Teaching About Religion in the Social Studies Classroom by National Council for the Social Studies

The U.S. Supreme Court has made clear that teaching about religion is constitutional in public schools, as long as the approach is academic, not devotional. The contributors to this book offer guidelines for classroom instruction that is both constitutionally and academically sound. They clarify the First Amendment issues that impact teachers and schools, and emphasize that the study of religion in schools is an essential part of a good education. The authors explore the diversity of religious traditions and suggest ways of teaching about them objectively, especially through creative pedagogies that engage students actively and offer them a more profound understanding of these traditions than many textbooks provide. This invaluable book will help teachers promote knowledge and understanding in the place of stereotypes as they advance religious literacy among their students.

TEACHING ABOUT RELIGION IN THE SOCIAL STUDIES CLASSROOM

The study of religion is essential for understanding the past and present, and critical for global citizenship in a religiously diverse country and world. This book provides advice, recommendations, and resources to help social studies educators know what to teach about religion and how to do it.

Charles C. Haynes, the Editor of this book, is founding director of the Religious Freedom Center of the Freedom Forum Institute in Washington, D.C. Over the past three decades, he has been the principal organizer and drafter of consensus guidelines on religion and values in public schools, endorsed by a broad range of religious, civil liberties, and educational organizations. He is the author or co-author of six books, including Finding Common Ground: A First Amendment Guide to Religion and Public Schools.

EDITED BY CHARLES C. HAYNES

190117

E DI T E D B Y

CHARLES C. HAYNES

B U L L E T IN 117

National Council for the Social Studies 8555 Sixteenth Street • Suite 500 • Silver Spring, Maryland 20910

NCSS BOARD OF DIRECTORS, 2018-2019 OFFICERS India Meissel President Lakeland High School, Suffolk, VA

Tina Heafner President-Elect University of North CarolinaCharlotte, Charlotte, NC

Stefanie Wager Vice-President Iowa Department of Education, Des Moines, IA

Terry Cherry Past-President Social Studies Consultant, Mesquite, TX

BOARD OF DIRECTORS Joe Feinberg Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA (2021)

Joseph Karb Springville Middle School, Springville, NY (2020)

Chanda Robinson Richland County School District One, Columbia, SC (2021)

Jesse Haight Clarion University, Clarion, PA (2020)

Tracy Middleton Hidden Valley Middle School, Escondido, California (2021)

Anthony Roy Connecticut River Academy, East Hartford, CT (2020)

Andy Mink National Humanities Center, Durham, NC (2019)

Rhonda Watton Templeton Middle School, Sussex, WI (2019)

Shannon Pugh Anne Arundel Public Schools, Annapolis, MD (2020)

EX-OFFICIO Kristin Ayala Fox Ridge Middle School, Aurora, CO 2018–2019 House of Delegates Steering Committee Chair

Wesley Hedgepeth Collegiate School, Richmond, VA (2021) Kimberly Heckart Prairie Ridge Elementary, Cedar Rapids, IA (2019) Marjorie Hunter West Memphis High School, West Memphis, AR (2019)

NCSS EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

NCSS DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS

DESIGN & PRODUCTION

NCSS EDITORIAL STAFF ON THIS PUBLICATION

Lawrence Paska Michael Simpson Gene Cowan | Cowan Creative Michael Simpson, Jennifer Bauduy, Steven Lapham

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ��3

Why Religious Literacy Matters CHARLES C. HAYNES

PART I

The First Amendment and Education about Religion in Schools CHAPTER ONE ........................................................11

Teaching about Religion in Public Schools BENJAMIN MARCUS

CHAPTER FOUR......................................................33

The Bullying of Religious Minorities in Schools: Consequences and Solutions AMEENA JANDALI AND HENRY MILLSTEIN

CHAPTER TWO....................................................... 21

A Tale of Two States: Teaching about Religion in Texas and California EMILE LESTER

CHAPTER FIVE........................................................39

Diversity Over Uniformity: Teachers, Religious Garb, and Public Schools NATHAN C. WALKER

CHAPTER THREE................................................... 27

Whose Truth Should Students Hear? The Debate Over Guest Speakers On Religion LINDA K. WERTHEIMER

CHAPTER SIX..........................................................43

The Georgia 3Rs (“Rights, Responsibility, and Respect”) Project DAVID CALLAWAY AND KRISTEN FARRINGTON

PART II

Creative Pedagogy for Study about Religions CHAPTER SEVEN ..................................................53

Teaching Lived Religion through Literature: Classroom Strategies for Community-Based Learning

CHAPTER NINE ...................................................... 67

Navigating Media Sources to Study World Religions CHRISTOPHER C. MURRAY, JR.

HENRY GOLDSCHMIDT

CHAPTER EIGHT ....................................................61

Turn and Talk about Faith: A Student Forum on the Study of Religion in Public Schools MAYA MESH, AMANI Z. H. MOHAMED, AND CHLOE PITKOFF, EDITED BY HENRY GOLDSCHMIDT

CHAPTER TEN .......................................................75

Educating for Global Citizenship in a World Where Religion Matters KRISTEN FARRINGTON AND IAN JAMISON

PART III

Approaches to Teaching about Religious Traditions CHAPTER ELEVEN ...............................................85

Methodological Assumptions and Analytical Frameworks for Teaching About Religions

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN .....................................149

Teaching about Sikhism

PRITPAL KAUR AHLUWALIA AND JOHN CAMARDELLA

DIANE L. MOORE

CHAPTER TWELVE ...............................................91

Teaching about the Bible in a Social Studies Context

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN ......................................... 157

Lists and Lives: Teaching about Buddhism in the Classroom MICHAEL FRIEDMAN

MARK A. CHANCEY

CHAPTER THIRTEEN ...........................................95

Sacred Diversity: Teaching about Judaism in the Classroom

CHAPTER NINETEEN .........................................165

Conscience and the Challenge of Civic Inclusion MYNGA FUTRELL

MICHAEL FRIEDMAN

CHAPTER FOURTEEN .......................................103

Teaching about Christianity: A Worldwide Tradition

CHAPTER TWENTY ...........................................175

Teaching about Religion in the Elementary Classroom KIMBERLY KEISERMAN

THE PLURALISM PROJECT AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY

CHAPTER TWENTY ONE...................................185

Teaching about Islam in Public Schools

CHAPTER FIFTEEN ............................................ 119

Resources for Teaching about Religions in Public Schools

SUSAN DOUGLASS

MARCIA BEAUCHAMP

CHAPTER SIXTEEN ............................................139

Navigating the Minefield of Teaching about Hinduism MURALI BALAJI

PART IV Appendices APPENDIX 1.......................................................... 191

Teacher’s Guide to Religion in Public Schools FIRST AMENDMENT CENTER

APPENDIX 3..........................................................228

Study about Religions in the Social Studies Curriculum A POSITION STATEMENT OF NATIONAL COUNCIL

APPENDIX 2......................................................... 200

Guidelines for Teaching about Religion in K-12 Public Schools in the United States AMERICAN ACADEMY OF RELIGION

FOR THE SOCIAL STUDIES (NCSS)

APPENDIX 4.......................................................... 231

Religious Studies Companion Document for the C3 Framework

INDEX �� 237 ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS ��247

INTRODUCTION

Why Religious Literacy Matters CHARLES C. HAYNES

To understand the urgent need for religious literacy, we need look no further than the daily headlines. At the core of the world’s most dangerous conflicts are deep and seemingly intractable religious and ethnic divisions. Close to three fourths of the world’s population now live in countries with high restrictions on religious freedom.7 Even in the United States, home to the world’s boldest experiment in religious freedom, religious differences and religious illiteracy contribute to bitter culture wars, growing Islamophobia, and resurgent anti-Semitism. The lesson of world events and domestic division is simple, but profound: ignorance and fear breed hate and violence. Religious literacy matters because peaceful co-existence and religious freedom matter. Absent religious literacy, people are unprepared to live with one another across deep differences–and unlikely to respect the rights of others to practice a religion they do not understand. No arrangement in religious freedom in a religiously diverse society can long endure without religious literacy. It is unfortunate and dangerous that many public schools are unprepared to take religion seriously a time when schools most need to teach about religions and beliefs. This is due, in large measure, to the historic failure to get religion right in public education. In the 19th century, a form of generalized Protestantism–the de-facto established religion of early America–dominated the ethos and practices of schools. As demographics changed, nativist fears shaped educational policy. Religion exited the curriculum (to prevent Catholicism from taking hold) but remained in daily prayers and Bible reading “without comment” consistent with the will of the Protestant majority. By the time the U.S. Supreme Court finally struck down as unconstitutional state-sponsored religious practices in the 1960s, much of the curriculum rarely mentioned religion. Vestiges of the bygone Protestant era were retained in some schools,

particularly in the South, where one religion continued to be imposed through teacher-led prayer and other practices. Many other schools, out of confusion over Supreme Court rulings or fear of controversy, attempted to ban the expression or discussion of religion altogether. In these religionfree zones, students were often unconstitutionally prevented from expressing their faith during the school day.

THE NEW CONSENSUS

The tide began to turn in the 1980s. Litigation, including lawsuits over the absence of religion in textbooks, led to a national re-thinking of the role of religion in public schools. In the late 1980s, I joined with Oliver Thomas, then of the Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty, to convene a broad coalition of 17 education, civil liberties and religious groups to seek common ground on religious studies in the curriculum and student religious expression in public schools. Our initial consensus document—the first of nine that would be published over the next two decades— offered a shared vision of how to teach about religion in the public school curriculum under the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. For the first time in U.S. history, groups ranging from the National Association of Evangelicals to Americans United for Separation of Church and State joined with NCSS, teacher’s unions, the National

Introduction

School Boards Association and many others to offer guidance on how to address religion in the classroom. The agreement read in part: Because religion plays a significant role in history and society, study about religion is essential to understanding both the nation and the world. Omission of facts about religion can give students the false impression that the religious life of humankind is insignificant or unimportant. Failure to understand even the basic symbols, practices and concepts of the various religions makes much of history, literature, art, and contemporary life unintelligible. This first agreement on religion in the curriculum was followed by a series of additional common ground documents, including “A Teacher’s Guide to Religion in Public Schools,” “Public Schools and Religious Communities,” and “The Bible and Public Schools” among others. The widest distribution of the early guidelines came in 2000 when the U.S. Department of Education during the Clinton administration disseminated a packet of four of these guidelines to every public school in the country. The consensus reached in the common ground documents continues to give public school educators a constitutional safe harbor for getting religion right. If implemented, schools are able to go beyond the failed policies and practices that either imposed religion or banished religion and create what could be called a First Amendment public school–a school that neither inculcates nor inhibits religion, but treats religions and beliefs with fairness and respect. A First Amendment school recognizes that the academic study of religion is not only constitutional; it is an essential part of a good education. In such a school, teachers teach about religions and beliefs objectively or neutrally. The aim is to educate students about a variety of religious and nonreligious traditions, not to indoctrinate them for or against any religion or belief. Teachers are careful to neither inculcate nor denigrate religion, while 6

Teaching About Religion in the Social Studies Classroom

recognizing the right of students to express personal religious or non-religious views in class or as part of a written assignment or activity as long as the speech is relevant to the discussion and meets the academic requirements.

