new dehli planning by nehavh

TOWN PLANNING OF NEW DELHI Aditi Sharma Kirti khera Neha lachhwani

OLD DELHI

LUYTENS DELHI

NEW DELHI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION Delhi is located at 28.61°N 77.23°E, and lies in Northern India. It borders the Indian states of Haryana on the north, west and south and Uttar Pradesh (UP) to the east. Two prominent features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plains and the Delhi ridge. The National Capital Territory of Delhi covers an area of 1,484 km2.

HIGHLIGHTING IMPORTANT CHRONOLOGICAL EVENTS

1638-48: Shahjahanabad – Shahjahan as Emperor. Red Fort, Jama Masjid built. 1803: British East India Company Invasion. 1911-31: Sir Edwin Lutyens designs New Delhi 1912: Capital shifted from Kolkata to New Delhi. 1931: New Delhi Capital inaugurated and Delhi Improvement Trust constituted. 1947: Independence and partition of the country. Immigration of half million population to Delhi. 1948: Rehabilitation townships planned. 1957: DDA constituted. 1962: First Delhi Master Plan passed.

OLD DEHLI • • • • • • • •

Delhi stands with the oldest cities of the world like Rome and Istanbul. Delhi was even called the ‘Rome of the East’ or ‘Rome of Asia’ Old Delhi, once the capital of Islamic India, is a web of narrow lanes lined with crumbling havelis and mosques. New Delhi created by the British Raj is composed of spacious, tree-lined avenues and imposing government buildings. Many a times the city was built, destroyed and then rebuilt. A number of Delhi's rulers played a dual role, first as destroyers and then as creators. Delhi has been the political hub of India. The Pandavas of the Mahabharata had their capital at Indraprastha, which is believed to have been geographically located in today's Delhi.

Map of Shahjahanabad ( Old Delhi ) Chunna Mal's Haveli 2. Begum Samru's Haveli 3. Namak Haram ki Haveli 4. Zeenat Mahal's Haveli 5. The British Residency 6. Skinner's House 7. Metcalfe's Haveli 8. Ahsanullah Khan's Haveli 9. Haksar Haveli 10. Matiya Mahal 11. Fatehpuri Masjid 12. Akbarabadi Masjid 13. Sirhindi Masjid 14. Aurangabadi Masjid 15.Zinat al-Masajid 16. Sunahri Masjid 17. Masjid of Sharif ud-Daulah 18. Fakhr ul-Masajid

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Delhi is second-largest metropolis city and Capital of India. It is the third largest city. Delhi is main starting point for North India. It is surrounded on three sides by Haryana and to the east, across the river Yamuna by Uttar Pradesh. The Yamuna river and terminal part of the Aravalli hills range are the two main geographical features of the city.

“THE SEVEN CITIES OF DELHI” • Indraprastha 1450 BC • LalKot 700-1000 AD • Qila Rai Pithora 1170 AD • Mehrauli1192 AD • Siri 1300 AD • Tughlaqabad. 1330 AD Ferozabad1354 AD • • Dilli Shershah 1540 AD • Shahajahanabad 1639 AD

SHAHJAHANABAD

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Before New Delhi was made Shahjahan(1628-59) was the greatest builder who made Red Fort and Jama Masjid . The main road in Chandini Chowk was a canal. Lal Quila Ajmeri Gate Delhi had fourteen gates out of which Turkman Gate, Kashmiri Gate , Delhi Gate, Ajmeri Gate and Nigam bodh gate have survived . Shahjahanabad was the Kashmiri Gate of Jama Masjid. Seventh planned city of Delhi.

1.Nigambodh Gate-North/East Leading to historic Nigambodh ghat on Yamuna River. •It was built on the north eastern side of the Shahajahanabad. •It is located on the Ring Road near the Yamuna Bazaar. •It derives its name Nigambodh Ghat from the burial ground here. •In the past, the gate was closer to the ghat and nearer to the Salimgarh Fort.

2.Kashmiri Gate-North •The Kashmiri Gate is a gate located in Delhi, •it is the northern gate to the historic walled city of Delhi. •Built by Military Engineer Robert Smith in 1835, the gate is so named because it used to start a road that led to Kashmir. •Kashmiri Gate is one of the original 14 gates built into the wall to the north of the city.

