Anatomy of Landmark_Berlin by Nelle Chan

BERLIN Anatomy of a landmark Research book

Anatomy of a Landmark Antwerp, Berlin, Paris

Research Book 2014

Editor Mitesh Dixit

Department of Architecture Delft University of Technology The Netherlands

Research Coordinator

Studio Leader Aldo Trim

Department of Architecture Delft University of Technology The Netherlands

Studio Teachers Afaina de Jong Alexander Pols Steven Steenbruggen

Complex Projects

Chair: Prof.ir Kees Kaan

URBANISM INFRASTUCTURE ENVIRONMENT DEMOGRAPHICS ECONOMY POLITICS CULTURE BUILDING

The fate of the Deutsche Oper goes hand in hand with the history of the Germanlanguage opera: it was first built when German opera just stepped into its full glory at the beginning of the 20th century, Beethoven, Wagner, Strauss, opear was never the same again; it was bombed after Hitler took control of German opera, sending many composers into silence or exile; it was rebuilt in a modernist style post-war when many young composers were testing out modernist techniques. It is a witness to the history. Today, even though 364 performances are conducted in Deutsche Oper every year, on a global scale it may be fair to say that opera as an art form is being increasingly marginalized. It is still considered as “some kind of an religion, that you have to be a special breed to enjoy it“.

And it simply cannot compete with other modern entertainment such as theatre or cinema, for most people find it irrelevant from contemporary living. Therefore, it is our task during this reserach to thoroughly study the existing Deutsche Oper in order to enliven this dying art form, hopefully, with better architecture. Our study consists of eight chapters: urbanism, infrastructure, environment, demographics, economy, politics, culture and last but not the least, the building itself. Each of the chapters is examnined at large, medium and small scales. Conclusions and recommendations are drawn at the end of each chapter highlighting all the key problems we found, and opportunities we can incorporate into our design. Nevertheless as someone has put it “ architecture is not about problem solving but creating”, we believe the most elegant creation has its root right in these researches.

Introduction

Largest cities by population (EU)1: 1. London 8.173.941 2. Berlin 3.501.872 3. Madrid 3.233.527 4. Rome 2.638.842 5. Paris 2.243.718 6. Bucharest 1.924.299 7. Hambrug 1.798.836 8. Budapest 1.727.495 9. Warsaw 1.718.960 10. Vienna 1.678.271 11. Barcelona 1.620.943 12. Munich 1.378.176 13. Milan 1.262.101 14. Prague 1.241.664 15. Sofia 1.208.079

EUROSTAT: Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - cities and greater cities (urb_cpop1)

Larger Urban Zones by population (EU)2: 1. London 12.100.598 2. Paris 11.688182 3. Istanbul 11.044.642 4. Madrid 5.805.829 5. Ruhr 5.135.136 6. Berlin 5.097.712 7. Barcelona 4.440.629 8. Milan 4.135.172 9. Rome 4.086.779 10. Athens 4.013.368 11. Ankara 3.708.047 12. Hamburg 3.228.054 13. Warsaw 3.057.631 14. Lisbon 2.824.792 15. Munich 2.727.106 16. Stuttgart 2.691.666 17. Katowice 2.585.884 18. Frankfurt 2.574.812 19. Budapest 2.529.231 20. Izmir 2.440.902

EUROSTAT: Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - larger urban zone (urb_lpop1)

Largest GDP in EU metropolitan areas in 1. London €534 2. Paris €399 3. Rhine-Ruhr €241 4. Milan €176 5. Randstad €158 6. Frankfurt €111 7. Madrid €106 8. Munich €85 9. Hamburg €81 10. Berlin €80 11. Rome €80 12. Athens €74 13. Barcelona €74 14. West Midlands €69 15. Stuttgart €68 16. Vienna €58 17. Stockholm €58 18. Copenhagen €57 19. Dublin €50 20. Leeds-Bradford €45

EUROSTAT Urban Audit http://epp.eurostat.ec. europa.eu/portal/page/ portal/region_cities/ city_urban

billion3:

