Our Shared Heritage: Cases in Sustainable Tourism Anchored on the Conservation of Heritage by Nayong Pilipino

O U R S H A R E D H E R I TA G E :

CASES IN SUSTAINABLE TOURISM ANCHORED ON THE CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE PRELIMINARY REPORTS

SARAH P. BENDAÑA JESS IMMANUEL J. ESPINA RESEARCHERS

Nayong Pilipino

Our Shared Heritage: Cases in Sustainable Tourism Anchored on the Conservation of Heritage PUBLISHED BY

Nayong Pilipino Foundation Research Institute Plaza San Luis, General Luna Street, Intramuros, Manila 1002 info@nayongpilipino.gov.ph Copyright © 2021 Nayong Pilipino Foundation © All works are copyrighted to the Nayong Pilipino Foundation and its respective authors. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation except in the context of critical reviews and other noncommercial uses permitted with consent. Kindly cite the Nayong Pilipino Foundation and the relevant authors. For permission requests, write to the publisher through the Marketing and Operations Office of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation at projects@nayongpilipino.gov.ph ISBN: 978-621-96660-1-5

TABLE OF Bataan and War Heritage: Community Awareness and Participation in World War II Related Programs Sarah P. Bendaña

Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------5 Research Objectives-----------------------------------------------------------7 Review of Related Literature-----------------------------------------------------7 Methodology------------------------------------------------------------------9 Findings-----------------------------------------------------------------------9 By Age Group------------------------------------------------------------11 Heritage Sites Awareness – World War II Related--------------------------13 Visited WWII Heritage Sites----------------------------------------------13 Public Consultation------------------------------------------------------14 Participation in Heritage Activities-----------------------------------------15 Factors in Participation---------------------------------------------------15 Interest in Heritage Related Activity---------------------------------------16 Summary and Recommendations----------------------------------------------16 References-------------------------------------------------------------------19 The Place of Text in the Tourist Experience: Review of Texts in World War II Monuments and Shrines as Interpretive Tools Sarah P. Bendaña

Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------21 Research Objectives----------------------------------------------------------22 The Province of Bataan--------------------------------------------------------22 Bataan Before the War--------------------------------------------------22 The Battle for Bataan----------------------------------------------------23 Review of Related Literature---------------------------------------------------24 Method----------------------------------------------------------------------28 Presentation of Marker Texts---------------------------------------------28 Place Markers----------------------------------------------------------33 Memorial---------------------------------------------------------------37 Interpretive Text---------------------------------------------------------39 Bataan Tourism Center - Exhibit-----------------------------------------44 Mt. Samat National Shrine – Dambana ng Kagitingan----------------------51

Content Analysis--------------------------------------------------------------53 Author-----------------------------------------------------------------53 Subject----------------------------------------------------------------54 Composition and Elements----------------------------------------------55 Tone-------------------------------------------------------------------55 Values-----------------------------------------------------------------56 Trigger words-----------------------------------------------------------------57 Summary-----------------------------------------------------------------57 References----------------------------------------------------------------59 Wellbeing, and Greenspace Aesthetics in Urban Parks - A Preliminary Study Jess Immanuel J. Espina

Green Spaces and Wellness--------------------------------------------------------62 Metro Manila and Green Spaces-----------------------------------------------------64 Nayong Pilipino Foundation----------------------------------------------------------65 Perceived Sensory Dimensions------------------------------------------------------67 Survey------------------------------------------------------------------------------68 Conclusion-------------------------------------------------------------------------71 References-------------------------------------------------------------------------72

Bataan and War Heritage: Community Awareness and Participation in World War II Related Programs Sarah P. Bendaña

A survey to determine the level of awareness, participation and attitude of Bataan residents in activities relating to WWII including but not limited to commemorative events, heritage tourism activities, monuments and sites, and conservation programs.

Introduction In May 2021, the Nayong Pilipino Foundation – Research Institute (NPF-RI) drafted the DOT Study on Emergent Threats to Cultural Tourism Sites in the Philippines. As part of the study, Bataan was chosen as one of the sites in identifying the challenges and opportunities in conserving and managing a cultural heritage site for sustainable tourism. Through the study, the NPF-RI team was able to identify some of the problems that the Bataan Provincial Office faced in managing the different markers and monuments in their province. While in the process of researching, the NPF-RI team realized World War II monuments and markers were initiated and installed mostly by the national government, the Japanese government, and private groups or individuals. These private groups were mostly established by veterans and their descendants like the Battling Bastards of Bataan and the Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor. In the list submitted by the Provincial Cultural Heritage Preservation Division (CHPD) for the Philippine Registry of Cultural Property (PRECUP),1 Bataan has a total of 102 documented cultural properties. Included on the list are thirty-tree (33) WWII markers and monuments (including Mt. Samat National Shrine). Among these WWII related markers, only two (2) of the Bataan Death March Marker are on the list.2 Whereas only two (2) monuments are attributed to the Provincial Government – the Flaming Sword and the First Line of Defense Monument. UNESCO3 defines cultural heritage as artifacts, monuments, a group of buildings and sites, museums that have a diversity of values including symbolic, historic, artistic, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological, scientific and social significance. It includes tangible heritage (movable, immobile and underwater), intangible cultural heritage embedded into cultural, and natural heritage artifacts, sites or monuments.4 Heritage in its broader meaning is generally associated with words “inheritance” and “ancestry”: something transferred from one generation 1

As of March 2020, Bataan Provincial Culture and Heritage Division Bataan Death March Markers are placed every kilometer along the highway from Bataan to Tarlac. There are 138 markers: 97 in Bataan, 33 in Pampanga, and 8 in Tarlac. “Death March Markers - Filipino American Memorial Endowment,” Filipino American Memorial Endowment, October 2, 2015, https://filipino-americanmemorials.org/project/death-march-markers/. 3 UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It seeks to build peace through international cooperation in Education, the Sciences and Culture. UNESCO's programmes contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals defined in Agenda 2030, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015. 4 “Cultural Heritage | UNESCO UIS,” Unesco.org, 2021. 2

to another.5 National and local governments designate particular values in certain areas and artefacts. UNESCO, as part of their convention in 1972, set up the World Heritage list where one of its primary goals was to attract visitors to different heritage sites.6 In the Philippines, cultural assets can be designated as National Cultural Treasure or an Important Cultural Property. These classifications were intended to preserve and protect such assets.7 In Bataan, the Mt. Samat National Shrine was installed to commemorate the valor and sacrifices of those who perished in the war. A number of markers and monuments have been set up to tell the stories of events that happened at a particular location. These markers served as a reminder, in hopes that they will not be forgotten. Bataan considers these markers and monuments as part of their heritage. The Bataan Tourism Development Plan (BTDP) 2020-2025 recognizes a number of tourism attractions in the province and labeled itself as the Historic Hub of Central Luzon. It’s goal is to develop the “peninsula into a more tourist-friendly province, with a workforce that delivers excellent public service for a better quality of life for all”.8 Included on the list of its historical tourism are attractions related to the Second World War. Bataan at the time was a well-known battleground during the fight against the Japanese invasion. The Filipino-American defenders came from all over Luzon to Bataan as part of War Plan Orange (WPO),9 where the main participants were soldiers, mostly not from the province. The battlegrounds of Bataan in Mt. Samat is declared a National Shrine. A survey of the Cultural Mapping output in 2015 noted that the residents left Bataan for Bulacan and nearby provinces to flee the ensuing war.10 There is insufficient documentation of the contributions of the citizens of Bataan during the war and further research is needed. One component of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation Sustainable Tourism Framework is Filipinos and Communities where the quality of life is expected to improve by tourism activities. The desired outcome can be approached through the following strategies: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Consult and coordinate needs across stakeholder groups; Practice inclusive decision-making; Respect social norms and cultures of local and indigenous communities; Advocate socially and culturally responsible tourism behaviors; encourage and facilitate local ownership and participation in the tourism industry; and 5. Direct tourism revenues towards socio-economic programs for local communities. Upon concluding the NPF-DOT Study, the NPF-RI team found out a weak connection between the community and Bataan’s WWII heritage. This research is expected to help study that gap. 5

Anna Leask and Ian Yeoman, Heritage Visitors Attractions, an operations management perspective. 2004 UNESCO World Heritage Centre, “The World Heritage Convention,” Unesco.org, 2020. 7 RA 10066 2009 8 The Bataan Tourism Development Plan (BTDP) 2020-2025 was requested from the local government office. 6

The plan intended for the fortification of Corregidor and its satellite islands. Complementing the strategic location of Corregidor was the Bataan Peninsula which, with its forests, mountains and river valleys was ideal for a long defensive stand. It was believed that so long as Bataan was in the U.S. Army’s hands, no one could penetrate Corregidor. They would be able to hold out for six months, sufficient time, they believed, for reinforcements from the U.S to arrive. Ricardo Jose, “The Battle for Bataan,” n.d.

Cultural Heritage Mapping Output, Province of Bataan, Municipality of Pilar, 2015

Research Objectives One of the important components in the protection of cultural heritage is awareness.11 The community is a direct stakeholder in the upkeep of the heritage12 and cultural heritage values, which add depth to the world and life, provide people with warm memories and good feelings while nurturing creativity and the motivation to explore, especially young people with new opportunities for learning and development.13 This study aims to determine the level of awareness, participation, and attitude of Bataan residents in activities relating to WWII including but not limited to commemorative events, heritage tourism activities, monuments and sites, and conservation programs.

Review of Related Literature The Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition defines culture as the shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs, and affective understanding that are learned through a process of socialization. These shared patterns identify the members of a cultural group while also distinguishing those of another group.14 It is all those historically created designs for living, explicit and implicit, rational, irrational, and non-rational, which exist at any given time as potential guides for the behavior of men.15 The definition of culture has expanded through time, James Banks argues that culture is not its artifact, tools, or other tangible cultural elements but how the members of the group interpret, use, and perceive them. It is the values, symbols, interpretations, and perspectives that distinguish one people from another in modernized societies; it is not material objects and other tangible aspects of human societies.16 History and heritage are core elements of all cultures— the ideas, materials, and habits passed through time— so cultural values are, like historical value, a part of the very notion of heritage.17 In order for a cultural asset to be accepted as a heritage, it must be owned by society. A cultural asset should be accepted and protected by society, its continuity should be ensured if it is an intangible cultural asset, and it should be recognized by people. These conditions should be met in order for a cultural asset to be accepted as a heritage.18

Cemile et al., “Assessment for Awareness and Perception of the Cultural Heritage of Geography Students” 10, no. 1: 2020, accessed October 1, 2021, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1251501.pdf. 12 Das, Tanushree. “Community Participation in Cultural Heritage Management.” Journal of Basic and Applied Engineering Research 2, no. 9 (April 2015): 743–446 13

Cemile et al., “Assessment for Awareness and Perception of the Cultural Heritage of Geography Students” 10, no. 1 (n.d.): 2020. 14 “The Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition (CARLA): Culture,” Umn.edu, 2019, https://carla.umn.edu/culture/definitions.html.

15 Kluckhohn, C., & Kelly, W.H. (1945). The concept of culture. In R. Linton (Ed.). The Science of Man in the World Culture. New York. (pp. 78-105). 16

Banks, J.A., Banks, & McGee, C. A. (1989). Multicultural education. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Research Report, “Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage: Research Report,” 2002. 18 Research Report, “Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage: Research Report,” 2002. 17

Awareness is a significant component in the protection of cultural heritage. If people around a cultural heritage asset are not aware of its significance, they may damage it or permanently destroy its important features. In the case of lacking consciousness of intangible cultural heritages, there is the risk of extinction.19 When there is not sufficient awareness for cultural assets, these assets could not be protected and are damaged.20 Heritage awareness encourages and enables the community to participate in heritage conservation and planning.21 The Sivas Sample on Study of Cultural Heritage Awareness reiterates the above mentioned reasons, the level of awareness of stakeholders in cultural heritage must be improved. As a result of the increasing awareness of cultural heritage, many tourists will want to visit these places. The authors also pointed out how awareness is an important component both for the protection of cultural heritage and for transforming the cultural heritage to a gain factor.22 A study on perception and awareness of heritage by geography students in Turkey by Bahtiyar Karadeniz Cemile showed moderate results. However, geography students are expected to have a higher awareness of heritage. The study also mentioned how perception and awareness are not only phenomena that can be gained in higher education. National education policies should be given more importance and supported by local and national non-governmental organizations to start gaining in primary and secondary education.23 Tanushree Das in her study of Community Participation in Cultural Heritage Management also mentions that lack of education and awareness of stakeholders about their heritage properties can become a threat to heritage properties as they often result in misuse. The main argument of her study is that when the local community benefits from the heritage properties located in their area, they are encouraged to participate in the protection and preservation of these. The government can promote such sites for cultural tourism, promotion of tourism can encourage stakeholder participation because the benefits gained from tourism can attract locals to contribute to heritage preservation.24 In a paper by Mastura Jaafar, Shuhaida Md Noor, and S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh on the perception of younger generations towards Sustainable Conservation Programs, they mention the lack of study on the subject, and the survey was conducted to fill that gap. The researchers argue that the sustainability of the World Heritage Sites (WHS) status of the place requires the involvement of the local communities. Community involvement in heritage preservation projects improves the residents’ sense of belonging, enhances their sense of pride, develops networks, and increases their awareness of the value of the Lenggong Heritage Site.25

Unesco, 1972 Unesco, 199, 2003 21 https:// https://en.unesco.org/themes/biodiversity/education, UNESCO, “Education and Awareness,” UNESCO, March 4, 2019 22 Şükran et al., “A Study of Awareness of Cultural Heritage: Sivas Sample,” n.d., http://www.ijhssi.org/papers/v5(9)/version-3/L0593073081.pdf. 23 Cemile et al., “Assessment for Awareness and Perception of the Cultural Heritage of Geography Students” 10, no. 1 (n.d.): 2020, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1251501.pdf. 24 Das, Tanushree. “Community Participation in Cultural Heritage Management.” Journal of Basic and Applied Engineering Research 2, no. 9 (April 2015): 743–446. 25 Jaafar, Mastura, Shuhaida Md Noor, and S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh. 2015. “Perception of Young Local Residents toward Sustainable Conservation Programmes: A Case Study of the Lenggong World Cultural Heritage Site.” Tourism Management 48 (June): 154–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.018. 20

Authors Mercedes Camille B. Ocampo and Pauline I. Delgado in their research26 touched on the topic by arguing the process of cultural conservation lies deeply on awareness because local communities cannot conserve something that they are not aware of. Therefore, the process of heritage conservation brings forth the importance of education. Their study focused on how to effectively teach cultural heritage to grade school and high school students within the existing framework of the K-12 Curriculum.

Methodology The study was conducted through a qualitative survey from a pre-selected group of respondents that include (1)Bataan Provincial Government Workers, (2) Bataan Barangay Officials, and (3) Facebook followers of Behold Bataan, the official Facebook page of the Provincial Tourism Office. The sample of the study was chosen through purposive sampling. This research was limited by pandemic restrictions and can be conducted further once the pandemic has eased out. The survey questionnaire was composed of 33 close-ended questions and was divided into three (3) parts. The first part querries the demographic details of the respondents where they were asked about their age, sex at birth, birthplace, educational status, financial status, and professional status. The second part of the survey asked their level of awareness by agreeing or disagreeing with the given choices. A Likert Scale of 1-5 was used, where 5 is the highest (Strongly Agree) and 1 is the lowest (Strongly disagree). The last part of the survey asked about their participation in heritage related activities such as visiting the sites and attending events. The purpose of the survey is to see their perception on heritage related activities particularly those of the Second World War. Cross-referencing was made in some entries to show whether there are relationships between variances.

Findings A. Descriptive Findings There were a total of 1, 239 respondents where 4 responses were found invalid and 1, 235 valid. Looking at the demographic details of the survey, the majority of respondents were composed of provincial government employees. The number of females (at birth) respondents was relatively higher (72.4%) than the male (at birth) respondents (27%) while the rest preferred not to tell their gender. By age, most respondents were grouped at 25-64 years old at 86.9%, only six (6) (0.50%) of the respondents were aged above 64 years old. When it came to educational attainment 62.9%, the majority, were college graduates while the second-highest group was post-graduate degree holders at 18.2%. The majority of participants in the study were also born in Bataan comprising 78% of the group, whereas those not born in Bataan (22%) have been 26

Ocampo, Mercedes Camille B, and Pauline I Delgado. “Basic Education and Cultural Heritage: Prospects and Challenges.” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 4 4, no. 9 (July 2014): 201–9.

residing in the province for an average of more than 28 years. By financial category, most respondents have an individual monthly income of PhP 20,001-42,000; also the combined household income is at PhP 20,001-42,000. Table 1. Demographic Features of the Participants Variance

Groups

803 39

65% 3%

393 894 334 7 156 1073

32% 72.4% 27% 0.6% 12.60% 86.90%

6 49

0.50% 4%

Bagac Balanga Dinalupihan Hermosa Limay

31 253 32 38 29

2.5% 20.5% 2.6% 3.1% 2.3%

Mariveles Morong Orani Orion Pilar Samal Yes No Do not know

209 5 62 281 191 55 149 1020 62

16.9% 0.4% 5.0% 22.8% 15.5% 4.5% 12.1% 82.6% 5.0%

Provincial Government employees

Focus Group

Sex at Birth

Age

Brgy Official Behold Bataan Followers Female Male Prefer not to say 15-24 years 25-64 years 65 years and above Abucay

Residence

50-yr old house

Variance

Groups

Birthplace

Civil Status

Educational attainment

Organization Member Involvement

Bataan Out of Bataan

963 272

78.0% 22.0%

Single Married Separated Common-Law Widowed Elementary Level Elementary Graduate High School Level High School Graduate College Level College Graduate Post-graduate Vocational No Formal Education Civic Religious Professional Cooperative Others No Active Non-active

483 665 21 35 31 1

39.1% 53.8% 1.7% 2.8% 2.5% 0.1%

1 16

0.1% 1.3%

43 141 777 225 30

3.5% 11.4% 62.9% 18.2% 2.4%

1 40 132 385 2 31 645 474 98

0.1% 3.2% 10.7% 31.2% 0.2% 2.5% 52.2% 38.4% 7.9%

Table 2. Financial Features of the Participants Variance

Monthly Income

Groups Below PhP 3,500 PhP 3,501 - 5,000 PhP 5,001 - 7,337 PhP 7,338 - 8,500 PhP 8,501 - 10,481

f 27 30 63 59 115

PhP 10,482 - 20,000

291

PhP 20,001 - 42,000 PhP 42,001 - 62,500

429 37

% 2.2% 2.4% 5.1% 4.8% 9.3% 23.6 % 34.7 % 3.0%

Variance

Household Income

Groups Below PhP 3,500 PhP 3,501 - 5,000 PhP 5,001 - 7,337 PhP 7,338 - 8,500 PhP 8,501 - 10,481

f 17 21 31 30 74

% 1.4% 1.7% 2.5% 2.4% 6.0%

PhP 10,482 - 20,000

226

18.3%

PhP 20,001 - 42,000 PhP 42,001 - 62,500

393 132

31.8% 10.7%

PhP 62,501 - 83,000 PhP 83,001 - 104,000 PhP 104,001 - 125,000 PhP 125,001 - 145,500 Higher than 145,500 Prefer not to say

34 16 12 3 2 117

2.8% 1.3% 1.0% 0.2% 0.2% 9.5%

PhP 62,501 - 83,000 PhP 83,001 - 104,000 PhP 104,001 - 125,000 PhP 125,001 - 145,500 Higher than 145,500 Prefer not to say

48 32 16 12 32 192

3.9% 2.6% 1.3% 1.0% 2.6% 15.5%

B. Findings on Perception and Awareness Among the respondents, the general perception on heritage is strongly agreeable. The majority of 82.9% strongly agree that it is important to safeguard traditions, and cultural practices found in Bataan; whereas 68.8% of the respondents strongly agree that it is important to save old buildings, old houses, and places in Bataan. When asked about the Cultural Heritage Preservation Division (CHPD), although most answers were strongly agreeable, there were 22.1% who were undecided or not aware of the existence of the CHPD; there were also 25.8% who were undecided or not aware of its role and function. Of those who were undecided/not aware of CHPD’s existence, 12.6% were provincial government employees; whereas 14.4% of those who were undecided/not aware of its functions were provincial government employees.

