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N e w s l e t t e r o f N A U ’ s R e s e a r c h En t e r p r i s e
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Health Research Initiative
Exercise for Stroke Patients
Compliance Corner New IRB Process Under Development
World-Class Faculty
Join Center for Ecosystem Science and Society
What’s Happening
in Informatics
NAU Innovations Why We Do What We Do
Collaboration Spells Success For New Center for Bioengineering Innovation
calculated chaos
3D Print Art with David Van Ness Incoming Freshman Participates in Meditation Study
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Welcome to Outcomes, the newsletter of NAU’s Research Enterprise. Published three times a year by the Office of the Vice President for Research, Outcomes is dedicated to delivering the latest in exciting research and scholarly activity across campus.
NAU Research: Expanding the Boundaries of Knowledge
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Contents Collaboration Spells Success for New Center for Bioengineering Innovation................................................................................................................4 What’s Happening in Informatics........................................................................6 Calculated Chaos: 3D Print Art with David Van Ness.....................................7 World-Class Faculty Join Center for Ecosytem Science and Society.........8 NAU Innovations: Why We Do What We Do....................................................10 Compliance Corner: New IRB Process Under Development........................11 Health Research Initiative: Exercise for Stroke Patients.................................12 Incoming Freshman Participates in Meditation Study....................................14
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Collaboration Spells Success for New Center for Bioengineering Innovation In June of this year, Regents’ Professor Kiisa Nishikawa was awarded a one-million-dollar grant from the W. M. Keck Foundation--a significant contribution to the newly-established transdisciplinary Center for Bioengineering Innovation (CBI). Funding from the W. M. Keck Foundation is highly competitive, reserved for “high risk, high reward” research activity with the potential for transformative impact. “In general, the prestige of an award from the W.M Keck Foundation is thought to accelerate innovation,” says Nishikawa, whose winding filament hypothesis has been regarded by many as a ground-breaking contribution to understanding muscle contraction. Applications of the theory could have significant implications for rehabilitation engineering, prosthesis design and control, and neuromuscular disease and injury. According to Nishikawa, the strength of CBI lies in the collaboration of experts from different fields—a main focus of the Center will be to develop innovative methods in nanoengineering, applied physics, and biochemistry—to test the winding filament hypothesis from every angle imaginable. “We’re combining our knowledge and experience to take us to places and produce results beyond anything any of us could do individually,” she says. “The Center will provide a new model of best practices for inclusive transdisciplinary research at NAU.” 4
Matthew Gage, Associate Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry, was part of the initial collaboration that led to development of the Center. He agrees that the strength of the center lies in the intersection of specialties. “People with different training look at the same problem differently,” he says. “This often leads to ideas and approaches that would not happen when people with the same background look at a problem.” Brent Nelson, Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, looks forward to lending his engineering expertise to the progressive team. “The activities of this center are exactly what I love to do: integrate engineering and science and collaborate with talented researchers to work on interesting problems at the intersections of different fields,” he says.
priority for institutions such as the National Science Foundation and the National Institute for Health. “Centers such as this are the new model for research,” he says. “I see this as a step into the future for NAU.” Nishikawa—and the W. M. Keck Foundation which funds her research—believes that research which draws from so many different fields is sure to have equally far-reaching impact. “If our idea is right, it could change the way we think and do things in physiology, medicine and robotics,” Nishikawa said. “This award gives us the opportunity to really get the ball rolling.” Preliminary research on which the Keck proposal was based was funded by the university’s Technology and Research Initiative Fund (TRIF) and the National Science Foundation.
