Former President Ferdinand Marcos invested in nation-building projects focusing on establishing a cultural identity or an “official culture”.1 It was then that a foundation, the Nayong Pilipino, was created through Presidential Decree No. 37 issued on 6th of November 1972. It was mandated to initiate research and take on developmental projects in the field of social sciences and humanities.2 Alongside this, the purpose of the creation of the foundation was to establish parks and recreation centers for the promotion of tourism in the country.
A park for the Foundation was inaugurated two years prior to the promulgation of the decree.³ First lady Imelda Marcos took on the active role of developing the 47- hectare property situated near Manila International Airport. Aligned to the creation of the Foundation, the concept for the design of the park was to represent the Philippines through architectural and cultural displays, an aviary, aquarium, fishing lagoon, and a diverse plant collection4 containing flora and fauna species found in the territories of the country. In the opening of the park, various dance groups were invited to perform including four from Kalibo’s Ati-Atihan, which was then credited to have brought the Ati-Atihan Festival firmly on the national stage.5
In 1971, the Museum of Philippine Traditional Culture, located within the park, was inaugurated under the auspices of the Presidential Assistant on National Minorities (PANAMIN).7 In attendance to the inauguration ceremony, were esteemed guests Indonesian President, Suharto and his wife, Siti Hartinah Suharto.8
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For designing the landscape architectural plan of Nayong Pilipino, National Artist Ildefonso P. Santos was given an award on November 19, 1969 conferred upon him by then first lady Imelda Marcos.6
¹ Patrick D. Flores, "Curatorial Circulations on Southeast Asia," Yishu: Journal of Contemporary Art 11, no. 5 (September/October 2012): 25-26, http://curatorsintensive.tw/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Patrick-Flores-Curatorial-Circulations-in-Southeast-Atsia-yishu_52.pdf. ² Presidential Decree No. 1414, s. 1978, (Republic of the Philippines, 1978) ³ PJ Serra, “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)”. Unpublished Paper, 2019. 4 Teodora Bagarinao, "Nature parks for environment education and biodiversity conservation in the Philippines," SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture 19, no. 3 (August 1997):27, https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/bitstream/handle/10862/2908/BagarinaoT1997-nature-parks.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. || 5 William Peterson, "The Ati-Atihan Festival: Dancing with the Santo Nino at the "Filipino Mardi Gras"," Asian Theater Journal:University of Hawai'i 28, no. 2 (Fall 2011):513. 6 Karen F. Lim, "20 of the Notable Architects of the Philippines," (history of architecture-paper, Technological Institute of the Philippines, 2013). 7 Eric B. Zerrudo, "Making Museums: The Development of Philippine Museums from 1901-1998," National Commission for Culture and the Arts, last modified April29,2015,https://gwhs-stg02.i.gov.ph/~s2govnccaph/subcomissions/subcommission-on-cultural-heritagesch/museums/making-museums-the-development-of-philippine-museums-from-1901-1998/. 8 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)”
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Presidential Assistant on National Minorities (PANAMIN) commissioned anthropologist Dr. David Baradas to acquire objects from indigenous Filipinos for the museum.9 Under Dr. Baradas, the acquiring process was to ask members of the ethnolinguistic groups to gather in plazas and bring objects that could be included in the collection.10 On December 7, 1972, geodetic engineer Carlito Dimahilig attempted to assassinate first lady Imelda Marcos during an awarding ceremony of the National Beautification and Cleanliness Contest held within the Foundation’s park.11 During the ceremony, Dimahilig drew a bolo knife and attempted to stab the first lady in her chest.12 It was aired over national television. Following the assassination attempt, the first lady reportedly then lost interest in the park.13 National Artist Francisco Coching was appointed as an art consultant of Nayong Pilipino theme park in 1973-1975 by then acting First Lady and Governor of Metropolitan Manila, Imelda Marcos. He drew year-long posters of Nayong Pilipino' s cultural projects.14 In 1975, the Pamilihang Bayan or Tindahang Bayan was established.15 It was an outlet for native- made products by different ethno-linguistic groups.16 In line with the Green Revolution Project of President Marcos, the Green Revolution Center was constructed within the park.17 Lands were converted to vegetable plots with elements of livestock and fish production.18
Dr. Eufracio Abaya served for four years as a curator of the Museum of Philippine Traditional Culture. He supervised the collection, preservation, and exhibition of ethnographic materials.20 Aside from a permanent collection housed at the museum of the park, there were several exhibitions of collections in selected attractions in regions.21 Some notable exhibits were the Evolution of the Filipino Dress, Philippine and International Dolls, and Collection of Philippine shells.22
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An annual Santo Niño festival was held within the grounds of the park. First celebrated in 1979, the festival consisted of a weeklong exhibit and a procession around the village.19