Cities by density in people per km2(EU)4: 1. St. Petersburg 8.550 2. Istanbul 7.700 3. Athens 5.400 4. Ankara 5.300 5. Madrid 5.200 6. London 5.100 7. Moscow 4.900 8. Barcelona 4.850 9. Warsaw 4.300 Level of satisfaction of living (EU Capitals)5: 10. Naples 4.100 1. Copenhagen 11. Katowice 4.050 2. Amsterdam 12. Leeds 4.050 3. Stockholm 13. Manchester 4.000 4. Vienna 14. Birmingham 3.800 5. Luxembourg 15. Berlin 3.750 6. Berlin 16. Paris 3.550 7. Vilnius 17. Vienna 3.400 8. Zagreb 18. Glasgow 3.250 9. Helsinki 19. Donetsk 3.100 10. Lisbon 20. Munich 3.100 11. Prague 12. Dublin 13. Warsaw 14. Ljubljana 15. Tallinn 16. Paris 17. Nicosia 18. Madrid 19. London 20. Bratislava

http://www.citymayors.com/ statistics/largest-citiesdensity-125.html

European Commission: Quality of life in cities, Flash Eurobarmeter 366 (2013)

European Green City Index: 1. Copenhagen 87,31 2. Stockholm 86,65 3. Oslo 83,98 4. Vienna 83,34 5. Amsterdam 83,03 11 6. Zurich 82,31 7. Helsinki 79,29 8. Berlin 79,01 9. Brussels 78,01 10. Paris 73,21 11. London 71,56 12. Madrid 67,08 13. Vilnius 62,77 14. Rome 62,58 15. Riga 59,57 16. Warsaw 59,04 17. Budapest 57,55 18. Lisbon 57,25 19. Ljubljana 56,39 20. Bratislava 56,09

European Green City Index, Siemens AG (2009)

German German Confederation Empire 1871-1918 1806-1871

Holy Roman Empire 962-1806

BUNKER - CITY

Historical timeline Berlin

Weimar Republic ! 1919-1933

132

In 1443 the foundation stone of Berlin City Palace, that will take until 1716 to be completed, is laid. This palace was to be the permanent residence of the Brandenburg electors, and the city of Berlin became the capital of Brandenburg in 1486. While gaining political significance, Berlin lost part of its freedom and pride. Also known as the Great Elector, Friedrich Wilhelm took the throne in 1640 and by using military and diplomatic forces he enlarged and stabilised his territory. Friedrich II commissioned to build the state opera house, by architect Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff, was the first opera house anywhere built as a freestanding building. (berlin.de)

1237

1486

City of Berlin is founded. Later, in 1307, it merged with neighboring merchant city Cรถlln and they shared a city hall.

Berlin becomes the capital of Brandenburg. The recenly completed Berlin City Palace becomes their residence.

1743 Friedrich II commissioned to build the first freestanding opera house anywhere built.

Named as capital of the German Reich, Berlins political status, industrialization, and economic boom give rise to many new companies (Borsig, Siemens, and AEG). The First World War split up the German Empire. At the end of World War I, monarchy and aristocracy was overthrown and Germany became a republic, known as the Weimar Republic.

In its fourteen years, the Weimar Republic 4A0:9A-5;8:,,4A?,(89 A:/,A%,03(8A ,6;)20*A faced numerous4;3,85;9A685)2,39 A04*2;+04.A/?6,804-2(:05 problems, including hyperinflation, political extremists (with paramilitaries ,>:8,309:9A =0:/A6(8(3020:(80,9ABA)5:/A2,-:A(4 - both left and right wing) and continuing =04. A(4+A*54:04;04.A*54:,4:05;9A8,2(:0549 :/,A<0*:589A5-A%582+A%(8A A 5=,<,8 A:/,A%, contentious relationships with the victors of ,6;)20*A9;**,99-;22?A8,-583,+A:/,A*;88,4* World War I. However, the Weimar Republic :(>A6520*0,9A(4+A:/,A8(02=(?A9?9:,3A(4+A0:A+ succesfully reformed the currency, unified tax policies and,20304(:,A359:A5-A:/,A8,7;08,3,4:9A5-A:/,A" the railway system and it did $,89(022,9 eliminate most of the requirements of the Treaty of Versailles.