Fig. 1 Perception and awareness on cultural heritage

By Age Group When cross-referenced, the majority of the respondents across ages were strongly agreeable (more than 80%) that it is important to save old buildings, old houses, and plazas; and

safeguard traditions, and cultural practices found in Bataan. About 71.1% strongly agree to support the passage of local ordinances that will safeguard heritage buildings and sites while there are about 1.4% who were not supportive of such a movement. The same sentiments can be found when asked about awareness of CHPD, though the majority were agreeable, there were undecided or unaware of its existence and functions.

Fig. 2 Perception and awareness on cultural heritage by age

Heritage Sites Awareness – World War II Related On the matter of awareness on heritage sites, the respondents were given a list of all WWII related markers and monuments. They were asked which among the sites they have known existed. The top 5 among the responses were (1) Mt. Samat National Shrine (85.6%); (2) Flaming Sword (66.1%); (3) Philippine-Japan Friendship Tower (63.2%); (4) Balanga World War II Museum (47.2%); and (5) First Line of Defense Monument (44%). The 5 least known sites were (1) WWII Fil-Am Nurses Memorial (8.88%); (2) Surrender Site Marker in Limay (10.4%); (3) Battle of Alangan in Limay (11.7%); (4) Battle of Bataan Marker in Limay (13.1%); and (5) Defenders of Bataan in Samal (13.8%). There were also 2.1% of respondents who indicated they were not aware of any of the sites listed.

Fig. 3 Awareness on cultural heritage sites

C. Findings on Participation Visited WWII Heritage Sites On the question whether the participants have visited heritage sites in Bataan, the same markers and monuments were listed and five of the top visited sites were (1) Mt. Samat National

Shrine (82.8%); (2) Flaming Sword (65.9%); (3) Philippine-Japan Friendship Tower (54.7%); (4) First Line of Defense Monument ( 34.1%; and (5) Balanga WWII Museum (32.1%). The least visited sites were (1) WWII Fil-Am Nurses Memorial (5%); (2) Surrender Site Marker in Limay (5.6%); (3) Battle of Alangan (6.4%); (4) Battle of Bataan Marker in Limay (7%); and (5) Battle of Bataan Marker in Hermosa (8.3%). Among the respondents, there were about 2.1% who have not visited any sites on the list.

Fig. 4 Visited heritage sites

Public Consultation When asked if they have participated, prior to the pandemic, in any public consultation regarding the conservation, management and/or celebration of the cultural and natural heritage of Bataan, the majority of the respondents (66%) answered they have not participated.

Participation in Heritage Activities Asked about their participation in various heritage programs, 59.9% said they have attended the Araw ng Kagitingan Commemorations.27 Only about 51.7% have attended the Bataan Foundation Day even if the majority of the respondents were provincial government employees and barangay officials. The next activity with the most number of participants was the Pawikan Festival and Ibong Dayo Festival, both festivals are administered by the Bataan Tourism Office. As a note, activities with a number of participation among the lists were festivals or programs by the municipality and the Bataan Tourism Office. There was low participation for the rest of the CHPD programs.

Fig. 5 Participation in cultural heritage programs

Factors in Participation The respondents were also asked what factors limited their participation in heritage related activities. The top 3 reasons were (1) lack of time; (2) location or venue is inaccessible; and other reasons not stated on the list. There were about 2.3% who cited not being a resident of Bataan and another 3% who were not interested. Another factor to consider is the economic status of the respondents. About 14.33% cited lack of budget as one of their reasons for not attending heritage related activities. Majority of the respondents all fall under the middle income sector (as shown in the individual income and combined household income variable).

The Araw ng Kagitingan Commemorations are annually celebrated in Bataan spearheaded by the Philippine Veterans Affairs Office (PVAO).

Fig. 6 Limiting factors in participation

Interest in Heritage Related Activity The same list of activities was given to the respondents and they were asked to choose which programs they will be interested in attending or participating in. The respondents’ top choice was Araw ng Kagitingan Commemoration (65.2%). A number of the respondents are also interested in participating in the Rehabilitation and improvement of heritage sites (40.2%); and Restoration of WWII markers and monuments (36.2%). There were also 11.3% who did not want to participate in any of the given programs on the list.

Fig. 7 Heritage Activities of Interest

Summary and Recommendations The results showed high interest in Bataan’s World War II heritage. Through this study, their attitude towards the importance and safeguarding of various old houses, buildings or/and

plazas of Bataan indicated an affirmative point of view. It shows that Bataan residents are interested in cultural heritage. The study also found that the respondents have low awareness of heritage sites related to World War II. Among the list, only three (3) sites have more than half of the respondents were aware of. Being a popular and national shrine, it was expected that Mt. Samat National Shrine will top the list. The other two sites, Flaming Sword and Philippine-Japan Friendship Tower, may attribute receiving a positive response because of their location in an intersection and most people will not miss them. However, it is also interesting to note that although Mt. Samat National Shrine is very popular, there are still some respondents who do not know this site. Further study through a focus group interview and discussion can be done to address this topic. As for the case of the First Line of Defense in Dinalupihan, more than half of the respondents were not aware of this site even if it is located in a very prominent intersection. While most of the respondents were provincial government employees, it was interesting to see that a number of the respondents were not aware of the existence of the Bataan Cultural Heritage Preservation Division (CHPD), although this may be attributed to the fact that the division is relatively new and not yet fully institutionalized.28 Because of the pandemic, most CHPD programs were postponed to prioritize the pandemic response, it was only in 2021 that they were able to resume some of their projects. This may also be one of the reasons that most of the respondents were not aware of their programs and projects. However, as indicated in the results, the respondents are interested in most of the programs and activities under the CHPD. The CHPD must develop programs to raise awareness on the different Bataan Cultural Heritage sites and programs related to the Second World War. Among the participants in the study, there were also a low number of those who have participated in a public consultation on heritage programs and activities. The provincial government must develop more initiatives to involve the community towards participation in heritage programs. Moreover, the government should also review their means of disseminating information to their constitutions to ensure most residents of Bataan are informed of such programs. On factors limiting their participation in various programs, the provincial government should consider holding the events at a secured venue to encourage people to attend. They should also schedule the programs on days they most expect the community is available for participation. Some of the possible reasons why there is low awareness and participation on heritage relating to the Second World War are the following: 1. The residents grew up with them and find them not of significant interest for visitation. 2. The topic of World War II and its Bataan connection are not included in their educational programs. 3. There is an economic factor because most respondents are middle income residents.

The CHPD is in the process of institutionalizing the division as a permanent office under the Office of the Governor.

4. Geographically, some markers and sites are located in various municipalities of Bataan. The distances can influence the mobility of the residents in visiting such sites. 5. Some sites may be known by a different name aside from those indicated on the list. The Provincial Government of Bataan must create programs to raise awareness especially to government employees. As employees of the provincial capitol, they are expected to be ambassadors of heritage and should be aware of Bataan Cultural Heritage. The survey can be further conducted to gather data from the students of Bataan Peninsula State University and Barangay Officials in order to get a better distribution of respondents. The focus group discussion is highly recommended to address questions and other aspects of the study.

References Bushozi, Pastory Magayane. "Towards Sustainable Cultural Heritage Management In Tanzania: A Case Study of Kalenga And Mlambalasi Sites In Iringa, Southern Tanzania." <i>The South African Archaeological Bulletin</i> 69, no. 200 (2014): 136-41. Accessed August 23, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43868708. Cemile, Bahtiyar Karadeniz, Ordu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler, and Meslek Yüksekokulu. “Assessment for Awareness and Perception of the Cultural Heritage of Geography Students” 10, no. 1: 2020. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1251501.pdf. Das, Tanushree. “Community Participation in Cultural Heritage Management.” Journal of Basic and Applied Engineering Research 2, no. 9 (April 2015): 743–446. Garilao, Karina, Kate Lim, Sarah Bendana, and Jess Espina. “An Introductory Guide to Emergent Threats to Cultural Tourism Sites in the Philippines.” Manila, Philippines: Nayong Pilipino Foundation - Department of Tourism, 2021. Han, Kyungsik, Patrick C. Shih, Mary Beth Rosson, and John M. Carroll. “Enhancing Community Awareness of and Participation in Local Heritage with a Mobile Application.” Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work &amp; social computing, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1145/2531602.2531640. Jaafar, Mastura, Shuhaida Md Noor, and S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh. 2015. “Perception of Young Local Residents toward Sustainable Conservation Programmes: A Case Study of the Lenggong World Cultural Heritage Site.” Tourism Management 48 (June): 154–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.018. Ocampo, Mercedes Camille B, and Pauline I Delgado. “Basic Education and Cultural Heritage: Prospects and Challenges.” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 4 4, no. 9 (July 2014): 201–9. Research Report. “Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage: Research Report,” 2002. http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/assessing .pdf. Shimray, Somipam. “Ways to Create Awareness on Cultural Heritage: An Overview,” n.d. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5999&context=libphilprac. Şükran, Gülşah, Ercan, Research Assistant, Mustafa Işkin, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, İzmir Katip, and Çelebi Üniversitesi. “A Study of Awareness of Cultural Heritage: Sivas Sample,” n.d. http://www.ijhssi.org/papers/v5(9)/version-3/L0593073081.pdf.

DAY

“The Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition (CARLA): Culture.” Umn.edu, 2019. https://carla.umn.edu/culture/definitions.html.

UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “The World Heritage Convention.” Unesco.org, 2020. https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/.

https://plus.google.com/+UNESCO. “Education and Awareness.” UNESCO, March 4, 2019. https://en.unesco.org/themes/biodiversity/education.

The Place of Text in the Tourist Experience: Review of Texts in World War II Monuments and Shrines as Interpretive Tools Sarah P. Bendaña

Introduction In May 2021, the Nayong Pilipino Foundation – Research Institute drafted the DOT Study on Emergent Threats to Cultural Tourism Sites in the Philippines. As part of the study, Bataan was chosen as one of the sites in identifying the challenges and opportunities in conserving and managing a cultural heritage site for sustainable tourism. Through the study, the Nayong Pilipino Foundation-Research Institute (NPF-RI) team was able to identify some of the problems that the Bataan Provincial Office faced in managing the different markers and monuments in their province. One identified problem was that the original installers of markers are unknown because it does not indicate who erected the marker nor does it have a seal or logo like those installed by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP), National Shrines Commission (NHC), and Fili[pino American Memorial Endowment (FAME). These markers and monuments in Bataan were erected or installed by various institutions without prior coordination with the NHCP or its predecessors, or previous communications have been entirely lost. Another problem identified was that most markers have deteriorated to the point that texts are missing, nothing can be read on the marker and only the concrete structure remains. Lastly, because most markers are place markers, location details are included in the texts but some locals contest the accuracy of the details indicated in the markers.29 As for continuing research, the Nayong Pilipino Foundation-Research Institute (NPF-RI) team decided to further study the texts or contents of the markers and monuments relating to WWII on how it can be used as an interpretive tool for tourism. Over the years, the concept of heritage has developed30 and the Philippines introduced a new approach when it passed into law the National Cultural Heritage Act (R.A. 1066) also known as the Heritage Law of the Philippines (HLP) in 2010. The law provides for the protection and conservation of the natural and cultural heritage of the nation. It also encourages Local Government Units to incorporate programs and budgets for the conservation and preservation of cultural property in their environmental, educational and cultural activities.31 However, the Heritage Law does not explicitly refer to interpretation as a tool for conservation nor for its use in cultural heritage. The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) is the leading agency responsible for the conservation of movable and immovable cultural properties that pertains to Philippine history, heroes and historical artifacts. In 2012, the NHCP published a set of guidelines 32 to aid practitioners in conservation and restoration. Among

Karina Garilao et al., “An Introductory Guide to Emergent Threats to Cultural Tourism Sites in the Philippines” (Manila, Philippines: Nayong Pilipino Foundation - Department of Tourism, 2021). 30 Interpretation of sites of memory, UNESCO 31 RA 10066 32 NHCP Guidelines

these guidelines is the Basic Conservation Principles that orients the user on various principles used in international practice. Still, these guidelines pertain mostly to the technical and physical preservation and restoration of a cultural property and do not contain any guideline on interpretation and its significance to conservation. According to UNESCO, interpretation refers to the full range of potential activities intended to heighten public awareness and enhance understanding of cultural heritage sites. These can include print and electronic publications, public lectures, on-site and directly related off-site installations, educational programmes, community activities, and ongoing research, training, and evaluation of the interpretation process itself.33 This principle is used in the Nayong Pilipino Foundation Sustainable Tourism Framework. It promotes tourism activities in natural and cultural heritage guided by principles that are sustainable, enriching, inclusive and appropriate. Part of its approach is to apply interpretation and presentation strategies in the design of tourism experiences. It encourages in developing high value products by applying interpretation principles to ensure the visitors gain exceptional tourist experience.

Research Objectives This study aims to document and present the texts and contents in existing WWII markers including those found in Mt Samat Shrine and the Bataan Tourism Center. It discusses the Interpretive Theory and how it can be used to enhance the visitor experience, correct inaccuracies, analyze contested events and markers, and develop curated tourism activities. The results provide insight on how it can be used as baseline data and reference for future projects.

The Province of Bataan Bataan is a province situated in Central Luzon with a total land area of 1,372.98 square km. As of the 2020 Census, its population was 853,373. It is a mountainous province dominated by upland, hills and mountains covering 80% of its whole land area. The flatlands are mostly agricultural and found along the Northern and Eastern part of the province.34 Bataan has eleven (11) municipalities and the City of Balanga. Bataan is a peninsula bordered by Zambales and Pampanga in the North, the West Philippine Sea along its western coastline, and the Manila Bay on its eastern part. Bataan Before the War The Dominicans reached Manila in 1587 and the evangelization process started. Four of them arrived at a province known today as Bataan. It was then called Vatan and was a part of the

vast Capampangan Empire.35 The first established mission was in Abucay. The Province of Bataan we know today was established as an independent province in 1754.36 Bataan was also inhabited by the Negritos at the time of the Spanish arrival. They lived close to the mountains and did not live in towns or villages as they roamed freely through the forests. One of the best known vicars in Bataan, Fr. Jose Blancas de San Jose, was a master of the Tagalog language. He transferred a printing press he invented from Binondo to Bataan. In 1610, Fr. Blancas printed in Abucay, Partido de Bataan the well-known book of Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala with Tomas Pinpin. Tomas, born in the town of Abucay about the year 1590, would later become known as one of the greatest Filipino printers by typography in history.37 Bataan remained peaceful during the Revolution, the truce at the Pact of Biak na Bato in 1897, and the start of the Spanish-American War in 1898.38 The outbreak of the Filipino-American war in 1899 led to the collapse of the Philippine Republic. On December 3, the Americans entered Bataan via Hermosa. There was hardly any resistance as the Filipino soldiers had already left and the townspeople watched impassively. The guerrillas however continued to harass the American forces but many of the local elite were promised and given positions in the civil government. Soon, many of the guerrillas deserted and surrendered to the Americans. 1901.

The civil government of Bataan was founded by the Philippine Commission on 2 March

The Battle for Bataan40 In 1941, hours after Pearl Harbor was bombed, the Japanese also attacked the Philippines, the first shots of the World War II in the Philippines. This officially started the war’s Pacific Theater, and the Philippines found itself on the battleground between the Americans and the Japanese. Years before, during the Commonwealth period, the U.S. Army in the Philippines proposed War Plan Orange to prepare for the brewing war with Japan. War Plan Orange41 meant for the fortification of Corregidor and its satellite islands. Complementing the strategic location of Corregidor was the Bataan Peninsula which, with its forests, mountains and river valleys was ideal for a long defensive stand. It was believed that so long as Bataan was in the U.S. Army’s 35

Ibid. p.2 Robie R Reyes and Catholic Church. Diocese Of Bataan (Philippines, Bataan through the Centuries : Peninsula of Faith and Valor. (Manila: Tomas Pinpin Publications, 2010). 37 Robie R Reyes and Catholic Church. Diocese Of Bataan (Philippines, Bataan through the Centuries: Peninsula of Faith and Valor. (Manila: Tomas Pinpin Publications, 2010). 38 Ibid. p.193 39 Robie R Reyes and Catholic Church. Diocese Of Bataan (Philippines, Bataan through the Centuries: Peninsula of Faith and Valor. (Manila: Tomas Pinpin Publications, 2010). 40 Ricardo Jose, “The Battle for Bataan,” n.d. 41 War Plan Orange 3 was a strategy by the US Army even before the start of World War II. It was a strategy to defend the Philippines from eney invasion. It was part of the overall plan called Rainbow 5 in anticipation of a war with Japan and Germany. Torres, J.V. “Defeat and Glory: The Battle for Bataan”, Bataan through the Centuries: Peninsula of Faith and Valor. (Manila: Tomas Pinpin Publications, 2010 36

hands, no one could penetrate Corregidor. They would be able to hold out for six months, sufficient time, they believed, for reinforcements from the U.S to arrive. By the middle of February 1942, General Masaharu Homma’s deadline to take the Philippines had ended. Gen. Homma was given a mission to conquer the Philippines within 50 days, after which his forces will be pulled out of the country to help invade the Netherlands East Indies. With the strong resistance in Bataan, he failed and his forces were recalled to missions for other areas in Southeast Asia. After this, there was more than a month of no fighting but mostly of psychological warfare. Some Japanese sent propaganda teams to urge Filipinos to surrender. They would play sentimental music, recordings from loved ones or that life in Manila has returned to normal. The Japanese Army, however, was able to regroup faster than the Allied Forces and sent extensive reinforcements that finally crushed the forces in Bataan. On April 3, 1942, the Japanese launched their final offensive centered on the main line of resistance, Mt. Samat, where its capture would give the Japanese forces the advantage over the peninsula. Filipinos fought hard to keep Mt. Samat but the Japanese forces were fresh, stronger and supported by aircraft and tanks. Mt. Samat fell on April 5, 1942. On April 9, 1942, General King decided to surrender the Filipino-American forces of Bataan.