“The Center will provide a new model of best practices for inclusive transdisciplinary research at NAU.” —Kiisa Nishikawa
Assistant Professor of Physics and Astronomy Christopher Mann is another key member of the new center. Mann will provide bioengineering imaging support and conduct research that will lead to the development of new techniques of microscopy. Both Gage and Nelson agree that the collaboration will enhance their research in and out of the Center. “My research can benefit from the expertise and perspective of others, and my expertise can enhance the existing projects of others,” says Nelson. “It’s a win-win situation.” Gage points out that his work with Nishikawa has already led to two other ongoing projects in his lab. He notes that such productivity is common in collaborative research, and has increasingly been a
Based in Los Angeles, the W. M. Keck Foundation was established in 1954 by the late W. M. Keck, founder of the Superior Oil Company. The Foundation’s grant making is focused primarily on pioneering efforts in the areas of medical, science and engineering research. The Foundation also maintains an undergraduate education program that promotes distinctive learning and research experiences for students in the sciences and in the liberal arts, and a Southern California Grant Program that provides support for the Los Angeles community, with a special emphasis on children and youth from low-income families, special needs populations and safety-net services. For more information, please visit www. wmkeck.org.
“My research can benefit from the expertise and perspective of others, and my expertise can enhance the existing projects of others,” says Nelson. “It’s a win-win situation.”
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What’s happening in Informatics To meet the growing demand for informatics expertise at Northern Arizona University, Vice President Grabe has spent the past couple of years developing the foundation for a strong campus-wide Informatics and Computing Program (ICP). “Informatics is quickly becoming an integral element of the research landscape,” says Grabe. “The creation of the Informatics and Computing Program is a timely investment which ensures that our researchers and graduates will have the skills and resources they need to stay abreast of the competition.”
Monsoon: Quick Facts ¬¬ 102 users ¬¬ Matlab and Envi licenses now available ¬¬ 266086 jobs since May 1, 2014 ¬¬ 52,104 days of cpu time allocated ¬¬ 16 workshops held ¬¬ Workshops scheduled for Oct, Nov, and December
The progressive program will focus on supporting existing research strengths, preparing new students for a data-intensive research climate, and establishing NAU as a strong contributor in applied informatics. Through the ICP, researchers at NAU will be able to collaborate with informaticists in designing automated and computer-driven data collection mechanisms; managing, compiling, and filtering data; developing software tools and algorithms for performing complex analyses; efficiently displaying
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and sharing results; and organizing the work of research communities. The university has made significant progress this year on a multi-phased, longterm development plan for ICP with the acquisition of essential research capacity in the High-Performance Computing Cluster Monsoon, the targeted hiring of informatics faculty, and most recently, the appointment of Paul Flikkema, Professor of Electrical Engineering at NAU, as the new program’s director.
“Progress in solving many of today’s problems will require the integration of interdisciplinary research and informatics,” says Flikkema. “I’ve been very fortunate to work with faculty at NAU and other institutions, including ecologists, statisticians, and computer scientists.” His most recent work on the Southwest Experimental Garden Array (SEGA) combines networked wireless sensing, databases, data visualization, and “middleware” networking software with key advances in ecological genetics and genomics.
“The ICP will bolster our existing research strengths and position us as a leader in an innovative field that’s quickly penetrating nearly every discipline. Flagstaff will be prepared for a data-intensive future,” says Vice President Grabe. “This is an incredible milestone for the university’s research enterprise.”
Calculated Chaos:
3D Print Art With david van ness Three-dimensional printing is not the effortless buttonpushing of science fiction. Stacking cows, dueling stags, and glitch dogs—each of 3D print artist David Van Ness’s sculptures is a joining of computer science, creative vision, and hours of intensive labor. A painter-turned-sculptor with a flair for computer science, Van Ness saw a unique opportunity in 3D printing to apply his range of artistic and technical talents. “Maybe I’m a scientist who took one too many art classes and found himself making sculpture,” he jokes. Van Ness’ work has earned national and international acclaim since he burst onto the scene with his signature stacking cows in 2005. In 2012, he was an inaugural artist of the 3D Print Show in London; now he’s represented in galleries across the United States. He says, “There comes a point at which your name outgrows your ability to keep up with it, but the goal isn’t to catch up—it’s just to keep creating something new.”
Fractured scenes of elk clashing and dogs fighting, Van Ness’ work calls attention to the technological hand involved in the creation of his art. “We live in an age where the technology has so mediated our experience. It becomes more real when it glitches; it becomes that much more apparent,” he explains. “I love the chaos and the error and the mistakes— there’s beauty in that.” Van Ness is quick to point out that like a paintbrush or a chisel, printmaking is just another tool. “I don’t believe it’s a surrogacy for the hand,” he says, noting that most projects need hours of sanding and finishing before completion. “When I go to print something, I have to ask myself: how does this tool lend itself to something that’s new and visually engaging?”
