 (EAK 2000).[2] What became clear by both seismic events (26/1 and 3/2) was that the population had not received appropriate training and was therefore unprepared to protect themselves during and after the earthquake.

In fact, this was one of the main conclusions drawn in the interdisciplinary report published by GEER (Geotechnical Engineering Extreme Events Reconnaissance Association), EERI (Earthquake Engineering Research Institute) and ATC (Applied Technology Council). The report was prepared by a number of scientific teams of various disciplines, coming from Greek and foreign educational institutions, organisations and companies.

The need to create such a Museum in Cephalonia was strongly outlined, taking into consideration that its inhabitants will always have to co-exist with the geological phenomenon.

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1469 Μ: 7,2 ΜS: ΙΧ

1638 Μ: 6,4 ΜS: VIII

1714 Μ: 6,4 ΜS: VIII

1767 Μ: 7,2 ΜS: X

1741 Μ: 7,2 ΜS: ΙΧ

1636 Μ: 7,2 ΜS: ΙΧ 1658 Μ: 7,0 ΜS: ΙΧ

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1759 Μ: 6,3 ΚΜ: VIII

1766 Μ: 7,0 ΜS: ΙΧ

1915 Μ: 6,7 ΜS: ΙΧ

1867 Μ: 7,4 ΚΜ: X

1972 Μ: 6,3 ΜS: VII

1915 Μ: 6,6 ΜS: IX

1862 Μ: 6,5 ΜS: ΙΧ

1983 Μ: 7,0 ΜS: VI

1912 Μ: 6,8 ΜS: Χ

1953 Μ: 7,2 ΜS: X+

* M: Richter scale magnitude ΜS: Mercalli Scale magnitude

That particular need is also emphasised considering that, since the 17th century, 16 seismic events of magnitude greater than 6R have been recorded. These events were also classified as highly disastrous in the Mercalli scale, which quantifies the damages induced.

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The Mercalli Scale I. Not felt Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions.

disaster caused by the 1953 Cephalonia Earthquake

II. Weak Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings.

III. Weak Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings.

Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake.

Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.

IV. Light Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably.

V. Moderate Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened.

Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop.

VI. Strong Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight.

VII. Very Strong Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken.

VIII. Severe Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures.

Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned.

IX. Violent Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations.

X. Extreme Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent.

XI. Extreme Few, if any (masonry), structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Broad fissures in ground. Underground pipe lines completely out of service. Earth slumps and land slips in soft ground. Rails bent greatly.

XII. Extreme Damage total. Waves seen on ground surfaces. Lines of sight and level distorted. Objects thrown upward into the air.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Mercalli_intensity_scale

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National Road secondary road network paved padestrian road free space industrial area selected lot

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Argostoli, the largest city and capital of the prefecture, was selected to locate the Museum.

Owing to the presence of an international airport, a great number of local and international flights land every year in Cephalonia, especially during the summer (international arrivals: 2013-198.033 / 2012168.496/ 2011- 148.858 visitors).

Moreover, an increasing number of visitors are visiting the island every year, due to Argostoli port being a quite popular cruise ship stopover (2013: 115 stops-140.739 passengers / 2012: 105 stops- 130.552 passengers).

Creating such an edifice would be most beneficial to the community on multiple levels. The building could function as a point of interest and reference to the city, attracting visitors and scientists on a local and international level. Thus, a small Research Centre, as part of the Geodynamic Institute, was added to the building programme.

The objective was to create a building that would combine informing, educating and researching. A building that would function around the clock, producing knowledge.

Intending to fully grasp the various aspects of the phenomenon and its consequences on cities and societies, research expanded to the fields of civic protection and disaster management.

The aim was to design a building that would function, not only as a training and educational facility, but also as a safe gathering point after a disastrous event.

That would actively participate in reducing social vulnerability, as well as in the postdisaster emergency period.

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This specific lot at the outskirts of the Argostoli urban area was selected for a variety of reasons.

First, due to its advantageous location.

Being adjacent to one of the most important circulation nodes, where two of the main highways of the island intersect, it is most readily accessible.