Review of Related Literature UNESCO states that culture is a dynamic force for change rather than a rigid set of forms or parameters that must be strictly adhered to. The World Commission on Culture and Development (WCCD) further noted that a society’s culture is neither static nor unchanging but rather is in a constant state of flux, influencing and being influenced by other world-views and expressive forms.42 Cultural Heritage encompasses tangible - immovable (monuments, archeological sites and others), movable (paintings, sculptures, coins, manuscripts), underwater (shipwrecks, underwater ruins and cities) and intangible heritage - oral traditions, performing arts, rituals. It includes Natural Heritage such as cultural landscapes, physical, biological or geological formations.43 The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines culture as the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group and also the characteristic features of everyday existence (such as diversions or a way of life) shared by people in a place or time.44

“Globalization and Culture | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,” Unesco.org, 2017, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/culture-and-development/the-future-we-want-the-role-of-c ulture/globalization-and-culture. 43 “Definition of the Cultural Heritage | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,” Unesco.org, 2017, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/illicit-trafficking-of-cultural-property/unesco-database-of-n ational-cultural-heritage-laws/frequently-asked-questions/definition-of-the-cultural-heritage. 44 “Merriam-Webster Dictionary,” Merriam-webster.com, 2021, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/culture.

Laura Jane Smith in her book Uses of Heritage explores the idea of heritage not as a “thing” but as a cultural and social process which engages with acts of remembering that work to create ways to understand and engage with the present. Smith also argues that heritage is a discourse as a form of social practice through which we frame certain concepts and issues. One of her arguments is that there is a dominant Western discourse about heritage, which she calls ‘Authorized Heritage Discourse’ or AHD, that works to naturalize a range of assumptions about the nature and meaning of heritage. This authorized discourse are also linked to professional discourse that privileges expert values and knowledge about the past and its material manifestations, and dominates and regulates professional heritage practices. She further argues that AHD assumed about the innate and immutable cultural values that are linked to and defined the concepts of monumentality and aesthetics. UNESCO The interpretation plan for a cultural heritage site must be sensitive to its natural and cultural environment, with social, financial, and environmental sustainability among its central goals. Presentation more specifically denotes the carefully planned communication of interpretive content through the arrangement of interpretive information, physical access, and interpretive infrastructure at a cultural heritage site.45 The Burra Charter46 states that interpretation means all the ways of presenting the cultural significance of the place. It is also the combination of the treatment of the fabric, the use of and activities at the place, and the use of introduced explanatory material. The Burra Charter also states that cultural significance of many places is not readily apparent, and should be explained by interpretation. It goes on to state that the aim of interpretation is to reveal and help retain the significance of, natural or cultural, of that place. A report commissioned by the New South Wales (NSW) Department of Planning by Godden Mackey Consultants for an interpretation strategy for Area 20 Precinct reiterates the importance of interpretation as part of the conservation process and how it supports the recognition and understanding of a site’s values and significance by owners and the community.47 Freeman Tilden defines interpretation as “an educational activity which aims to reveal meanings and relationships through the use of original objects, by first-hand experience, and by illustrative media, rather than simply to communicate factual information”. He argued that the provocation of the affective personality is the chief aim of interpretation rather than instruction. Especially in postcolonial societies, many areas of heritage invoke strong emotional impact on people. Tilden’s theory on interpretation can be summarized by the following:48 45

“ICOMOS Charter for the Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites,” International Journal of Cultural Property 15, no. 04 (November 2008): 377, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0940739108080417. 46 “The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance 2013 Australia ICOMOS Incorporated International Council on Monuments and Sites,” n.d., https://australia.icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Burra-Charter-2013-Adopted-31.10.2013.pdf. 47 (Mackay Godden and Logan, “ATTACHMENT 1 CULTURAL HERITAGE INTERPRETATION STRATEGY Prepared By,” 2010, https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/dpe-files-production/s3fs-public/dpp/183854/A20%20Cultural%20Herit age%20Interpretation%20Strategy.pdf#:~:text=Interpretation%20is%20an%20essential%20part%20of%20the%20h eritage. 48 MSJames, “Tilden’s Principles of Interpretation,” 2007, http://culturalheritagetourism.org/wp-content/uploads/formidable/Tildens-Principles.pdf.

1. Any interpretation that does not somehow relate what is being displayed or being described to something within the personality or experience of the visitor will be sterile. 2. Information, as such, is not interpretation. Interpretation is revelation based upon information. But they are entirely different things. However, all interpretations include information. 3. Interpretation is an art which combines many arts whether the materials presented are scientific, historical or architectural. Any art is to some degree teachable. 4. The chief aim of interpretation is not instruction, but provocation. 5. Interpretation should aim to present a whole rather than a part and must address itself to the whole man rather than any phase. 6. Interpretation addressed to children should not be a dilution of the presentation to adults, but should follow a fundamentally different approach. To be at its best it will require a separate program. The article on “Heritage that Hurts” forward the concept of “hot interpretation” - an approach in heritage interpretation that integrates an affective component to its subject matter wherever appropriate. The theory argues that interpretation is not likely to succeed if the affective element determinant of attitude change is not acknowledged. Heritage is thus not limited to remembrance of the past, but also a part of our present and future identity, emphasizing the sense of ‘being’ over the sense of ‘having’.49 Some contentions on the methods of hot interpretation is the sensationalization and use of heritage for cheap shock value, to which it was suggested that hot interpretation be undertaken responsibly. Measures for ensuring the welfare of visitors and the monitoring of unintended impacts (i.e., traumatic memories) were also raised. Hot interpretation is also clarified as a tool for arousing intellectual discourse and curiosity, not for propaganda. Lastly, the authors highlight the positive impact of hot interpretation in community development and solidarity. John Linatud, in his article comparing war memorials in the Philippines and South Korea, argues that there is a struggle between dominant narratives of nation-building and counter-narratives against the state’s mistakes or war crimes, especially in the case of great powers. Both states tend to memorialize glorious victories and heroic defeats to solidify national unity. He also cites the National War Memorial and Shrine of Valor on Mt. Samat, Bataan as the first national heritage project for World War II remembrance. It honors the fallen soldiers both Filipino and American alike in the soil where they perished. The Filipino narrative of heroism was then characterized as one of sacrifice and redemption from a heritage rooted in religion and democracy. South Korea, on the other hand, aimed to forge warrior values to younger generations through the use of the warlike narrative of ‘5000 years of defense of the fatherland’ and ‘endurance from great national trials’. Both countries also came up with counter-narratives against the memorialization of American alliance and war assistance, the narratives of which are also dominant in war memories’ sentiments. The Philippine argument is motivated less by 49

Ballantyne, Roy, and David Uzzell. “ Heritage That Hurts: Interpretation in a Postmodern World.” Contemporary Issues in Heritage and Environmental Interpretation, 1998. https://www.academia.edu/301491/Heritage_that_hurts_interpretation_in_a_postmodern_world

American war crimes, but more by national identity and sovereignty. Japanese war crimes seemed to have overshadowed the American’s atrocities including the ones during the Philippine-American War. The author states that counter-narratives have changed war memories of both countries.50 In Australia, war memorials were established in the first half of the 20th century. They were designed to facilitate remembrance and the expression of personal and collective grief in its involvement in two world wars.51 War museums and battlefields are often culturally significant places, and there is much evidence that being in such places provides a powerful emotional experience. This is evident in the study of Poria, Butler and Airey where their study set composed on 398 participants had a mean of 5.07 (6 is highest) when asked if their visit to the Wailing Wall52 moved them emotionally. 53 It is remarked that visitors to battlefields and heritage sites experience a greater connection with the history and place, to some extent becoming a journey of discovering who they are, where they come from, and what the meanings of their nation might be in the modern world.54 Textual analysis refers to a data-gathering process that examines the structure, content, and meaning of a text, and how it relates to the historical and cultural context in which it was produced. It includes defining how elements contribute to the texts’ meaning and the context in which it was written. All kinds of information can be gleaned from a text – from its literal meaning to the subtext, symbolism, assumptions, and values it reveals.55 It is the method communication researchers use to describe and interpret the characteristics of a recorded or visual message. The approaches to textual analysis are rhetorical criticism, content analysis, interaction analysis, and performance studies. Rhetorical criticism is a systematic method for describing, analysing, interpreting, and evaluating the persuasive force of messages embedded within texts. Content Analysis is used to identify, enumerate, and analyse occurrences of specific messages and message characteristics embedded in texts. Interaction on the other hand, studies the behaviour of people with the objects around them. Lastly, Performance Studies is the process of dialogic engagement with one’s own and others’ aesthetic communication through the means of performance.56

John L. Linantud, “War Memorials and Memories: Comparing the Philippines and South Korea,” International Journal of Heritage Studies 14, no. 4 (July 2008): 347–61, https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250802155869. 51 Jan Packer, Roy Ballantyne, and David Uzzell, “Interpreting War Heritage: Impacts of Anzac Museum and Battlefield Visits on Australians’ Understanding of National Identity,” Annals of Tourism Research 76, no. 76 (May 2019): 105–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.03.012. 52 “ Also known as Jerusalem’s Western wall, is the most sacred site of Judaism. WAILING WALL - Old Jerusalem’s Western / ‘Wailing’ Wall,” Israeljerusalem.com, 2021, https://www.israeljerusalem.com/wailing-wall-prayers.htm. 53 Yaniv Poria, Richard Butler, and David Airey, “The Core of Heritage Tourism,” Annals of Tourism Research 30, no. 1 (January 2003): 238–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(02)00064-6. 54 Ibid. 55 Alan McKee, Textual Analysis, 2003, https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857020017. 56 Frey, L., Botan, C., & Kreps, G. (1999). Investigating communication: An introduction to research methods. (2nd ed.) Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Method Photographs of markers and their texts were gathered from site visits conducted by the Cultural Heritage Preservation Division (CHPD) pre-pandemic period. Content analysis was used as the approach in analyzing the markers including word choice, design elements, and relationship with other texts. This study focused on the markers and monuments that are connected to events of the Second World War and memorials dedicated to the souls of those who perished during the war. For comparison, this study also included the text found in Mt. Samat Shrine, considered one the best-known tourist attractions in the province, administered by the Philippine Veterans Affairs Office. This paper also presents the captions and narrative in an Exhibit at the Bataan Tourism Center. Due to the pandemic restrictions, site visits to the markers and monuments were limited. This study used data sourced online such as e-books, journals, blogs, and websites. It also consulted the following: a. b. c. d.

Bataan Provincial Cultural Heritage Preservation Division Bataan Provincial Tourism Office Philippine Veterans Affairs Office Prof. Ricardo Jose

Presentation of Marker Texts The various markers and monuments contents are grouped and presented according to the following: a) b) c) d)

Historical Markers Place Markers Memorials Interpretive Text

The National Historical Commission of the Philippines defines monuments as memorials of historic events, places, and heroes and their deeds and contributions in nation building.57 The Philippines, monuments and markers are primarily defined by their function and the authority of the NHCP. However, markers and monuments in Bataan were erected or installed by various institutions without prior coordination with the NHCP or its predecessors, or previous communications have been lost. As stated in the initial study of the NPF-RI, tracing the original installers of these markers have been challenging. In this chapter, we present the markers and monuments with their photo and transcribed content.

Guidelines on Monuments 2012.pdf, “Guidelines on Monuments 2012.Pdf,” Google Docs, 2012, https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9c6mrxI4zoYWFBNWUN4bU5CRHM/view?resourcekey=0-tnI3OVCj2q8wpzoJLC wxcQ.

Historical Markers Marker Bataan and Democracy Marker (1967)

Content BATAAN AND DEMOCRACY THE LITTLE MOUNTAINOUS PENINSULA OF BATAAN SAVED DEMOCRACY AND THE WHOLE WORLD FROM THE EVIL HANDS OF THE DEVIL. (FROM THE RADIO BROADCAST OF PRESIDENT FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT, JANUARY 5, 1945) MAIN BATTLE POSITION Contemplated under War Plan Orange 3, the Main Battle Position of the USAFFE, known officially as the Abucay-Morong Line, was established astride this road, committed to this line under the II CORPS (East Sector) was the 57th Infantry Regiment (PS) whose sector stretched along the beach from Balanga to Mabatang, thence 2,000 yards westward crossing at this point, to its left was the 41st Division (PA) and the 51st division (PA), each of which held a front of 6,500 yards up to the wooded east slopes of Mt. Natib. In the I CORPS (West Sector), from the coastal barrio of Mauban eastward to the western undulation of Mt. Silanganan was positioned the 1st Regular Division (PA) to which was attacked the rifle-equipped 31st FA Regiment, 31st Division (PA), leaving a huge gap in Mounts Silanganan-Natib area, the east and west sectors of this line were assaulted beginning the 9th and 15th January 1942, respectively. Line abandoned on 25 January when in the west sector the enemy infiltrated through the gap at Mt. Silanganan established a road block at Mauban Ridge, at the rear of the 1st Regular Division, while in the II CORPS sector the enemy broke

Analysis Author: NHCP Subject: World War II Elements: Title, Lifted quotation Tone: Negative Values: None Trigger words: Evil hands Devil Composition: Quotation

Author: National Shrines Commission Subject: Battle for Bataan - Specific First Line of Defense Elements: Title, Dates, Names, Places, Units Tone: Neutral Values: None Trigger words: None Composition: Historical narrative

Fall of Bataan Marker

Cabcaben Marker

Corregidor Marker

through the line of the 51st Division. 2D LT. Alexander R. Winiger, Jr., 57th Infantry (PS), of Gainesville, Georgia was posthumously decorated with the congressional medal of honor for an action on this line on 12 January 1942, and became the first American serviceman to win America’s highest military decoration. THE FALL OF BATAAN 9 APRIL 1942 Sealed in blood the permanent ties of friendship and cooperation between the Philippines and the United States this Marker dedicated, 9 April 1952, to the memory of the gallant Filipino and American soldiers as well as civilians, who fought and died side by side in the defense of democracy.

CABCABEN MARIVELES, BATAAN Ang limang buwang walang kumpal na pagsalakay ng mga hapon sa hukbong Pilipino-Amerikano noong ikalawang digmaang pandaigdig at nagwakas sa isang bahay sa lupang ito sa ganap na ika-5 ng hapon, Mayo 8, 1942 nang bumagsak ang korehidor at sumuko si Tenyente-Heneral Jonathan M. Wainwright ng USAFFE kay Tenyente-Heneral. Masaharu Homma, Puno ng ika-16 na pangkat ng hukbong hapon. CORREGIDOR Derived its name from Corregimiento or Municipal District, about 1225 the island became a stronghold for Chinese pirates until the latter were driven away by the Moros. Became Spanish possession, 1570, when Spaniards arrived in Manila from Panay. Occupied by the Dutch, 1600. Recaptured by the Spaniards as a fortification besides being used

Author: NHCP Subject: World War II Fall of Bataan Elements: Title, Dates, Citizens Tone: Negative Values: Gallant democracy friendship Trigger words: Blood memory gallant fought died democracy Composition: Dedication Author: NHCP Subject: World War II - Specific Fall of Corregidor Elements: Title, Dates, Places/Location. Names Tone: Negative Values: None Trigger words: walang kumpal na pagsalakay bumagsak ang Korehidor sumuko Composition: Historical Narrative

Author: NHCP Subject: Corregidor Elements: Title, Dates, Places/Location. Names Tone: Neutral Values: None Trigger words: None Composition: Historical Narrative

Pinagsimulan ng Death March (Mariveles)

Battle of Trail 2 – Capot Hill

as lighthouse, dockyard, naval convalescent hospital, penal colony, and checking point for ships to have their papers corrected. Surrendered without resistance to Admiral Dewey, May 6, 1898. First occupied by the Americans as a convalescent hospital. November 14, 1904 and first garrison. The 35th Company C.A.C., commanded by Captain C.E. Kilbourne, arrived May 8, 1906. Became the seat of the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II and the scene of President Quezon’s taking oath of office on his second term. President Quezon and his family sought shelter at Malinta tunnel. December 24, 1941, occupied by the Japanese. May 6, 1942. Retaken by Americans, March 2, 1945, turned over to the Republic of the Philippines, October 12, 1947. PINAGSIMULAN NG DEATH MARCH Mahigit 70,000 sundalong Pilipino at Amerikanong mga bihag ng digmaan noong ikalawang digmaang pandaigdig ang nagsimulang magmartsa sa utos ng mga sundalong Hapones mula Mariveles, Bataan, 10 Abril 1942, at Bagac, Bataan, 11 Abril 1942. Nakaranas ng pagmamalupit, matinding pagod, gutom at uhaw ang mga bihag. Marami ang namatay at ang iba ay nagkasakit. Pagdating sa San Fernando, Pampanga, isinakay sila sat ren patungong Capas, Tarlac. Ikinasawi ng marami ang kawalan ng hangin bunga ng pagsisiksikan sa mga bagon. Nakarating ang mga natirang buhay sa Capas, Tarlac, at muling pinaglakad ng anim na kilometro hanggang sa bilangguan ng Camp O’ Donnell, 15 Abril 1942. Kinikilala sa kasaysayan bilang Death March. BATTLE OF TRAIL 2-CAPOT HILL South of this point is Barrio Capot and Capot Hill on whose southern

Author: NHCP Subject: World War II -Specific Death March Elements: Title, Dates, Citizens Tone: Negative Values: None Trigger words: bihag matinding pagod gutom uhaw namatay ikinasawi Composition: Historical Narrative

Author:National Shrines Commission Subject: World War II - Specific

PINAGSIMULAN NG DEATH MARCH (2017)

slopes was organized a portion of the line of Sector C, in which was located the terminus of the vital North-South Trail 2. In an effort to break through the main line of resistance, the Japanese 9th Infantry Regiment assaulted Trail 2 and Capot Hill beginning 27 January 1942. Elements of the 31st and 32nd Infantry Regiments, the rifle-equipped 31st FA Regiment, and the 31st Engineer Battalion, of the 31st Division (PA), and the 41st Infantry Regiment, 41st Division (PA), held back the hostile attacks, forcing the Japanese to pull out and fall back to their line on 2 February 1942. After the fierce battle, 100 Japanese were found dead within 150 yards of the main line of resistance. Some of the bodies were no more than a few yards from foxholes occupied by Filipino troops who suffered only light casualties. PINAGSIMULAN NG DEATH MARCH (2017) Mahigit 70,000 sundalong pilipino at Amerikanong mga bihag ng digmaan noong ikalawang digmaang pandaigdig ang nagsimulang magmartsa sa utos ng mga sundalong hapones mula Mariveles, Bataan. 10 Abril 1942, at Bagac, Bataan. 11 Abril 1942. Nakaranas ng pagmamalupit, matinding pagod, gutom at uhaw ng mga bihag. Marami ang namatay at ang iba ay nagkasakit. Pagdating sa San Fernando, Pampanga, isinakay sila sa tren patungong Capas, Tarlac. Ikinasawi ng marami ang kawalan ng hangin bunga ng pagsisiksikan sa mga bagon. Nakarating ang mga natirang buhay sa Capas, Tarlac, at muling pinaglakad ng anim na kilometro hanggang sa bilangguan ng Camp O' Donnell, 15 Abril 1942. Kinikilala sa kasaysayan bilang Death March.