THE CURRENT CHALLENGE

Study about religions and beliefs in public schools has come a long way since the first consensus statements were disseminated almost thirty years ago. State social studies standards, for example, are now fairly generous to study about religion, in stark contrast to the virtual silence about religion in state curriculum frameworks of the 1980s. As a result, many history textbooks have expanded treatment of religions beyond the bare mention of religion typical of earlier editions.

Despite this progress, many policy makers and administrators continue to avoid religion out of fear of controversy, animus created by the culture wars, indifference to the need for religious literacy, or all of the above. As a consequence, textbook treatment of religion remains largely superficial— and far too many teachers remain reluctant to take religion seriously in the study of history, economics, government and other subjects where religious concepts, practices and issues need to be addressed in some depth. Of course, it does not help the cause of religious literacy that religion in public schools continues to spark controversy and litigation. Although court battles over religious studies in public schools are rare, a few bad stories have a chilling effect on administrators and teachers across the country. Conflicts in Florida and Texas over the treatment of Islam in textbooks, a fight several years ago about the portrayal of Hinduism in California textbooks, and sporadic legal battles over Bible electives reinforce the fears that many risk-adverse educators have about tackling religion in the classroom. To get beyond the reluctance and fear, public education must begin to take religion seriously in the curriculum. This will require significant reforms in pre-service and in-service teacher

education to ensure that social studies teachers have both adequate preparation and reliable academic resources to teach about religions and beliefs in ways that are constitutionally and educationally sound. While we advocate for these reforms, the essays collected in these pages–written by some of the nation’s leading scholars and teachers in the field– can serve as a First Amendment roadmap for social studies teachers committed to enriching study about religions and beliefs.

Religious literacy is a critical mission for public schools because religious literacy is a critical mission for citizenship in a pluralistic democracy. Can we prevent hate, discrimination and violence by educating for religious literacy and religious liberty? We must. NOTES

1. See the Pew Research Center report, “Trends in Global Restrictions on Religion,” June 13, 2016, at http://www.pewforum. org/2016/06/23/trends-in-global-restrictions-on-religion/

Introduction

PART I The First Amendment and Education about Religion in Schools

Introduction

CHAPTER ONE

Teaching about Religion in Public Schools BENJAMIN MARCUS Religion is a third rail in public schools. Legal battles about religion and education shock educators

around the country who are fearful of provoking new lawsuits. Teachers’ anxieties are understandable: issues related to religion and education account for more than two-thirds of the Establishment Clause cases brought before the Supreme Court of the United States.1 Widespread misinformation about key legal rulings strengthens a culture of fear and avoidance. According to a major survey conducted in 2010 by the Pew Research Center, sixty-seven percent of Americans say incorrectly that the law prohibits public school teachers from reading the Bible as literature, and fifty-one percent of Americans say inaccurately that the Supreme Court has barred public schools from offering world religions courses.2 Many educators lack the training to dispel the general public’s legal illiteracy about religious literacy education because teaching institutions do not provide reliable information about the First Amendment or quality instruction in religious studies. This book acknowledges educators’ fears while affirming that religious literacy education can empower students to take informed action as guardians of our First Amendment rights. Religious literacy education is both constitutional and necessary for preparing young citizens to engage with an increasingly diverse country and globalized world. Teachers who follow the proper legal framework, informed by the theories and methods of religious studies, can protect themselves from legal challenges by parents or other members of the community. This chapter reviews key Supreme Court cases in order to sketch the boundaries of religious literacy education before suggesting a specific pedagogical framework for teaching about religion in the public school classroom. Public schools cannot prepare students for college, careers, or civic life without teaching about religion. As Harvard scholar Diane L. Moore eloquently states in her book Overcoming Religious Illiteracy, Religious beliefs, expressions, and worldviews have inspired the full spectrum of human agency in artistic, philosophical, ethical, political, scientific, and economic arenas.3

Teachers who remove religion from any area of social studies make it impossible to understand the complex interplay of forces that shape our world. Students who cannot describe religion’s influence on all aspects of life are ill-prepared for college-level courses, which require both content knowledge about religion and the critical thinking skills necessary to parse the elements of culture. Young professionals entering the workforce need to understand the role of religion in private and public life if they are to work with—and potentially within— religious communities to improve society as leaders in government, business, non-profits, education, and more. And as citizens of a religiously diverse democracy, young Americans must learn about religion in order to develop a stronger commitment to religious liberty, a cornerstone of our democracy. Religious literacy might not alone end religious bigotry or violence, but it can reduce discrimination and develop a stronger commitment to protect the rights of minorities.4 Despite all of the benefits of religious literacy education, many teachers still hesitate to talk about religion in the classroom without clear legal guidelines. Put simply: teachers may constitutionally teach about religion in public schools from an academic Teaching about Religion in Public Schools

Expansion of the Islamic World, 632–1500*

EXPANSION OF THE ISLAMIC WORLD, 632–1 RUSSIA

KAZAKHSTAN

UKRAINE

Atlantic Ocean

FRANCE

ALGERIA

TUNISIA

TURKEY

TAJIKISTAN

GREECE Mediterranean Sea

Crete

Cyprus

SYRIA

IRAQ

MOROCCO LIBYA

OMAN

Red

Arabian Sea

Sea YEMEN

CHAD

SENEGAL

AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN

SUDAN

NIGER

IRAN

EGYPT SAUDI ARABIA

MALI

KYRGYZSTAN

TURKMENISTAN

Sicily

MAURITANIA

UZBEKISTAN

Se ian

SPAIN

Black Sea

BULGARIA

Casp

ITA

NIGERIA

Indian Ocean SOMALIA The Islamic world by 632 KENYA

The Islamic world by 661 The Islamic world by 750 The Islamic world by 1250

TANZANIA Madagascar

The Islamic world by 1500 Muslim rule ended by 1200 Muslim rule ended by 1492

MOZAMBIQUE

132

Teaching About Religion in the Social Studies Classroom

IND

D, 632–1500* 2. Ask students to list the reasons why people might have changed from the religion they grew up with.†† ▶▶What are the conditions for converting

from one faith to another (being exposed to different ideas, evaluating potential advantages and disadvantages of conversion, and so on)?

▶▶What influences might play a role in a decision

to convert (social, political, or economic)?

TAN

▶▶Is it more challenging for individuals to join a

faith when it appears to be a minority faith or when its members form the majority?

▶▶How do poverty and persecution of members

CHINA

of the faith, or, conversely, the wealth and power of adherents affect an individual’s choice about conversion?

NEPAL

▶▶How might people across a wide geographic

BANGLADESH

area learn about the beliefs of a faith?

INDIA

▶▶What role might spiritual leaders play? What Bay of Bengal

other role models, such as traders, travelers, and teachers might influence people in converting?

South China Sea

MALAYSIA

Sum

atr

a Java Sea

INDONESIA

Java * Place names are modern not historic� The map designates areas that were either under Islamic rule or had significant Islamic influence�

3. Access a chronology of the spread of Islam and share it with students. (See https://georgetown. box.com/s/0j7lfz4nqi0tcdglrrvp5li6za14ljwv or http:// www.religionfacts.com/islam/timeline for suitable chronologies). Preview the information the students will find in the chronology, and review the information in the student handout about the time periods it covers and the different geographical regions into which Islam spread. Reinforce for students the difference between the historical concepts of expanding Muslimruled territory and the spread of Islam among peoples in Africa, Asia and Europe. †† One helpful resource on the spread of world religions is Jerry H. Bentley, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).

Teaching about Islam in Public Schools

133

Index A

Anti-Defamation League........................................................................................................................ 44 Antioch................................................................................................................................................. 103, 105

Aaron............................................................................................................................................................... 99

Anti-Semitism............................................................................................................ 5, 44, 76, 95, 176, 204

Abbasids............................................................................................................................................... 125, 136

Apartheid....................................................................................................................................................... 89

Abercrombie & Fitch................................................................................................................................ 42

Arabian Peninsula........................................................................................... 54, 120, 130, 131, 209, 219

Abington Township School District v. Schempp............... 12, 13, 53, 64, 92, 192, 204, 205, 228

Arab-Israeli conflict................................................................................................................... 75, 77, 176

Abraham...................................................................................................................... 120, 121, 128, 129, 130

Arab Spring................................................................................................................................................... 88

Adam..................................................................................................................................... 121, 128, 211, 222

Archimedes................................................................................................................................................. 170

Adams, John................................................................................................................................................. 22

Arizona........................................................................................................................................................... 91

Afghanistan........................................................................................................................................... 88, 151

Arjan, Guru........................................................................................................................................ 152, 154

African-American Christianity.......................................................................... 93, 108–109, 118, 220

Arkansas................................................................................................................................................... 42, 91

African-American churches................................................................................... 55–59, 108–109, 118

Armenian Apostolic Church.............................................................................................................. 106

African Americans................................................................................................... 93, 108–109, 118, 220

Art Institute of Chicago................................................................................................................. 221, 222

African Baptist Church of Savannah.............................................................................................. 108

Asimov, Isaac............................................................................................................................................. 169

African Hebrew Israelites...................................................................................................................... 41

Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development........................................ 191, 192

African Methodist Episcopal Church (A.M.E.).................................................................. 56, 108

Association of American Publishers............................................................................................... 190

African religions........................................................................................................................................ 119

Athanasius................................................................................................................................................... 106

Agnosticism......................................................................................................................................... 117, 168

Atheism.................................................................................................................. 14, 117, 166, 167, 168, 182

Ahad Ha-am (Asher Ginsberg)............................................................................................................ 98

Atlanta, Georgia......................................................................................................................................... 45

Ajmera, Maya..................................................................................................................................... 182, 183

Aurangzeb, Emperor...................................................................................................................... 150, 154

Akbar, Emperor........................................................................................................................................ 150

Australia....................................................................................................................................................... 149

Alabama....................................................................................................................................................... 160

Ayodhya....................................................................................................................................................... 151

Alaska............................................................................................................................................................ 108 Albania......................................................................................................................................................... 137 Albanian immigrants to U.S......................................................................................................... 108

Aleut peoples.............................................................................................................................................. 108

Babur, Emperor................................................................................................................................ 150, 151

Alexandria................................................................................................................................................... 105

Babylonian exile......................................................................................................................................... 96

Algeria........................................................................................................................................................... 136

Baghdad........................................................................................................................................................ 125

Allegheny river.................................................................................................................................. 211, 222

Bahadur, Banda Singh............................................................................................................................ 153