The sculptor’s most recent work is finding a whole new way to break the rules. “I’m allowing myself to sort of collaborate with the computer. I’m actually at the point where I’m telling it, ‘I don’t know what I want,’” he says. Van Ness explains that he has started to intentionally fracture the digital file format. In other words, he’s giving the 3D printer flawed instructions. “I’m smashing the file with hex editors and pumping it into a mesh lab or another software that’s designed to make sense of it and seeing what happens. It’s a lot of fun, and produces this image that I think is very much of the moment.” Though such file-twisting often results in an “indecipherable mess,” occasionally a sequence will print something jarringly beautiful and unexpected. The impulse follows a movement in aesthetics called “glitch art.” Van Ness makes an effort to ensure that his work is meaningful and not just a “cool trick.” He says, “I’m now in my own work trying to find a way of not only doing that breaking, but finding it in a way that feels poetic.”
Van Ness’ next exhibit will be at the international ArtPrize competition in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Starting September 24th, ArtPrize will convert three square miles of the city into an open art gallery for 19 days. “The entire town becomes a museum, every venue you can imagine,” says Van Ness. “It’s hard to get in; I’m actually being represented by a hair salon.” This is his first year competing in the prestigious show.
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World-Class Faculty Join Center for Ecosystem Science and Society When then-President Haeger announced an initiative to develop research capacity by hiring top faculty researchers from around the country, Bruce Hungate leapt at the chance to recruit biologists Ted Schuur and Michelle Mack from the University of Florida. “They really fit the bill,” says Hungate, who established the Center for Ecosystem Science and Society (Ecoss) at NAU in 2013. “Ted and Michelle are two very creative minds in ecosystem science and climate change; they’re making breakthrough discoveries, defining new research questions, and leading the field.” “We go way back with Bruce,” explains Mack. She and Schuur first met Hungate in graduate school, where they cultivated similar research interests on the relationships between ecosystems, people, and climate change. “When he called us last fall to tell us about Ecoss, his enthusiasm and his vision for how the Center could grow convinced us that this was the right move.” The mission of Ecoss is to conduct research on how ecosystems and respond to and shape environmental change, to train future scientists, and to communicate discovery and its relevance to people—principles that ring true for both Schuur and Mack.
“We’re sort of peas in a pod in terms of our bigger interests,” Schuur says. Like Mack, his research is focused on understanding ecosystem function and climate change. “I’m interested in the aspects of ecosystems that interface with societal needs. One thing I’ve focused on a lot is the storage of carbon in ecosystems. A lot of the discussion of climate change is based on the human impact from the burning of fossil fuels, but as ecologists, we know that natural ecosystems are moving carbon around on their own. Changes in ecosystems have the potential to make climate change happen even faster than we currently think.” One of the ways Schuur measures carbon movement in ecosystems is by measuring carbon14—a technique commonly used by archaeologists to determine the age of ancient artifacts. He hopes to use his expertise in carbon-dating ecosystems to add to the infrastructure of the Stable Isotope Laboratory and increase the lab’s capabilities to measure radiocarbon. For both Mack and Schuur, the biggest attraction of moving their research to Flagstaff was the opportunity for new collaborations. “One of the exciting things about collaboration here is that there’s a lot of expertise in microbial ecology,” says Mack. “As a plant-focused scientist, I’m keen to interact with microbial ecologists. I didn’t really have that at the University of Florida. I’m coming into the perfect group of collaborators.”