9 Dayang Yraola, "In Focus: Curatorship Defined," National Commission for Culture and the Arts, last modified January 19, 2004 https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/curatorship-defined/. 10 Yraola, “In Focus: Curatorship Defined” 11Addie Pobre, "LOOK BACK: The 1972 assassination attempt on Imelda Marcos," Rappler, December 7, 2016, xx, https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/look-back-assassination-attempt-imelda-marcos. 12 Pobre, “LOOK BACK: The 1972 assassination attempt on Imedla Marcos” 13Nerissa S. Balce, "The State of the Nayon," Sunday Globe, September 2, 1990 14 D.M. Reyes, The Life and Art of Francisco Coching, ed. Patrick D. Flores (Quezon City: Vibal Foundation, 2010), 66, https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=NqHSbvTepE0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA41&dq=Nayong+Pilipino+&ots=qoiSWO1FXl&sig=tlkTy_bx-Y8zOozOV-zXSnJMWV8&redir _esc=y#v=onepage&q=Nayong%20Pilipino&f=false. 15 Gerard Lico, Edifice Complex: Power, Myth, and Marcos State Architecture (Quezon City: Ateneo University Press, 2003) 16 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)” 17 Imelda R. Marcos and Ileana Maramag, The Ideas of Imelda Romualdez Marcos (not identified, 1978) 18 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)” 19 Nayong Pilipino Foundation, Inc and Folk Arts Theater, Looking Back: The "Viva Santo Niño" Festival. 7th "Viva Santo Niño" Festival, (n.d). 20 Angelita B. Resurreccion, "Learning from Eufracio C. Abaya and Douglas E. Foley: Deploying Anthropology in Philippine Education2," (research paper, University of the Philippines, Diliman , 2014) 21 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)” 22 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)”
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A Plake ng Karangalan, a second award, was conferred upon National Artist Ildefonso P. Santos in 1980 by the Nayong Pilipino Foundation. This was also during his term as the President of Philippine Association of Landscape Architects.23 In 1983, Project Tulungan, a hand-loom weaving class conducted to train weavers was developed.24 Along with the Presidential Assistant on National Minorities’ dissolution, the operations of the Museum of Philippine Traditional Culture ceased in 1983.25 It was then reopened three years later under the new administration of the Foundation and was renamed into Philippine Museum of Ethnology.26 Several other projects were developed for the improvement of the social welfare of the Filipinos in the early years of the Foundation.This includes; Nayon ng Kabataan ng Rondalla --composed of orphans from the nearby orphanage,27 Sining Pambata—an alternative learning program teaching Filipino values while incorporating Filipino games,28 and the establishment of a mini library for the use of researchers and students.29 By the year 1991 the number of visitors at the park had reached the one million mark and was sustained until 1994.30 But by the end of 1995, the number of visitors declined alarmingly as other theme parks were opening.31
On July 13, 1995 another Proclamation was issued by President Fidel Ramos as the funds raised by the Foundation pursuant to Proclamation No. 273 issued in 1993 were deemed insufficient to undertake the rehabilitation needs of the park. Under this proclamation the Foundation was authorized to conduct an Educational and National Fund Campaign to develop and tap other sources of operating funds.33 Exhibits co-organized with other Southeast Asian nations were featured in the Mindanao region of the Foundation’s park; in 1992, An Indo-Phil Ikat: Exhibit and in 1993, the ASEAN Bedding Exhibit.3⁴
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Extensive maintenance and repairs were needed as the Nayong Pilipino Park’s amenities deteriorated. President Fidel V. Ramos issued Proclamation No. 273 on October 14, 1993 authorizing the Foundation to conduct a National Fund Campaign for a period of one year.32
The Nayong Pilipino Dance Troupe, Nayon ng Kabataan Rondalla, Nayong Pilipino Choir, and The Pasaknugan Philippines, Inc. were the performing groups institutionalized as the park continuously conduct activities and events.35 23"About Ildefonso," Ildefonso P. Santos + Associates, accessed October 16, 2020, https://ildefonso.synthasite.com/about-ildefonso.php. 24Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)” 25Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)” 26 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)” 27 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)” 28 Nayong Pilipino Foundation, Inc., Nayong Pilipino Foundation Silver Anniversary Journal, 1995 29 Leo Lazo, "More reasons to go to Nayong Pilipino," Business World, July 4, 1991 30 Marissa A. Catalan, Rhett L. De Guzman, and Aris R. Ortiz, "Sibol: Isang Handog sa Lahing Pilipino: An Adaptive Redevelopment of the Nayong Pilipino," (master's thesis, University of the Philippines, College of Architecture, 1999 31 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)” 32 Republic of the Philippines President, Proclamation, “Authorizing the Nayong Pilipino Foundation, Inc., to conduct a National Fund Campaign for a period of one (1) year, Proclamation No. 273” (14 October 1993) 33 Republic of the Philippines President, Proclamation, “Authorizing the Nayong Pilipino Foundation, Inc., to conduct an Educational and National Fund Campaign for a period of one year, Proclamation No. 617” (13 July 1995) 34 Castro Barawid, "Nayong Pilipino is closing down," Manila Bulletin, n.d. 35 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)”