Battle of Capot Hill Elements: Title, Dates, Places/Location, Units, Citizens Tone: Neutral Values: None Trigger words: None Composition: Historical Narrative

Author: NHCP Subject: Battle for Bataan - Specific Death March Elements: Title, Dates, Places/Location Tone: Negative - leaves a bad impression Values: Trigger words:pagmamalupit matinding pagod gutom at uhaw bihag namatay nagkasakit

THE FINAL BATTLE OF BATAAN Astride this point, on which was located the vital North-South Trail 4, was positioned the 23rd Infantry Regiment which held the center of the 21st Division (PA). Subjected to artillery and aerial bombardment on the morning of Good Friday, 3 April, its outpost line of resistance north of Tiawir River collapsed. At 1500 hours the Japanese 81st Infantry Regiment, 4th Division, broke through the main line of resistance at this point and swerving eastward forced the 22D Infantry to abandon its position. By night time the Japanese had pushed 1,000 yards behind the main line of resistance, on their advance toward Limay. On the 6th of April, the Japanese had overwhelmed all resistance offered by the 23D and 22D Infantry Regiments resulting in the disintegration of the II Corps and the Surrender of Bataan

Author: National Shrines Commission Subject: World War II - Specific Final Battle for Bataan Elements: Title, Dates, Places/Location, Units, Citizens Tone: Negative Values: None Trigger words: bombardment overwhelmed disintegration Surrender Composition: Historical Narrative

Marker Bataan World War II Historical Marker

Content Bataan World War II Historical Marker 1942-1945

Battle of Bataan Marker

The Abucay- Morong Line, First Major Defense Line of the USAFFE in Bataan crossed at this point deployed from right (East) to (West) where the 57th Regiment Combat Team Philippine Scouts 41st Div. Phil. Army Brig. Gen. Vicente Lim (PA) 51st Div. Phil. Army Brig. Gen. Clifford Bluemel (AUS) and the 1st Regular Div. Phil. Army Brig. Gen. Fidel V. Segundo, PA, first major engagement of this line, 12 January 1942, to the west of the road near the limiting point of the 57th RCT and the 41st Div. Falling to crush

Remarks Author: Unknown Subject: World War II Elements: Title, Date (Year Only) Tone: Neutral Values: None Trigger words: None Composition: Title Only Author: Unknown Subject: Battle for Bataan - Specific Elements: Unknown Tone: Neutral Values: None Trigger words: None Composition: Historical narrative

Final Battle Site

Place Markers

through the enemy shifted farther west and attacked the center of the 41st Division, 17 January, 1942, then the limiting point of the 51st Div. 20 January 1942. Left flank of the 1st Regular Div. Along the axis of the Morong-Bagac Road, also assaulted 20 January 1942 enemy infiltration through unmanned portion of the line between Mount Natib and Silanganan resulted in the envelopment of the 1st Regular Div. and finally the abandonment of the Pilar-Bagac Line on 24 January, 1942. Battle of Bataan Marker Tuol Pockets

TUOL BATTLE OF POCKETS Heavy fighting took place in this area resulting from enemy infiltration to the rear prior to the deployment of troops on the Pilar-Bagac line in the last week of January 1942. The enemy was pocketed and the ensuing engagement became known as the battle of Tuol Pockets. Participating USAFFE units were the 11th Infantry 11th Division Reinforced by elements of the Philippine Division, and elements of the 2nd Regular division PA. 71st Division and 91st Division all of the Philippine Army and the tank groups US Army (BRIG. GEN. James R.N Weaver, AUS). In nearby Gogo Cotar River Valley to the west other smaller pockets developed behind the 1st Regular Division frontline in this battle of the Pockets" the enemy infiltration troops were totally destroyed by 15 February 1942 and marked a signal victory of the USSAFE.

Zero KM Marker - Bagac

THIS MARKER IS SPONSORED BY Montemar Beach Club

Author: Unknown Subject: Battle for Bataan - Specific Battle of Pockets Elements: Title, Dates, Places/Location, Units, Names Tone: Positive - victorious Values: None Trigger words: Victory Composition: Historical Narrative

Dedication not available Author: National Historical Commission of the Philippines FAME Subject: Death March Elements: Dedicated person, Sponsor

Tone: Neutral Values: None Trigger words: None Composition: Dedication WWII Surrender Monument

Command post of Lt. Gen. Homma at the time of Bataan's surrender. Gen. King and his surrender party kept as hostages in this school house until after the USAFFE troops could be rounded up and delivered as POWS to the nearest Japanese units.

First Line of Defense Monument

38TH INFANTRY DIVISION Army of the United States Originally National, Guard of Indiana and Kentucky In memory of our comrades living and dead including the 38th tank company of Harrodsburg Kentuckya unit of this division which defended this ground December 1941 to February 1942 - and of the gallant men of all states who restored these provinces to the government of free people

Author: Unknown Subject: Battle of Bataan Surrender Elements: Places/Location, Names, Citizen Tone: Neutral Values: None Trigger words: None Composition: Informative Author:38th Infantry Division, US Army Subject: World War II - Specific First Line of Defense Elements: Title, Places/Location, Dates, Units Tone: Positive Values: Free people gallant Trigger words: None Composition: Memorial / Dedication

January 19, 1945 to August 16, 1945 49th Infantry 151st Infantry 152nd Infantry 113th Engineer Combat Battalion 38th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop 138th Field Artillery Battalion 139th Field Artillery Battalion 163rd Field Artillery Battalion 150th Field Artillery Battalion 113th Medical Battalion 38th Division Special Troops

Battle of Bataan Marker (Limay)

38th Tank Company Company D 192nd Tank Battalion "From this point eastward to the beach and up to six kilometers inland, along the bank of the Alangan River. A line was established on 7-8 April 1942 remnants of the it corps troops withdrawn from the Pilar, Bagac

Author: Unknown Subject: Battle of Battan - Specific Battle of Limay Elements: Dates, Places/Location, Names, Units Tone: Neutral Values: Heroic

Marker at Alangan, Limay

Surrender Site Marker

Zero KM Marker (Mariveles)

Line, reinforced by the Central Luzon force reserve constituted by 45th and 57th infantries and the 26th cavalry Philippine scouts and 51st infantry US Army the last ditch stand contemplated on this line in a heroic effort of save Bataan abandoned with decision of MAJ. GEN. Edward P. King Commanding General FROM THIS ARE EASTWARD TO THE BEACH UP AND UP TO 6 KM INLAND ALONG THE BANK OF THE ALANGAN RIVER. A LINE WAS ESTABLISHED ON APRIL 7-8. 1942. REMNANTS OF THE II CORPS WITHDREW FROM THE PILAR-BAGAC LINE.IT WAS REINFORCED BY THE ENTIRE LUZON FORCE RESERVES. CONSISTING OF THE 45TH AND 57TH INFANTRIES (PS). THE 26TH CAVALRY (PS). AND THE 31ST U.S. INFANTRY REGIMENT PHILIPPINE DIVISION. IN A LAST DITCH HEROIC EFFORT TO SAVE BATAAN. IT WAS ABANDONED WITH THE DECISION OF MAJOR GENERAL EDWARD P. KING, JR. TO SURRENDER HIS COMMAND ON LATE EVENING, 8 APRIL 1942. At this site on 9 April, 1942, MAJ GEN. Edward P. King JR. Commanding General Luzon forces surrender his command to the Japanese army Col. Moto Nakayama. 14th Army, representing LT. Gen Massaharu Homma, overall commander of the Japanese forces invading the Philippines faced with the slaughter of over 75, 0000 Men. Gen. King showed great courage by his decision to end the blood bath fearing a possible court-martial for his actions, Gen. King, knowing that his troops were disease-ridden and starving and that a continued resistance was futile, opted to save the lives of his men.

Trigger words: None Composition: Historical Narrative

Author: Maybe Battling Bastards of Bataan and Corregidor Subject: Battle of Battan - Specific Battle of Limay Elements: Dates, Places/Location, Names, Units Tone: Neutral Values: Heroic Trigger words: None Composition: Historical Narrative

This marker narrates the surrender of Maj. Gen. King Jr. of the Filipino-American Forces on 9 April 1942. The text mentions the reason why Maj. Gen. King Jr. opted to surrender to the Japanese. It also supports his decision to surrender in order to stop further casualties.

Author: NHCP and FAME Subject: Death March

Battle of Bataan - Pantingan Massacre

This River Pantingan served as the boundary line of the 1 corps (MAJ GEN. Albert Jones AUS) and the II corps (MAJ GEN. George M. Parker, JR.) the ravines of the Pantingan River Valley, a few thousand yards southward from this point became the graveyard of a good number of officers and non-commissioned officers of the 1 corps who were mercilessly massacred by the enemy following the fall of Bataan.

Elements: Dedicated person, Sponsor Tone: Neutral Values: None Trigger words: None Composition: Dedication Author: Unknown Subject: World War II - Specific Pantingan Massacre Elements: Places/Location, Dates, Names, Units Tone: Negative Values: None Trigger words: graveyard mercilessly massacred enemy Composition: Descriptive Narrative Historical Narrative

Memorial Marker War Dead Tower - WWII erected by Nie Ken Daichi. Maria Canon Statue

Content This is the tower erected for the repose of many war dead’s souls to the field in the Philippines during World War II. We pray sincerely for the world's eternal peace. September. 1978

Banawang/Banaoang Shrine (Japanese)

WWII Fil-Am Nurses Memorial

Erected by the Mie-Ken Daiichi Shumuhsho of the Japanese Sohtohshuh Sect PUNTOD Ang puntod na ito ay alay at pagdarasal sa mga sundalong Pilipino at Hapones na nangamatay sa dakong ito ng Morong at Bagac, Bataan. Ito rin ang magsisilbing tulay sa patuloy na pagkakaibigan ng mga Pilipino at Hapones at kapayapaan ng buong Asya, magpakailanman.

WWII "FIL-AM" NURSES MEMORIAL in honor of the forgotten Filipino nurses who worked side by side with their, American sisters with gallantry and steadfastness at two Bataan battlefield hospitals caring for thousands of wounded soldiers

Remarks Author: Japanese Religious Organization Subject: World War II Elements: Date of installation, author Tone: Positive - solemn Values: Peace Trigger words: repose Composition: Dedication

Author: Unknown Subject: World War II Elements: Places/Location, Country Name Tone: Positive - mournful Values: Peace Friendship Trigger words: pagdarasal nangamatay pagkakaibigan kapayapaan Composition: Dedication Author: Soroptimist International of Bataan through Edna Binkowsky Subject: World War II - Specific Fil-Am Nurses during the Battle for Bataan

Silahis Death March Bas-Relief

and civilians under terrorizing war thinking little of their own personal safety. The first group of Fil-Am nurses arrived in Limay Camp Hospital #1 on Dec. 24, 1941 and moved a month later to the little Baguio area of Mariveles, simultaneously, Hospital #2 (Jungle Hospital) was built in Cabcaben. The Fil-Am nurses were evacuated to Corregidor before the surrender of Bataan on April 9, 1942 with the hardest feeling of being separated from their patients. The American nurses ended up as prisoners at U.S.T Internment camp when Corregidor surrendered on May 6, 1942. Dedicated Nov. 7, 2003. To preserve the Bataan history by Edna Bautista Binknowski, the family of the late Curtis B. Norris and the Soroptimist int'l of Bataan. The Death March An undying tribute to the cause of democracy in this islands, it may well be this bloodiest resistance of the Allied Forces during the early part of the Second World War this tiny peninsula of Bataan that give fulfilment to the well-known pledge: "I Shall Return"

WWII Filipino Soldier Monument

Japanese Markers

in living memoir this marker is most humbly dedicated Sponsored by Mayor Lorenzo G. Dongco (?)

Text written in Japanese

Elements: Title, Dates, Places/Location. Names Tone: Positive Values: gallantry steadfastness Trigger words: caring wounded prisoners surrender Composition: Historical Narrative

Author: Unknown Subject: World War II - Specific Death March Elements: Title, dedication Tone: Positive Values: None Trigger words: cause of democracy bloodiest resistance in living memoir Composition: Literary (Poem)

Author: Unknown Subject: WWII Filipino Soldier Elements: Donor Tone: None Values: None Trigger words: None Composition: None Author: Unknown Subject: Needs Translation Elements: Tone:

Lt. Juan Aldaba Marker

1 LT Juan Juliana Aldaba was born on October 19, 1907 in Malolos, Bulacan to Amado and Estefania Aldaba. A lawyer by profession, he was commissioned in the Philippine army in 1941. While leading a reconnaissance patrol, he was killed by the Japanese army on this spot on 21, 1942. This monument was erected by the province of Bulacan headed by then Governor Alejo Santos, 1 LT Aldaba's commanding officer during the war.

Values: Trigger words: Author: Province of Bulacan Subject: World War II Soldier Elements: Date, Place/Location, Names Tone: Neutral Values: None Trigger words: None Composition: Historical Narrative

Interpretive Text Philippine-Japan Friendship Tower

Battle of Bataan Marker (Gen. Homma Headquarters) 1

Bagac Monument The Rissho Kosei-Kai, an organization of Buddhist laymen of Japan, established this friendship tower in cooperation with the Bataan Provincial Government on April 8, 1975. Dedicated to those who suffered in World War II, it is both a peace offering and a symbol of man's quest for peace. The cooperative efforts of the Japanese and Filipinos exemplify the blending of Buddhist compassion and Christian love, achieving, thereby, a sense of unity in spite of differences in culture, politics and religion, go forth, tell the world that from this hallowed ground people have taken the first steps toward world peace. This monument marks the exact spot where Filipino and American troops in Bataan were finally surrendered to the 14th Imperial Army of Japan on 9 April 1942 by their commanding officer, after three months of relentless siege by invaders. Major General Edward P. King, Jr., Senior Commander of the United States Forces in the Philippines (USFIP) in Bataan took it upon

Author: Japanese Religious Organization Subject: World War II Peace Offering Elements: World War II Peace Offering Tone: Positive - Solemn Values: Peace Compassion Love Unity Trigger words: peace offering unity in spite of differences hallowed ground world peace Composition: Dedication

Author:Multiple Subject:Battle for Bataan Surrender Elements: Date, Names, Places/Location, Photograph Tone:Negative Values:None Trigger words:surrendered captured suffer horrors Death March cruel

himself to order all units and soldiers to lay down their arms to avoid further loss of lives.

Composition: Historical Narrative

‘No one surrendered but me. If there’s any blame, it’s mine. I ordered you to surrender. You did not do anything but take orders.” Maj. Gen. Edward P. King, Jr. Together with his staff, Col. Everett C. Williams, Maj. Wade R. Cothran and Maj. Achille C. Tisdelle, he stoically faced Col. Motoo Nakayama, Senior Operations Officer of Gen. Masaharu Homma. More than 75,000 were captured and had to suffer the horrors of the “Death March” on the way to Capas, Tarlac. During the years of cruel occupation, over 180,000 civilians and soldiers formed and joined guerilla forces throughout the country to continue the fight. On 21 February 1945, American Liberation Forces, assisted by resistance fighters, defeated the Japanese Forces and regained the liberty of Bataan.

Let this Memorial be not a reminder of defeat but a symbol of freedom’s triumph over foreign aggression. Let us heed the message; in all wars, there can never be winners.

Battle of Bataan Marker (Gen. Homma Headquarters) 2

World War II in Europe and Asia claimed 62,500,000 human lives including 147,000 Filipinos, 418,000 Americans and 2,600,000 Japanese. VOICE OF FREEDOM 9 April 1942 Bataan has fallen. The Philippine-American troops in this war-ravaged and blood-stained peninsula have laid down their

Author: Capt Salvador Lopez Subject: World War II Fall of Bataan Elements: Title, Dates, Citizens, Photograph Tone: Positive and Negative

Battle of Bataan Marker (Gen. Homma Headquarters) 3

arms. They have stood up uncomplaining under the constant and grueling fire of the enemy for more than three months. Besieged on land. The intrepid fighters have done all that human endurance could bear. For what sustained them through all these months of incessant battle was a force that was more than merely physical. It was the force of an unconquerable faith. It was the thought of native land. The thought of freedom and dignity and pride in these most priceless of all our human prerogatives. Our men have fought a brave and bitterly contested struggle. All the world will testify to the most superhuman endurance with which they stood up until the last in the face of overwhelming odds. But the decision had to come. Men fighting under the banner of unshakable faith are made of something more than flesh, but they are not made of impervious steel. The flesh must yield at last, endurance melts away, and the end of the battle must come. Bataan has fallen, but the spirit that made it stand- a beacon to all the liberty-loving peoples of the world-cannot fall! This marked the spot where surrender terms were negotiated by Major General Edward P. King with Japanese Colonel Motoo Nakayama (who represented Gen. Homma) at the Balanga Elementary School on April 9, 1942. Restored by Boy Scouts of America and the Philippines

Battle of Bataan Marker (Gen. Homma Headquarters) 4

Through the efforts of Provincial Governor, Leonardo B. Roman and Sangguniang Panlalawigan. DIWA NG BATAAN (Spirit of Bataan) A symbol… A tribute… A pledge

Values: endurance faith brave liberty-loving dignity pride Trigger words: war-ravaged blood stained grueling fire enemy besieged bitterly contested struggle impervious steel unshakeable faith beacon Composition: Descriptive

Author: Boy Scouts of the Philippines Subject: World War II - Specific Battle for Bataan Surrender Elements: Date, Names, Institution Tone: Neutral Values: None Trigger words: None Composition: Informative

Author: Multiple Subject :World War II Diwa ng Bataan Elements: Title Name, Quotation

DIWA NG BATAAN immortalizes the Filipino and American soldiers as the symbol of unforgettable courage and human endurance--of VICTORY of the human spirit over insuperable forces. DIWA NG BATAAN stands tall as a tribute to our men and women whose blood flowed through hallowed grounds of Bataan for our country’s INTEGRITY and FREEDOM.