Allen, Ethan............................................................................................................................................... 168

Bahadur, Guru Tegh....................................................................................................................... 153, 154

Allen, Richard........................................................................................................................................... 108

Baha’i faith........................................................................................................................................... 117, 178

Alliance for a Media Literate America............................................................................................ 68

Bahr, Ann Marie............................................................................................................................... 216, 217

Alpert, Danny.............................................................................................................................................. 58

Bala, Bhai..................................................................................................................................................... 151

Al-Qattan, Omar........................................................................................................................................ 73

Baldwin, James...................................................................................................................................... 53–59

American Academy of Religion........................................................ 87, 149, 176, 177, 229, 231, 232

Bangladesh.................................................................................................................................................. 137

Guidelines for Teaching About Religion in Public Schools............ 14, 18, 28, 77, 87, 149, 185–186, 200–227, 231–232

Baptist churches..................................................................................................... 15, 24, 86, 108–109, 166

American Association of School Administrators.............................................................. 191, 192

Baptist Joint Committee on Public Affairs........................................................................... 191, 192

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)....................................................................................... 36

Barton, David.............................................................................................................................................. 21

Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty................................................................................ 5

American Federation of Teachers (AFT)............................................................................. 191, 192

Bash, Barbara..................................................................................................................................... 211, 221

American Jewish Committee.............................................................................................................. 191

Beauchamp, Marcia.................................................................................................................................. 30

American Jewish Congress.......................................................................................................... 191, 192

Bein River.................................................................................................................................................... 151

American Library Association........................................................................................................... 124

Belarus........................................................................................................................................................... 116

American Revolution....................................................................................................................... 23, 166

Belgium........................................................................................................................................................... 75

Americans United for Separation of Church and State............................................................... 5

Benares.......................................................................................................................................................... 151

Amer, Mo....................................................................................................................................................... 73

Bennett, Helen........................................................................................................................................... 183

Amritsar...................................................................................................................................... 152, 153, 154

Berbers.......................................................................................................................................................... 136

Anabaptists................................................................................................................................................. 107

Berkley Center for Religion................................................................................................................. 124

Anderson, David A................................................................................................................................. 183

Berlin wall..................................................................................................................................................... 87

Angad, Guru............................................................................................................................................... 153

Bertolucci, Bernardo.......................................................................................................................... 58, 69

Anglican church........................................................................................................................................ 103

Best, Wallace.............................................................................................................................................. 217

Anthony, Susan B..................................................................................................................................... 168

Bethel Church............................................................................................................................................ 108 Index

237

Bethlehem.................................................................................................................................................... 104

Byzantine Church.................................................................................................................................... 106

Bhagavad Gita............................................................................................................................................ 140

Byzantine Empire..................................................................................................................................... 105

Bible................... 6, 13, 22, 48, 66, 72, 91–94, 100, 106, 107, 110, 111, 129, 189, 197, 198, 211, 212, 215 King James Bible................................................................................................................ 211, 215, 222 Bible clubs in public schools............................................................................................................... 198 Bible Literacy Project............................................................................................................................. 189 Bihar............................................................................................................................................................... 151 Bill of Rights.......................................................................................................................... 12, 45, 166, 192 Bin Laden, Osama............................................................................................................................... 34, 70 Black, Hugo................................................................................................................................................... 13 Black Lives Matter..................................................................................................................................... 55 Blackstone, William................................................................................................................................. 22 Blair, Tony..................................................................................................................................................... 75 Bleckley County Schools, Georgia.............................................................................................. 46, 47 Blumer, Adam.............................................................................................................................................. 29 Boko Haram........................................................................................................................................... 35, 75 Boritzer, Etan..................................................................................................................................... 182, 183 Bosnia............................................................................................................................................................ 137 Boston, Massachusetts............................................................................................................................. 29 Boston University.............................................................................................................................. 14, 149 Bounds, Elizabeth................................................................................................................................... 217 Bradlaugh, Charles.................................................................................................................................. 168 Brahmins...................................................................................................................................... 141, 143, 145 Brazil...................................................................................................................................... 113, 114, 115, 220 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)....................................................................................... 69 British Empire................................................................................................................... 103, 107, 141–142 Brooklyn Studio Secondary School............................................................................................ 64, 65 Brown, Karen McCarthy...................................................................................................................... 220 Brown, Michael........................................................................................................................................... 80 Bryant, Brad................................................................................................................................................. 44 Buddha.......................................................................................................... 54, 157, 158, 161, 211, 213, 221

C C3 Framework. SEE College, Career and Civic Life (C3) Framework California........................................................................................... 6, 21, 23–24, 28, 34, 35, 45, 188, 193 California 3Rs Project...................................................................................................... 45, 49, 186, 195 California Assembly................................................................................................................................. 23 California County Superintendents Educational Services Association �� 195 California State University, Chico.................................................................................................. 195 California State University, Stanislaus............................................................................................ 23 Calvin, John................................................................................................................................................ 107 Cambodia............................................................................................................................................ 140, 160 Canada................................................................................................................................. 149, 153, 210, 220 Candomblé.................................................................................................................................................. 220 Cargill, Barbara.......................................................................................................................................... 23 Caribbean............................................................................................................................................ 140, 220 Carpathian immigrants to U.S........................................................................................................... 108 Carroll, Robert Todd............................................................................................................................. 169 Carter, Jimmy............................................................................................................................................. 217 Caste....................................................................................................................................................... 141–145 Catholicism. SEE Christianity Center for Civic Education.................................................................................................................. 193 Chad............................................................................................................................................................... 137 Chancey, Mark.......................................................................................................................................... 216 Chantilly High School (Virginia)....................................................................................................... 80 Character Education Partnership.................................................................................................... 196 Chicago................................................................................................................................................. 143, 144 Chief Seattle............................................................................................................................................... 183 China.................................................................................. 103, 109, 113, 115, 125, 131, 135, 137, 221, 222 Chinese immigrants to U.S............................................................................................................ 110

Buddhism...... 14, 27, 30, 54, 62, 66, 69–70, 86, 119–120, 123, 136, 137, 140, 157–163, 194, 196, 208, 211, 213, 214, 219, 221

Christian Educators Association...................................................................................................... 191

Bhavacakra................................................................................................................................... 157–159

Christianity... 14, 21–25, 29, 54–58, 76, 88, 96, 103–118, 119, 122, 131, 141, 178, 204, 208, 210, 213

Dharma......................................................................................................................... 140, 149, 157–160

Bible

SEE ALSO

Diversity.................................................................................................................. 17, 157–163, 210, 214

Catholicism........ 5, 14, 15, 24, 63, 64, 71, 86, 92, 103, 106, 109, 110, 111, 137, 166, 204, 218, 219

Four Noble Truths........................................................................... 54, 158–160, 177, 179, 209, 214

And Reformation.......................................................................................................... 106–107

Japanese Zen........................................................................................................................................ 161

In the United States........................................................................... 5, 43, 104, 108, 117–118

Mahayana Buddhism...................................................................................................... 160, 161–162

Worldwide number of Catholics........................................................................ 104, 112, 114

Number of Buddhists in the United States............................................................................. 117

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.................................................. 108, 117, 118, 196

Resources for teachers............................................................................. 69, 161, 178–179, 183, 187

Different branches of................................................ 14, 86, 103–118, 196, 204, 214–215, 218–220

Spread of................................................................................................................................................ 120

Ecumenical movement..................................................................................................................... 111

Theravada Buddhism............................................................................................................... 17, 160

Gender roles................................................................................................................................ 110, 223

Three Jewels........................................................................................................................ 157, 158, 162

Gospels.................................................................................................................................. 103–105, 213

Three Vehicles........................................................................................................................... 160, 162

In Islamic world........................................................................................................ 123, 125, 135–138

Vajrayana Buddhism............................................................................................................... 160, 162

And LGBTQ issues............................................................................................................ 72, 212–213

Worldwide number of Buddhists compared to adherents of other religions

111

And ordination of women.............................................................................................................. 110

Bulgaria......................................................................................................................................... 106, 116, 137

Orthodox Christianity............ 15, 86, 103, 105, 106, 108, 111–112, 114, 116, 117, 118, 196, 218

Bulgarian immigrants to U.S........................................................................................................ 108

Eastern Orthodox Christianity.......................................... 92, 103, 105, 106, 108, 110, 215

Buller, Laura............................................................................................................................................... 183

Greek Orthodox Christianity.............................................................................................. 24

Bulliet, Richard W.......................................................................................................................... 123, 131

Russian Orthodox Christianity.................................................................................. 15, 108

Bullying of religious minorities....................................................................... 33–38, 43–44, 140, 176

Protestantism.................................................................. 14, 15, 24, 39–40, 43, 86, 92, 103, 204, 215

Burbank, Luther....................................................................................................................................... 169

Baptist churches........................................................................................ 15, 24, 108–109, 166

Burger, Warren.......................................................................................................................................... 217

Diversity of Protestant movements.......................................................................... 106–111

Burma............................................................................................................................................................... 17

Evangelicals....................................................................................... 43, 57, 107–108, 118, 218

Byron, Lord George................................................................................................................................ 169

In the United States............................................................................................ 5, 43, 117–118

238

Teaching About Religion in the Social Studies Classroom

Lutheran churches......................................................................................................... 107, 110

Darwin, Charles............................................................................................................................... 110, 169

Mennonite churches...................................................................................................... 40, 107

Das, Guru Amar....................................................................................................................................... 153

Methodist churches.............................................................................................. 107, 108, 218

Das, Guru Ram......................................................................................................................................... 153

Pentacostal churches....................................................................................... 55–58, 103, 104

David...................................................................................................................................... 96, 104, 121, 128

Presbyterian churches.......................................................................................................... 110

Da Vinci, Leonardo................................................................................................................................ 169

Reformation................................................................................................................... 106–107

Dawkins, Richard.................................................................................................................................... 168

Worldwide number of Protestants.................................................... 104, 111, 112, 114, 115

DeBerg, Betty............................................................................................................................................ 216

Quakers................................................................................................................................. 107, 166, 218

DeCristofano, Carolyn Cinami........................................................................................................ 183

Racial justice....................................................................................................................................... 109

Deism............................................................................................................................................................. 168

Reformation................................................................................................................................. 106–107

Delhi....................................................................................................................................... 81, 138, 153, 154

Resources for teachers.................................................. 55, 69, 71–72, 111–118, 178, 183, 187–188

Democratic Republic of the Congo................................................................................. 113, 114, 115

And science................................................................................................................................... 110–111

De Montesquieu, Charles...................................................................................................................... 22

In the United States............................................................................................ 43, 107–110, 117–118

Denmark....................................................................................................................................................... 107

Worldwide number of Christians compared to adherents of other religions. 111–116

Dennett, Daniel C................................................................................................................................... 169

Christian Legal Society......................................................................................................................... 192