3.Mori Gate –North •Mori Gate, located in the Civil Lines area in north Delhi above the Red Fort, could be reached via the Dufferin Bridge. •This walls within the Mori Gate area were fortified in 1809 after an attack on the city by Jaswant Rao Holkar.

4.Kabuli gate –West

•Kabuli Gate or Khooni Darwaza literally translated means “Bloody Gate”, a “morbid sounding name”. •It is an impressive double–storied structure. •Its construction is credited to Sher Shah from 1540-1545. •It was built largely with grey stone but red stones were also used in the frames of its windows. •Though not within the walls of the Shahjahan's fort, it is located on the Mathura road opposite to the Ferozshah Kotlanear Maulana Azad Medical Collage.

5.Lahori gate -West •The Lahori gate of the Old Delhi city, now only a bazaar square with small remnants at one end, used to lead east along the Chandni Chowk to the Lahore gate of the Red Fort. •Inside the Lahori gate is the grain market. •Outside the gate stands a mosque built by Sirhindi Begum, wife of Shah Jahan, whom he married after the death Arjumand Banu Begum, Mumtaz Mahal. •This Lahori Gate was also one of the last points captured during the siege of 1857.

6.Ajmeri Gate-South East •Ajmeri Gate, built in 1644, to the south–west of Shahjahanabad with a square plan, has high arched openings. •The Sepoy Mutiny or the first war of Indian Independence in 1857 was fought at this venue also. The road, through this gate, leads to the city of Ajmer in Rajasthan, and hence its name. A lovely park surrounds the gate. The Madrasa (Islamic school of learning) built by Nawab Ghaziuddin Bahadur father of the first Nizam of Hyderabad in 1811, west of the college lies the tomb of the founder and a mosque In the following years, it converted to Delhi college .

7. Turkman Gate -South East •Turkman Gate, located to the southern edge of Shahajahanabad is named after the Sufi Saint Hazrat Shah Turkman Bayabani. •His tomb dated to 1240, before building of Shahjahanabad, is located to the east of the gate. •It is approached from the Jawahar Lal Nehru Road, the old Circular Road, in the vicinity of the Ramlila Ground. •It has a square plan with high arched openings. •The tomb of Razia Sultan and Kali Masjid or Kalan Masjid are located in close proximity of the gate.

8.Delhi Gate-South •The gate links the New Delhi city with the old walled city of Delhi. •It stands in the middle of the road, at the end of Netaji Subhash Chandra Road (or Netaji Subhash Marg), at the edge of the Daryaganj. •The Gate was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in 1638 as part of the rubble–built high fort walls that encircled the Shahajahanabad, the seventh city of Delhi. The emperor used this gate to go to the Jama Masjid for prayer. •The gate is similar in design and architecture to the northern gate of the walled city, the Kashmiri Gate (1853). •It was built in sand stone and is an impressive and large structure. Near the gate entry, two stone carvings of elephants were erected.

Planning of Shahjahanabad

• The city was planned according to hindu planning principles of shilpa shastra from vastushastra. • The site was placed on a high land as in the shastra and was karmukha or bow shaped •The arm of the archer was Chandni Chowk. • The junction of the two main axes is the most auspicious point in the whole region and was therefore the red fort.

The designed infrastructure of Shahjahanabad comprised •The fort •The Friday mosque. •The other major mosques . •The two main a wide street in town or city. •The bazaars around the Friday mosque. •The elaborate system of water channels. The major gardens and the city wall. The arrangement of these planned elements was influenced by certain site features, which precluded absolute geometry.

Major Streets •The streets in Mughal capital were usually narrow and crooked. •The major streets in the new capital were designed as wide and straight. •The east-west street called Chandni Chowk connected the Lahori Darwaza of the fort •It ran in a straight line forming a wide street with broad vista. •The Fort was visible from any place on the street. This perspective view marked a new concept of town planning for the Mughal capital. Another main street the Faiz Bazaar or Akkarabadi Bazaar, was also wide and straight. •It had a north-south axis and connected Delhi gate of the fort with the city walls Delhi gate and is about 1km in length. •These major two streets developed as processional routes, as well as commercial arteries.

Five Main Streets •The basic network of the five main streets extended from Chandni Chowk and Faiz Bazaar to other gates and to different part of the walled city. •The streets were built as the spines of major activities and developed as commercial thorough affairs. •They connected the Ajmeri Darwaza with the Jami Masjid and Turkman and Lahori Darwaja. •The other streets were less significant and were mainly built as access roads to the residential areas.