Furthermore, it is directly connected to the waterfront promenade, which connects the northern part of the town to the inner part of Koutavos bay, as can be seen on the map.

The Museum can be an intermediate stop for bypassing pedestrians.

The intent was also to design and mark the entrance of the city, by creating a new landmark and point of reference for the locals.

Another factor which led to selecting this specific area was the particular beauty of the landscape. Koutavos area is protected, with rich flora and fauna. Moreover, nearby Cape Drapano is a recognised natural reserve.

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Argostoli has very few free spaces inside the urban fabric, despite being a small coastal city. After every seismic event it is imperative that the inhabitants gather at an open space. The Museum outdoor space could potentially be used for this cause, and could also serve as a temporary camping site.

Its prominent location combined with the specific features of the building designed mark a safe meeting and gathering point, during the post-disaster confusion and disorientation.

up: the selected lot. On the right can be seen the entrance to Argostoli, and on the left the Argostoli- Poros National Road down: view from the lot towards Koutavos bay

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FUNCTIONAL ORGANISATION BUILDING PROGRAMME

The functional diagram of the Museum-Research Centre is the result of an integrated view of the phenomenon along with the civil protection issues pertaining to it.

What became clear during the project was that earthquakes are not inherently disastrous, and that a disaster could more accurately be described as “[…] when the manifestation of a dangerous event or phenomenon coexists with fragility and vulnerability conditions in the society and the society’s ability to mitigate the potential consequences and to recover from them is proved to be insufficient”.[3] Disaster can further be defined as “[…] a significant perturbation of communal or social functions connected with extensive losses and severe impact (human, material, economical or environmental) that surpass the society’s ability to respond by using only its own resources”.[4] Taking the above into consideration, the necessity to systematically inform and train the general population, in order to mitigate disaster, emerges even more pressingly. The building designed in this project aspires to play this role. It aims, through longterm, planned effort, to reduce Cephalonia’s population vulnerability.

Aside from training the community, it is of utmost importance to train local engineers as well. Collaboration between engineers and urban search and rescue (USAR) teams is considered to be most necessary by international protocols. It is the engineer’s duty to effectively advise and to rapidly take decisions regarding structure safety or potential reinforcement. His or her role is quintessential to the safety of rescue team members as well as trapped victims. Only by receiving appropriate training can he/ she evaluate the state of the debris, and to accordingly advise rescue teams, in a very tight and pressing timeframe. The Museum has the infrastructure to accommodate such training programmes. Similarly, disaster doctors have to work under extremely unfavourable conditions, requiring previous training in order to increase their effectiveness.[5]

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Functional Diagram

research programmes data collection

Research Centre

Educational Facility

community training

disaster doctor training

library and database

Museum disaster engineer training

scientific conferences

exhibition

Lebbeus Woods had written that man often blames the earthquake tectonic phenomenon for the destruction of buildings and cities and life loss, while in fact, it is man that is responsible for the disaster, since he defied the limitations of seismogenous areas. He considers this fact to be a denial of modern man to realise and acknowledge his impotence towards a geological phenomenon he cannot master, and that is completely against the dominant, rational view of the world. [6] Only through systematic education and preparation can this perception transform, shielding the community towards a phenomenon it will always have to co-exist with.

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The Exhibition

the geological phenomenon

earthquake and Greece

earthquake and Cephalonia

mythical views of the phenomenon

India: elephants on a turtle shell support the firmament

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according to the Japanese, catfish Namazu is responsible for the earth shaking

historic equipment

earthquake recording instrument creathe by Chinese Mathematician and Astronomer Chang Heng, 132 AD seismometre, Italy 1751

seismoscope containing mercury, 19th century portable seismograph, 1917

existing Earthquake Museums

shake table

shake table drawings, 1923

training- preparedness

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1. Reception 114 m2

Visitor Reception Area, Wardrobe / Tickets, Information/ Giftshop

2. Permanent exhibitions

725 m2

3. Educational exhibits

Shake table / educational programmes

500 m2

MUSEUM

4. Library

120 m2

5. Museum Administration

staff offices /

205 m2

secretariat- accountant / director›s office - meeting room / archive-storage / kitchenette / WC