Tone: Positive Values: Courage endurance pride gallant loyalty patriotism Trigger words: unforgettable courage human endurance blood flowed freedom fight the evils Composition: Expository

Let DIWA NG BATAAN serve as a badge of pride for each great and gallant soldier in mortal combat--moved by the same dedication and commitment, the same loyalty and patriotism, the sane courage and the same will to remain a MAN. Let DIWA NG BATAAN be, As Ambassador Leon Ma.Guerrero said, “… a pledge of loyalty to peace that does not come from victory or defeat… but a pledge to fight again, to fight the evils that drive nations and people to war, poverty, hunger, religions hatred and prosecutions, ambitions, greed and oppression of the weak…”

Battle of Bataan Marker (Gen. Homma Headquarters) 5

LET THE SPIRIT OF BATAAN BREATHE PEACE ETERNAL. PINAG-ISIPAN. PINAGKAISAHAN. ISINAKATUPARAN This memorial to the heroes of Bataan was officially dedicated on 9 April 2006. It is the fruit of cooperation and hard work by men and women of Balanga who were behind various institutions and organizations. HAS CLUB Members and officers headed by Presidents Joy Valdecanas-David and Mario B. Magat, with Ms. Jonna G. Robles as project chair. CITY GOVERNMENT OF BALANGA

Author: Multiple Subject: Battle for Bataan Elements: Date, Names, Institution Tone: Positive Values: cooperation hard work Trigger words:None Composition: Informative

The people of Balanga are represented by the City Council and Mayor Melanio S. Banzon, Jr. With Hon. Mylene Y. Alonzo as project co-chair. HISTORICAL COMMITTEE OF BALANGA Members of the committee chaired by Dr. Violeta G. Tolentino, with Engr. Celso V. Valdecanas as project coordinator. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, CITY DIVISION The officials of the Division of CITY schools headed by Superintendent, Dr. Nora M. Uy and teachers of Balanga Integrated School led by Principal Flordeliza V. Tuazon. BATAAN TOURISM COUNCIL/BATAAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT Members of the council chaired by Ms. Victoria S. Garcia, with the full support of Governor Enrique T. Garcia, Jr. BENEFACTORS Major funding for this project was sourced by Hon. Norberto B. Gonzales and the City Government of Balanga.

First Line of Defense Monument

The dedication was officiated by Most Rev. Socrates B. Villegas D. D., Bishop of Balanga THE BATTLE OF LAYAC JUNCTION HERE ON JANUARY 6, 1942, THE FIRST MAJOR USAFFE BATTLE IN DEFENSE OF BATAAN TOOK PLACE THE 71ST DIVISION PHIL ARMY UNDER THE COMMAND OF BRIGADIER GENERAL CLYDE A. SELLECK SUPPORTED BY U.S. ARMY’S 31ST INFANTRY REGIMENT, THE U.S. 26TH CAVALRY AND A HEAVY CONCENTRATION OF ARTILLERY, LIGHT TANKS AND SELF-PROPELLED GUN UNITS BRAVELY FOUGHT THE IMAI

Author: Government of Bataan Subject: Battle for Bataan _ Specific First Line of Defense Elements: Title, Places/Location, Dates, Names, Units Tone: Positive Values: Bravery heroism Trigger words: Bravely fought Bravery Heroism Distinguished awards Composition: Historical Narrative

Flaming Sword

Defenders of Bataan - Samal

DETACHMENT OF THE JAPANESE IMPERIAL ARMY. THE JUNCTION WAS THE KEY POSITION DESIGNATED BY WAR PLAN ORANGE 3 AS THE FIRST MAIN LINE OF RESISTANCE (MLR) OF THE FILIPINO AMERICAN FORCES. IN THIS BATTLE, THREE FILIPINO SOLDIERS BECAME RECIPIENTS OF DISTINGUISHED AWARDS FROM THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT FOR THEIR EXTRAORDINARY BRAVERY & HEROISM. SGT. JOSE CALUGAS WAS AWARDED THE U.S. CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR WHILE LIEUTENANT JULIAN Q. CHUA AND CECILIO A. GARCIA WERE AWARDED THE U.S. DISTINGUISHED SERVICE CROSS. No label or marker installed

Our Eternal Gratitude To the Citizens of Samal, Bataan Who at the risk of enemy inflicted punishment or death offered food, drinks, shelter, medicine and other assistance to the weak, sick, wounded and dying defenders who were forced to walk the “DEATH MARCH” from various surrender sites in Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga in April 1942

Author: Provincial Government of Bataan Subject: None Elements: None Tone: None Values: None Trigger words: None Composition: None Author: Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor Subject: World War II Composition: Dedication Tone: Positive Elements: Places/Location, Date, Logo Values: “helpful” Trigger word : Risk Punishment Assistance to the dying

Bataan Tourism Center - Exhibit Scene (1) BATAAN IN PREWAR TIME ANG BATAAN NOON

English Text Prior to the outbreak of the Second World War in the Philippines, Bataan was a progressive and peaceful agricultural community. Bataan folks engaged actively in trade. The traders traveled freely throughout the province to buy and sell agricultural, marine and

Filipino Text Bago sumiklab ang World War II, ang tangway ng bataan ay isang tahimik at maunlad na pamayanang agrikultural. Malayang nakapupunta kahit saang pook ang mga mamamayan upang magdala ng kanilang ani sa bukid at dagat as iba pang paninda, at upang

(2) INVOLVEMENT OF BATAAN IN WORLD WAR II PAGKAKASANGKOT NG BATAAN SA WWII

other products. Fiestas were big social events in every barrio and town. Those were occasions when Catholics would temporarily leave their work to honor and give thanks to the patron saint; to bond with relatives, friends and even strangers; and to feast on native delicacies such as lechon and rice cakes. Dawn of december 8, 1941- the feast day of the Immaculate Conception. The Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. The ten-year military build-up for the defense of the Philippines- as planned by the Philippine Commonwealth under Pres. Manuel L. Quezon (with Gen. Douglas MacArthur as military adviser) was only half- completed. Bataan's fortifications were not ready for the long defensive campaign as mapped out in the secret War Plan Orange 3 (WPO-3) in the eventuality of a foreign invasion. Hours after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the Japanese bombed Baguio airfield. At noon, they struck the US air forces in Iba, Zambales and Clark, Pampanga--- thus, reducing the American air force in the Philippines to almost half. At about noon of the same day, a Japanese naval task force landed in the undefended Bataan Island of Batanes in Northern Philippines. On december 10, the Cavite Naval Station's yard was destroyed; the docks and naval installations were seriously damaged. Only submarines were left. The Japanese forces under Lt. Ge. Masaharu Homma, commander

makipagkaibigan. Masaya rin nilang naipagdiriwang ang kani-kanilang pistang bayan.

Kasalukuyang inihanda and depensa ng Pilipinas sakaling madamay ito sa WWII ng biglang binomba ng hapon ang Base-Amerikano sa Pearl Harbor, December 8, 1941. Ilang oras lamang pagkatapos nito ay nilusob ang Batan Island sa Batanes at sinalakay ang mga base ng mga Amerikano sa Davao, Clark, at iba pa. Isinunod nila ang baseng pandagat sa Cavite. Lumunsad sila sa mga dalampasigan sa Ilocos, La Union, Pangasinan, Cagayan Valley, at Quezon at mabilis na nasakop ang mga ito. Kaya kinailangang ipatupad ni Douglas Macarthur ang War Plan Orange 3 kung saan ang lahat ng pwersa ng USAFFE sa Luzon at titipunin sa Bataan. Kaya simula December 24, 1941 nagdatingan ang ibat ibang division upang gumawa ng Last Ditch stand at antalahin ang tuluyang pagsakop sa Pilipinas.

(3) DEFENSE OF BATAAN PAGTATANGGOL SA BATAAN

of the Japanese 14th Army, then made successful beach landing and occupied Ilocos, Cagayan Valley, Albay, Quezon, La Union and Pangasinan. The pincer movement of the onrushing Japanese forces from Northern and Southern Luzon prompted Gen. Douglas MacArthur--commander of the newly formed United States Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) in the Philippines to implement WPO-3 so the early destruction of the Philippine troops could be prevented. The defense of Bataan in 93 days (when it was scheduled to fall in 5 days!) is a tale of the bravery and heroism of the USAFFE composed of the US Army in the Philippines, the regular and reservists of the Philippine Army, and the mostly young, ill-equipped Filipino recruits. The peninsula became a virtual inferno from January 6 to April 8. But the newly organized USAFFE withstood the ceaseless attacks (except for the one-and a-half month full) of the battled-tested Japanese fighter and their powerful aircrafts and tanks on all fonts--with Mt. Samat in Pilar as the main thrust. The morale of the defenders rose with their victories over the invaders who lost about 2000 men in the hand-to-hand fighting in the Battle of the Points and the Battle of the Pockets where the Igorots of 11th Division fought like lions. The Japanese campaign in Bataan was a disgrace for Lt. Gen. Homma who failed to conquer the Philippines within 50-day

Hitik sa kabayanihan at katapangan ang ginawang pagtatanggol ng USAFFE sa tangway ng Bataan na nakalundo sa Bundok Samat, Pilar na nagmistulang impyerno sa walang puknat at walang awang pagbomba ng mga Hapones. Kahanga-hanga ang mga aksyong pang-antala nilang isinagawa at pagkakapanalo sa mga Battles of the Points and Pockets, gayundin ang ginampanang papel ng mga Igorot ng 11th division.

(4) CIVILIANS' LIFE DURING WORLD WAR II BUHAY-SIBILYAN NOONG WORLD WAR II

(5) V SGT. CALUGAS AND THE FIRST DEFENSE OF BATAAN V SGT. CALUGAS AND THE FIRST DEFENSE OF BATAAN

deadline. It delayed the Japanese march to Dutch East indies (Indonesia) War Plan Orange 3 (WPO-3) was a well-kept secret from the Filipino people before the outbreak of WWII in the Philippines. A great number of Bataenos were caught flat-footed when Bataan was turned into a battlefield and the citizens became victims in the crossfire. Many who survived the initial salvo heeded the call of Motherland. They joined and/or supported the USAFFE. The other helped evacuate the young, the sick, the elderly and the physically challenged to safe places like Pampanga, and Hagonoy in Bulacan. The 11th and 21st divisions of the USAFFE engaged and delayed the pursuing Japanese at Guagua and Porac lines in Pampanga from January 3-5 to cover the withdrawal of the Northern Luzon force to Bataan. On January 6, the First Battle in Bataan soil took place in Layac, the narrow gateway to the Peninsula. The mission to delay the Japanese advance to Bataan fell on the Layac forcecomposed of the remnants of the 71st Division, the 31st Infantry (US), and the 26th cavalry Regiment, with the support of the 23rd FA regiment which lost all its guns except one and whose gunners were disabled by the Japanese fire. Mess Sgt. Jose Calugas of the Philippine Scouts stationed between Culis and Mandama in Hermosa took over the last gun left. With 3rd Lts. Cecilio Garcia and Julian Chua as ammunition

Lihim sa mga mamamayang Pilipino ang War Plan Orange 3 kaya nagulantang ang mga taga-Bataan nang maging larangan ng digmaan ang kanilang lalawigan. Dahil hindi sila handa, marami ang naging biktima sa palitan ng putukan. Gayunman marami ang tumugon sa tawag ng Inang Bayang at tumulong sa USAFFE. Ang mga bata, maysakit, may gulang at walang kakayahang lumaban naman ay lumikas sa mga ligtas na lugar tulad ng Hagonoy, Bulacan.

Sinikap pigilin ng 11th at 21st division ng USAFFE na nasa Porac at Guagua line ang pagpasok ng hapones sa Bataan ngunit nabigo sila. Kaya noong ika-5 ng Enero ng taong !942 nakapasok sila sa Layac Line, ang First line of defense ng Peninsula ng Bataan kung saan nakatalaga ang 26th Cavalry Regiment. Ito ang unang engkwentro sa lupa ng Bataan na ikinasawi ng may hawak ng kanyon ng USAFFE. Nang makita ito ni Mess Sergeant Jose Calugas, buong tapang at mag-isa niyang pinaputukan ang mga kalaban sa pag alalay nina 3rd Lt. Cecilio GArcia at 3rd Lt. Julian Chua sa pagitan ng Mandama at Culis. Dahil dito, nabalam ang pagpasok ng Hapones sa loob ng Bataan.

(6) HOSPITAL 1 AND HOSPITAL 2 IN BATAAN HOSPITAL 1 AND HOSPITAL 2 IN BATAAN

loader, Sgt. Calugas delayed the invaders' tank toward the First Line of defense in Abucay. On December 22, 1941 a team of doctors and nurses were evacuated from Manila to Bataan. An emergency hospital aptly called Hospital One was built in Limay. Several of the evacuated army physicians and nurses, both Americans and Filipinos, were assigned to Hospital One. On december 26, 1942, it started receiving its first 212 patients--- soldiers wounded in various battles in Central Luzon, mostly in Pangasinan and Tarlac. Hospital One had the record of having operated the most number of war casualties on January 16, 1942. Within 24 hours, it performed 187 major surgical operations--- five times more than those in any hospital in the United States at the time. The Japanese bombed places near Hospital One after New Year of 1942. Thus the USAFFE was forced to transfer their hospital equipment and patients to Hospital Two (the jungle Hospital) in an open area in Kilometer Post 155, Cabcaben, Mariveles on January 25, 1942.

Disyembre 22, 1941 nagsimulang ilikas ang isang pangkat ng mga doktor at narses buhat sa Maynila patungong Bataan. Noong Disyembre 24, 1941, ginawang base hospital and barracks sa Limay, Bataan. Nakilala itong Bataan Hospital no. 1. May kapasidad ito na isang libong higaan at 50 kw na generator para sa suplay ng kuryente at bomba ng tubig. Noong Enero 16, 1942 natala sa Hospital no. 2 ang pinakamaraming operasyon ng mga sugatang sundalo ng giyera sa loob ng bente kuwatro oras ay isandaan at walumpu't pitong (187) "Major Surgical Operations" ang naisagawa na higit pa sa limang ulit na bilang sa mga operasyon na ginagawa sa alinmang Ospital sa Amerika. Matapos ang isang matahimik na selebrasyon ng Bagong Taon 1942, nagsimulang nagbagsak ng bomba ang mga hapon malapit sa kinatatayuan ng Hospital 1. Kaya nabuo ang kautusang humanap ng panibagong lugar para sa ospital na malayo sa panganib ng pag atake ng mga Hapones. Sa kagubatan ng Cabcaben, Mariveles- Kilometer post 155 na kilalang "Little Baguio" dahil malamig nilang klima natayo ang Hospital 2. Noong Enero 25, 1942, inilipat ang mga gamit, mga doktor, narses at pasyente patungong Hospital no. 2 sa pamumuno ng kanilang Commanding Officer na si Dr. Jame Duckworth. Ilang pambusco bus ang ginawa

(7) PANTINGAN RIVER MASSACRE PANTINGAN MASSACRE

(8) DEATH MARCH DEATH MARCH

The Japanese Imperial General Headquarters expected the fall of the Philippines in fifty (50) days. But the disgraced Gen. Homma, regarded earlier as the most brilliant strategist in the Japanese Imperial Army, met a formidable resistance from the fearless and freedom-loving defenders. After the Fall of Bataan on April 9, 1942 over 400 officers and noncommissioned officers of all units who participated in the Battle of the Points and the Battle of the Pockets staged west of Pantingan River were marked for revenge. From April 9-13, the Japanese exacted vengeance on one sacrificial group after another. They looted surrenderees; valuables, tied them together with telephones wire and executed them through samurais and bayonets at the Pantingan River between Pilar and Cabog-Cabog, Balanga. On April 10, 1942 Major Gen. Edward P. King, Jr., commander of the Luzon Force, signed the unconditional surrender of the Filipino-American forces in Bataan to prevent a possible disaster. The infamous Death March started on April 11. From Mariveles (Km 0) and Bagac (Km 00) the prisoners of War (POWs)

nilang malalaking ambulansya upang maisakay ang mga pasyente at mailipat sa itinayong "Hospital no. 2: sa Cabcaben. Bakbak ang mga takip nito sa gilid upang malayang dumaloy ang hangin at mas madaling ilabas ang mga pasyente kung sakali man na may napipintong pagatake ng mga sundalong Hapones. Sa pag-aakala ng mga Hapones na kaya nilang sakupin ang Pilipinas. Sa loob ng maikling panahon. Binigyan lamang nila si Lt. Gen. Masaharu Himma ng 50 araw ngunit sila ay nabigo at lubhang nahirapan. Matatapang at buo ang loob ng mga USAFFE. Dahil dito, nagsisimula pa lamang ang Death March ng sumukong 91st division na binubuo ng mahigit na 400 opisyal at tauhan ay pinahirapan na kinunan ng mahahalagang gamit, tinalian ng kawad ng telepono at walang awang pinagpapatay sa may Pantingan River sa Pilas na tinaguriang Mabungo o Makalansay.

Matapos lagdaan ni Major Gen. Edward P. ing ang dokumento ng pagsuko sa puwersang Pilipino-Amerikano sa Bataan noong Abril 10, 1942, nagsimula ang kalunus-lunos na Death March sa Mariveles (km 0) at sa Bagac (km 00) noong Abril 11 patungong Camp O' Donnell, Capas ang tinaguriang Hell-Hole

(9) BATAAN DEATH MARCH BOXCAR

and some civilians marched on to San Fernando, Pampanga under the heat of sun. From there, they were loaded in boxcars to Capas, Tarlac. From the town proper, the POWs were made to march to Camp O' Donnell-- the Hell-Hole concentration camp of the Japanese Imperial Army. Many defenders died in the about 105-km Death March, and in the prison camp-more than in the battles in Bataan. The boxcars were mute witnesses to the ordeal and valor of the Bataan death Marchers. They are reminders of the grimness of war, and the ruthlessness of man against his fellowmen. The boxcars were cargo trains run by the Manila Railroad Company before the war. Each wagon, made of wooden walls and galvanized iron roof, was ventilated only through a small window. It was a virtual furnace for the 150160 POWs packed standing in the big ones, and 50-60 in the small ones. Furthermore, the floors were smeared by feces, urine and vomit of dysentery victims. Many perished by suffocation unnoticed. they dropped to the floor when the doors of the trains were opened in Capas.

Concentration Camp ng Japanese Imperial Army.

Saksi ang Boxcar sa paghihirap at kabayanihan ng mga biktima ng Bataan Death March. Isa itong paalala sa lagim ng giyera sa kasamaan ng tao sa kanyang kapwa. Buhat sa Mariveles at Bagac, lumakad nang may 105 kilometro sa gitna ng kainitan ng Abril ang mga sumukong sundalong Pilipino at Amerikano, kasama ang ilang sibilyan. Tumuloy sila sa istasyon ng tren sa San Fernando, Pampanga kung saan isinakay sila sa mga Boxcar patungong Prison Camps sa Capas, Tarlac. Ang Boxcar ay pangkargamentong sasakyan ng Manila Railroad Company bago sumiklab ang digmaan. May dingding na tabla at yerong bubong, pinilit na isakay ng mga mananakop na Hapon ang 15-160 na katao sa malalaking Boxcar. 50 hanggang 60 naman ang isiniksik sa maliliit na Boxcar, kaya hindi makaupo ang mga nakasakay. Isang maliit na puwang lamang sa pinto ng bawat boxcar ang daanan ng hangin, kaya mistulang pugon ito. Bukod dito, napuno ng dumi, ihi, at suka ng mga may disenterya ang mga sahig nito.