MAHALLA / KATRA •There was a tendency of the cities' population to settle by ethnic affiliations and to live in the same neighbourhoods. •The urban community and the Mughal capital was formed by such districts or wards, known as mahallasand katras. •These homogeneous units also define cultural as well as socioeconomic activities. •There were 36 mahallas in the walled city. Each katra had an enclosed space created between residential and commercial building shaving entry to a katra made through a gate. •These courtyards were environmentally sound and acted as main ventilation shafts in a hot and arid climate.

JAMA MASJID •Near the Red Fort about 500m away is the Jama masjid, the biggest mosque in India. •It was begun by Shah Jahan in 1650 and completed six years later and the whole cost about a million rupees. •It is hard to imagine a building more suited to evoking the awe of the majesty of Allah in man. •The mosque stands on a rocky elevation. •Its huge gateway looks down at you like fastidious connoisseur from an immense platform which has steps that lead up to it.

The Red Fort (Palace Complex) • • • • • • •

The plan of the fort was made by Shah Jahan and two Muslim architects. The foundation stone of the fortified place was laid in 1638. Construction work began in 1639 and was complete in just nine year. The palace complex, located along the western river front was built as an ideal residence for the emperor, it was conceived and designed as a paradise on Earth. The layout of the fort was drawn on a formal geometrical plan actually an irregular octagon with two long sides on east and west. It had two gates, that on the west was called the Lahori Darwaza, while that on the south was the Delhi Darwaza. Bearing on the cardinal points, the elements of the fort were arranged in the geometrical pattern that reflected the life and customs of Mughal court.

CHANDNI CHOWK •Built in 17th century by the Muslim emperor Shahjahan. •The favourite daughter of Shahjahan, Jahanara laid the foundation of today Chandni Chowk. •Which is the largest trading centre of North India. •Market was once divided by canal store reflect moonlight hence the name. •One of the oldest and busiest markets in Old Delhi has around 2500 shops. •Chandni Chowk runs through the middle of the walled city, from the Lahori Darwaza (Lahore Gate) of the Red Fort to Fatehpuri Masjid. •Situated opposite the Red Fort, the bazaar has several galis (lanes). Each of the galis represent a specialty of this market •Located in Central Delhi.

Old vs New Chandni chowk

Conclusion • • • • • • • •

The new Mughal capital and the fort were designed as an ideal city and a paradise on Earth. The design and planning methods were geometric and provided for green areas (gardens) and water facilities. Principal elements in the town planning were the fort, the Jami Masjid, two major streets, city wall and gates, the Bagh, the Id-gah and the Karawan Sarai. The Red fort was designed as a symbol of Muslim power and as an ideal living space on a formal geometrical plan. The Jami Masjid was designed as a symbol of Muslim power and of the capital. Two major streets were developed as the central axis and as processional routes and they were new elements in the capital; the design and the planning method was a new concept in town planning in the Mughal capital. Planning in the capital did not provide planning of residential areas. The city wall and gateways were drawn on a geometrical plan. Urban forms and patterns developed on there own in response to the emperor’s basic need and idea and little attention was paid to the social planning.

LUYTENS DEHLI Lutyens' Delhi is an area in New Delhi, India, named after the British architect Sir Edwin Lutyens (1869–1944), who was responsible for much of the architectural design and building during the period of the British Raj, when India was part of the British Empire in the 1920s and 1930s and 1940s. This also includes the Lutyens Bungalow Zone (LBZ). Sir Edwin Lutyens, the architect of Delhi, designed 4 bungalows in the Rashtrapati Bhavan Estate, (Viceroy House Estate); now, these bungalows lie on the Mother Teresa Crescent (then Willingdon Crescent). Lutyens, apart from designing the Viceroy's House, designed large government building and was involved with town planning.[1] Sir Herbert Baker, who also designed with the Secretariat Buildings (North and South Block), designed bungalows on the then King George's Avenue (south of the Secretariats) for high-ranking officials. Other members of the team of architects were Robert Tor Russell, who built Connaught Place, the Eastern and Western Courts on Janpath, Teen Murti House (formerly called Flagstaff House), Safdarjung Airport (formerly Willingdon Airfield), National Stadium and several government houses