Descartes, Rene........................................................................................................................................ 169

Church of England.......................................................................................................................... 103, 107

Deuteronomy, book of............................................................................................................................. 99

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints......................................................... 108, 117, 118, 196

Dev, Guru Arjan....................................................................................................................................... 153

Church of St. Thomas in India........................................................................................................... 106

Dickinson, Emily............................................................................................................................. 211, 222

Civil Rights Act.......................................................................................................................................... 22

Diderot, Denis........................................................................................................................................... 168

Civil rights movement............................................................................................................................ 109

District of Columbia................................................................................................................................. 49

Civil War............................................................................................................................................. 108, 109

Divergent............................................................................................................................................. 143, 144

Clark, Thomas C............................................................................................... 13, 14, 192, 205, 228, 231

Dubois, W.E.B.......................................................................................................................................... 168

Clinton administration............................................................................................................................... 6

Duke, Bill....................................................................................................................................................... 73

College, Career and Civic Life (C3) Framework................................................. 75, 78, 231–236

Dylan, Bob.......................................................................................................................................... 211, 223

Colombia...................................................................................................................................................... 114 Columbia University Press.................................................................................................................. 196 Common Core State Standards.............................................................................. 48, 78, 81, 189, 234 Commonwealth v. Herr............................................................................................................................ 40 Concerned Women for America......................................................................................................... 23 Confucianism...................................................................................................... 14, 86, 178, 210, 214, 220 Connecticut.................................................................................................................................................. 40 Conover, Sarah.......................................................................................................................................... 183 Constantinople................................................................................................................. 103, 105, 106, 111 Constitutional Convention......................................................................................................... 211, 221 Cooper, Janet............................................................................................................................................... 41 Copernicus.................................................................................................................................................. 169 Coptic Christians............................................................................................................................. 106, 135 Coptic Church of Egypt........................................................................................................................ 106 Council of Trent....................................................................................................................................... 106 Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR)..................................................... 27–28, 35, 36 Council on Islamic Education.................................................................................................... 191, 195 Cousins Foundation................................................................................................................................. 44 Crusades....................................................................................................................................................... 134 Cuba............................................................................................................................................................... 220 Curie, Marie............................................................................................................................................... 169 Cyrus the Great........................................................................................................................................... 96 Czech immigrants to U.S...................................................................................................................... 108

D Dachau............................................................................................................................................................. 74

E Eastern Orthodox Christianity. SEE Christianity Eck, Diana................................................................................................................................... 187, 211, 222 Ecuador.......................................................................................................................................................... 63 Eden................................................................................................................................................................. 96 Edwards, Jonathan.................................................................................................................................. 107 Egypt.............................................................................................................. 96, 116, 120, 130, 135, 136, 138 Einstein, Albert......................................................................................................................................... 169 Elauf, Samantha.......................................................................................................................................... 42 Emory University Center for the Study of Law and Religion................................................ 48 Engel v. Vitale......................................................................................................................... 12, 13, 64, 204 Enlightenment, The............................................................................................................................ 85, 99 Episcopal Church..................................................................................................................................... 110 Equal Access Act.............................................................................................................................. 198, 199 Erasmus (Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus)............................................................................. 169 Eritrean Church........................................................................................................................................ 106 Espiritu, Belinda........................................................................................................................................ 76 Esposito, John.............................................................................................................................................. 73 Essenes............................................................................................................................................................ 96 Ethiopia................................................................................................................................................ 113, 116 Ethiopian immigrants to U.S........................................................................................................ 110 Ethiopian Church.................................................................................................................................... 106 European Court of Human Rights............................................................................................... 39, 40 Eve........................................................................................................................................................... 211, 222 Exodus, book of ................................................................................................................................... 22, 93

Dalai Lama.................................................................................................................................................... 70 Damon, Emma........................................................................................................................................... 183 Danticat, Edwige........................................................................................................................................ 58 Daoism............................................................................................................................................................. 14 Darrow, Clarence..................................................................................................................................... 168 Index

239

Golden Rule........................................................................................................................................ 178, 179

Golden Temple, Amritsar................................................................................................... 152, 153, 154

Fairfax County, Virginia........................................................................................................................ 80 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)...................................................................................... 76, 176 Hate crimes statistics................................................................................................................. 44, 176 Ferdinand, King....................................................................................................................................... 135 Ferguson, Missouri................................................................................................................................... 80 Feynman, Richard................................................................................................................................... 169 Finland.......................................................................................................................................................... 107

Goldman, Emma....................................................................................................................................... 168 Goldman v. Weinberger........................................................................................................................... 41 Goodenough, Ursula.............................................................................................................................. 169 Great Awakenings....................................................................................................... 23, 57, 107, 211, 221 Great Migration.......................................................................................................................................... 55 Great Recession............................................................................................................................... 234–236 Greece.......................................................................................................................... 106, 116, 119, 123, 125 Greek philosophy....................................................................................................................................... 96

First Amendment. 5–7, 11–12, 22–23, 30, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 62, 76, 81, 92, 93, 94, 119, 185, 186, 191, 192, 196, 197, 198, 205, 215, 228, 229, 230, 231

Greek religion.............................................................................................................................................. 96

First Amendment Center.................................... 28, 29, 30, 64, 92, 119, 120, 191, 195, 196, 198, 205

Green, Ruth Hermence......................................................................................................................... 169

Teacher’s Guide to Religion in the Public Schools......................... 28, 30, 64, 119, 120, 121, 191–199, 205

Green, Steve.................................................................................................................................................. 91

First Amendment Schools............................................................................................................ 6, 44, 49

Grimes, Elizabeth...................................................................................................................................... 58

First Great Awakening................................................................. 107. SEE ALSO Great Awakenings

Grimes, Gabriel.......................................................................................................................................... 55

Fisher, James............................................................................................................................................... 219

Grimes, John.......................................................................................................................................... 55–59

Florida.................................................................................................................................. 6, 27, 36, 211, 221

Guanzhou.................................................................................................................................................... 137

Flowers, Christine............................................................................................................................... 39, 42

Guinea........................................................................................................................................................... 137

Ford, Gerald............................................................................................................................................... 217

Gujarat.................................................................................................................................................. 140, 151

Fort Myers, Florida........................................................................................................................ 211, 221

Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib........................................................................................................... 152, 156

Fowler, Mark.............................................................................................................................................. 140

Guru Granth Sahib.......................................................................................................................... 149–156

France.......................................................................................................................................... 40, 74, 75, 114

Gutiérrez, Jorge R................................................................................................................................ 71, 72

Franklin, Benjamin................................................................................................................................. 168

Guyana.......................................................................................................................................................... 140

Freedom Forum Institute.......................................................................................... 44, 45, 92, 119, 185

Gwinnett County Public Schools, Georgia................................................................................... 46

Freedom From Religion Foundation................................................................................................ 91 Freethinkers...................................................................................................................... 168, 169, 170, 171 French Canadian immigrants to U.S............................................................................................... 108 French resistance (World War II)....................................................................................................... 74 Friedan, Betty............................................................................................................................................ 168

Grelle, Bruce...................................................................................................................................... 186, 217

H Haberman, David.................................................................................................................................... 217 Haiti............................................................................................................................................................... 220 Hajar.............................................................................................................................................................. 129 Hajj (pilgrimage)....................................................................................................................... 128, 129, 130

Halakhah.................................................................................................................................. 95, 97, 99, 100

Gabriel.......................................................................................................................................................... 121

Halloween..................................................................................................................................................... 72

Gage, Matilda Joslyn.............................................................................................................................. 168

Hamas........................................................................................................................................................ 27, 28

Galilee........................................................................................................................................................... 104

Hames, Erin.................................................................................................................................................. 45

Galileo.......................................................................................................................................................... 169

Hamilton, Virginia.................................................................................................................................. 183

Gallup Poll.................................................................................................................................................... 73

Hanh, Thich Nhat........................................................................................................................... 160–161

Galtung, Johan....................................................................................................................................... 88–89

Haraway, Donna........................................................................................................................................ 87

Ganges River...................................................................................................................................... 211, 222

Hardwar....................................................................................................................................................... 151

Gao.................................................................................................................................................................. 137

Hargobind, Guru..................................................................................................................................... 153

Gardner, Martin....................................................................................................................................... 169

Harijan.......................................................................................................................................................... 143

Gardner, Robert H.................................................................................................................................... 73

Harlem............................................................................................................................................................ 55

Geller, Pamela............................................................................................................................................. 28

Harvard Divinity School............................................................................................................... 85, 187

Generation Global....................................................................................................................... 78–79, 187

Harvard University............................................................................................................. 69, 77, 187, 195

Genesis, book of................................................................................................................................... 96, 97

Harvard University Pluralism Project............................................................................. 69, 103, 187

Geography Standards Project............................................................................................................ 193

Hawaii........................................................................................................................................................... 215

Georgetown Bridge Initiative......................................................................................................... 44, 76

Hawking, Stephen.................................................................................................................................... 168

Georgia............................................................................................................................................. 45, 91, 116

Haynes, Charles C....................................................................................................... 13, 44, 45, 185, 217

Georgia 3Rs Project............................................................................................................. 43–49, 44, 185

Henry VIII.................................................................................................................................................. 107

Germany..................................................................................................................... 17, 40, 74, 107, 113, 115

Herodotus...................................................................................................................................................... 96

German immigrants to U.S........................................................................................................... 108

Herrick, Steve............................................................................................................................................ 217

Ghazi, Rashid.............................................................................................................................................. 58

Hesse, Hermann...................................................................................................................... 209, 210, 219

Ghost Dance.................................................................................................................................................. 15

Hillsborough County School Board, Florida......................................................................... 27, 28

Gilgamesh Epic........................................................................................................................................... 91

Himalayas.................................................................................................................................................... 151

Glossop, Jennifer...................................................................................................................................... 183

Hindu American Foundation............................................................... 43, 69, 139, 143, 145, 146, 188

240

Teaching About Religion in the Social Studies Classroom

Hinduism............................. 6, 14, 29, 43, 62, 66, 68, 69, 80–81, 119, 125, 135–136, 137, 139–147, 150, 151–152, 154, 196, 211, 221

Isaiah, book of............................................................................................................................................. 92

Bhagavad Gita..................................................................................................................................... 140

ISIS....................................................................................................................................................... 35, 65, 75

And caste....................................................................................................................................... 141–145 Dharma.................................................................................................................................................. 140

Islam........... 6, 14, 15, 24, 29, 54, 62–65, 70, 73–74, 77, 88, 119–138, 140, 141, 150, 151, 152, 162, 166, 175, 176, 178, 198, 204, 208, 209, 213, 214, 218

Diversity................................................................................................................ 86, 140, 209, 214, 218

Diversity.................................................................................................. 54, 77, 142, 172, 209, 213, 218

Misconceptions about........................................................................................ 34–35, 121, 140–145