6. Cafe- Restaurant

Kitchen / storage room / WC

170 m2

7. Auxiliary spaces

Total

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1834 m2

1. Research Centre Laboratories

21 m2

• Earthquake Analysis Lab [Mw magnitude calculation] • Phasmatic Analysis Lab [seismic moment calculation] • Tsunami Centre [connected to National Tsunami Warning Centres across Europe - responsible for warning Mediterranean countries in case of tsunami]

2. Reseacher Offices

14 m2

PhD researchers, scientists working in research programmes

RESEARCH CENTRE

3. Amphitheatre- Conference Room

4. Director΄s Office

135 m2

23 m2

5. Reception- Secretariat

30 m2

6. Guest Room

23 m2

7. IT Room 30 m2

8. Kitchen 20 m2

9. WC 13 m2

Total

288 m2

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THE BUILDING

46 Shibboleth, Doris Salcedo, Tate Modern 2007

«Are there new design concepts that might be especially appropriate to building in the earth’s seismically active zones?»

Lebbeus Woods Taking On Risk: Nine experimental scenarios

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Having completed a general research on earthquake as a geological phenomenon, as a disaster, as a geotechnical engineering issue, research focused on how earthquake can be addressed by the architect engineer.

That is, more specifically, what are the characteristics of the efficient antiseismic architectural design, and whether there is a related design theory or typology.

An effort was made to track applied examples, where the aim to design a seismic resistant building was an integral part of the architectural creation and the morphological expression, greatly defining it since the outset of the design process.

It was discovered that “earthquake architecture” as a tendency has begun to gradually emerge at an international level.

The term describes architecture that is inextricably linked with the building’s antiseismic behaviour in all respects: synthetically, morphologically, structurally.

The term implies that architecture is expressing earthquake resistance or action through building design. That can be achieved by either exposing and accentuating the seismic resisting structure and its technology, or by symbolically referring to the phenomenon. The Te Papa Museum in New Zealand is mentioned as an example of the second category, where a wall parallel to a significant nearby fault is placed diagonally through the building, dominating space. [7] It is also worth mentioning that quite recently an exhibition exploring architectural design in seismically active areas, under the title ” Considering the Quake: Seismic Design on the Edge” was presented, first in Toronto’s Design Exchange and then in the AIA New York Chapter.

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Understanding the topography of Argostoli bay was of great importance from the early stages of the design process, in the framework of certain reflections of a broader scope: how will this architectural intervention be placed in this specific topography? What will be its relationship with the landscape and the city?

One of the main intentions was to maintain the direction of the Cephalonia fault, by incorporating the concept of horizontal slip into the design. Those parallel, sliding lines are the two main walls, combined with a linear water element. The visitor begins his journey by entering the fault, leaving the city behind and plunging into the building.

Amongst the first thoughts regarding the design was for those linear components to form the connection, the itinerary between an upsurge and an absence of matter, a submersion, the earthquake being a manifestation of the constant redistribution, the never-ending creation and destruction of the earth’s crust.

Some other geological features of the region give direction to the remaining building volumes, producing a non-rectangular, rather triangulated plan. After extensive experimentation, and with direct reference to the landscape of Koutavos, an equilateral triangle was selected to house the largest part of the exhibitions spaces, on one side, and the Research Centre, on the other.

The most “wordly� functions, that is the research centre, the amphitheatre and the Museum administration offices, were placed toward the city, while the museum and educational spaces were placed toward Mount Ainos and the landscape.

As the Research Centre ought to function during both day and night, appropriate facilities, including rest areas, were included in the building programme.

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On the ends of the building circulation axis are placed a Tower, in the lagoon, and an overflowing water Tank, encased in the ground. These two elements complete the visitor’s itinerary.

The exact location of the tower was selected with regards to the topography, to the neighbouring mountain peaks, as well as the existing sculpture by the nearby Debosset bridge, a small obelisk in the bay.