BUNGLOW GOVERNMENT COMMERCIAL

LUYTENS DEHLI History: The primary concern for the transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi was to locate a more durable and subtle public opinion: the intention was to express the achievements possible under the British Raj and as a stamp of the autocratic rule. Criteria for Site Selection: The committee which was setup to choose a site recommended that if the imperial capital is to be favorably situated to present an effective appearance, it should be approached along a line of rising ground. Lord Harding chose the Raisina Hill for locating the viceroy’s palace because: It was a well drained. • • Constituted of slopes and plains between the ridge and the river. • Its eastern and southern margins were studded with monuments of vanished empires. A broad crescent from Shahjahanabad and Kotla Firoz Shah, south to Tughlaqabad and the Qutub with • tombs of Safdarjung and Lodhi as well as Jantar Mantar in the foreground could be viewed from the site.

LUYTENS DEHLI Site location: Shahjahanabad was towards the north. On the west of the site, the natural limit was the ridge.The river formed the eastern limit. On south a line drawn from a point on the ridge, west of Talkatora to Safdarjung tomb and then due east to the river marks the southern limit. The tract between the line and the Qutub is designated for further expansion. Intentions of the Layout: • The attempt was to include all natural and historical wonders in the new city. • Lutyens Delhi was planned on the most spacious garden city lines with the great avenues decorated with classical buildings with lush landscape.

LAYOUT OF THE CITY The layout of Lutyens Delhi was governed by three major visual corridors, linking the government complex with : • Jama Masjid • Indraprastha • Safdarjung's Tomb

1911 – Foundation stone for New Delhi at Delhi Darbar On December 15, 1911, King George V and Queen Mary laid the foundation stone for New Delhi, at a Darbar under a purposely built Shah Jahan dome. The message was clear: the British were the legitimate successors of the Mughals and their new capital was intended to express the power of the Raj, just as Shah Jahan’s capital had expressed the authority of the Mughals.

PLANNING • Lutyens's was in charge of the Delhi masterplan. • His initial design was complete with streets crossing each other at right angles just like the streets of New York. • Upon seeing the plans, Lord Hardinge informed him of the prevailing winds and the dust storms that sweep the landlocked city of Delhi. • Hardinge gave Lutyens the plans of Rome, Paris and Washington according to which Lutyens's designed the Imperial city that we know and love today. • From right angles, the plan changed into triangles and hexagons. The roundabouts, hedges and trees are not only aesthetic elements but also help to break the force of the winds. • The planning is done in such a way that the government complex is at the heart in the centre, the residential zone for the British is around it and then there is the commercial district, known as Connaught Place, and Old Delhi.

• The government complex is around a main ceremonial axis of the Rajpath (directly translated as the King’s Way). • This was crowned by The India Gate on one side and The Rashtrapati Bhavan, or the Viceroy’s House, on the other side. This is called the central vista. • On either side of this vista are the north and south blocks of the secretariat building and the Jan Path (literally translated to the people’s path) cuts across this axis to connect to the commercial district of Connaught Place.

RESIDENTIAL ALLOCATION: • Within the hexagonal grids areas were located on criteria of race, occupational rank and socio-economic status. • The North-East axis forms the cities main business avenue. • South-West of station –residences of local administrators and European clerks. • To the West, between Talkatora Gardens and Paharganj- Residences of Indian clerks. • Vicinity of Raisina Acropolis- housing for council and other higher officials. • North And South of Kingsway- Senior gazzetted officers. • East avenue around the hexagon –Indian Princes(princes Park). • S-W of Viceroys palace- The Club. Adjoining land was reserved for Golf and Race course.

MASTER PLANS

Lay Out Plan of New Delhi, pre 1930. Delhi State Archives (Image from 'Maps of Delhi' by Pilar Maria Guerrieri; Niyogi Books).

ROAD NETWORK: • Besides the major Pathway, all avenues ranged from 18m to 180 m in width. • The original design of the road network was capable of accommodating 6000 vehicles, however these avenues, had the potential of increasing their carriageway-the reason why the road layout has survived till today. • In general the road network consisted of diagonals and radials, at 30 degree/ 60 degree angles to the main axis, forming triangles and hexagons. • Points of climax were placed along the avenues after every ¼ or ¾ mile as beyond this the perception of focal points is greatly reduced.