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During this period in time Berlin is part of the Holy Roman Empire. (Wikipedia) Berlin was originally founded 1237. It formed a union with the neighboring marchant settlement Cรถlln in 1307.

1890

1919

Berlin is named the capital of the German Reich. The parliament meets for the first time in the new Town Hall.

Abolition of nobility in Germany.

Hitler Putsch Failed attempt of revolution. Hitler gets arrested and

Hitlers manifesto with his political ideology future plans for Germany is published.

NSD the KDP third

publicity.

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Nuremberg Trial

Nuremberg Trial Nuremberg Trial

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(DDR), Bundesrepublik

1948 1949

Deutschland Two Berlin wall Germanys: Two The Soviets falls. Berlin is Berlin wall Deutsche blocked divided into Germanys: falls. Demokratische ground four parts Deutsche Republik access to(DDR), (UK, FR, Demokratische Bundesrepublik West Berlin Republik (DDR), US and Deutschland on 26 USSR). Bundesrepublik June 1948, Deutschland in what became known as the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Berlin Blockadeâ&#x20AC;?.

The Soviets blocked ground access to West Berlin on 26 June 1948, in what became known as the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Berlin Blockadeâ&#x20AC;?.

German

1953

1956

1961

ConstrucGerman tion workers on East Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Stalinallee go on strike. The uprising is brutally crushed by Soviet troops, with several hundred people killed and a thousand injured.

A mandatory military service in West Germany is established. Berlin became a haven for peaceniks, as Berlin residents were exempt from this service.

The wall between West and East Berlin is erected. It was possible for Westerners to pass from one to the other, for most Easterners, travel to West Berlin was no longer possible.

German

“The Berlin Airlift” (die Luftbrücke) in 1948.

The Berlin Wall in 1986, brightly painted on the western side.

Federal Republic of Germany 1990-present

Politics over time in relation to the Deutsche Oper

After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the first elections for the House of Representatives and the German Bundestag are held.

Changes in the political system of Germany or more specific Berlin can be linked to the development of the Deutsche Oper.

Berlin’s constitution, approved by 75 percent of citizens, contains some important new elements: actionable fundamental rights are reinforced and new state goals are added. It also stimulates instruments of direct democracy like popular initiatives, petitions, and referendums, that enhance citizens’ rights to participation in the political process. In 1991 Berlin is restored as the capital of Germany and new government buildings are built to fit the new identity of the city.

1967

1989

1990

1991

1999

Benno Ohnesorg is shot in front of the Deutsche Oper during a student protest. His death made the left wing stronger and influenced many politicians that were in their 20s at the time.

The Fall of the Berlin wall.

German Reunification. Berlin House of Representatives and the German Bundestag hold new elections.

The German Bundestag moves the seat of the German government and parliament to Berlin, Germany’s new capital.

The German Bundestag holds its first session in the newly redesigned Reichstag building on April 19. Many countries move their embassies to Berlin.

The Deutsches Opernhaus was built by the leading inhabitants of Charlottenburg in 1912 as a counterreaction to the elite Prussian Unter der Linden. When in 1921 nobility was abolished, the statement of making a less pretentious opera house was no longer valid. The Nazi regime used opera for representational uses, which made the opera house more important. After the Deutsches Opernhaus was destroyed by an RAF air raid in 1943, it was demolished in 1945. The division of Berlin in East and West made it again a hot topic to rebuild the opera house and in 1961 the modernist design by Fritz Bonnemann was built. The reunification of Berlin in 1989 caused the Deutsche Oper to lose its new-earned value as a cultural hotspot, since all the Berlin opera houses were now available to everyone. The decreasing interest of the youth in opera might further devalue the Deutsche Oper.

Urbanism

Land-Use-Plan (10/2013) The Land Use map shows which functions are appointed by the government to the buildings. The red areas are for residential buildings only. The brown area is intended for mixed use. The black stripes are retail areas. As can be seen the opera is positioned in the brown area.