Five Pillars............................................................................................. 54, 63, 120, 127–129, 130, 214

Philosophy................................................................................................................................... 139–142

Hadith...................................................................................................................................... 17, 122, 128

Ramayana............................................................................................................................................. 140

Hajj (pilgrimage)................................................................................................................ 128, 129, 130

Resources for teachers...................................................................... 68, 69, 146–147, 178, 183, 187

Islamophobia.................................................................................................... 5, 44, 76, 119, 176, 204

Rig Veda................................................................................................................................................. 141

Jihad........................................................................................................................................................ 126

Shaivism................................................................................................................................................ 140

Links to Judaism and Christianity............................................................. 98, 120–121, 128–130

Shaktism................................................................................................................................................ 140

Misconceptions and stereotypes about.................................. 29–30, 34–36, 76, 119, 213–214

Smartism................................................................................................................................................ 140

And other religions................................................................................................................... 135–138

Spread of................................................................................................................................................ 120

Qur’an.................................................................................. 17, 54, 63, 66, 120, 121, 122, 128, 129, 135

In United States................................................................................................................................... 117

Resources for teachers.......................................................... 69–70, 73–74, 124, 178, 183, 187, 188

Vaishnavism......................................................................................................................................... 140

Role of women................................................................................................................................ 86, 88

Vedas.............................................................................................................................................. 141, 143

Shari’ah.......................................................................................................................................... 123–124

Worldwide number of Hindus compared to adherents of other religions

111, 140

Shia Muslims............................................................................................... 15, 122–123, 204, 209, 218

Hindu Students Association............................................................................................................... 147

Sunnah............................................................................................................................................ 128, 135

Ishmael.................................................................................................................................................. 128, 129

Spread of Islam................................................................................. 120, 122–123, 125, 126, 130–136

Hispanic Americans................................................................................................................. 63, 108, 110

Sunni Muslims............................................................................................ 15, 122–123, 204, 209, 218

Hitler, Adolf.................................................................................................................................................. 17

And terrorism..................................................................................................................................... 126

Hobby Lobby............................................................................................................................................... 91

In United States.................................................................................................................... 43, 117, 196

Holocaust................................................................................................................................... 17, 71, 98–100 Humanism........................................................................................................................................... 182, 187

Worldwide number of Muslims compared to adherents of other religions... 111, 125, 126

Hungary........................................................................................................................................................ 107

Islamic Cultural Center (New York City)....................................................................................... 62

Hus, Jan......................................................................................................................................................... 106

Islamic Networks Group................................................................................................................ 30, 188

Hussein, Saddam........................................................................................................................................ 34

Islamic Society of North America.................................................................................................... 192

Huxley, Thomas....................................................................................................................................... 168

Islamophobia............................................................................................................................ 5, 44, 76, 119

Hyson v. Gallitzin....................................................................................................................................... 40

Israel............................................................................................................................................. 17, 71, 96, 100 Israelites............................................................................................................................................ 22, 93, 96

Italy................................................................................................................................................... 81, 114, 149

Iberian Peninsula..................................................................................................................... 137, 209, 219 Ibn Batuta............................................................................................................................................ 209, 219 Ibn Jubayr............................................................................................................................................ 209, 219 Illinois....................................................................................................................................................... 40, 49

Italian immigrants to U.S............................................................................................................... 108 Iyer, Aish........................................................................................................................................................ 81

India............................ 81, 105, 109, 115, 125, 131, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 149, 150, 152, 154, 172

Jacobite Syrian Church.......................................................................................................................... 106

Indian immigrants to U.S................................................................................................................ 110

Jainism............................................................................................................................................ 117, 141, 178

Indiana...................................................................................................................................................... 34, 40

Jakarta............................................................................................................................................. 77, 209, 218

Indian Ocean..................................................................................................................................... 120, 123

Japan................................................................................................................................................................. 70

Indonesia....................................................................................................................... 17, 137, 140, 209, 218

Jati.......................................................................................................................................... 141, 142, 143, 145

Industrial Revolution..................................................................................................................... 211, 221

Jefferson, Thomas............................................................................................................... 22, 24, 166, 168

Ingersoll, Robert G................................................................................................................................. 168

Jeffers, Susan.............................................................................................................................................. 183

Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP)................................................................................... 75, 76

Jehangir, Emperor.................................................................................................................................... 150

Interfaith Center of New York................................................................................................ 53, 54, 61

Jehovah’s Witnesses........................................................................................................ 108, 117, 118, 198

International Christian Legal Society............................................................................................ 191

Jerusalem............................................................................................................................... 22, 104, 105, 219

Iowa.................................................................................................................................................................. 40

temple............................................................................................................................................... 96, 104

Iran.................................................................................................................................................. 130, 136, 151

Jesus.............................................................................. 57, 103, 104, 105, 108, 120, 121, 128, 210, 213, 221

Iranian Revolution............................................................................................................................. 87

Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance (JOFA)............................................................................... 100

Iraq........................................................................................................................................... 75, 130, 136, 151

Jewish Theological Seminary............................................................................................................... 99

Irish immigrants to U.S.......................................................................................................................... 108

John, book of...................................................................................................................................... 104, 105

Isaac.................................................................................................................................................... 96, 97, 128

Johns Hopkins University...................................................................................................................... 33

Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary............................................................................................. 99

John the Baptist......................................................................................................................................... 104

Isabella, Queen......................................................................................................................................... 135

Jordan River............................................................................................................................................... 104 Index

241

Joseph.................................................................................................................................................... 104, 128 Joshi, Khyati............................................................................................................................................... 140 Judaea............................................................................................................................................................ 104 Judaism....................... 14, 18, 29, 54, 63–65, 71, 88, 92–94, 95–102, 119–120, 135, 136, 137, 204, 208, 213, 214, 215, 219, 220 Anti-Semitism..................................................................................................... 5, 44, 76, 95, 176, 204 Chabad Lubavitch movement....................................................................................................... 99 Conservative Judaism........................................................................................................ 98, 99, 100 Diversity..................................................................................................................... 18, 72, 98–100, 209 Halakhah........................................................................................................................... 95, 97, 99, 100 Holocaust............................................................................................................................ 17, 71, 98–100 And LGBTQ issues.......................................................................................................................... 212 Ordination of women...................................................................................................................... 100 Orthodox Judaism................................................................................................... 17, 95, 98, 99, 100 Reform Judaism........................................................................................... 17, 63, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100 Resources for teachers..................................................................................... 71, 100, 178, 183, 187 Talmud................................................................................................................................ 96, 97, 98, 100 Torah.......................................................................................................................... 97, 98, 128, 212, 215 Ultra-Orthodox Judaism................................................................................................................. 99 In United States...................................................................................... 43, 95, 98–100, 117, 166, 196 Worldwide number of Jews compared to adherents of other religions �� 111 July 7, 2005 attacks in London............................................................................................................ 87

L Lake Chad................................................................................................................................................... 137 Lakota Sioux.................................................................................................................................................. 15 Laos................................................................................................................................................................ 160 Lawrence, Bruce....................................................................................................................................... 217 Lebanon............................................................................................................................................ 29, 81, 135 Lee, Spike....................................................................................................................................................... 58 Legend, John............................................................................................................................................... 220 Levites............................................................................................................................................................. 22 LGBTQ community................................................................................................................................. 72 Lithuanian immigrants to U.S............................................................................................................ 108 Locke, John................................................................................................................................................. 166 Loyola, Ignatius........................................................................................................................................ 106 Luke, book of............................................................................................................................................. 104 Lutheran churches............................................................................................................................ 107, 110 Luther, Martin................................................................................................................................... 106, 107

M Madison, James............................................................................................................................. 22, 24, 166 Mahayana Buddhism............................................................................................................. 160, 161–162 Majeed, Omar.............................................................................................................................................. 58

Malaysia............................................................................................................................................... 137, 149

Ka’bah........................................................................................................................................................... 129 Kahf, Mohja.................................................................................................................................................. 58 Kakaars................................................................................................................................................. 154, 155 Kalin, Andrea.............................................................................................................................................. 73 Kamelhar, Nechama........................................................................................................................... 64, 65 Kanem-Bornu............................................................................................................................................ 137 Karslake, Daniel G.................................................................................................................................... 72 Kartarpur............................................................................................................................................. 151, 152 Kashmir................................................................................................................................................ 137, 154 Kaur Foundation................................................................................................................................ 68, 188 Kennedy, John F....................................................................................................................................... 219 Kentucky........................................................................................................................................... 40, 49, 91 Kenya....................................................................................................................................................... 15, 115 Kerry, John.................................................................................................................................................... 77 Khan, Genghis........................................................................................................................................... 150 Khan, Hena................................................................................................................................................. 183 Khan, Noor Inayat............................................................................................................................... 73, 74 Kindersley, Anabel.................................................................................................................................. 183 Kindersley, Barnabas............................................................................................................................. 183 King, Martin Luther Jr..................................................................................................................... 22, 109 Knox, John................................................................................................................................................... 107 Kodiak Island............................................................................................................................................. 108 Korean immigrants to U.S..................................................................................................................... 110 Kornfield, Jack........................................................................................................................................... 160 Kosraw, Naser-e................................................................................................................................ 209, 219 Krishan, Guru Har.................................................................................................................................. 153 Kronemer, Alex........................................................................................................................................... 73 Kshatriyas.................................................................................................................................... 141, 143, 145 Ku Klux Klan................................................................................................................................................ 41

Mali................................................................................................................................................................ 137 Mandolfo, Carlene.................................................................................................................................. 217 Manila............................................................................................................................................................. 77 Mannino, Vincenza.................................................................................................................................. 64 Mara............................................................................................................................................................... 158 Marcus, Ben.................................................................................................................................................. 67 Mardana, Bhai.......................................................................................................................................... 151 Mark, book of............................................................................................................................................ 104 Martin, Rafe............................................................................................................................................... 183 Maryland............................................................................................................................................... 49, 108 Mary, mother of Jesus............................................................................................................................ 104 Masuzawa, Tomoko................................................................................................................................ 157 Matthew, book of..................................................................................................................................... 104 Mayer, Mercer................................................................................................................................... 181, 183 McAllister, Stephanie............................................................................................................................ 217 McCollum, Vashti................................................................................................................................... 169 McCollum v. Board of Education........................................................................................................ 12 McDermott, Gerald................................................................................................................................ 183 McGraw-Hill............................................................................................................................................... 22 McIntyre, Sherry.................................................................................................................................. 29, 30 McLeroy, Don....................................................................................................................................... 21, 22 Mecca..................................................................................................................................... 63, 128, 129, 151 Medina.................................................................................................................................................. 135, 151 Mediterranean Sea.......................................................................................................................... 120, 131 Menendez, Erika........................................................................................................................................ 62 Mercer County, West Virginia............................................................................................................ 91 MetLife Stadium......................................................................................................................................... 97 Mexico................................................................................................................................ 15, 71–72, 113, 114 Miliziano, Kelly......................................................................................................................................... 27 Milton, John............................................................................................................................................... 166 Minnesota...................................................................................................................................................... 40