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In the silver anniversary of the Foundation, the museum’s collections were calibrated with new studies and presentation of ethnological data. The pieces were exhibited in a more interactive manner through the technical expertise of esteemed researchers; Cherubim Quizon, Ph.D, Norma Respicio, Ph.D, and Abraham Sakili, Ph.D from the University of the Philippines.36 Various locations in the park were used for shooting the 1998 award winning film, Jose Rizal directed by Marilou Diaz- Abaya.37 On July 31, 1999, an executive order was issued by President Joseph Estrada to streamline Nayong Pilipino Foundation. Provisions on the order include: redeveloping the site, refocusing of operations, realigning and reorganization of the staff, and funding assistance for the purpose of early retirement incentive package for voluntary separation.38 Also in 1999, during the term of President Joseph Estrada, Tourism Secretary Gemma CruzAraneta reported that a move of the Nayong Pilipino will take place and will be combined with the Expo Filipino in Clark, Pampanga.39 However, towards the impeachment of Pres. Estrada the move did not happen and Nayong Pilipino remained in its original location.40 In early 2000, the Manila International Airport Authority proposed to occupy parts of the Nayong Pilipino in compliance with the safety standards imposed by the International Civil Aeronautics Organization.41 This eventually led to selling the 8.6 hectare portion to MIAA for PhP 500 Million42
On May 8, 2002, the transfer of the land was made official through a memorandum of agreement between Executive Director Charito Planas and Manila International Airport Authority General Manager Edgardo Manda.44 The transfer of the land in May 2008 to Manila International Airport Authority led to the closure of the theme park and resulted in the disfavor of employees and concessionaires.45 Concessionaires petitioned for a temporary restraining order and filed a motion for contempt against Executive Director Charito Planas, citing Presidential Decree No. 1414, “the title to the land conveyed by this decree shall not be transferred by Nayong Pilipino to another person or entity without the previous authorization from the President of the Philippines.” 46
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In the coming months of 2000, plans of renovating and relocating the park were expressed by then Executive Director Charito Planas and an architectural design contest for the “New Nayong Pilipino” was launched. The winning master plan design was by University of Santo Tomas students Jason Buensalido and Karen Cheung.43
36 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)” 37 Padilla (ed.), Nayong Pilipino Foundation, Inc. Report for 1983, (1983) 38 President, Executive Order, “Mandating the Streamlining of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation, Incorporated, Executive Order No. 135” (31 July 1999). 39 "Nayong Pilipino to be moved," Philippine Daily Inquirer, October 20, 1999. 40 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)” 41 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)” 42 Jerry Tan and Tessa Mauricio, "Nayong Pilipino: Pinakaunang theme park sa Asya, mawawala na?," Kabayan, March 11, 2002 43 Jason Buensalido, "UST Students bag top plum in Nayong Pilipino's design contest," Manila Bulletin, April 8, 2002 44 Nikko Dizon, "Pasay court stops Nayong Pilipino closure," The Philippine Star, June 24, 2002 45 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)” 46 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)”
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Two days after the news broke about the temporary restraining order on the land transfer, President Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo signed Executive Order (EO) No. 111, authorizing the transfer of property to Manila International Airport Authority on June 26, 2002.47 The theme park was in its four-year hiatus but occasionally re-opens for some events. On December 13, 2004, the Handog ng Pangulo Program reopened the park’s Mount Mayon area, Vigan House, Chess Plaza, Cordilleras, and the Mini Playground for free.48 In 2005, portions of the park were being rebuilt for additional public recreational spaces and was renamed “Ang Munting Nayong Pilipino”.49 The Nayong Pilipino Arnis Club was also re-established during this time through Dr. Leo Estepa (National Arnis Association of the Philippines, President) and Executive Director Charito Planas which led to the 2005 NARAPHIL Open Arnis Tournament being hosted at the Vigan House Ground.50 Expo Pilipino in Clark, Pampanga has also been eyed for the relocation of Nayong Pilipino. A proposal to relocate to the site was issued by then Presidential Adviser for Northern Luzon, Secretary Rene Dias. The Nayong Pilipino administration accepted the proposal in July 2006.51 Clearing operations and restoration in Clark immediately started in collaboration with the Department of Tourism, National Commission for the Culture and the Arts, and the Department of Education.52 On April 2, 2007, the relocation of Nayong Pilipino from Pasay to ASEANA Business Park was mandated through Executive Order No 615, signed by President Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo.53 The new location is a 15-hectare property owned by the Philippine Reclamation Authority.