Building areas residential areas

mixed use industrial areas retail

Explanation of the Land-Use-Plan and Public Participation - Strategic Planing Goals The following strategic planning objectives of the Berlin zoning makes a significant contribution to the use of the locational advantages of the metropolis and to sustainable and climate-friendly urban development: 1. Strengthening of internal development, urban mix, qualification of the stock 2 Balanced use patterns established in all regions of the city 3. Assurance and gentle complement existing residential uses in built-up area 4. Promotion of job creation, especially in areas with goof public transport infrastructure 5. Strengthening the polycentric structure of the city through integrated development of existing centers 7. Assurance of superior community facilitiy sites 8. City of short distances, strengthening public transport, city-friendly integration of economic transactions

Urban Development The two villages Berlin and Cรถlln were founded in the 12th century on the banks of the Spree River. The merchants had chosen to settle on an important crossing point of the river and a trading post developed soon. As the towns grew they merged to form the city of Berlin. In the 18th century a lot of people began flocking to Berlin when they started to produce its own goods such as porcelain and paper. The drawing underneath is a reconstruction of Karl Friedrich von Klรถden round about 1230 and shows the townsCรถlln and Berlin.

1230

1688

1840 I

K E

A) Berlin B) Cรถln C) Friedrichswerder D) Neu Cรถln E) Dorotheenstadt

A C

G A C

D F

D J

A) Alt-Berlin - 1230 B) Cรถln - 1230 C) Friedrichswerder - 1648 D) Neu Cรถln - 1658 E) Dorotheenstadt - 1674/1734 F) Friedrichstadt - 1688/1734 G) Kรถnigsstadt - 1690 H) Stralauer Vorstadt - 1690/1802 I) Spandauer Vorstadt - 1699 J) Luisenstadt - 1802/1840 K) Friedrich Wilhelm Stadt - 1830

2014

Pank

Reinickendorf

Spandau

CharlottenburgWilmersdorf

Zehlendorf-Steglitz

Mitte

Friedrich Kreuzbe TempelhofSchรถneberg

kow

hshainerg

eukรถlln

Lichtenberg

MarzahnHellersdorf

Treptow-Kรถpenick

Charlottenburg-Nord

Deutsche Oper

Westend Halen- Charlottenburg see

Wilmersdorf Grunewald Schmargendorf

BismarckstraĂ&#x;e axis

Deuts Theodor-Heuss-Platz U S

The Deutsche Oper is located along a main axis of Berlin, that stretches from the Museum Island (Unter den Linden) to the suburbs in the west of Berlin. From the historic center it pierces through the Tiergarten, which causes a major disconnection of Charlottenburg from the city center. The Deutsche Oper, although being the furthest away from the city center, is part of the sequence of landmarks along the axis.

Important landmarks as the Fernsehturm, Altes Museum, Berliner Dom and Brandenburger tor can be found along the east part of the axis. However, the Deutsche Oper is approximately 3 kilometers to the west. One can question whether or not this main axis can be considered as a connection to the historic center, since there is a huge distance between these two and the Tiergarten functions as a barriĂ¨re.

Altes Museum Brandenburger Tor

Berliner Dom

sche Oper Berlin U

S U Ernst-Reuter-Platz

S Fernsehturm

Staatsoper Unter den Linden

Siegess채ule

Deutsche Oper Berlin 7

Ernst-Reuter-Platz

7 As can be seen in the sequence the street mainly consists of a row of trees on both sides of the road. Behind the trees are building blocks with small windows. The place where the opera is build stands out. There are no trees and the building has large windows.

Characteristics of Charlottenburg Architectural highlights

1699

enburg Slot Charlott

1882

1961

Deutsche Oper

ße

Bismarckstra 1910

Breitscheidplatz 1907 1965

ndamm

1930

s Kurfür

The architectural identity of Charlottenburg can be described as a collage of buildings mostly from the late 19th century, early 1900s, the 1950-60s and little from the more recent years. Several proposals for highrise development at the Breitscheidplatz and the Ernst-Reuter-Platz have been made; urban redevelopment is concentrated around the Kurfürstendamm and the Breitscheidplatz.