Marami ang nasawo habang nakatayo sa Boxcar. Analysis: Nine (9) Scenes Author: Bataan Tourism Office Subject: Battle for Bataan Composition: Descriptive, Historical Narrative Tone: Neutral Elements: Places/Location, Dates, Names, Units, Multi-lingual Values: Fearless, Valor Trigger words: Grimness Ruthlessness Surrender executed

Mt. Samat National Shrine – Dambana ng Kagitingan THE BATTLE OF BATAAN ON THIS GROUND GALLANT MEN CHOSE TO DIE RATHER THAN SURRENDER FROM ALL CORNERS OF THE PHILIPPINES THEY CAME, YOUTHFUL AND BRAVE TO MAKE IMPLACABLE ENEMY WHICH HAD MARCHED THROUGH ASIA. WHAT TRANSPIRED WAS A FEROCIOUS COMBAT BETWEEN RAW ILL-EQUIPPED RECRUITS AND SEASONED WELL-ARMED TROOPS. ON THESE TABLETS IS RECORDED THE EPIC, THE TRULY UNIFYING EXPERIENCE, THAT WAS BATAAN LET ALL WHO READ THIS TAKE PRIDE IN THE COURAGE OF OUR RACE. THE BATTLE: THE ENEMY HAD SECURED THE BEACHHEADS ON LINGAYEN GULF AND THE WEST COAST OF TAYABAS PROVINCE. THE 14TH JAPANESE IMPERIAL ARMY UNDER THE COMMAND OF LIEUTENANT GENERAL MASAHARU HOMMA NOW STARTED A GIGANTIC PINDER ATTACK THE FATE OF LUZON WAS SEALED. FIGHTING VALIANTLY, THE UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES IN THE FAR EAST (USAFFE) LED BY GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR WAS THROWN BACK IN FIERCE ACTIONS BY THE IMPLACABLE ADVANCE OF THE ENEMY RETREAT TO BATAAN BECAME INEVITABLE. ON THIS PENINSULA, THE DEFENDING FORCES FOLLOWING WAR PLAN ORANGE 3, REGROUPED FOR A LAST STAND AGAINST THE INVADERS. DELAYING ACTIONS WERE FOUGHT TO PERMIT WITHDRAWAL TO THE PENINSULA, THE BLOODIEST OF WHICH WAS FOUGHT BY THE 11TH AND 21ST DIVISIONS ON THE PORAC-GUAGUA LINE. THE 26TH CAVALRY REGIMENT PROTECTED THE WEST FLANK OF THE 21ST DIVISION. AS THE ENTIRE USAFFE STRUGGLED FROM SOUTH AND NORTH TOWARD THE LAYAC JUNCTION THE ONLY APPROACH TO BATAAN THE DELAYING FORCES HELD ITS LINE ON OPEN AND UNPREPARED GROUND

FROM 1 JANUARY to 5 JANUARY THEY STOOD FAST AGAINST MASSIVE ENEMY AERIAL AND ARTILLERY BOMBARDMENT CONCENTRATED TANK ATTACKS AND BANZAI CHARGES CASUALTIES ON BOTH SIDES WERE HEAVY. THE FIRST DEFENSIVE LINE IN BATAAN WAS THE HERMOSA DINALUPIHAN LINE WHERE ON 6 JANUARY 1942 THE 71ST DIVISION. THE AMERICAN 31ST INFANTRY REGIMENT AND THE 26TH CAVALRY REGIMENT FOUGHT OFF THE PURSUING ENEMY. THE AIM OF WAR PLAN ORANGE 3 WAS TO RESIST THE ENEMY ON THE BATAAN PENINSULA TO THE LIMITS OF HUMAN ENDURANCE. THE MAIN BATTLE POSITION OF THE USAFFE. THE ABUCAY-MORONG LINE, WAS ATTACKED ALONG ITS EASTERN FLANK ON 9 JANUARY BUT WAS REPULSED BY THE 57TH REGIMENTAL COMBAT TEAM REINFORCED BY THE 21ST INFANTRY OF THE 21ST DIVISION. ON 14 JANUARY, THE JAPANESE ATTACKED THE BOUNDARY OF THE 41ST AND 51ST DIVISIONS. THE 43RD INFANTRY, HOLDING THE LEFT FLANK OF THE 41ST DIVISION, REINFORCED BY THE 23RD INFANTRY, 21ST DIVISION SHARPLY REFUSED ITS FLANK. THE 51ST INFANTRY HOLDING THE RIGHT FLANK OF THE 51ST DIVISION, WITHDREW CREATING A GAP THROUGH WHICH THE ENEMY ADVANCED TO THE SALIAN RIVER BUT WAS DISCOVERED BY A PATROL OF THE 21ST DIVISION ELEMENTS WERE RUSHED TO THE SALIAN RIVER VALLEY AND AFTER A SAVAGE FIGHT SUCCEEDED IN THROWING BACK THE ENEMY FATHER TO THE WEST. THE ENEMY SURPRISED AND ROUTED THE 53RD INFANTRY PENETRATING DEEP BEHIND THE MAIN BATTLE POSITION ALONG THE ABO-ABO RIVER VALLEY THE ENEMY ADVANCE EAS HELP UP BY COMBINED ELEMENTS OF THE 21ST DIVISION OF THE II CORPS RESERVE THE 31ST AND THE 51ST DIVISIONS ON THE BANI-GUITOL FOREST AREA. THE AMERICAN 31ST INFANTRY AND 45TH INFANTRY. PHILIPPINES SCOUTS SUCCEEDED IN PARTIALLY RESTORING THE ABANDONED 51ST DIVISION LINE. ON 15 JANUARY THE MORONG SECTOR, DEFENDED BY THE 1ST REGULAR DIVISION REINFORCED CAME UNDER HEAVY BOMBARDMENT BUT THE LINE HELD. A FEW DAYS LATER, THE ENEMY PENETRATED THROUGH A HUGE GAP IN THE SILANGANAN-NATIB AREA AND ESTABLISHED A ROADBLOCK ON THE MAUBAN RIDGE, THUS CUTTING OF THE 1ST REGULAR DIVISION FROM THE REAR AREA. GRAVELY THREATENED, ELEMENTS OF THE 71ST AND 91ST DIVISIONS AND THE 2ND PC REGIMENTS REPEATEDLY ATTACKED THE ROAD BLOCK BUT FAILED TO DISLODGE THE ENEMY.

Author: National Shrines Commission Subject: World War II - Battle of Bataan Composition: Historical Narrative Tone: Positive Elements: Title, Dates, Places/Location, Names, Citizens, Units, Photo Values: Brave, Pride, Courage, Valiant Trigger words: Bloodiest, Gigantic attack, Ferocious combat, Endurance The Mt. Samat National Shrine, known as Dambana ng Kagitingan, is located at the summit of Mt. Samat in the Municipality of Pilar. It was commissioned in 1966 by President Ferdinand Marcos and the complex was built to commemorate the events and soldiers who

fought during the Second World War.58 It was only officially inaugurated in 1970.59 The text found at the lobby shrine is a historical narrative of the events that transpired during the Battle for Bataan. It is written in English and includes a number of information such as dates, location, names of soldiers, and even the Japanese counterpart. The main purpose of the shrine is to commemorate the values such as valor and gallantry of the Filipino-American soldiers in the war. The tourists, upon reading the story, are expected to feel proud of the bravery and achievements of the Fil-Am forces particularly the Battle for the Bataan and how in a larger setting was a crucial event in the fight for democracy and freedom from the oppressive Japanese Forces. Although the text is somewhat subdued of the atrocities of the Japanese soldiers, this may be attributed to the time the shrine was completed. During this period, the Philippines was slowly reopening to Japan, and commemorations at the time focused on Filipino-American friendship, the importance of freedom, and remembering the sacrifices of the Filipinos and Americans. Other political sentiments such as fighting against poverty, ignorance, and diseases were also present especially during commemorative speeches.60 Since the author is the government, it is assumed that all details in the text are correct and authentic.

Content Analysis Author The markers and monuments were installed by various groups to commemorate their units and comrades' contribution to the war. Groups composed mostly of veterans also put up markers to memorialize and remind people of what happened during the battle and the sacrifices of their particular units. The following list of groups or institutions summarizes authorship of the Bataan markers and monuments. However, a number of markers have unknown authors or installers. Knowing the author of these markers can help the readers decide if the text is credible, understand their biases, and know their intention. Author 1. National Historical Commission of the Philippines 2. National Shrines Commission (now PVAO)61 3. Provincial Government of Bataan62 4. Japanese Religious Organization 5. 38th Infantry Division, US Army 6. Multiple (Including Boys Scouts of the Philippines and text by Capt Salvador Lopez) 7. Battling Bastards of Bataan

Number of Markers 6 4 2 2 5 1

“Proclamation No. 25, S. 1966 | GOVPH,” Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, April 18, 1966, https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1966/04/18/proclamation-no-25-s-1966/. 59 Ricardo Jose, “War Memorials and Commemorations in the Philippines: An Exploratory Look,” in The Past, Love, Money and Much More: Philippines-Japan Relations since the End of the Second World War, ed. Lydia Yu Jose (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University, 2008), 15–37. 60 Ibid. p.24 61 Including the text found in Mt. Samat National Shrine 62 The Flaming Sword Monument does not contain any interpretive text or explanation. Included also in this category is the exhibit at the Bataan Tourism Office.

8. Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor 9. Filipino-American Memorial Endowment (FAME)63 10. Soroptimist International of Bataan through Edna Binkowsky 11. Provincial Government of Bulacan 12. Unknown

1 264 1 1 11

National Historical Commission of the Philippines – the national agency mandated to conserve and preserve national historical legacies. Their responsibilities include spearheading commemorations of significant events and personages in Philippine history.65 The National Shrines Commission – The NSC was a unit under the Department of National Defense (DND) and was integrated into the Philippine Veterans Affairs Office in 1973.66 Today, the NSC responsibilities are handled by the Veterans Memorial and Historical Division under PVAO. The Battling Bastards of Bataan, FAME, and Defenders of Corregidor and Bataan were groups organized by the veterans, their descendants and other historians meant to fight for veterans rights and benefits. These groups also put up place markers to memorialize their own units’ achievements, battle campaigned or even tragedies 67. The Japanese installed memorials were more religious than historical. Most markers were written in Japanese Text and should be interpreted for further studies. Other private individuals and institutions put up markers to memorialize specific persons such as the Philippine-American nurses who served in Bataan during the war and individual soldiers. Markers with unknown authors need further studies. Subject The following subjects were found on the markers. Although they are World War II related in general, the subjects included specific topics such as actual battles that transpired during the war. It is noticeable that commemoration varies amonghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8npqrPxks0 the authors or installers. Majority of those installed by the Philippine Government and private institutions only mention the Filipino –American Forces while those installed by Japanese institutions only commemorates Filipino and Japanese soldiers. If a marker was installed by a Philippine Institution or Fil-Am veterans group, the Japanese were mentioned as the enemy or oppressor. A. World War II B. Battle for Bataan 63

These individual kilometre Death March Markers were originally installed by the NHC in 1970. FAME took over and replaced the dilapidated kilometre markers in the late 1980s. 64 The Province of Bataan included in their cultural heritage assets list only 2 of the 138 Kilometer Death March Markers – both Km Zero of Mariveles and Bagac. 65 “About Us - National Historical Commission of the Philippines,” National Historical Commission of the Philippines, 2015, https://nhcp.gov.ph/about-us/. 66 “P.D. No. 1076,” Lawphil.net, 2021, https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1977/pd_1076_1977.html. 67 Ricardo Jose, “War Memorials and Commemorations in the Philippines: An Exploratory Look”

a. First Line of Defense b. Second Line of Defense c. Battle of the Pockets d. Battle of the Points e. Pantingan Massacre f. Surrender C. Fall of Bataan – some markers used ‘Fall of Bataan’ because they were installed before the themes of commemoration changed. The change came to light when people questioned why the Philippines celebrates defeat. Because of this, Bataan day was changed to Araw ng Kagitingan in the late 1970s 68. D. Death March E. Memorial Composition and Elements Most texts found on the markers are historical narratives that details what transpired during the battle. The majority were written in the English language while those set-up by the NHCP were in Filipino. The dedication of the Silahis Memorial is written in poetry, memorializing the soldiers who died in the Second World War. The text in some Japanese memorials are religious in nature and mostly pray for the souls of the dead with peace as the main focus of the idea. Since most texts are found to be narrative, the elements commonly found on it are dates, names of soldiers, names of units in the armed forces, their unit designation and usual location, places, and citizens. This information can highlight the historical significance and educational significance of World War II-Battle for Bataan heritage not only to the province and the Philippines, but to the world. There markers are usually located at the place where the event happened. The tourists upon reading the contents may get a glimpse in situ of what the Filipino soldiers experienced during the war. Tone The overall tones of the majority of the markers are neutral and positive. By using these tones, it sets a more amiable feeling for the reader and leaves a better impression on the events that transpired during the war. By using a positive tone, it highlighted more on the outstanding values of the Filipino-American soldiers such as gallantry, bravery and patriotism. The markers written in a more negative tone sets to leave a bad impression to the reader. It evokes negative emotions that may trigger a non—favorable reaction from the tourists. Although this negative writing is only directed towards the Japanese and their atrocities. Presented below are the list of markers and the tone of which their contents were written.

Ricardo Jose, “War Memorials and Commemorations in the Philippines: An Exploratory Look”, p.28

Neutral • Bataan World War II Historical Marker Monument • Battle of Bataan Marker – Abucay Morong Line • Main Battle Position Marker • Zero KM Marker – Death March • Battle of Bataan Marker (Gen. Homma Headquarters) 3 • WWII Surrender Monument • Battle of Bataan Marker (Limay) • Marker at Alangan, Limay • Corregidor Marker • Battle of Trail 2 – Capot Hill • Lt. Juan Aldaba Marker • Bataan Tourism Center Exhibit

TONE Positive • War Dead Tower - WWII erected by Nie Ken Daichi. Maria Canon Statue • Battle of Bataan Marker – Tuol Pockets • Banawang/Banaoang Shrine (Japanese) • Philippine-Japan Friendship Tower • Battle of Bataan Marker (Gen. Homma Headquarters) 2 • Battle of Bataan Marker (Gen. Homma Headquarters) 4 • Battle of Bataan Marker (Gen. Homma Headquarters) 5 • First Line of Defense Monument • First Line of Defense Monument • Surrender Site Marker • WWII Fil-Am Nurses Memorial • Silahis Death March Bas-Relief • Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor (Samal) • Mt. Samat National Shrine

Negative • Battle of Bataan Marker (Gen. Homma Headquarters) 1 • Fall of Bataan Marker • Bataan and Democracy Marker • Cabcaben Marker • Pinagsimulan ng Death March • Battle of Bataan Pantingan Massacre • Final Battle Site

Values Using a word cloud, the most common values used in the text are peace, pride, gallantry, bravery, courage and friendship.

Trigger words The most common trigger words found in their texts are fight for democracy, surrender, captured, enemy, pagod/tired, uhaw/thirsty, gutom/hungry, blood and death. These trigger words may evoke a particular emotion from the tourists or the reader.

Summary There needs to be more acknowledgement that interpretation is good, not just for heritage conservation, but for human knowledge, growth, experience, pleasure and meaning69 Markers installed by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines narrates significant events or battles that had happened at the particular site of the marker. Although narrative in general, it does use words that describe the atrocities dealt to the Filipino-American soldiers under the Japanese onslaught. The use of “negative words” such as bloody, suffering, paints the Japanese forces as brutal and inhumane. On one hand, it honors the Filipino- American soldiers by enunciating values such as bravery, patriotism, gallantry, among others. The dates indicated on these markers can be assumed credible since the NHCP is the leading agency on matters of history and commemoration in the Philippines. With proper research, such details can be used as baseline data to further enrich the Bataan and World War II narrative. These markers, if using Tilden’s theory, will make them interpretive texts such that it evokes certain emotions or feelings from the reader.

Jameson 2007

The Japanese memorials can be interpreted by the reader in different ways but the rhetoric will always be about peace and lasting friendship. Although these memorials may promise friendship and perpetual peace, it does not explicitly apologize for the atrocities they have incurred the Filipino and American soldiers during the war. It can only be assumed that these religious memorials pray for the souls of those who died in the war. Among all markers in Bataan, it is interesting to note that not one of these markers were installed or erected by the United States Government. The Battling Bastards of Bataan and Corregidor, and Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor may have US Veterans as members, they are considered private and do not represent the government of the United States. There are other subjects that can also be highlighted if new markers should be installed such as the contribution of the citizens during the war and the memorialization of the civilian people who died during the war. It is also recommended to highlight how war is never a good option and that the people should strive to never start a war again.