Nayong Pilipino Clark Expo was inaugurated on December 22, 2007 by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. The inaugural program consisted of cultural performances, rites, product showcase, and art demos.54The relocation to the new site made possible the re-existence and modification of the Nayong Pilipino.55 The Nayong Pilipino Clark Expo’s main features were the Ancient Island and the Colonial Plaza. Other notable features were the mini amphitheater, orchidarium-- featuring 130,000 species of ornamental plants, 1,300 pieces of ethnic weaves, and exhibits of Philippine tree dyes.56
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Through Executive Order No 615, an exchange between Philippine Reclamation Authority’s 15-hectare property and Nayong Pilipino Foundation’s Pasay property was approved.
47 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)” 48 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)” 49 "Arnis De Mano (NARAPHIL Webpage): NARAPHIL Continues Sponsoring Tournament ....," Arnis De Mano (NARAPHIL Webpage), last modified March 17, 2006, https://naraphil.blogspot.com/2006/03/naraphil-continues-sponsoring.html. 50 “NARAPHIL Continues Sponsoring Tournament ....," 51 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)” 52 Kathleen Morcilla, Joyce Articona, and Lalaine Paynaga, "An Evaluation of the Strategies of Nayong Pilipino Clark Expo based on the Strategic Management Perspectives," (master's thesis, Asian Institute of Tourism, University of the Philippines, Diliman, 2010) 53 "GMA issues order for Nayong Pilipino transfer," The Philippine Star, April 22, 2007 54 Domini M. Torrevillas, "Nayong Pilipino to open at Clark," Philippine Star, December 18, 2007, https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2007/12/18/33931/nayong-pilipino-opennbsp-clark. 55 Serra “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015)” 56 Chickie R. Locsin, "Nayong Pilipino resurrected," Yahoo News, December 19, 2014, https://ph.news.yahoo.com/blogs/the-inbox/nayong-pilipino-resurrected-110413680.html.
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During the term of President Benigno Aquino III, a “New Nayong Pilipino” was conceptualized as part of the public private partnership (PPP) projects. It has been set to rise on a 9.5hectare property near the NAIA expressway57 at the New Seaside Drive, Entertainment City in Parañaque City, 2Km away from Las Piñas-Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA).
57 Miguel R. Camus, "Next PPP: Reinventing 'Nayong Pilipino'," Philippine Daily Inquirer, February 10, 2017, https://business.inquirer.net/224307/
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Bibliography "About Ildefonso." Ildefonso P. Santos + Associates. Accessed October 16, 2020. https://ildefonso.synthasite.com/about-ildefonso.php. "Arnis De Mano (NARAPHIL Webpage): NARAPHIL Continues Sponsoring Tournament ....." Arnis De Mano (NARAPHIL Webpage). Last modified March 17, 2006. https://naraphil.blogspot.com/2006/03/naraphil-continues-sponsoring.html. Bagarinao, Teodora. "Nature parks for environment education and biodiversity conservation in the Philippines." SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture 19, no. 3 (August 1997), 27. https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/bitstream/ha dle/10862/2908/BagarinaoT1997-nature-parks.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Balce, Nerissa S. "The State of the Nayon." Sunday Globe, September 2, 1990. Barawid, Castro. "Nayong Pilipino is closing down." Manila Bulletin, n.d. Buensalido, Jason. "UST Students bag top plum in Nayong Pilipino's design contest." Manila Bulletin, April 8, 2002. Camus, Miguel R. "Next PPP: Reinventing 'Nayong Pilipino'." Philippine Daily Inquirer, February 10, 2017. https://business.inquirer.net/224307/next-ppp-reinventing-nayong-pilipino. Catalan, Marissa A., Rhett L. De Guzman, and Aris R. Ortiz. "Sibol: Isang Handog sa Lahing Pilipino: An Adaptive Redevelopment of the Nayong Pilipino." Thesis, University of the Philippines, College of Architecture, 1999. Dizon, Nikko. "Pasay court stops Nayong Pilipino closure." The Philippine Star, June 24, 2002.