“Big environmental questions can only be answered with community vision.” —Ted Schuur 8
Schuur adds that the opportunity to work with a team of like-minded researchers at Ecoss is key to field of ecosystem science. “Big environmental questions can only be answered with community vision.” To this end, Schuur leads the Permafrost Carbon Network, an international group of scientists focused on synthesizing new knowledge about climate change in remote high latitude ecosystems. This network focuses on bringing together individual research results into distilled synthesis products that can better help inform societal discussions on climate change, and impacts to ecosystem services. Mack is looking forward to the opportunities that starting fresh at NAU will provide for her own research. “The cool thing about coming here is that this gives us an opportunity to re-envision some of the things that we’re doing,” she says. “I’ve been
working on the NASA field campaign ABoVE (Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment) for the past eight years, and it’s just starting to come to fruition. This is an opportunity to think about what could be new or different.” Hungate believes that the recruitment of these world-class faculty like Schuur and Mack is an important step forward for both Ecoss and NAU. “I think it’s quite a statement about the strength of research at NAU in this area that we were able to attract them from the University of Florida where they were both tenured professors with thriving laboratories. We have an excellent research program in ecosystem science, spanning scales of inquiry from the cell to the globe,” Hungate says. “I am thrilled Ted and Michelle are joining the Center for Ecosystem Science and Society at NAU.”
Dr. Ted Schuur, Professor in the Center for Ecosystem Science & Society and the Department of Biological Sciences, recently received a $775,000 award from the National Science Foundation as part of the multi-million dollar Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH) project. In a rapidly changing Arctic, emerging research questions require exchange and collaboration among scientists from a wide range of Arctic research disciplines. The SEARCH project, headed by University of Alaska as the lead institution and Northern Arizona University as one partner, is a system-scale, crossdisciplinary research program that seeks to connect the science of Arctic change to decision makers.
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NAU Innovations: Why We do What we do What is technology transfer? Technology transfer is the term used to describe the transfer, to third parties, of rights to use and commercialize new discoveries and innovations resulting from university research. At NAU the process of technology transfer includes the identification and development of research that has the potential to generate discoveries having commercial potential; protection (in the form of patent applications and copyright registration) of these research outcomes nationally and internationally; marketing technologies and, at the same time, promoting the NAU research enterprise as a place where “innovation happens”, licensing patent rights to third parties for commercial development; and, management of those licenses for the life of the legal rights.
Why do we “ do” technology transfer at NAU? Technology transfer benefits NAU researchers and students. At NAU, researchers can receive funding to help develop ideas that may lead to commercially valuable outcomes. Often, these funds allow researchers to involve graduate and undergraduate students in meaningful research activity. Relationships built with potential licensees can facilitate industry support of continuing research. In addition, revenues received from the commercialization of IP developed by researchers
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are shared with those researchers, and some funds that the university retains goes back to the academic units to support other research and development. Technology transfer benefits the NAU research enterprise. Commercialization of research outcomes is an important mechanism through which we disseminate research results—by providing goods and services through the commercialization of intellectual property. In fact, technology licensing and commercialization is sometimes the best method for sharing knowledge with society. In instances where revenues are earned through commercialization, income is returned to the university and is invested back into the university’s research enterprise. We are obligated under ABOR Policy 6-908 to do technology transfer. IP created by NAU faculty, staff, and students are assets of the university and State of Arizona that represent the fruits of valuable investments and research efforts. As a public institution, NAU has an obligation and responsibility to manage these assets in the best interest of the State and for the benefit of all Arizonans. For more information on NAU’s technology transfer activities, please contact NAU Innovations at 928.523.8288 or nauinnovations@nau.edu.
Compliance Corner
New IRB Process Under Development
To facilitate human research, the university’s Institutional Review Board (IRB) is undergoing significant change. “We’re reworking the entire IRB process,” says John McGregor, Assistant Vice President for Regulatory Compliance. Among changes to come is a stronger web presence with resources to help faculty and staff navigate federally-mandated IRB rules and regulations. “We’re designing a ‘Principle Investigator Guidebook,’ which will help answer frequently asked questions concerning the IRB process, and specifics in human participant protection,” McGregor says. Also under development is a new IRB application, which he hopes will speed the IRB approval process and open up for opportunities for human research at NAU. “In the near future, we will be working on two areas that are instrumental in protecting human research subjects: the consenting process, and data security,” says Mcgregor. “It is our goal to offer precise guidance in these areas, so that all regulatory issues are addressed, and human research participants
can have confidence in how we handle and manage their collected data.” The Office of Regulatory Compliance is pleased to announce the hiring of a new IRB coordinator to facilitate these changes: Cynthia Johnson, who brings over 20 years of clinical research, regulatory, and compliance experience to the IRB coordinator position. In addition, the IRB has a new chairperson, Dr. Heidi Wayment, chair of the Psychology Sciences department. “Their combined leadership will enable us to address the more complicated human research protocols being proposed by NAU researchers in a more heavily regulated world,” says McGregor. He cites the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) as just two of the highly-regulated areas human subject research must take into consideration. If you have any questions concerning these proposed changes to NAU’s IRB, and how they may impact current and/or future studies, please contact Cynthia Johnson at c.johnson@nau.edu or John McGregor at john.mcgregor@nau.edu.