References “A New Twist for an Old Program: Making Historical Markers Relevant for the 21st Century on JSTOR.” Jstor.org, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42653926?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A0f708dbd19 5399f3c3188cbd3ecd5fb9&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. “About Us - National Historical Commission of the Philippines.” National Historical Commission of the Philippines, 2015. https://nhcp.gov.ph/about-us/. Biscione, Marilisa, Maria Danese, and Nicola Masini. “A Framework for Cultural Heritage Management and Research: The Cancellara Case Study.” Journal of Maps 14, no. 2 (September 20, 2018): 576–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2018.1517699. Cortez, Anthony. “Maria Canon Statue.” Blogspot.com, 2012. https://abcortezphotos.blogspot.com/2012/03/maria-canon-statue.html. ———. “WWII Historical Marker.” Blogspot.com, 2012. https://abcortezphotos.blogspot.com/2012/03/wwii-historical-marker.html. “Death March Markers - Filpino American Memorial Endowment.” Filpino American Memorial Endowment, October 2, 2015. https://filipino-americanmemorials.org/project/death-march-markers/#. Garilao, Karina, Kate Lim, Sarah Bendana, and Jess Espina. “An Introductory Guide to Emergent Threats to Cultural Tourism Sites in the Philippines.” Manila, Philippines: Nayong Pilipino Foundation - Department of Tourism, 2021. Guidelines on Monuments 2012.pdf. “Guidelines on Monuments 2012.Pdf.” Google Docs, 2012. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9c6mrxI4zoYWFBNWUN4bU5CRHM/view?resource key=0-tnI3OVCj2q8wpzoJLCwxcQ. Hari Srinivas | GDRC. “Heritage and Conservation Strategies: Understanding the Justifications and Implications.” Gdrc.org, 2020. https://www.gdrc.org/heritage/heritage-strategies.html. “ICOMOS Charter for the Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites.” International Journal of Cultural Property 15, no. 04 (November 2008): 377. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0940739108080417. Jameson, John H. “Cultural Heritage Interpretation.” 12,000 Year History Park, Cayce, SC, USA International Committee on Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites

(ICIP), ICOMOS, Savannah, GA, USA, 2020. Jose, Ricardo. “The Battle for Bataan,” n.d. ———. “War Memorials and Commemorations in the Philippines: An Exploratory Look.” In The Past, Love, Money and Much More: Philippines-Japan Relations since the End of the Second World War, edited by Lydia Yu Jose, 15–37. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University, 2008. José, Ricardo T. “War and Violence, History and Memory: The Philippine Experience of the Second World War.” Asian Journal of Social Science 29, no. 3 (2001): 457–70. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853101x00190. Kadi, Alaa J., Mastura Jaafar, and Fatimah Hassan. “Review of Literature of the Rural Heritage Tourism Destination.” Edited by M.A. Othuman Mydin and A. Marzuki. SHS Web of Conferences 12 (2014): 01008. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20141201008. Laurajane Smith. “Intangible Heritage.” Academia.edu, 2016. https://www.academia.edu/292669/Intangible_Heritage. Linantud, John L. “War Memorials and Memories: Comparing the Philippines and South Korea.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 14, no. 4 (July 2008): 347–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250802155869. “Merriam-Webster Dictionary.” Merriam-webster.com, 2021. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/culture. MSJames. “Tilden’s Principles of Interpretation,” 2007. http://culturalheritagetourism.org/wp-content/uploads/formidable/Tildens-Principles.pdf. “P.D. No. 1076.” Lawphil.net, 2021. https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1977/pd_1076_1977.html. Packer, Jan, Roy Ballantyne, and David Uzzell. “Interpreting War Heritage: Impacts of Anzac Museum and Battlefield Visits on Australians’ Understanding of National Identity.” Annals of Tourism Research 76, no. 76 (May 2019): 105–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.03.012. Photobucket. “Photobucket.” Photobucket.com, Inc., 2021. https://app.photobucket.com/u/PI-Sailor/a/0db4dd79-a764-40b4-9a84-050a6dcbd553/p/f 813a464-d44d-4c12-b2b9-722b94d11102. ———. “Photobucket.” Photobucket.com, Inc., 2021.

https://app.photobucket.com/u/PI-Sailor/a/65afa867-38d8-4cc3-b5ea-caea6c4beb71/p/d7 00d7da-805a-4012-8af4-4f74f183b347. ———. “Photobucket.” Photobucket.com, Inc., 2021. https://app.photobucket.com/u/PI-Sailor/a/23cc8a12-f765-47cd-8327-77f8d6bd4325/p/99 4b5bd9-47a8-4396-b42c-194fb9974dee. Poria, Yaniv, Richard Butler, and David Airey. “The Core of Heritage Tourism.” Annals of Tourism Research 30, no. 1 (January 2003): 238–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(02)00064-6. “Practice Note,” n.d. https://australia.icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/Practice-Note_Interpretation.pdf. Research Report. “Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage: Research Report,” 2002. http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/assessing .pdf. Reyes, Robie R, and Catholic Church. Diocese Of Bataan (Philippines. Bataan through the Centuries : Peninsula of Faith and Valor. Manila: Tomas Pinpin Publications, 2010. “The Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition (CARLA): Culture.” Umn.edu, 2019. https://carla.umn.edu/culture/definitions.html. “The Fall of the Philippines-Chapter 26.” Army.mil, 2021. https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_26.htm. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “The World Heritage Convention.” Unesco.org, 2020. https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/. ———. “The World Heritage Convention.” Unesco.org, 2020. https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/.

Wellbeing, and Greenspace Aesthetics in Urban Parks - A Preliminary Study Jess Immanuel J. Espina

Studies have shown that people living in urban areas are more prone to stress and other mental and psychological illnesses.70 The hectic activity of urban living is identified as a major factor to this increased risk. As such, additional research is being conducted on how to alleviate and combat this. One way is to look at the restorative effects of trees and urban green spaces. These studies are seen to be promising, as they advocate for more urban green spaces. Metro Manila, with an area of 619.54 square kilometers, unfortunately only devotes 12% of its area to these spaces. In the city of Manila alone, only 140 hectares of its 3,800-hectare area is devoted to green spaces. Because of the lack of green spaces that could be utilized for its citizens, the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (NPF) has decided to utilize its land at Entertainment City, with one of the primary reasons being to address this need. The NPF is set to build an all-inclusive park, which includes utilizing this urban green space as a place where people can find rest and relaxation, “away” from the stress of city living. As such, NPF has then decided to conduct an initial study that investigates the value of urban green spaces on self-assessed, perceived individual well-being. The results will be applicable in the design of the NPF Park and its interpretation programs. In conducting the study, it will first look at the existing literature on urban green spaces and wellbeing (particularly in handling stress), and the situation in the Philippines. Afterwards, a survey will be created that aims to look at how residents of Metro Manila perceive/associate urban green spaces with their own well-being. It will introduce the eight Perceived Sensory Dimensions (PSDs) of green space aesthetics, and the attitudes of the respondents to major parks in Metro Manila. In the final part of the survey, different designs of the proposed NPF Park will be displayed, with the data from the respondents being analyzed on whether they fulfill any of the eight PSDs, and if they think the design of the park brings about “wellness” and stress relief. The survey will be distributed via the Nayong Pilipino Foundation’s Facebook page.

Green Spaces and Wellness With the increased visibility of mental health issues throughout the world, scientists have begun studying the correlation between city living and increased risk to mental health disorders. This connection is slowly being unearthed through different studies. In an experiment conducted by Lederbogen, Kirsch, Haddad, et al. in 2011, it was discovered that two regions of the brain, the amygdala and cingulate cortex, responded more significantly to stress for current city dwellers and people raised in cities, respectively.71 As such, scientists have then begun looking 70

Gruebner, Oliver, Michael A. Rapp, Mazda Adli, Ulrike Kluge, Sandro Galea, and Andreas Heinz. "Cities and Mental Health." Deutsches Aerzteblatt Online, 2017. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121, p. 125. 71

Lederbogen, Florian, Peter Kirsch, Leila Haddad, Fabian Streit, Heike Tost, Philipp Schuch, Stefan Wüst, Jens C. Pruessner, Marcella Rietschel, Michael Deuschle, and Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg. "City Living and Urban

into the environment, whether green spaces can be used to alter the processing of stress and emotion.72 To quote Jim Van Os, a psychiatrist and epidemiologist at Maastricht University, “Nothing in mental health can become clear unless we look at the environment.”73 One solution being explored to combat the risk of mental health disorders in urban areas is the increased presence of trees and urban green spaces.74 In a review of studies on the benefits of trees and human health published by the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health in 2020, the benefits were categorized into three categories: Reducing Harm, Restoring Capacities, and Building Capacities.75 According to the study, the first category, Reducing Harm, considers the role of vegetation in mitigating the conditions that can compromise health, and includes concerns of exposure to air pollution, noise, and heat. The second, Restoring Capacities, describes how nature experiences are a resource that promotes improved psychological and physiological functioning, including cognitive attention restoration, and stress recovery. The last domain, Building Capacities, describes nature experience pathways that facilitate multiple conditions of wellness for both individuals and communities, such as encouraging physical activity and providing settings for social cohesion.76

Trees were found to be beneficial not only for the physical aspect of health, but for the mental, psychological, and social aspect as well. The Restoring Capacities of Trees is demonstrated in various studies. Among these studies include the process of “Shirin Yoku,” or the Japanese art of forest bathing wherein one immerses the self in nature.77 It builds upon the Biophilia Hypothesis, which states that humans have a biological need to connect with nature as it can improve one’s health, while being cut off from it may lead to adverse health effects.78 The practice of Shirin Yoku has consistently shown self-reported results of increasing sleep and decreasing the feelings of tension/anxiety, anger/hostility, and fatigue/confusion.79 Aside from this, the phytoncides (antimicrobial allelochemic volatile organic compounds) or volatile substances emitted by the forest help build up the immune system.80 Another study by Marselle et al. demonstrated that the increased presence of trees reduce the risk of antidepressant medication.81 The implication of this study

Upbringing Affect Neural Social Stress Processing in Humans." Nature 474, no. 7352 (June 22, 2011): 498-501. doi:10.1038/nature10190, p. 498. 72

Abbott, Alison. "Urban Decay." Nature, October 11, 2012, 162-64, p. 164.

Ibid. Ibid. 75 Wolf, Kathleen L., Sharon T. Lam, Jennifer K. Mckeen, Gregory R.a. Richardson, Matilda Van Den Bosch, and Adrina C. Bardekjian. "Urban Trees and Human Health: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 1-30. doi:10.3390/ijerph17124371, p. 4-5. 73 74

Ibid. Li, Qing. Forest Bathing: How Trees Can Help You Find Health and Happiness. New York: Viking, 2018, p. 9. 78 Ibid, p. 12. 79 Ibid, p. 39-40. 80 Ibid, p. 81-83. 81 Marselle, Melissa R., Diana E. Bowler, Jan Watzema, David Eichenberg, Toralf Kirsten, and Aletta Bonn. "Urban Street Tree Biodiversity and Antidepressant Prescriptions." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (2020): 1-11. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79924-5, p. 6-7. 76 77

would mean advocating for the increased presence of trees in urban areas as well as its equitable distribution for easier accessibility and the promotion of public health.

Metro Manila and Green Spaces The benefits of immersing the self among trees and nature strengthen the argument for the building of more urban green spaces. The benefits are immense, ranging from social, environmental, health, and economic.82 These benefits are seen by first world countries, which allocate large portions of land for the use of these spaces.83 Unfortunately, poor countries do not have the luxury to do so.84 A number of common issues were identified by Cheshmehzangi and Butters in 2015 as to why underdeveloped countries do not prioritize the development of urban green spaces.85 These include: a) Deteriorating urban microclimates with rising temperatures and pollution; b) Dysfunctional layouts and networks due to rapid and poorly planned development; c) Piece-by-piece development in large, unconnected and low-quality master planning projects; d) Loss of green / blue urban areas with deteriorating social and recreational services; e) Massive increase in transport-related land, time, fuel and resource use and climate emissions; f) Rapid increase in energy needs (and associated emissions) especially for space cooling.86

The Philippines is not exempt from these issues which can be found in most of its urban areas, especially in Metro Manila. Throughout its history, there have been many plans to develop parks and green spaces, many of which did not push through due to the lack of priority and funding from the government.87 Sadly, some of the remaining parks deteriorated because of a lack of maintenance and lost a part of their area to make way for other “developments.”88 Metro Manila is one of the most densely populated metropolitan areas in the world, boasting a population of about 13 Million people in an area amounting to 619.54 square

Philippine Association of Landscape Architects (PALA), and Philippine Institute of Environmental Planners (PIEP). Public Parks and Open Spaces: A Planning and Development Guide. Makati: ASSURE, 2019, p. 17-19. 83 Cheshmehzangi, Ali, Chris Butters, Linjun Xie, and Ayotunde Dawodu. "Green Infrastructures for Urban Sustainability: Issues, Implications, and Solutions for Underdeveloped Areas." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 59 (February 10, 2021): 1-9. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127028, p. 1. Ibid. Ibid, p. 2. 86 Ibid, p. 2-3. 87 Philippine Association of Landscape Architects (PALA), and Philippine Institute of Environmental Planners (PIEP). Public Parks and Open Spaces: A Planning and Development Guide. Makati: ASSURE, 2019, p. 6-14. 88 Ibid, p. 15. 84 85

kilometers.89 As mentioned earlier, only 12% of this area is devoted to urban green spaces.90 The City Green Index reports that Metro Manila only has about 5 square meters of area per person.91 This is significantly lower to the world’s standards, which calls for a space of about 9 square meters of area per person.92 From 1969 up to the present, we have seen the proportion of open space per 1,000 people fall from 0.9 to 0.2.93 Fortunately, more policies have been put in place to protect open spaces and combat their losses.94 Three main laws that call for the planning and provision of public open spaces are Republic Act (RA) 7160, Presidential Decree (PD) 1096, and the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board’s (HLURB) Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) Guidelines.95 RA 7160, or the Local Government Code of 1991, calls for Local Government Units (LGUs) to create their own CLUP and zoning ordinances.96 The LGUs are required to incorporate parks and open spaces into these plans, as part of the services offered by them.97 Meanwhile, PD 1096 sets the standards for the LGU, wherein parks and open spaces are included in the criteria of measuring how “developed” an LGU is.98 Lastly, the Guidelines of the HLURB include provisions for the LGUs to plan and build parks and open spaces.99 Aside from these provisions, a Conference of Public Space and the New Urban Agenda was held last February 2015.100 It culminated with the signing of a “Declaration on the Philippine Network for Public Square,” which encourages cities to develop open spaces and set standards in the planning, design, and management of these areas.101

Nayong Pilipino Foundation Aside from the National Parks and Development Committee (NPDC), one of the agencies mandated to develop parks and urban green spaces is the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (NPF). According to Presidential Decree No. 37, which created the NPF, it is tasked “to establish parks

Philippine Statistics Authority, 2019 Philippine Statistical Yearbook. Quezon City: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2019, p. 31. 90

Madarang, Catalina Ricci S. "There Are Only a Few Green Spaces Left in Metro Manila. Just Look at This Map." Interaksyon. September 12, 2019. https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2019/09/12/154749/green-spaces-parks-metro-manila/. Economist Intelligence Unit. Asian Green City Index: Assessing the Environmental Performance of Asia’s Major Cities. Munich: Siemens AG, 2011, p. 81. 91

Ibid, p. 81. Philippine Association of Landscape Architects (PALA), and Philippine Institute of Environmental Planners (PIEP). Public Parks and Open Spaces: A Planning and Development Guide. Makati: ASSURE, 2019, p. 3. 94 Ibid, p. 4. 95 Ibid, p. 48. 96 RA 7160, Chapter 1, Section 20, 1, c 97 R.A. 7160, Chapter 2, Section 17, b, 2, vii; RA 7160, Article III, Section 447, 5, i 98 Philippine Association of Landscape Architects (PALA), and Philippine Institute of Environmental Planners (PIEP). Public Parks and Open Spaces: A Planning and Development Guide. Makati: ASSURE, 2019, p. 48. 99 Ibid. 100 Ibid, p. 4. 101 Ibid. 92 93

and recreation centers for the promotion of tourism in this country.”102 The Nayong Pilipino Park in Pasay was opened in 1970, preceding Presidential Decree No. 37 by two years.103 It consisted of seven different regions that represented the different regions of the country, such as an Ilocos Region, Cordillera Region, Tagalog Region, Bicol Region, Visayas Region, Mindanao Region, and a reduccion complex, which was surrounded by a six-hectare lake.104 It was the first theme park established in the country and drew an increasing number of visitors from the 1970s until 1994.105 In 1991, it recorded a visit from 1,000,000 visitors, but saw a decrease in the numbers from 1995 onwards.106 In 2002, the Park was closed when part of the land was sold to the Manila International Airport Authority to make way for the expansion of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport.107 This was done despite the opposition from its employees and concessionaires.108 In exchange for the land, NPF was given a 15-hectare property in Parañaque City.109 In 2007, the Park reopened in the location of the former Expo Filipino and was known as Nayong Pilipino Clark.110 With the closure of the Old Nayong Pilipino Park in Pasay and the Nayong Pilipino Clark in Pampanga, NPF decided to build a new park in line with its mandate.111 The park is to be located in its property at the New Seaside Road in Entertainment City in Parañaque near the Las Piñas-Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area or the LPPCHEA.112 Although the property is 15 hectares large, about 7 hectares shall be utilized initially in building the NPF Cultural Park and Creative Hub.113 The vision of the NPF Cultural Park and Creative Hub is to be a space for citizen-led biodiversity conservation, and to be a “home of permanent and temporary exhibitions” and “other activities that would highlight various facets of the country’s natural and cultural heritage.”114 To prepare for the planning and the design of the Park, the NPF held a series of talks Presidential Decree No. 37, 1(f). Serra, Patrick James B., Emmanuel Jayson V. Bolata, Sofhia Louise S. Salva. “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation.” Unpublished manuscript, November 15, 2019, typescript, p. 5. 102 103

Ibid, p. 6-7. Ibid, p. 6, 13. 106 Ibid, p. 13. 107 Ibid, p. 14. 108 Ibid. 109 Ibid, p. 15-16. 110 Ibid, p. 17. 111 Caña, Paul John. "Asia's First Living Cultural Park: The Story of Nayong Pilipino." Esquiremag.ph. May 7, 2021. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/nayong-pilipino-history-a00289-20210507-lfrm2. 104 105

112

Marinella Lomotan, Episode 3: Insights from International Cases in Citizen-led Biodiversity Conservation discussions with Neil McCarthy, Mary Worrall, and Ignace Schops, Umpukan sa Nayon: Makakalikasang Nayon, podcast audio, October 10, 2020. 113 Marinella Lomotan, Greening Our Cities: A Biodiversity Charrette for Creating an Interim Park Discussions with Atty. Allan Barcena, Dr. Annadel Cabanban, Dr. Jurgenne Primavera, and Professor Pat Malabrigo, Umpukan sa Nayon, podcast audio, December 5, 2020. 114 Mark Joseph Laceste, Episode 2: The Role of Civil Society Organizations in Biodiversity Conservation discussions with Boboi Costas, Mike Lu, and Robby Cereno, Umpukan sa Nayon: Makakalikasang Nayon, podcast audio, October 10, 2020.

called “Umpukan sa Nayon,” which was a series of discussions with experts in the field of parks and biodiversity conservation.115 The series of talks discussed the possible directions the park could have as a space for biodiversity conservation, and emphasized the cooperation of various sectors of society, especially with the people in the area and the people who will be using the park.116

Perceived Sensory Dimensions The series of talks at the “Umpukan sa Nayon” discussed the five As framework of parks development, which refers to Attraction, Activities, Amenities, Accommodation, and Access.117 Unfortunately, there was no mention of the eight Perceived Sensory Dimensions, a tool used “to identify the most important perceived qualities of urban green spaces.”118 These eight Perceived Sensory Dimensions were identified based on a series of studies from 1984 to 2018.119 They include Natural, Cultural, Cohesive, Diverse, Sheltered, Open, Serene, and Social qualities.120 The natural quality refers to nature as it is, “emphasizing experiences of the inherent power of nature… revealed without human intervention.”121 It seems diametrically opposed to the second quality, the cultural quality, which shows “purposeful human activity” in a green space.122 Meanwhile, the cohesive quality demonstrates the unity of an urban green infrastructure as a whole, while the diverse quality refers to the complexity of the space, such as species richness and structural variation.123 The sheltered quality looks at whether the place can be seen as a space for protection and as a safe haven, while the open quality could refer as to whether one can have a “great outlook over the surroundings” or “an open space to roam freely or engage in various other activities.124 Lastly, we have serene and social qualities. The serene quality is described as having a “calm, tranquil, and safe environment,” while the social quality shows whether the place is conducive for interaction among people.125 In looking closely at the definitions of the eight PSDs, one can notice that they both complement and oppose each other at the same time.126 Some are much more related to each 115

Carlo Delantar, Episode 1: Citizen-led Biodiversity Conservation and the State discussions with Julienne Baldonado, Benjamin Vallejo Jr, Carlito Castaneda, and Rey Aguinaldo, Umpukan sa Nayon: Makakalikasang Nayon, podcast audio, October 10, 2020.

