ENDNOTES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 National Park Service, Park Ethnography Program, African American Heritage & Ethnography: African National Founders, Africans in the Chesapeake, n.d., https://www.nps.gov/ ethnography/aah/AAheritage/ChesapeakeC.html. 2 Meg Greene Malvasi and Elizabeth J. Monroe, Virginia Department of Historic Resources, “Survey Report: African American Historic Resources, City of Chesapeake, Virginia,” Williamsburg, VA: 2010, http://www.cityofchesapeake.net/ Assets/documents/boards_commissions/historic_preservation_commission/Other+Resources/African+American+Historic+Resources.pdf 3 Lila Ammons, ”The Evolution of Black-Owned Banks in the United States Between the 1880s and 1990s,” Journal of Black Studies, 26, no. 4 (March 1996): 467-489. 4 Malvasi and Monroe, Survey Report: City of Chesapeake, VA, 2010, 14. 5 Mark St. John Erickson, “Gateway to freedom: Black watermen chart course for success on Hampton Roads waterways, “Daily Press, February 3, 2018, https://www.dailypress.com/ history/dp-nws-black-watermen-20180130-story.html 6 Fraser Institute, Bulletin, “Generosity in Canada and the United States: The 2019 Generosity Index,” 2019, www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/generosity-index-2019.pdf 7 National Philanthropic Trust, Donor-Advised Fund Report, 2020, https://www.nptrust.org/philanthropic-resources/ charitable-giving-statistics.
REPORT 1 Hampton History Museum, prepared by Beth Austin, Registrar and Historian, “1619: Virginia’s First Africans,” December 2018, Revised December 2019, 4-6, www.HamptonHistoryMuseum.org/1619 2 Hampton History Museum, “1619,” 2019, 4; National Park Service, Park Ethnography Program, African American Heritage & Ethnography: African National Founders, Africans in the Chesapeake, n.d., https://www.nps.gov/ ethnography/ aah/AAheritage/ChesapeakeC.html. The first Africans in the Americas were present about 500 years before 1619. The first Africans in Virginia came, not as settlers, but as explorers of Spanish and French Jesuit missions, over a century before the 1620 founding of Jamestown. Estevanico was a
Moroccan African captured by Portuguese and enslaved by Castilians who transported him to an expedition to conquer Florida. 3 Lila Ammons, ”The Evolution of Black-Owned Banks in the United States Between the 1880s and 1990s,” Journal of Black Studies, 26, no. 4 (March 1996): 467-489. 4 Malvasi and Monroe, Survey Report: City of Chesapeake, VA, 2010. 5 Gregory S. Schneider, “Anthony and Mary Joh nson were pioneers on the Eastern Shore whose surprising story tells much about race in Virginia history,” The Washington Post, April 30, 2019. 6 Michael, Cottman, “’Angela Site’ uncovers details on one of first enslaved Africans in America,” December 5, 2017,” https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/angela-site-reveals-daily-life-enslaved-african-america-n825701 7 Deborah Barfield Berry and Rick Hampson, “The founding family you’ve never heard of: The black Tuckers of Hampton, Virginia,” USA Today, August 21, 2019. 8 Edward Nelson Palmer, ”Negro Secret Societies,” So cial Forces. 23, no. 2 (1944): 209. 9 Tommy Bogger; Sarah S. Hughes.; Terry L. Jones and William Paquette, edited by Jane H. Kobelski, Readings in Black & White, Lower Tidewater Virginia, Portsmouth Public Library, Virginia Beach, VA: Colonial Printing, 1982, 2-3. 10 Bogger, Readings in Black & White, 6. 11 National Park Service, Africans in the Chesapeake, n.d. 12 Felicia L. Mason, “Hampton black history then, now and in between,” Daily Press, February 14, 2014, https://www. daily-press.com/life/dp-fea-jones-black-history-20140222story. Html 13 Martha W. McCartney, Twin Paths to Freedom: The History and Archaeology of James City County’s Free Black Communities (Williamsburg, VA: Archeological Society of Virginia, 2020), 42, 64. 14 Cassandra L. Newby Alexander, Lecture, 2019. 15 Loren Schweninger, “The Roots of Enterprise: BlackOwned Businesses in Virginia, 1830-1880,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 100, no. 4 (1992): 522 16 https://www.facebook.com/HamptonHistoryMuseum/ posts/10157611774186375 83