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Health Research Initiative: Exercise for Stroke Patients Aerobic exercise has long been recognized as an integral strand in the complex web of physiological health—the well-documented benefits range from improved cognitive function to lowering the risk of stroke. But what about those who have already suffered from a stroke and are trying to regain daily function? According to Associate Professor of Physical Therapy Pamela Bosch, patients recovering from neuromuscular dysfunction like stroke may not be doing enough. The current guidelines for aerobic training for patients with cardiac disease gauge exercise intensity by measuring heart rate—a flawed system, Bosch explains, as patients who have had a stroke are usually on medication which dampens the heart rate response to exercise. In her preliminary studies (funded in part by the NAU Health Research Initiatives), Bosch believes she may have found a more accurate way to measure patients’ aerobic capabilities by measuring the ventilatory threshold. “Using ventilatory threshold to determine one’s baseline exercise prescription is particularly useful for someone who has had a stroke because it is based on metabolic measures, and not on the heart rate response to the exercise,” she explains. In a laboratory setting, ventilatory threshold can be calculated by comparing the rate of oxygen being consumed by the body to the rate of carbon dioxide being produced by the body. 12
“My theory is that these patients can work at a higher intensity, and should be prescribed and monitored during aerobic exercise that provides a greater training stimulus,” Bosch states. She believes that interval training (a method in which higher- and lower-intensity levels of exercise are alternated in one training session) would have the biggest impact. “I’m predicting greater gains in aerobic capacity than we typically see in this population.” Bosch outlines the practical gains of increasing maximal aerobic capacity for neuromuscular patients: “With more reserve between resting oxygen consumption and maximal oxygen consumption, patients won’t feel like they are doing work just by getting dressed in the morning. They’ll be able to enjoy walking in the community and engaging in other activities more.” With the help of an optional walking harness, Bosch points out that patients will become more used to the motion of walking without being hindered by the fear of falling down. Bosch hopes that her research will shed light on the actual limitations of patients with neuromuscular conditions. “I am really interested in understanding their capacity for aerobic training,” she says. “What is the level of fitness they can achieve, and is it primarily restricted by the impairments caused by the stroke or other neurological insult, or is it restricted by a lack of challenge to the cardiovascular system?”
With a more accurate measure of exertion, she predicts that physicians will be able to prescribe a level of exercise to achieve a greater impact on overall patient health and wellbeing. “As a physical therapist, I specialized in the treatment of adults and children with neurological conditions, and it always struck me how low their endurance was and how much that affected what they chose to do in life,” she says. “This research could have significant implications for quality of life and co-morbid conditions.” After the preliminary studies are over, Bosch hopes to bring her findings to a clinical setting. “I have always looked for ways to incorporate aerobic activity into interventions with my patients,” she says. “The more we learn about its benefits, the more of an advocate for aerobic training I become!”
“Using ventilatory threshold to determine a stroke patient’s baseline exercise prescription is useful because it is based on metabolic measures, and not on the heart rate response to the exercise.” —Pamela Bosch
This study is funded in part by NAU Health Research Initiatives (HRI), which coordinates NAU’s research partnership efforts targeted at biomedical, translational and community health research in Northern Arizona and across the state. The HRI is focused on the broad areas of translational research, community-based healthcare research, precision and personalized medicine, and partnership-based clinical research for the diverse populations of Arizona. For more information, please visit www.nau.edu/research/HRI.