1. PATHS : • Avenues spread out in descending hierarchy starting from Kingsway and Queensway. • Continuity of spatial hierarchy, façade identity, visual scope, usage, paving and planting, formality and activity lend it a unified city image. • But this continuity also leads to confusion as most paths look the same. 2. • • •

NODES: Roundabouts were placed at the path intersections. They functioned as origins and destinations for avenues. At times 6-8 avenues converged at a node. Incorporation of some monuments within these nodes generated a stronger city image. • The garden character of the city was carried through in and around these nodes. 3. EDGES: • The ridge forms its western edge, while the Lodhi Gardens and other greens also mark its boundary. Other parks separated Imperial Delhi forming a green belt that virtually ringed the capital city.

ELEMENTS INTER RELATION 1.

LANDMARKS: were essentially located at important foci. E.g.: Teen Murti house, the club, the old monuments etc. They express the character of Lutyens Delhi and form its associative image ability.

GOVERNMENT COMPLEX: The entire city was focused on the government complex, which functioned as a symbolic and physical city centre.

CONNAUGHT PLACE: It was the C.B.D. The radial pattern of roads converging at this place and the circular form of the node further enhanced its importance.

INDIA GATE HEXAGON : The point of convergence of major roads leading in from north and south Delhi.

Placement of significant structures: • New Delhi is structured around two central promenades called the Rajpath(Kingsway) and the Jan path. • At the heart of the city is the magnificent Rashtrapati Bhawan (formerly known as Viceroy's House) which sits atop Raisina Hill. • The Secretariat, which houses various ministries of the Government of India, flanks out of the Rashtrapati Bhawan. • The Parliament House, designed by Herbert Baker, is located at the Sansad Marg, which runs parallel to the Rajpath. • Twelve separate roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place, one of them being the Janpath.

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Lutyens’ plan is also remarkable for the generous green spaces, lawns, watercourses, flower and fruitbearing trees, and their integration with the parks developed around monuments. It was built with indigenous materials and by Indian labour and the architecture of the building bears a close imprint of the Indian tradition. The layout of fountains both inside and outside the building, the use of Indian symbols, the "Chhajjas” and the varied forms of "Jali" in marble are reminders of the story of the craftsmanship displayed in ancient monuments and memorials.

THE GOVERNMENT COMPLEX \ ADMINSTATION AREA

1.Lutyens laid out the central administrative area of the city. 2. At the heart of the city was the impressive Rashtrapati Bhawan, located on the top of Raisina Hill. The Raj path connects India Gate to Rashtrapati Bhawan, while Janpath, which crosses it at a right angle, connects South end with Connaught Place. 3. The Secretariat Building, which houses various ministries of the Government of India including Prime Minister's Office are beside the Rashtrapati Bhawan and were designed by Herbert Baker. 4. Also designed by Baker was the Parliament House, located on the Sansad Marg, running parallel with the Rajpath.

LANDMARKS IN THE CITY: 1. RASHTRAPATI BHAWAN Lutyens's grandiose Government House (Rashtrapati Bhawan) - located on Raisina Hill, and one of New Delhi's major thoroughfares, Rajpath, connects it to the Purana Qila Lord Hardinge chose the Raisina Hill for locating the viceroy’s palace because: The Rashtrapati Bhawan • It was a well drained. • Constituted of slopes and plains between the ridge and the river. • Its eastern and southern margins were studded with monuments of vanished empires. • The layout plan of the building is designed around a massive square with multiple courtyards and open inner areas within. • It has four types of garden• The Mughal Garden • Herbal Garden • Spiritual Garden • Musical Garden (mostly initiated by Dr. Kalam)

2. The Secretariat • The Secretariat Building was designed by architect Herbert Baker in Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture. • Much of the building is in classical architectural style, yet it incorporated Mughal and Rajasthani architecture style and motifs in its architecture. • These are visible in the use of Jali. • Another feature of the building is a dome-like structure known as the Chatri.

3. Parliament House • Originally called the House of Parliament, it was designed by the British architect Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker in 19121913 and construction began in 1921. • The shape is circular, separate halls were constructed for the sessions of the State Council, and the Central Legislative Assembly. • The building is surrounded by large gardens and the perimeter is fenced off by sandstone railings (jali).