Furthermore, a project undertaken by Elia Zenghelis in 1985 was taken into consideration. The architect was suggesting a network of interventions along the inner coastline of the bay that was also expanding to Koutavos lagoon. [8] The tower position was selected for another important reason: defining a safe gathering point after a disastrous event.

Water, aside from its symbolic role, constitutes the primary visitor-flow organising element. It allows visitors to enter specific spaces, directing them, through a predefined course, to the end of the “fault�, where a light well, combined with the sound of the cascading water, are stimulating curiosity while marking the entrance of the Museum.

Having entered the building, visitors find themselves in a space that, while being strictly defined, seems intertwined with a circulation network they cannot fully perceive. They cannot see the provenance and destination of those moving along the other wall, entering and exiting through its openings, creating a somewhat theatrical space. At the same time, circulation paths are predetermined, leaving no confusion or disorientation possibility.

A lightweight metallic structure, following the rectangular walls grid, is placed in the triangle, as a means of combining the two systems: rectangular and triangular. A small platform, reminiscent of scaffolding, is placed upon it, allowing visitors to wander at a higher level, while maintaining visual contact with all exhibition spaces.

The rest of the structure is of reinforced concrete. Perimetrical robust walls shield the building against seismic forces. The triangular plan of the above-ground part of the building has high seismic resistance and is non-deformable. The rectangular parts of the building, being incorporated into the relief, behave much more favourably they would if able to freely oscillate under the effect of the seismic force.

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δεξαµενή-βύθιση

υδάτινη γραµµή

πορεία µουσείου

µεταλλική κατασκευή

πύργος-έξαρση

κάναβος 4,5x4,5m

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Light is introduced in most spaces through the roofs, creating a potent impression of what is “up” and what is “down”. The building is in direct relation with the topography, seems to emerge from it. It penetrates the landscape, both the mountain and the sea, with references to the violent tectonic phenomenon, the earthquake.

Through this strictly defined itinerary in landscape and space, the aim is for the visitor to acquire a new perspective on the earthquake phenomenon. To understand its multiple aspects, to reflect upon its relationship with man and locus, and to ultimately conquer the knowledge and dexterities that will enable him to harmoniously co-exist with it.

Combined with the Research Centre, the Earthquake Museum aspires to become an internationally renowned reference point for Cephalonia and Argostoli, a knowledgeproducing centre in the service of the community.

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D

C

EXHIBITION AREA

CAFERESTAURANT

+0.00

Α

A Β RESEARCH CENTRE

D

GROUND FLOOR PLAN 68

AMPHITHEATRE

+2.60

TICKETS LIBRARY

C

Α

WC MUSEUM ADMINISTRATION Β

69

D

C

KITCHEN EXHIBITION AREA

Α

-4.50

Β

RESEARCH CENTRE

D

-4.50 PLAN 70

LIBRARY

GIFTSHOP

C

WC

AMPHITHEATRE

Α

MUSEUM ADMINISTRATION Β

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TOP VIEW 72

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SECTION AA

SECTION BB 74

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SECTION CC

SECTION DD 76

NORTH-EAST ELEVATION 77

SOUTH-EAST ELEVATION

NORTH-WEST ELEVATION 78

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STRUCTURAL DETAILS

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Material Samples

exposed concrete

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steel

corrugated steel

mosaic floor

water

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Image Sources

PAGE 10 http://biginjapan.com.au/ PAGES 18-19 http://artobserved.com/2013/06/ao-on-sitevenice-ai-weiwei-dual-exhibition-s-a-c-r-e-dat-the-church-of-saint-antonin-and-straightat-zuecca-project-space-on-the-island-of-giudecca/