Flores, Patrick D. "Curatorial Circulations on Southeast Asia." Yishu: Journal of Contemporary Art 11, no. 5 (September/October 2012), 25-26. http://curatorsintensive.tw/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Patrick-Flores-Curatorial-Circulations-in-Southeast-Asia-yishu_52.pdf. Lazo, Leo. "More reasons to go to Nayong Pilipino." Business World, July 4, 1991. Lico, Gerard. Edifice Complex: Power, Myth, and Marcos State Architecture. Quezon City: Ateneo University Press, 2003. Lim, Karen F. "20 of the Notable Architects of the Philippines." History of Architecture- Paper, Technological Institute of the Philippines, 2013.
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Espiritu, Tabitha. "Performing Native Identities, Human Displays and Indigenous Activism in Marcos' Philippines." In The Routledge Companion to Global Popular Culture. New York: Routledge, 2015.
Locsin, Chickie R. "Nayong Pilipino resurrected." Yahoo News, December 19, 2014. https://ph.news.yahoo.com/blogs/the-inbox/nayong-pilipino-resurrected-110413680.html. Marcos, Imelda R., and Ileana Maramag. The Ideas of Imelda Romualdez Marcos. not identified, 1978. Morcilla, Kathleen, Joyce Articona, and Lalaine Paynaga. "An Evaluation of the Strategies of Nayong Pilipino Clark Expo based on the Strategic Management Perspectives." Master's thesis, Asian Institute of Tourism, University of the Philippines, Diliman, 2010. Nayong Pilipino Foundation, Inc, and Folk Arts Theater. Looking Back: The "Viva Santo Niño" Festival. 7th "Viva Santo Niño" Festival. n.d. Nayong Pilipino Foundation, Inc. Nayong Pilipino Foundation Silver Anniversary Journal, 1995. Padilla (Ed.). Nayong Pilipino Foundation, Inc. Report for 1983. 1983.
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Peterson, William. "The Ati-Atihan Festival: Dancing with the Santo Nino at the "Filipino Mardi Gras". " Asian Theater Journal: University of Hawai'i 28, no. 2 (Fall 2011), 513. Philippine Daily Inquirer. "Nayong Pilipino to be moved." October 20, 1999. The Philippine Star. "GMA issues order for Nayong Pilipino transfer." April 22, 2007. Pobre, Addie. "LOOK BACK: The 1972 assassination attempt on Imelda Marcos." Rappler, December 7, 2016. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/look-back-assassination-attempt-imelda-marcos. Presidential Decree No. 1414, s. 1978. Republic of the Philippines, 1978. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1978/06/09/presidetial-dcree-no-1414-s-1978/#:~:text=Presidential%20Decree%20No. -,1414%2C%20s,1978&text=FURTHER%20DEFINING%20THE%20POWERS%2C%20FUNCTIONS,MINORITIES%20AND%20FOR%20OTHER%20PURPOSES. Republic of the Philippines President. Executive Order. “Mandating the Streamlining of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation, Incorporated Executive Order No. 135” (31 July 1999). Republic of the Philippines President. Proclamation. “Authorizing the Nayong Pilipino Foundation, Inc., to conduct a National Fund Campaign for a period of one (1) year, Proclamation No. 273” (14 October 1993). Republic of the Philippines President. Proclamation. “Authorizing the Nayong Pilipino Foundation, Inc., to conduct an Educational and National Fund Campaign for a period of one (1) year, Proclamation No. 617” (13 July 1995). Resurreccion, Angelita B. "Learning from Eufracio C. Abaya and Douglas E. Foley: Deploying Anthropology in Philippine Education2." Research Paper, University of the Philippines, Diliman , 2014. Reyes, D.M. The Life and Art of Francisco Coching. Edited by Patrick D. Flores. Quezon City: Vibal Foundation, 2010. https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=NqHSvTpE0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA41&dq=Nayong+Pilipino+&ots= qoiSWO1FXl&sig=tlkTy_bx-Y8zOozOV-zXSnJMWV8&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Nayong%20Pilipino&f=false. Serra, PJ. "Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (1970-2015).", Unpublished Paper, 2019.
Torrevillas, Domini M. "Nayong Pilipino to open at Clark." Philippine Star, December 18, 2007. https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2007/12/18/33931/nayong-pilipino-opennbsp-clark. Yraola, Dayang. "In Focus: Curatorship Defined." NCCA. Last modified January 19, 2004. https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/curatorship-defined/.
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Tan, Jerry, and Tessa Mauricio. "Nayong Pilipino: Pinakaunang theme park sa Asya, mawawala na?" Kabayan, March 11, 2002.
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