4. India Gate The King said "On this spot, in the central vista of the Capital of India, there will stand a Memorial Archway, designed to keep" in the thoughts of future generations "the glorious sacrifice of the officers and men of the Indian Army who fought and fell". CANOPY- Lutyens used four Delhi Order columns to support the domed canopy and its chajja. Under the canopy having the Royal Coat of Arms.

JANTAR MANTAR-

• The Jantar Mantar is an equinoctial sundial, consisting a gigantic triangular gnomon with the hypotenuse parallel to the Earth's axis. • On either side of the gnomon is a quadrant of a circle, parallel to the plane of the equator. • The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.

6. CONNAUGHT PLACE • Designed by Sir Robert Russel. The Connaught Place is a large, circular commercial area in New Delhi, modelled after the Royal Crescent in England. • Connaught Place is one of the largest financial, commercial and business centers in New Delhi, India. • It was developed as a showpiece of Lutyens' Delhi with a prominent Central Business District. • Connaught Place had only two floors, which made almost a complete circle intended to commercial establishments on the ground with residential space on the first floor. • The circle was eventually designed with two concentric circles, creating an Inner Circle, Middle Circle and the Outer Circle with seven roads radiating from a circular central park.

LUTYEN’S BUNGALOW ZONE “LBZ- DELHI’S HOTTEST REAL STATE HUB” • Located in the heart of the city with wide and green open spaces. • Cover- 3000 acres, approx- 1.5% of the landmass of Delhi. • Having about 1000 bungalows, out of which 65-70 are for private use. • The rest is used by ministers and other government officials. • Billionaire zone. • Prices reach upto 600 crores. • Some bungalows look into the nearby Lodi garden. • LBZ density= 14-15 people per acre. • East Delhi= 1100-1600 people per acre. • Designed with aesthetics in mind, the zone was kept intact and devoid of any new development for several decades, even as the city around it grew in leaps and bounds. • No high rises, no basements and no changes in the construction of the bungalows in the entire zone.

OLD DEHLI VS NEW DEHLI • Delhi is large metropolitan city which has 11 districts. • Old Delhi’s narrow, unhygienic and congested by-lanes. • Built by Shahjahan, in Mughal architectural style.

• New Delhi is the area of Delhi. It is the capital of Delhi, as well as India. • Excellent metro rail and road network, Wide roads, sky- rocketing buildings, stunning infrastructures and great flyovers . • Designed by British architects with a fusion of classical and Mughal architecture i.e., INDO-SARSENIC ARCHITECTURE.

NEW DEHLI The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931,by Viceroy and GovernorGeneral Irwin. The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri, where land was allotted for embassies, chanceries, high commissions and residences of ambassadors, around a wide central vista, Shanti Path. The New Delhi plan was characterized by wide straight avenues, with trees in double rows on either side, that connected various points of interest and provided vistas of the surrounding area. The most prominent feature of the plan, aside from its diagonal road pattern, was the Rajpath, a broad central avenue that in presentday New Delhi stretches westward from the National Stadium, through the All India War Memorial arch (popularly called the India Gate), to the Central Secretariat buildings and the Presidential House (Rashtrapati Bhavan). This is the main east-west axis; it divides New Delhi into two parts, with a large shopping and business district, Connaught Place, in the north and extensive residential areas in the south.

REHABILITATION TOWNSHIPS With the sudden surge in population due to refugees, rehabilitation townships were planned and developed in all directions. 36 of such townships were planned and developed. Some of these were: • Nizzamuddin • Lajpat Nagar • Malviya Nagar • Patel Nagar These townships were designed with a concept of 66sq.mts plots for each family and were offered at a subsidised prices varying between 2000 and 10000 with the option of long term payments. Rehabilitation Townships being an emergency, action oriented project to accommodate the refugee population, there was no planning in place. Lack of planning heightened the problems of congestion and haphazard growth. Thus a need for a single body for planning and controlling authority arose.

1911- 1921 DELHI UNDER CONSTRUCTION • • •

The civil line area grew rapidly, being the administrative capital for the country. Shahdara and the allied trans Yamuna region was added in 1915, but then was treated as a rural area. Suburbs such as sadar bazar, Karol Bagh etc., came up and became part of Delhi municipality.

1921- 1931 EMPIRE AT ITS PEAK 1931- 1941 WAR TIME AND AN ABREVIATED CENSUS • •

Three new areas were treated urban due to having a population above 5000 and a high density. Mehrauli, Najafgarh, narela

Development Plan of Greater Delhi, 1947-1955. Delhi State Archives (Image from 'Maps of Delhi' by Pilar Maria Guerrieri; Niyogi Books).