PAGE 46 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Category:Shibboleth

all other images were taken or produced by the author

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Notes

[1] OASP website [2] ITSAK report “Strong Ground Motion of the February 3, 2014 (M6.0) Cephalonia Earthquake: Effects on Soil and Built Environment in Combination with the January 26, 2014 (M6.1) Event” [3] M.Dandoulaki, Civil Protection and Local Government (Πολιτική Προστασία και Αυτοδιοίκηση), p.4, ΕΕΤΑA [4] UN/ISDR 2009, M.Dandoulaki, Civil Protection and Local Government (Πολιτική Προστασία και Αυτοδιοίκηση), p.5, ΕΕΤΑΑ [5] APPENDIX D’ to the Special Order 116 - Memorandum of Intervention Actions in Collapsed Buildings, p.9 Fire Service Headquarters, Athens 2010 (ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ Δ΄στην Εγκύκλιο Διαταγή 116 Α.Π.Μνημόνιο ενεργειών για επέμβαση σε κτίριο που έχει υποστεί κατάρρευση, Αρχηγείο Πυροσβεστικού Σώματος, Αθήνα 2010 )

[6] Earthquake! A Post-Biblical View (abstract) http://www.lebbeuswoods.net/EARTHQUAKEtext. pdf [7] A.W.Charleson, Seismic Design for Architects, p.259 [8]L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui, “OMA” No 238 Avril 1985, p.64-70

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εκδήλωση σεισμικών φαινομένων, Ελληνική Δημοκρατία- Υπουργείο Προστασίας του Πολίτη, Αθήνα 2012

Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

«ΞΕΝΟΚΡΑΤΗΣ»- Γενικό Σχέδιο Πολιτικής Προστασίας, Εφημερίς της Κυβερνήσεως, ΦΕΚ 423Β-2003

Magazine L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui, “OMA” No 238 Avril 1985

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Articles - Publications

American Institute of Architects

Buildings at Risk: Seismic Design Basics for Practicing Architects http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiap016810.pdf Ardekani Amirreza and Hosseini Mahmood

Urban and Architectural Approaches to Design against Tsunami http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/WCEE2012_5730.pdf Arnold Christopher

Building Configuration:The Architecture Of Seismic Design http://www.nzsee.org.nz/db/Bulletin/Archive/17(2)0083.pdf

Architectural Aspects of Seismic Resistant Design http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/11_2003.PDF Bachmann Hugo

Seismic Conceptual Design of Buildings – Basic principles for engineers, architects, building owners, and authorities http://www.preventionweb.net/files/687_10092.pdf Charleson Andrew W.

Seismic Design Within Architectural Education

http://www.nzsee.org.nz/db/Bulletin/Archive/30(1)0046.pdf Charleson Andrew W. &Taylor Mark

Earthquake Architecture Explorations

http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/13_596.pdf GEER-EERI-ATC

Earthquake Reconnaissance January 26th/ February 2nd 2014, Cephalonia, Greece Events Version 1: 6 June 2014

http://www.geerassociation.org/GEER_Post%20EQ%20Reports/Cephalonia_Greece_2014/GEER-EERI-ATC_CephaloniaGREECE_v1.pdf Goodno B.J., Pinelli P.-J. and Craig J.I.

Optimal Design Approach for Passive Damping Using Architectural Cladding http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/11_1453.PDF Gokhale B.A.

Architectural Heritage and Seismic Design with Reference to Indian Temple Architecture http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/13_2819.pdf

González Herrera Raúl Gómez Soberón and Consuelo Influence of Plan Irregularity of Buildings

http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_05-01-0224.PDF Guisasola Adriana

Base Isolation in Architecture

http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_S08-008.PDF The Structure’s Architecture

http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_S08-009.PDF Architecture and Seismic Protection

http://inderc.blogspot.gr/2012/05/adriana-guisasola-due-to-complexity-of.html Masayoshi Nakai

Unique Architectural Forms Enabled by Base-Isolation

http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_S05-01-014.PDF Mezzi M. & Mariani V.

Innovative Use of the Stone in Seismic Resistant Architecture 94

http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_S08-015.PDF Murao O.

Case Study of Architecture and Urban Design on the Disaster Life Cycle in Japan http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_S08-032.PDF

Slak T. & Kilar V.

Simplified Ranking System for Recognition and Evaluation of Earthquake Architecture http://www.curee.org/architecture/docs/S08-002.pdf New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering

Architectural Design for Earthquake

http://www.nzsee.org.nz/db/PUBS/ADE2007.pdf

Reitherman Robert

The Earthquake Architecture Website

http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_05-06-0185.PDF

The Expression of Seismic Design

http://www.curee.org/image_gallery/calendar/essays/2005-CUREE_excerpt.pdf

Rodríguez V.L. and Giuliani G.