Ibid. Marinella Lomotan, Episode 3: Insights from International Cases in Citizen-led Biodiversity Conservation discussions with Neil McCarthy, Mary Worrall, and Ignace Schops, Umpukan sa Nayon: Makakalikasang Nayon, podcast audio, October 10, 2020. 116

117

118

Stoltz, Jonathan, and Patrik Grahn. "Perceived Sensory Dimensions: An Evidence-Based Approach to Greenspace Aesthetics." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 59 (January 18, 2021): 1-9. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.126989, p. 1. 119 Ibid. 120 Ibid. 121 Ibid, p. 5. 122 Ibid. 123 Ibid. 124 Ibid. 125 Ibid, p. 6. 126 Ibid.

other, such as grouping the Natural, Cohesive, Sheltered, and Serene qualities as opposed to the Cultural, Diverse, Open, and Social qualities.127 Some qualities are much more preferred over others, with the Serene quality being identified as the most sought out in previous studies.128 It is also important to note that although these qualities were first identified in the West, several studies in different areas in the world have shown its universality and applicability around the world.129

Survey However, there are hardly any studies made concerning the preferential qualities Filipinos would like to see for their urban green infrastructures, and whether these structures have the potential to improve their psychological well being. A survey was then created by the Research Institute of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation, targeting Metro Manila residents. It was divided into five parts, looking at the socio-demographic factors, introduction of the eight PSDs and exploratory questions on park perception, Metro Manila Parks and the eight PSDs, urban park preference in Metro Manila, and the Perceived Sensory Dimensions and the proposed NPF Urban Forest Cultural and Creative Hub. The survey was distributed via the Nayong Pilipino Foundation’s page, which has a total of 10,726 followers. Due to the limitations in carrying out the survey and in analyzing the results, the study aims to be an introductory and exploratory survey that other studies can build upon when looking into Filipino perceptions on parks, wellness, and the perceived sensory dimensions. The survey was opened to respondents from September 3 – 15, 2021, yielding 202 responses. Respondents aged 12-66 years old answered the survey, with about 2/3rds of them coming from the 21–30-year-old bracket. With regards to occupation, 29.70% of the respondents listed themselves as students. Following this, the business management and administration (10.40%), education (8.91%), and government (6.44%) sectors were the top three sectors where the respondents were employed. 47.5% of the respondents reside in Quezon City, 14.9% reside in Manila, while the rest of the respondents were distributed within the various cities in the region. Concerning the income bracket, 34.2% of the respondents earn a monthly income of PHP 10,957.00 or lower, 12.4% earn PHP 10,957.00 to PHP 21,914.00, 30.2% earn PHP 21,914.00 to PHP 43,828.00, 13.4% earn PHP 43,828.00 to PHP 76,668.00, with the rest of the respondents earning PHP 76,668.00 and above. As for educational attainment, about 91% are at the college level or higher. When asked about the one word they associate with parks, the respondents gave 69 different words, which were grouped into 30 different categories. The top three categories of words most associated with parks were Green/Green space/Greenery (14.36%), Nature/Natural (12.87%), Trees/Puno/Plants/Grass (10.89%), which comprise 38.12% of the respondents’ answers. It can be noticed that these words relate to the “Natural” qualities of the environment. The next group of words that top the list were Open/Space/Spacious/Open spaces/Malawak (7.92%), Peace/Peaceful (6.93%), Pahinga/Pahingahan/Leisure/Free time/Unwind/Tambayan

127

Ibid. Ibid. 129 Ibid, p. 1. 128

(6.44%), and Relax/Relaxing/Relaxation (5.94%). These words are commonly associated with the Open and Serene qualities of the Perceived Sensory Dimensions. A total of 15 different categories of answers appeared for the question on why the respondents visit parks. The top answer given was for “relaxation,” which comprised 24.75% of the results, which is related to the Serene component. A huge chunk of answers relating to the serene component also appeared in the results, such as “unwind/calm” (10.40%), “leisure/sightseeing” (5.94%), “peaceful” (4.46%), “de-stress” (3.96%), and “serenity” (1.98%). Next to relaxation, the most common answer to visit parks is for “outdoor/recreational activities & exercise” (14.36%). Other relevant answers include “green space/nature” (6.44%), “fresh air” (6.44%), and “open space” (1.98%). Unfortunately, the results have also shown that the respondents do not visit parks often. A trend in the survey results is that the number of people visiting a park is directly proportional as to how often people visit it, showing that people do not visit parks as often. The largest response garnered was that 33.2% of respondents only visit parks at least once a year. Meanwhile, 27.2% of respondents visit a park once a month, 15.3% visit 2-3 times a month, 10.4% visit once a week, 5.4% visit 2-3 times a week, 2.5% visit 4-6 times a week, 1% visits daily, while 5% of respondents do not visit parks. Survey respondents were also asked to rank their most preferred Perceived Sensory Dimensions of urban parks. An overwhelming number of respondents chose the Natural quality as their most preferred PSD, which garnered 42.08% of the responses. This was followed by the Serene quality with 12.87%, and the Open and Sheltered quality with 11.88%. From the results, among the most common answers why people chose the Natural quality as their most preferred quality is because a natural quality in greenspace aesthetics helps them to relax, it gives a change of environment amidst an urban setting, and because they would want to see greenery such as plants and trees. Similar reasons are also given for those who chose the Serene quality, because they want to relax and have some peace and freedom, as well as a change of environment. Aside from the change of environment and freedom experienced in an open space, people chose the Open quality because they want to breathe and have fresh air, as well as for the space to be accessible to everyone. For the Sheltered quality, people answered that they also want to feel safe within a park, aside from citing other reasons such as a change of environment amidst an urban setting and to relax. Meanwhile, the least preferred quality among the Perceived Sensory Dimensions is the social quality, which accounted for 25.25% of the responses. Many responses noted that socialization was not a priority for them when they visited a park. Others also added that they would prefer to see a calm environment, or a natural space filled with greenery. Interestingly, there were also others who mentioned that a social quality is not viable for a park amidst the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which would increase the chances for catching the disease. The respondents listed Rizal Park (28.21%), Quezon Memorial Circle (17.33%), Ayala Triangle Gardens (12.38%), Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center (7.92%), and the Marikina Riverside Park (7.43%) as their most preferred parks in Metro Manila. Other preferred parks that they chose were the UP Diliman Academic Oval (5.94%), BGC Highstreet Park (3.47%), the La

Mesa Ecopark (1.99%), and the Arroceros Rainforest Park (1.99%). In identifying the Perceived Sensory Dimensions that can be found in their favorite park, the Open quality (74.8%) and the Natural quality (69.3%) were the most common qualities seen in their favorite park. This was followed by the Social (59.4%), Serene (57.9%), Cultural (54%), with the least preferred qualities being the Diverse (42.1%), Cohesive (35.1%), and Sheltered (33.2%) qualities. Accessibility plays an issue in visiting one’s favorite park in Metro Manila. The survey reveals that it takes more than 30 minutes for almost half of the respondents to travel to their favorite park. 23.2% of respondents say that their travel time to the park takes 30 minutes to an hour, while 26.2% of respondents say that they need to spend an hour or more of travel. Consistent with the previous question on how often a respondent visits a park, the survey reveals that the number of people visiting their favorite park is directly proportional as to how often people visit it. 45.5% of respondents visit their preferred park at least once a year, 19.3% once a month, 12.4% two to three times a month, 7.4% visit once a week, 2.5% visit two to three times a week, 1.5% visit four to six times a week, and 1% visit their favorite park daily. 10.4% responded that they don’t visit their favorite park. Again, we see that the respondents do not visit their favorite park as often as they could. The final part of the survey revolved around the Perceived Sensory Dimensions and the proposed Nayong Pilipino Foundation’s Urban Forest Cultural and Creative Hub. It displayed some of the designs of the proposed Urban Forest Cultural and Creative Hub, with the respondents weighing in their thoughts on the designs. The conceptual plan of the park was created by Aris Go and 90 Design Studio, whose aim was to shape a “21st Century Filipino Park responding to significant contextual changes.” Some of the considerations considered for the Park’s design is to strengthen access to public transport as well as bike and pedestrian connections, establish a riverside promenade, provide relief from an increasingly urban environment, and to have more flexible and functional public spaces. The proposed hub will include a Peace Park, Nature Park, Amphitheater Park, Mangrove Park, Commercial Park, and Bulwagan Pilipinas. Among the design elements flashed in the survey include the Proposed Site and Development Plan, Grand Pavilion and Grand Lawn, Playgrounds, All Season Park, Flowering Forest, Rain Gardens, Estero & River Park, Cultural & Creative Strip, Amphitheater & Events Pavilion. Based on these features, survey respondents were asked to identify which of the proposed PSDs they believe are present in the design perspectives of the park. The most identifiable PSDs in the park were the Open (80.7%), Natural (77.7%), and Social (76.7%) qualities. This was followed by the Diverse (70.8%), Cultural (69.8%), and Serene (66.3%) qualities, with the Cohesive (58.9%) and Sheltered (51.5%) qualities which were the least identifiable. However, when they were asked which PSD must be most manifested in the park, 39.1% said that the Natural quality must be most manifested, followed by the Cultural and Serene quality, which were both tied at 14.9%. The most common reason given for the manifestation of Natural quality is the need for more green spaces. Green spaces must be protected and preserved, as they help preserve biodiversity, and provide a solution against pollution. Survey respondents also said that the manifestation of the Natural quality is needed to contrast with the urban

environment that they are living in, with some even mentioning that there are too many malls in the country. Another common trend among the answers of the respondents is that the Natural quality would help visitors of the proposed Hub to relax and would be beneficial to their mental health. Survey respondents who identified the Serene quality as the PSD to be most manifested in the Proposed Hub also cited reasons such as having calm surroundings and a space that contrasts with the urban environment. Having the Serene quality as the most manifested quality would also spell a safe environment and promote health in general. Meanwhile, the respondents who said that the Cultural quality should be the most identified quality in the Park say that the park needs to promote Filipino culture. Some respondents cite that the Old Nayong Pilipino Park was a cultural park and having such a park would give relevance and meaning to it, and contrast with other parks that are used primarily as green and open spaces.

Conclusion The study shows that among the respondents, the Natural quality is the most consistent PSD that is being looked for in parks, followed by the Serene and Open qualities. Respondents usually associate parks with greenery, nature, and trees, which is one reason that may explain why respondents would want to see this PSD. The most common answer why people chose the Natural, Serene, and Open qualities is because they want a change in surroundings, a natural environment that contrasts with a heavily urbanized one. Respondents also voiced out that they want green spaces where they can relax and have peace and freedom. The results have also shown that respondents rank the Social quality as their least preferred quality, as they do not want to socialize and would rather enjoy the calmness of the environment and the greenery and nature that the park has to offer. The results show some consistency with a study by Memari, Pazhouhanfar, and Nourtaghani where they identified the Serene, Nature, and Sheltered qualities as the PSDs that positively affect stress restoration, and the Social and Diverse qualities that may negatively affect it.130 Alarmingly, the results have also shown that visiting parks is not a part of the regular habits of the respondents, with the largest percentage of them only visiting once a year. Visiting one’s favorite park within Metro Manila takes a considerable amount of travel time from one’s home, with about half of the respondents saying that it takes at least half an hour to travel to that park. With the number of parks and green spaces in Metro Manila below the world standard per capita density and the rapid loss of these in the name of development, public officials must rethink their policies for green spaces, and develop long-term plans that may help in enhancing the overall wellbeing of their citizens.

130

Memari, Sanaz, Mahdieh Pazhouhanfar, and Abdolmajid Nourtaghani. "Relationship Between Perceived Sensory Dimensions and Stress Restoration in Care Settings." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 26 (2017): 104-13, p. 111.

References Written Works: Abbott, Alison. "Urban Decay." Nature, October 11, 2012, 162-64. Caña, Paul John. "Asia's First Living Cultural Park: The Story of Nayong Pilipino." Esquiremag.ph. May 7, 2021. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/nayong-pilipino-history-a00289-2021050 7-lfrm2. Cheshmehzangi, Ali, Chris Butters, Linjun Xie, and Ayotunde Dawodu. "Green Infrastructures for Urban Sustainability: Issues, Implications, and Solutions for Underdeveloped Areas." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 59 (February 10, 2021): 1-9. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127028. Economist Intelligence Unit. Asian Green City Index: Assessing the Environmental Performance of Asia’s Major Cities. Munich: Siemens AG, 2011. Gruebner, Oliver, Michael A. Rapp, Mazda Adli, Ulrike Kluge, Sandro Galea, and Andreas Heinz. "Cities and Mental Health." Deutsches Aerzteblatt Online, 2017. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121. Lederbogen, Florian, Peter Kirsch, Leila Haddad, Fabian Streit, Heike Tost, Philipp Schuch, Stefan Wüst, Jens C. Pruessner, Marcella Rietschel, Michael Deuschle, and Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg. "City Living and Urban Upbringing Affect Neural Social Stress Processing in Humans." Nature 474, no. 7352 (June 22, 2011): 498-501. doi:10.1038/nature10190. Li, Qing. Forest Bathing: How Trees Can Help You Find Health and Happiness. New York: Viking, 2018. Madarang, Catalina Ricci S. "There Are Only a Few Green Spaces Left in Metro Manila. Just Look at This Map." Interaksyon. September 12, 2019. https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2019/09/12/154749/green-spaces-parksmetro-manila/. Marselle, Melissa R., Diana E. Bowler, Jan Watzema, David Eichenberg, Toralf Kirsten, and Aletta Bonn. "Urban Street Tree Biodiversity and Antidepressant Prescriptions." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (2020): 1-11. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79924-5. Memari, Sanaz, Mahdieh Pazhouhanfar, and Abdolmajid Nourtaghani. "Relationship Between Perceived Sensory Dimensions and Stress Restoration in Care Settings." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 26 (2017): 104-13.

Philippine Association of Landscape Architects (PALA), and Philippine Institute of Environmental Planners (PIEP). Public Parks and Open Spaces: A Planning and Development Guide. Makati: ASSURE, 2019. Philippine Statistics Authority, 2019 Philippine Statistical Yearbook. Quezon City: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2019. Serra, Patrick James B., Emmanuel Jayson V. Bolata, Sofhia Louise S. Salva. “Institutional History of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation.” Unpublished manuscript, November 15, 2019, typescript. Stoltz, Jonathan, and Patrik Grahn. "Perceived Sensory Dimensions: An Evidence-Based Approach to Greenspace Aesthetics." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 59 (January 18, 2021): 1-9. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.126989. Wolf, Kathleen L., Sharon T. Lam, Jennifer K. Mckeen, Gregory R.a. Richardson, Matilda Van Den Bosch, and Adrina C. Bardekjian. "Urban Trees and Human Health: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 1-30. doi:10.3390/ijerph17124371. Podcast Recordings: Delantar,Carlo. Episode 1: Citizen-led Biodiversity Conservation and the State discussions with Julienne Baldonado, Benjamin Vallejo Jr, Carlito Castaneda, and Rey Aguinaldo, Umpukan sa Nayon: Makakalikasang Nayon, podcast audio, October 10, 2020. Laceste, Mark Joseph. Episode 2: The Role of Civil Society Organizations in Biodiversity Conservation discussions with Boboi Costas, Mike Lu, and Robby Cereno, Umpukan sa Nayon: Makakalikasang Nayon, podcast audio, October 10, 2020. Lomotan, Marinella. Episode 3: Insights from International Cases in Citizen-led Biodiversity Conservation discussions with Neil McCarthy, Mary Worrall, and Ignace Schops, Umpukan sa Nayon: Makakalikasang Nayon, podcast audio, October 10, 2020. Lomotan, Marinella. Greening Our Cities: A Biodiversity Charrette for Creating an Interim Park discussions with Atty. Allan Barcena, Dr. Annadel Cabanban, Dr. Jurgenne Primavera, and Professor Pat Malabrigo, Umpukan sa Nayon, podcast audio, December 5, 2020. Gruebner, Oliver, Michael A. Rapp, Mazda Adli, Ulrike Kluge, Sandro Galea, and Andreas Heinz. "Cities and Mental Health." Deutsches Aerzteblatt Online, 2017. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121.

DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM Office of the Secretary Bernadette Romulo-Puyat Secretary of Department of Tourism Atty. Edwin R. Enrile Undersecretary for Legal and Special Concerns and Chief of Staff Myra Paz Valderrosa-Abubakar Undersecretary for Tourism Development Planning Robersto P. Alabado III Undersecretary for Tourism Regulation, Coordination and Resource Generation

NAYONG PILIPINO FOUNDATION Board of Trustees Edgar Frederick V. Generoso Chairperson Gertrudes M. Duran- Batocabe Executive Director Teresita M. Amansec Trustee Bartolome L. Atienza Trustee Atty. Judy A. Lardizabal Trustee Atty. Edson Byron K. Sy Trustee

NAYONG PILIPINO FOUNDATION Office of the Executive Director Gertrudes M. Duran- Batocabe Executive Director

Administrative and Finance Office Atty. Joyce Ann A. Caigas Deputy Executive Director I

Marketing and Operations Office Laya Boquiren-Gonzales, Ph. D. Deputy Executive Director II

NAYONG PILIPINO FOUNDATION Research Institute Ma. Karina V. Garilao Program Head and Technical Adviser (July 2020 - June 2021) Laya Boquiren-Gonzales, Ph. D. Interim Program Head (July 2021) Kristine Kate A. Lim Senior Researcher, Technical Adviser (January 2020 - June 2021) Sarah P. Bendaña Junior Researcher (February 2021 - October 2021) Jess Immanuel P. Espina Junior Researcher (February 2021 - October 2021)

NAYONG PILIPINO FOUNDATION Operations and Marketing Maria Jessica Jhoy F. Uyan Project Development Officer Tamara Kriss L. Bañez Project Officer Ralph Joseph Y. Fabros Project Officer Miguel Angelo T. Medina Multimedia Artist

Nayong Pilipino nayongpilipino.gov.ph nayongpilipinoofficial atingnayon atingnayon nayongpilipino.museo nayongpilipinofoundation nayongpilipinofoundation