FIRST MASTER PLAN (1961-81) • In 1957, the Delhi Development Authority (DDA) was constituted to ensure the planned development of the city.The DDA prepared the First MPD in 1962, for the period 196181. The plan projected a population of 5.5 million for 1981 which mandate: (a) the division of Delhi into zones for the purpose of development; (b) indicating the manner in which land in each zone is proposed to be used; and (c) preparation of a zonal development plan for each zone • Since Delhi’s population was growing, the first plan proposed strengthening the economic base of its ring towns—i.e. Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Ballabgarh, Gurgaon, Bahadurgarh, and Loni. • A fundamental premise of the Master Plan had been based on the western concept of ‘zoning’. It implied segregation of land uses, physical uniformity and segregation of residential components from undesirable land uses. • The Old city was predominantly marked for residential use.

LAND USE • The pattern of land use in Delhi was influenced considerably by the implementation (albeit partial) of the Delhi Development Authority’s 20-year (1962–81) master plan. •

Broadly, public and semipublic land use was concentrated in the Central Secretariat area of New Delhi and in the Old Secretariat area in the Civil Lines, with subsidiary centers developing in the Indraprastha Estate (an office complex) in the east and in Ramakrishnapuram (an office-cum-residence complex) in the south.

•

A large number of small manufacturing establishments have entrenched themselves in almost every part of Old Delhi, but the main industrial areas have gravitated toward Najafgarh Road in the west and the large planned Okhla Industrial Estate in the south.

• Land for commercial use is found mainly in the Chandni Chowk and Khari Baoli areas, both in the north; in the Sadar Bazar of Old Delhi; in the Ajmal Khan Road area of Karol Bagh in western Delhi; around Connaught Place in New Delhi; and in the areas of Lajpat Nagar and Sarojini Nagar in the south. • A number of district and local shopping centres have developed in other localities.

Second Master Plan for Delhi (1981-2001) • After the term of the First MPD ended in 1981, the second plan was notified by DDA only in 1990. • During the period of the First MPD, Delhi experienced rapid growth in population and an expansion of economic activities. • The city’s central location in north India, which granted it regional connectivity as well as livelihood opportunities, led to its emergence as an economic and commercial centre. • The plan estimated a population of 12.8 million (urban: 12.17 million; rural: 0.63 million) in Delhi by 2001, and worked out requirements of land, infrastructure, transportation, housing, and other facilities accordingly the Second MPD proposed two measures:

Extending the urbanisable area by 18-24,000 hectares (180-240 sq. km), i.e. from 44,777 hectares (447 sq. km) to about 65,000 hectares (657 sq. km) over the next two decades (1981-2001). This would urbanize 44 percent of Delhi’s total area. Increasing the population holding capacity within the existing urbanisable area through judicious infill and modification of densities.

Third Master Plan for Delhi (2001-21) The DDA’s Third MPD, for 2001-21, was notified in 2007, with a vision “to make Delhi a global metropolis and a world-class city, where all the people would be engaged in productive work with a better quality of life, living in a sustainable environment.” The following are some of the other proposals of the plan: • Land up to the depth of one peripheral village revenue boundary along Delhi’s border to be maintained as a green belt; • Conservation of ridge and rejuvenation of Yamuna river; • Preparation of zonal plans and provision of various facilities (tot lot, shopping, park, milk booth, school, and dispensary) according to planning norms and a hierarchical structure (housing area, neighborhood, community, district, zone/sub city, and city); • Mixed use of land to meet the growing demand of commercial activities; • Development of district and community centers along major corridors to prevent unplanned ribbon development; • Preparation of redevelopment scheme with suitable building regulations for special areas

DEHLI : TODAY

Growth of Delhi has been polynucleated and multifunctional. Delhi has it all – from traditional and historical to modern and contemporary. The master plans are made with the western concept of zoning where the old city is predominantly marked for residential use. Three distinct cityscapes can be identified in the city: • Walled City of Shahjahanbad Traditional organic housing which is now replaced by apartment blocks • New Delhi – the Anglo Indian Rome of Sir Edwin Lutyens It was the last phase of the development undertaken by Lutyens's during the British Raj • Post Independence Master Plan Delhi Development going on in the newly growing areas.