Seismic-Resistant Architecture on an Urban Scale (A Morphological Answer) http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/1868.pdf

Seismic Resisting Architecture on Building Scale http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/11_1067.PDF

Sever M. and Yankelevsky D.

Seismic Architecture As An Essential Component Of The Structural Integrity Of Apartment Buildings In Israel http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_S08-043.PDF

Seyedinnoor S.P. and Hosseini M.

Using Combination of Suspension and Isolation as an Innovative Aseismic Technique to Achieve High Seismic Performance http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/WCEE2012_4935.pdf

Woods Lebbeus

Earthquake! A Post-Biblical View (περίληψη)

http://www.lebbeuswoods.net/EARTHQUAKEtext.pdf Taking On Risk: Nine experimental scenarios http://www.lebbeuswoods.net/CARNEGIE.pdf

Yaoxian Ye

Urban Earthquake Disaster Mitigation

http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/8_vol5_557.pdf

Zuei-Ho Tsai

Earthquake and Architecture in Taiwan

http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/vol3_V-114.pdf

Websites

AIA New York, Exhibitions, Considering the Quake: Seismic Design on the Edge http://cfa.aiany.org/index.php?section=exhibitions&expid=271 95

ARUP (seismic engineering brochure)

http://www.arup.com/~/media/Files/PDF/Publications/Brochure/ATR_Seismic%20engineering_Oct08_final.ashx California Academy of Sciences-The Earthquake Exhibit https://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/earthquake/ Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering (CUREE) http://www.curee.org/architecture/bibliographies.html Earthquake Museums in Japan

http://readytokyo.blogspot.gr/2011/10/earthquake-museums-in-japan.html Η Καθημερινή, «Τα 159 ρήγματα σε όλη την Ελλάδα», 25.11.2001 http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_ell_2_25/11/2001_9019 Isozaki Japan Pavilion Biennale 1996 (πληροφορίες)

http://biginjapan.com.au/2011/10/all-became-substance-future-ruins-part-two/ http://biginjapan.com.au/tag/time/

http://www.kmaa.jp/works/venice/venice_en.html Μουσείο Σεισμού και Σεισμολογίας Kandilli, Τουρκία

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandilli_Earthquake_Museum Μουσείο Σεισμού Ikebukuro, Ιαπωνία http://www.sunnypages.jp/travel_guide/tokyo_leisure/one_day_experience/Ikebukuro+E arthquake+Museum/1848 http://www.tfd.metro.tokyo.jp/hp-ikbskan/index.html Hanshin Expressway Museum

http://www.hanshin-exp.co.jp/english/img/aboutsus/earthquake/museum/leaflet.pdf http://www.hanshin-exp.co.jp/english/aboutus/earthquake/museum.html Kobe Earthquake Museum

http://www.hyogo-tourism.jp/english/column/2004_12.html New Madrid Earthquake Museum

http://www.roadsideamerica.com/tip/15580 Paper Tube Housing by Shigeru Ban, Design4Disaster

http://www.design4disaster.org/2011/02/12/paper-tube-housing-by-shigeru-ban/ και http://myweb.wit.edu/kiml1/590fall05/web-content/chris.pdf Tadao Ando’s Royal Gold Medal Address

https://www.concretecentre.com/PDF/cq_184.PDF Taiwan 921 Earthquake Museum

http://www.921emt.edu.tw/e_content/exhibitions/exhibitions02_02.aspx http://eng.taiwan.net.tw/m1.aspx?sNo=0002112&id=A12-00013 http://www.flickr.com/photos/elliecasson/4971759640/

The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Museum in Kobe, Japan http://museumchick.com/2011/01/hanshin-awaji-earthquake-museum-kobe-japan.html Wenchuan Earthquake Museum

http://www.chinahighlights.com/chengdu/attraction/wenchuan-earthquake-museum.htm

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National Technical University of Athens School of Architecture Department Ι Architectural Design November 2014