242

Teaching About Religion in the Social Studies Classroom

Mississippi.................................................................................................................................................... 40

Naylor, Keith.............................................................................................................................................. 217

Missouri................................................................................................................................................... 40, 80

Nazareth...................................................................................................................................................... 104

Miyazaki, Hayao........................................................................................................................................ 70

Nazism............................................................................................................................................................. 74

Modesto, California.............................................................................................................. 23–25, 28, 30

Nebraska.................................................................................................................................................. 40, 41

Mogahed, Dalia.......................................................................................................................................... 73

Nepal............................................................................................................................................................. 140

Molière (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin)..................................................................................................... 169

Ner LeElef (NLE)...................................................................................................................................... 97

Mongol Empire......................................................................................................................................... 134

Netherlands................................................................................................................................................ 107

Monius, Anne............................................................................................................................................ 217

New Age religions..................................................................................................................................... 117

Monongahela river.......................................................................................................................... 211, 222

New Delhi..................................................................................................................................................... 81

Moore, Diane L...................................................................................................... 11, 12, 77, 185, 187, 216

New Jersey..................................................................................................................................................... 97

Moral Majority................................................................................................................................. 211, 221

Newman, Martha..................................................................................................................................... 217

Mormon, Book of..................................................................................................................................... 108

New Mexico................................................................................................................................................. 40

Mormons. SEE Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Newton, Isaac............................................................................................................................................ 169

Morocco....................................................................................................................................................... 136

New York............................................................................................................................................... 40, 188

Moroni.......................................................................................................................................................... 108

New York City.......................................................................................................................... 61–66, 62, 77

Moses......................................................................................................... 21, 22, 93, 120, 121, 128, 211, 222

The New Yorker................................................................................................................................ 211, 222

Moss, Bryant (Preacher Moss)............................................................................................................. 73

Nicene Creed............................................................................................................................................. 106

Mott, Lucretia............................................................................................................................................ 169

Nigeria........................................................................................................................... 75, 113, 115, 209, 218

Mt. Sinai......................................................................................................................................................... 22

Niger River......................................................................................................................................... 131, 137

Mughal Empire............................................................................................... 131, 134, 138, 150, 153, 154

Noah............................................................................................................................... 63, 121, 128, 211, 222

Muhammad, Prophet...................................................... 73, 77, 120, 121, 122, 123, 128, 129, 135, 136

North Carolina......................................................................................................................................... 175

Museum of the Bible.................................................................................................................... 91–93, 93

North Dakota.............................................................................................................................................. 40

Mustang High School (Oklahoma).................................................................................................... 91

Norway......................................................................................................................................................... 107

Mustang, Oklahoma................................................................................................................................. 91

Nubia............................................................................................................................................................. 138

Muth, John J....................................................................................................................................... 181, 183 Myanmar.............................................................................................................................................. 160, 162

N Nagarjuna.................................................................................................................................................... 161 Nakassis, Magda.............................................................................................................................. 182, 183 Nanak, Guru.................................................................................................... 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155 Nankana Sahib.......................................................................................................................................... 151 National Association of Elementary School Principals........................................................ 191 National Association of Evangelicals................................................................................. 5, 191, 192 National Association of Secondary School Principals.......................................................... 191 National Baptist Convention.............................................................................................................. 109 National Center for Education Statistics........................................................................................ 33 National Center for History in the Schools......................................................................... 188, 193 National Conference of Synagogue Youth...................................................................................... 64 National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS)........ 5, 12, 47, 80, 81, 176, 191, 192, 201, 231 College, Career and Civic Life (C3) Framework........................................... 75, 78, 231–236 National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies................................... 93, 176, 188, 202 Position Statement on Study about Religion................................................................ 228–230 Religious Studies Companion Document for the C3 Framework...................... 231–236 National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A............................................................ 191 National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE).......................................................... 201, 202 Standards for the English Language Arts............................................................................... 202 National Education Association (NEA)........................................................................... 33, 191, 46 National Endowment for the Humanities..................................................................................... 124 National Geographic................................................................................................................................ 69 National PTA.................................................................................................................................... 191, 198 National School Boards Association.................................................................................. 5, 191, 192 Native American religions..................................................... 15, 41, 117, 119, 178, 196, 209, 215, 219 Native Americans.............................................................................. 15, 41, 108–109, 117, 196, 210, 220 Naturalism.................................................................................................................................. 168, 169, 171

O O’Hair, Madalyn Murray.................................................................................................................... 168 Ohio................................................................................................................................................................. 40 Ohio River.......................................................................................................................................... 211, 222 Oklahoma...................................................................................................................................................... 91 Olson, Candy............................................................................................................................................... 28 Open Society Foundations Youth Initiative.................................................................................. 61 Oregon...................................................................................................................................................... 40, 41 Orientalism................................................................................................................................................. 121 Oriental Orthodox Christianity. SEE Eastern Orthodox Christianity Orsi, Robert.......................................................................................................................................... 58, 219 Orthodox Christianity. SEE Christianity Orthodox Judaism.......................................................................................................... 17, 95, 98, 99, 100 Osborne, Mary Pope.............................................................................................................................. 183 Ottoman Empire...................................................................................................... 131, 134, 135, 137, 138 Oxford University Press............................................................................................................... 189, 196

P Paganism...................................................................................................................................................... 213 Paine, Thomas........................................................................................................................................... 168 Pakistan........................................................................................................................... 80, 81, 149, 150, 152 Palestine........................................................................................................................................ 99, 103, 120 Panoch, James V....................................................................................................................................... 205 Panth, Guru........................................................................................................................................ 150, 156 Parent-Teacher Associations................................................................................................................ 37 Paris.......................................................................................................................................................... 35, 176 Passover festival.................................................................................................................................... 72, 93 Patel, Sanjay.......................................................................................................................................... 68, 183 Patriarch of Constantinople....................................................................................................... 106, 111 Index

243

Paul of Tarsus....................................................................................................................................... 57, 106

ReformEd...................................................................................................................................................... 45

PBS Frontline............................................................................................................................................... 28

Reform Judaism.................................................................................................. 17, 63, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100

Peace and World Affairs....................................................................................................................... 124

Regional Education Laboratory.......................................................................................................... 33

Pearson........................................................................................................................................................... 22

Rehnquist, William................................................................................................................................. 217

Pennsylvania........................................................................................................................... 13, 40, 41, 211

Religion and Public Education Project.......................................................................................... 186

Peoria, Illinois........................................................................................................................................... 175

Religion & Education............................................................................................................................. 186

Perfection Learning.................................................................................................................................. 22

Religion in American Life Series...................................................................................................... 189

Persia.................................................................................................................................... 123, 125, 136, 137

Religious Freedom Center............................................................... 44, 45, 47, 49, 67, 69, 92, 119, 185

Persian Gulf................................................................................................................................................ 120

Religious Freedom Institute.................................................................................................................. 69

Peter, disciple of Jesus............................................................................................................................ 106

Religious garb................................................................................................... 30, 39–42, 68–69, 155–156

Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life...................................................................... 71, 104, 111–118

Religious Literacy Project........................................................................................................ 77, 85, 187

Pew Research Center.............................................................. 11, 43, 69, 76, 77, 103, 111–118, 125, 126

Renaissance........................................................................................................................................ 209, 219

Pharisees.................................................................................................................................................. 95, 96

Republican Party....................................................................................................................................... 92

Philadelphia Inquirer............................................................................................................................... 39

Reynolds, Samantha........................................................................................................................... 80, 81

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.................................................................................................... 39, 41, 108

Rhode Island........................................................................................................................................ 24, 166

Philippines.......................................................................................................................................... 113, 114

Richmond, Texas....................................................................................................................................... 35

Pike, Sarah................................................................................................................................................... 217

Rig Veda........................................................................................................................................................ 141

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania............................................................................................................. 211, 222

Ringgold, Faith......................................................................................................................................... 220

Pittsburgh Platform (1885)............................................................................................................. 98, 99

Roberts, Patrick.......................................................................................................................................... 24

Poland..................................................................................................................................................... 72, 114

Roddenberry, Gene................................................................................................................................ 169

Polish immigrants to U.S............................................................................................................... 108

Roman Empire......................................................................................................................... 210, 213, 221

Polytheism................................................................................................................................................... 182

Romania............................................................................................................................................... 106, 116

Pon, Cynthia...................................................................................................................................... 182, 183

Romanian immigrants to U.S....................................................................................................... 108

Pope (Supreme Pontiff)................................................................................................ 105, 106, 107, 111

Rome......................................................................................................................... 77, 96, 103, 105, 119, 219

Portugal................................................................................................................................................ 136, 141

Rose, Ernestine......................................................................................................................................... 168

Potok, Chaim............................................................................................................................................... 58

Roth, Veronica.................................................................................................................................. 143, 144

Presley, Elvis................................................................................................................................................ 91

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques......................................................................................................................... 168

Protestantism. SEE Christianity

Ruether, Rosemary Radford............................................................................................................... 223

Prothero, Stephen...................................................................................................................................... 14

Russell, Bertrand..................................................................................................................................... 168

Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).............................................................. 69, 71, 73, 210, 218, 221

Russia............................................................................................................... 40, 71, 103, 106, 108, 113, 116

Punjab.......................................................................................................... 137, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 156

Russian immigrants to U.S............................................................................................................ 108

Puritans........................................................................................................................................ 107, 211, 221

Q Qing dynasty.............................................................................................................................................. 221 Qur’an......................................................................................... 17, 54, 63, 66, 120, 121, 122, 128, 129, 135

Sadducees...................................................................................................................................................... 96 Safavid Empire.................................................................................................................................. 131–132 Safran, Sheri............................................................................................................................................... 183 Sagan, Carl.................................................................................................................................................. 168

Sahara............................................................................................................................................................ 137

Rabbinic Council of America............................................................................................................ 100

Salt Lake City............................................................................................................................................... 77

Rai, Guru Har............................................................................................................................................ 153

Samaria......................................................................................................................................................... 105

Rajasthan..................................................................................................................................................... 151

Samoan immigrants to U.S.................................................................................................................... 110

Raleigh, Walter......................................................................................................................................... 168

San Bernardino................................................................................................................................... 35, 176

Ramadan................................................................................................................................... 54, 64, 77, 130

San Francisco............................................................................................................................................... 30

Ramayana.................................................................................................................................................... 140

Sanger, Margaret....................................................................................................................................... 169

Rand, Ayn.................................................................................................................................................... 169

Santayana, George................................................................................................................................... 168

Randolph, A. Philip................................................................................................................................ 169

Santeria......................................................................................................................................................... 220