“This research could have significant implications for quality of life and co-morbid conditions,” says Bosch. •
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Incoming Freshman Participates in Meditation Study By Grace Fenlason, Journalism, 2017 Even before they begin their undergraduate studies at Northern Arizona University (NAU), some students are getting the opportunity to participate in a research internship under the Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program, funded by the National Science Foundation. One of those students is Amanda Garcia who assisted with a psychology research project this past summer. In the summer of 2014, NAU’s Department of Psychology offered research internships to undergraduate students so they could study the Social Psychophysiology of Compassion (SPC). The students collaborated with doctoral faculty—from generating hypotheses and carrying out the research to interpreting and presenting their data during a research conference at the NAU High Country Conference Center. Of the eight different psychology research studies available to REU students, entering freshman Amanda Garcia, chose to participate in the research project
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called “An EEG Neuroimaging Study of Metta Meditation.” The study focused on examining the reactions of first-time mediating participants who were briefly trained in Metta Meditation, i.e., meditating on loving kindness—first towards oneself and then towards others. Previous research on this technique involved experienced meditators, and the aim of the NAU study was to see how beginning meditators would compare. Garcia’s study found that, even with meditators practicing only for a week, there were significant changes in attitude and behavior as well as in actual brain functioning—not unlike what experienced meditators demonstrated. Garcia, working with REU program coordinator and clinical health psychologist Dr. Larry Stevens, measured brain frequencies and neuroimaging localization of EEGs. The Experiment There were two randomly assigned research groups in the study: the experimental group called the Metta Meditation group and the control group called the Relaxation Meditation
group. The experiment had three phases. During the first phase, participants came to the lab and completed a demographic survey and six questionnaires that measured mood, mindfulness, and compassion. Next, if subjects met the standards of the demographic survey, including no brain injury and no recent experience with meditation, Garcia asked them to listen to a CD that taught them how to meditate. Participants meditated daily for five to seven days for at least 10 to 20 minutes per session, using either the loving kindness technique or the relaxation technique. During the third phase of the experiment, participants came to the lab to have their EEG recorded. The EEG consisted of: • a five-minute pre-meditation baseline • a guided meditation where participants meditated with the CD from the training session.
• a five-minute post-meditation baseline. Once the EEG recording was finished, the participants answered the same six questionnaires from the beginning of the study plus two questionnaires that measured their meditation experience. The Results Garcia and Dr. Stevens concluded that outcomes of this preliminary study suggest that changes in beginning meditators can potentially be observed even in the initial stages of meditating on compassion. These changes were in the direction of (a) increased kindness toward oneself and others and (b) actual brain changes consistent with the observed behavioral changes. To expand the small sample base of the study, Garcia and Stevens plan to continue their data collection into the 2014-2015 academic year.
Flagstaff Festival of Science Monday, September 22nd: Kiisa Nishikawa, Regents’ Professor of Biological Sciences and Director of the Center for Bioengineering Innovation: “A New Twist on Muscle Contraction” This year marks the 25th Anniversary of the Flagstaff Festival of Science. Over eighty events—including hands-on exhibits, field trips, guided hikes, star parties, and lectures— will bloom around the city from September 19-28. Free and open to the public, the festival’s mission is to “connect and inspire the citizens of Northern Arizona with the wonders of science and the joy of discovery.” The following research faculty will lecture in the Cline Library Assembly Hall from 6:30pm-8:30pm (doors for each lecture open at 6:00pm):
Wednesday, September 24th: Paul Flikkema, Director of the Informatics and Computing Program: “Cyber Gardens” Thursday, September 25th: Tom Sisk, Olajos-Goslow Chair of Environmental Science and Policy: “Conservation Science that Matters in a Changing America” Friday, September 26th: Darrell Kaufman, Regents’ Professor in Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability: “Taking Earth’s Temperature”
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Contact Office of the Vice President for Research PO Box 4087 Flagstaff, AZ 86011 ovp-research@nau.edu 928.523.4340
Credits Publisher: William Grabe Managing Editor: Lesley Cephas Editor: Clara Buchanan Writers: Clara Buchanan, Lesley Cephas, Grace Fenlason, John McGregor
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