Raphael, Marc........................................................................................................................................... 217

Satmar community..................................................................................................................................... 99

Rashi (Shlomo Yitzchaki)....................................................................................................................... 97

Saudi Arabia.................................................................................................................................................. 17

Rastafarians.................................................................................................................................................. 41

Savannah...................................................................................................................................................... 108

Reagan, Ronald..................................................................................................................................... 22, 41

Schwarz, Michael....................................................................................................................................... 73

Reconquista................................................................................................................................................ 134

Scopes Trial (1925).................................................................................................................................. 110

Red Sea.................................................................................................................................................... 93, 120

Scotland........................................................................................................................................................ 107

Redwood City, California..................................................................................................................... 35

Second Great Awakening............................................................ 107. SEE ALSO Great Awakenings

Reformation (Protestant).............................................................................................................. 106–107

Second Vatican Council............................................................................................................... 106, 111 Senegal.......................................................................................................................................................... 137

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Sen, Sunando................................................................................................................................................ 62

South Carolina............................................................................................................................................ 92

September 11 attacks........................................................................................................... 35, 65, 87, 176

Southern Baptists. SEE Baptist churches

Serbia.............................................................................................................................................................. 116

Southern Poverty Law Center............................................................................................................ 190

Serbian immigrants to U.S............................................................................................................. 108

Spain................................................................................................................................ 72, 114, 135, 136, 137

Seventh Day Adventist Church......................................................................................................... 108

Sri Lanka................................................................................................................................ 70, 137, 151, 160

Shaivism................................................................................................................................................. 86, 140

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady....................................................................................................................... 169

Shaktism................................................................................................................................................. 86, 140

State Board of Regents of New York................................................................................................... 13

Shari’ah................................................................................................................................................. 123, 124

Steinbrenner High School, Florida.............................................................................................. 27–30

Shermer, Michael..................................................................................................................................... 169

St. Louis, Missouri.................................................................................................................................... 80

Shia Muslims...................................................................................................... 15, 122–123, 204, 209, 218

Strong, John........................................................................................................................................ 210, 219

Shibly, Hassan....................................................................................................................................... 27–30

Sudan............................................................................................................................................................. 138

Shinto............................................................................................................................................................... 70

Sudras............................................................................................................................................ 141, 143, 145

Shiva....................................................................................................................................................... 211, 221

Sufism.................................................................................................................................................... 137, 138

Shuman, Rasmia......................................................................................................................................... 35

Sultanpur...................................................................................................................................................... 151

Sicarii............................................................................................................................................................... 96

Summit Charter School, Redwood City, California................................................................. 35

Siddhartha................................................................................................................................. 209, 210, 219

Sundance Film Festival........................................................................................................................... 72

Sikh American Legal Defense Fund.................................................................................................. 68

Sunni Muslims................................................................................................... 15, 122–123, 204, 209, 218

Sikh Coalition.............................................................................................................................................. 68

Supreme Court. SEE United States

Sikh Empire................................................................................................................................................ 153

Swearer, Donald....................................................................................................................................... 160

Sikhism................................................................................... 24, 30, 34, 39, 41, 68–69, 149–156, 176, 178

Sweden.......................................................................................................................................................... 107

Dastaar......................................................................................................................................154,155,156

Syria................................................................................................................................. 75, 103, 130, 135, 136

Dharam.......................................................................................................................................... 149, 150

Syrian immigrants to U.S............................................................................................................... 108

Glossary................................................................................................................................................ 152

Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch............................................................................................... 106

Guru Granth Sahib................................................................................................................... 149–156 Gurus.............................................................................................................................................. 149–156 Kakaars.................................................................................................................................. 152, 154–156

Kirpan.................................................................................................................................................... 155

Talib, Ali ibn Abi..................................................................................................................................... 122

Misconceptions about........................................................................................... 34, 65, 68–69, 140

Taliban...................................................................................................................................................... 36, 88

Resources for teachers...................................................................... 68, 69, 152, 153, 178, 183, 188

Talmud....................................................................................................................................... 96, 97, 98, 100

Timeline................................................................................................................................................ 153

Tampa.............................................................................................................................................................. 27

In United States........................................................................................................................... 117, 153

Tan, Amy...................................................................................................................................................... 221

Worldwide number of Sikhs compared to adherents of other religions �� 111

Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding.......... 140, 146, 175, 177, 180, 181, 189

Sikh Kid to Kid...................................................................................................................................... 68, 69

Tanzania....................................................................................................................................................... 138

Silk Road...................................................................................................................................................... 120

Taoism.......................................................................................................................... 117, 178, 214, 221, 222

Sinai Peninsula.......................................................................................................................................... 120

Teaching Tolerance................................................................................................................................. 190

Sind................................................................................................................................................................. 137

Tehran............................................................................................................................................................. 77

Singh, Baghel.............................................................................................................................................. 153

Ten Commandments................................................................................................................. 22, 54, 214

Singh, Guru Gobind...................................................................................................... 152, 153, 154, 156

Tennessee....................................................................................................................................................... 92

Singh, Ralph............................................................................................................................................... 190

Texas....................................................................................................... 6, 21–25, 22, 23, 27, 35, 36, 92, 188

Skepticism............................................................................................................................................ 168, 169

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS)............................................................................ 21

Slavery......................................................................................................... 73–74, 89, 93, 108, 109, 211, 221

Texas Freedom Network............................................................................................................ 21, 22, 23

Slovakian immigrants to U.S............................................................................................................... 108

Texas State Board of Education..................................................................................................... 21–25

Smartism....................................................................................................................................................... 140

Thailand......................................................................................................................... 17, 70, 140, 149, 160

Smith, Huston............................................................................................................................................ 217

Theravada Buddhism...................................................................................................................... 17, 160

Smith, Joseph.............................................................................................................................................. 108

Thomas, Oliver...................................................................................................................... 5, 45, 185, 217

Smith, Steve J................................................................................................................................................ 46

Three B’s (3B) Framework............................................................................................... 15–19, 149, 156

Society of Biblical Literature......................................................................................... 48, 92, 189, 217

Tibet.................................................................................................................................. 69–70, 151, 160, 162

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)................................................................................................................ 106, 109

Tigris-Euphrates Valley........................................................................................................................ 120

Socrates......................................................................................................................................................... 170

Timbuktu..................................................................................................................................................... 137

Solomon................................................................................................................................... 22, 96, 121, 128

Tony Blair Faith Foundation.............................................................................................................. 187

Somaiah, Ranjan...................................................................................................................................... 183

Tony Blair Institute for Global Change........................................................................................... 79

Somaiah, Rosemarie............................................................................................................................... 183

Torah................................................................................................................................. 97, 98, 128, 212, 215

Somalia......................................................................................................................................................... 138

Trump, Donald..................................................................................................................................... 36, 76

Songhai Empire......................................................................................................................................... 137

Trump v. Hawaii......................................................................................................................................... 76

Sotomayor, Sonia........................................................................................................................................ 76

Tunisia........................................................................................................................................................... 136

South Africa.................................................................................................................................. 89, 115, 140

Turkestan..................................................................................................................................................... 137 Index

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Turkey.............................................................................................................................. 40, 75, 103, 135, 137

Virginia...................................................................................................................................... 24, 45, 80, 175

Twain, Mark............................................................................................................................................... 169

Virginia Tech............................................................................................................................................... 24 Vodou (Vodun)................................................................................................................................... 58, 220

Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet).................................................................................................... 168

Ukraine.......................................................................................................................................................... 116 Ukrainian immigrants to U.S....................................................................................................... 108 Ultra-Orthodox Judaism........................................................................................................................ 99

Vyasa............................................................................................................................................................... 141

Umayyads............................................................................................................................................ 122, 136

Wacks, Jonathan......................................................................................................................................... 58

Union of American Hebrew Congregations................................................................................ 191

Waggoner, Michael D............................................................................................................................ 186

Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America........................................................... 191

Walker, Lucy................................................................................................................................................ 58

Unitarianism............................................................................................................................................... 117

Walker, Nate................................................................................................................................................ 44

United Kingdom......................................................................................................... 17, 115, 141–142, 149

Washington, D.C....................................................................................................................................... 91

Department for Education.............................................................................................................. 80

Wegerif, Rupert.......................................................................................................................................... 82

United Nations.......................................................................................................................................... 204

Wellesley, Massachusetts....................................................................................................................... 29

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 80

Wellesley Middle School....................................................................................................................... 29

United States............................................................................................... 15, 17, 75, 76, 77, 113, 114, 115

Wesley, John............................................................................................................................................... 107

U.S. Congress................................................................................................................................ 41, 198

West Virginia............................................................................................................................................... 91

U.S. Constitution............................................ 5, 22–23, 119, 166, 170, 191, 211, 214, 215, 221, 231

Whitefield, George................................................................................................................................. 107

Bill of Rights....................................................................................................... 12, 45, 166, 192

White House Office of Faith-Based Community Initiatives................................................. 77

First Amendment.. 5–7, 11–12, 22–23, 28, 30, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 62, 76, 81, 92, 93, 94,

Wiesel, Elie................................................................................................................................................. 168

119, 185, 186, 191, 192, 196, 197, 198, 205, 215, 228, 229, 230, 231

Wilbanks, J. Alvin..................................................................................................................................... 46

U.S. Department of Education................................. 6, 12, 19, 176, 197, 198, 200–201, 228, 231

Williamsburg Charter..................................................................................................................... 45, 217

U.S. Department of Justice......................................................................................... 27, 36, 176, 46

Williams, Roger................................................................................................................... 23, 24, 166, 171

U.S. Supreme Court.................................. 5, 11, 12–13, 41, 42, 53, 76, 92, 177, 192–193, 228, 231

Wirth, George.............................................................................................................................................. 44

Abington Township School District v. Schempp... 12, 13, 53, 64, 92, 192, 204, 205, 228

Wollstonecraft, Mary............................................................................................................................ 168

Engel v. Vitale...................................................................................................... 12, 13, 64, 204

Women’s suffrage............................................................................................................................. 211, 221

Goldman v. Weinberger........................................................................................................ 41

World Council of Churches................................................................................................................. 111

McCollum v. Board of Education........................................................................................ 12

World Religion Database..................................................................................................................... 149

Trump v. Hawaii...................................................................................................................... 76

World War I................................................................................................................................................ 134

Zorach v. Clauson.................................................................................................................... 12

World War II....................................................................................................................... 74, 134, 211, 221

Unity Productions Foundation............................................................................................. 69, 73, 124

Worldwide Anglican Communion.................................................................................................. 107

Universal Declaration of Human Rights....................................................................................... 166

Wright, Frances......................................................................................................................................... 169

University of Exeter.................................................................................................................................. 82

Wuthnow, Robert....................................................................................................................................... 14

University of Pennsylvania................................................................................................................. 195

Wycliffe, John............................................................................................................................................ 106

Usman, Azhar.............................................................................................................................................. 73 Utah..................................................................................................................................................... 45, 49, 81 Utah 3Rs Project................................................................................................................................ 49, 195 Utah State Office of Education.......................................................................................................... 195

X Xinjiang........................................................................................................................................................ 137

Uzbekistan.................................................................................................................................................. 151

V Vaisakhi........................................................................................................................................................ 154 Vaishnavism......................................................................................................................................... 86, 140 Vaisyas.......................................................................................................................................... 141, 143, 145 Vajrayana Buddhism...................................................................................................................... 160, 162

Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim....................................................................................................................... 96 Yoruba..................................................................................................................................................... 14, 220

Valaam Monastery.................................................................................................................................. 108

Zorach v. Clauson (1952)......................................................................................................................... 12

Valmiki.......................................................................................................................................................... 141

Zoroastrianism.......................................................................................................................... 136, 137, 178

Varnas.................................................................................................................................. 141, 142, 143, 145

Zurich............................................................................................................................................................ 107

Vedas..................................................................................................................................................... 141, 143

Zwingli, Ulrich.......................................................................................................................................... 107

Vega, Marta Moreno.............................................................................................................................. 220

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About the Contributors EDITOR Charles C. Haynes is founding director of the Religious Freedom Center of the Freedom Forum Institute in Washington, D.C. Over the past two decades, he has been the principal organizer and drafter of consensus guidelines on religion and values in public schools, endorsed by a broad range of religious, civil liberties, and educational organizations. He is author or co-author of six books, including Finding Common Ground: A First Amendment Guide to Religion and Public Schools. AUTHORS Pritpal Kaur Ahluwalia was Director of Education and Community Development at the Kaur Foundation at the time this chapter was written. She is now the Education Director at the Sikh Coalition. She has a PhD in Sikh Studies from the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom (U.K.), and has worked with the Nishkam School Trust in the U.K. She is experienced in interfaith work, and has been a Faiths Act Fellow of the Interfaith Youth Core and Tony Blair Faith Foundation. Murali Balaji is a journalist, author, and academic with nearly 20 years of experience in diversity leadership. He has served as the education director for the Hindu American Foundation, and is the founder of Maruthi Education Consulting and a consultant for Annenberg on diversity and inclusion issues. He is the author of The Professor and the Pupil (2007), a political biography of W.E.B. Du Bois and Paul Robeson, and the editor of Digital Hinduism (2017). He serves on the national advisory board of the Religious Freedom Center of the Freedom Forum Institute. Marcia Beauchamp is a consultant in the area of religion in the public school curriculum and religious liberty issues in the schools. For over twenty years she has managed programs and projects, taught workshops, developed curricula, written articles, and trained educators to navigate these sometimes challenging waters. Organizations with which she has worked include the Freedom Forum’s First Amendment Center, the American Academy of Religion’s Task Force on Religion in Schools, the Tony Blair Faith Foundation, and the Islamic Networks Group. David F. Callaway is manager of the Georgia 3Rs Project at the Religious Freedom Center of the Freedom Forum Institute. Previously, he served as Director of Education for Center Point, serving students and families in North Georgia, where he taught the academic study of religion. David also taught and developed courses for the University of Georgia while obtaining a graduate degree in religion from the university. John Camardella teaches two World Religion elective courses at Prospect High School outside of Chicago. He is an Education Fellow at the Religious Literacy Project at Harvard Divinity School and was a member of the writing team that authored the “Religious Studies Companion Document” for the C3 Framework published by the National Council for the Social Studies. John earned his B.A. in History from Illinois Wesleyan University and has two graduate degrees from St. Xavier University in Chicago.

Mark A. Chancey is Professor of Religious Studies at Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences, Southern Methodist University. He has written extensively on how public schools teach about religion in general and the Bible in particular. As chairman of the Society of Biblical Literature’s Educational Resources and Review Committee, he is working with the Georgia 3Rs Project of the Religious Freedom Center at the Freedom Forum Institute to devise high school lesson plans that incorporate the study of religion in constitutionally and academically appropriate ways. He can be reached at mchancey@mail.smu.edu. Susan Douglass is an author who is K-14 Education Outreach Coordinator at the Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, and conducts professional development nationally for the Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding, both at Georgetown University, in Washington, DC. She was a member of the writing team that authored the “Religious Studies Companion Document” for the C3 Framework. Her e-mail is Susan.Douglass@georgetown.edu Kristen Farrington is former Head of Programs and Partnerships at the Tony Blair Faith Foundation, where she directed the foundation’s schools program, Face to Faith, in North America. Face to Faith was renamed Generation Global in 2015. Kristen is now Director of Partnerships at the Religious Freedom Center of the Freedom Forum. She can be reached at Klooney@newseum.org Michael Friedman is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Theology at Georgetown University, where he focuses on contemporary Jewish spirituality. He also holds a master’s degree in Buddhist Studies from Harvard Divinity School and a bachelor’s degree in Religious Studies from Yale University. He is currently an instructor in history and religion at Princeton Day School. Mynga Futrell, formerly Associate Professor of Educational Technology at Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, served there as Coordinator of Instructional Development and coauthored two textbooks on use of microcomputers in teaching. She is currently lead curriculum developer for Instructional Systems, Sacramento, CA, for which she coordinated the instructional materials development activities of the OABITAR Project (Objectivity, Accuracy, and Balance In Teaching About Religion) from 19982003. Henry Goldschmidt is a cultural anthropologist, community educator, interfaith organizer, and fanatic New Yorker. He is currently the Director of Programs at the Interfaith Center of New York. Henry received his Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of California at Santa Cruz, and has taught religious studies and anthropology at Wesleyan University and elsewhere. Among other publications, he is the author of Race and Religion among the Chosen Peoples of Crown Heights.

About the Contributors

247

Ian Jamison is Head of Education and Training at the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. He has taught Religious Education for twenty years and has been involved in the Generation Global program since its inception, developing teaching materials and pedagogy, and training teachers around the world. He can be reached at I.Jamison@institute.global Ameena Jandali is a founding member and Content Manager of Islamic Networks Group (ING), where she co-designs ING’s educational presentations and cultural competency seminars. She has delivered hundreds of presentations in schools, colleges, churches, and other venues on Islam and related subjects. She received her M.A. in Near Eastern Studies from the University of California, Berkeley, and B.A. in History from the University of Illinois. Kimberly Keiserman is a former social studies teacher who serves as an Education Consultant for the Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding. Tanenbaum is a secular, nonsectarian nonprofit organization that promotes mutual respect with practical programs that bridge religious difference and combat prejudice in schools, workplaces, health care settings, and areas of armed conflict. She can be reached at kimberlykeisermancns@gmail.com Emile Lester is an associate professor in the Department of Political Science and International Affairs at the University of Mary Washington. He is the author of Teaching Religions: A Democratic Approach for Public Schools (University of Michigan Press; 2011) and of the forthcoming Liberalism and Leadership (University of Michigan Press; 2019). He can be reached at elester@umw.edu. He would like to thank Dan Quinn for his thoughtful comments about an earlier draft of this chapter, and Nicole Oestreicher for her assistance in helping to compile the review of Texas textbooks. Benjamin P. Marcus is the Religious Literacy Specialist with the Religious Freedom Center of the Freedom Forum Institute, where he examines the intersection of education, religious literacy, and identity formation in the United States. He has developed religious literacy programs for public schools, universities, U.S. government organizations, and private foundations, and he has delivered presentations on religion throughout the U.S. and abroad. In February 2018, Marcus was accepted as a Fulbright Specialist for a period of three years. He chaired the writing group for the Religious Studies Companion Document to the C3 Framework. Maya Mesh is currently a senior at Millennium High School in lower Manhattan. She is a bi-racial Latina Jew, and is very proud of both her cultures. She loves reading, and is a published poet. Her other hobbies include singing in choir and participating in her congregation. Henry Millstein holds a Ph.D. in Jewish Studies from the University of California Berkeley and the Graduate Theological Union (GTU), with a focus on Jewish-Christian relations. He worked for sixteen years with the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs in Oregon developing a program to preserve and teach their native languages and cultures. He has taught humanities and history of religion at GTU, Stanford, University of California Berkeley, and University of California Davis.

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Amani Mohamed is currently a senior at Columbia University, and is a graduate of the Brooklyn Studio Secondary School in Bensonhurst, which she was attending when she wrote her feature for this book. She is a secular Muslim, and was born and raised in Egypt. She is studying History and Education Studies at Columbia, and is planning to pursue an M.A. in education in order to teach high school social studies. Diane L. Moore is Senior Lecturer on Religious Studies and Education at Harvard Divinity School, Cambridge, MA. She is Director of the Divinity School’s Religious Literacy Project and its Certificate in Religious Studies and Education. She was Chair of the Task Force of the American Academy of Religion (AAR) that developed the AAR’s Guidelines for Teaching about Religion in K-12 Public Schools in the United States, and was a member of the writing team that authored the “Religious Studies Companion Document” for the C3 Framework. Christopher Murray Jr. is a high school educator at Stone Ridge School of the Sacred Heart in Bethesda, Maryland. He previously taught at Walter Johnson High School in Bethesda, Maryland, where he created and taught a World Religions elective that educated more than 1,000 students. He teaches Religious Literacy for Educators to the staff of Montgomery County Public Schools, MD. Chris lives in Rockville, Maryland with his wife Erika and two sons, CJ and Rex. Chloe Pitkoff is currently a sophomore art major at Davidson College, and is a graduate of LaGuardia High School of Music, Art, and Performing Arts in Manhattan, which she was attending when she wrote this feature for the book. She hails from Kensington, Brooklyn, and from an interfaith family: her mom is Episcopalian and her dad is Jewish. Chloe has attended St. Bartholomew’s Church in Manhattan for over 15 years, where she has sung in the choir and served as Head Chorister. Nathan C. Walker is executive director of 1791 Delegates. Named after the year the Bill of Rights was ratified, 1791 Delegates are constitutional and human rights experts who consult on issues of religion and public life. He has published four books, most recently serving as co-editor with Michael D. Waggoner of The Oxford Handbook of Religion and American Education. He was a member of the writing team that authored the “Religious Studies Companion Document” for the C3 Framework published by the National Council for the Social Studies. His website is http://www. ReligionAndPublicLife.com Linda K. Wertheimer is a veteran journalist, essayist, and education writer. She is the author of Faith Ed, Teaching About Religion in an Age Of Intolerance (Beacon Press, 2015). Reporting for this chapter partly stems from the research for her book. She has been the education editor of the Boston Globe and a reporter for the Dallas Morning News and Orlando Sentinel. Her website is: http:// faithedbook.com

TEACHING ABOUT RELIGION IN THE SOCIAL STUDIES CLASSROOM

EDITED BY CHARLES C. HAYNES

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E DI T E D B Y

CHARLES C. HAYNES

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