The city council’s approach to strengthen the identity of CityWest is to come up with ways to link culture, entertainment and shopping to the Zoo. This is needed not only to anchor the new projects in the existing urban structure, but also to maintain the Zoo by initiatives by the public sector.

Characteristics of Charlottenburg Cultural institutions

Slot Charlottenburg Museum Berggruen Bröhan-Museum

Sammlung Scharf-Gerstenberg Luisenkirche

Rathaus Charlottenburg

Keramik-Museum Epiphanien-Kirche

Deutsche Oper

Technical University Schiller-Theater

Renaissance-Theater Museum für Fotografie

Ludwig Erhard Haus Theater des Westens

Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche

Theatre/Opera House Museum

Theater am Kurfürstendamm

Church

helm-Gedächtniskirche

Die Stachelschweine

Käthe-Kollwitz-Museum

Educational institution Other characteristic public building

Die Stachelschweine

Historic buildings Museums Technical University Academies

Deutsche Oper

Theatres Museums (Indoor) Public spaces

Mode

res theat

Cinem

The city district of Charlottenburg is characterised by: - technical/scientific centre around Ernst-Reuter-Platz - commercial/amusement area around the Kurfürstendamm and Gedächtniskirche - high quality apartment buildings from the end of the 19th century - small museums and the main historic attraction, the Slot Charlottenburg in the north part

Cafés

ants staur

Shop

- new cultural development around the Breitscheidplatz and Bahnhof Zoo, with the most prestigious future project of the Ferris wheel. - new educational development around Ernst-Reuter-Platz that links the university buildings on either side of the Straße des 17. Juni.

Charlottenburg-Nord

Westend Halensee

Charlottenburg

Wilmersdorf Grunewald Schmargendorf

enburg Slot Charlott

Deutsche Oper e

BismarckstraĂ&#x;

tendam

KurfĂźrs

Breitscheidplatz

Deutsche Oper

Richard-Wag

Bismarckstraße

Krumme Straße

gner-Straße

Zillestraße

Scale 1:1750 0

40 m

Surroundings of the Deutsche Oper Axonometric

When analyzing the axonometric projection of the Deutsche Oper and the surrounding blocks, we can see that the scale of the opera house differs from that of the surrounding residential buildings. In terms of facade and scale the building shows

most resemblance with the large “modern” appartment building at the Krumme Straße. In most building outlines a repetitive staircase is seen, which tells us the apartments are accessed through a portico.

Dominant in this image is the BismarckstraĂ&#x;e, that is of a different scale than the other streets. Public and semi-public spaces are defined by the trees and other greenery. The BismarckstraĂ&#x;e is tree lined, except for the part at the Deutsche Oper which has a statue

instead. A conclusion might be: The Deutsche Oper sets itself apart from its surroundings by being of different scale, having a different facade and being set back from the edges of the block.

Surroundings of the Deutsche Oper Street profiles

2 38

P 3,5 2,5

4,5

P 5

2,5

P 8,5 31

27,5

P 4,5

P 5

2,5

4,5

6 2,5

2 2,5

11,5

4,5 52,5

2 2

Surroundings of the Deutsche Oper Walkthrough of the block

Map of the buildings blocks surrounding the Deutsche Oper: numbered facades shown below

1. Richard-Wagner-Straße

2. Zille Straße

3. Krumme Straße

Most neighbouring buildings do not have public functions on ground level. While some of them give the impression of a plinth, apart from the buildings on facing the square and the BismarckstraĂ&#x;e the fuction is the same on ground level as on the floors above (residential). The use of ground level of the apartment buildings as storage negatively affects the activity on the streets. This analysis might limit the possibilities to create a vibrant public space in the block where the Deutsche Oper is now. If, for instance, there would be a proposal for a large square on the same block, one would have to consider the fuctions in the buildings that define the square. These functions differ from a more traditional configuration, where there is usually a commercial plinth all around.

The questions that can be raised, are: How can the new development of the block of the Deutsche Oper respond to its surroundings and create a relationship with the surrounding blocks and functions? Or should there be a different approach, in which the Deutsche Oper functions on a larger scale and can be linked to other public spaces in Charlottenburg or the whole of Berlin, rather than having a direct effect on the smaller neighbourhood?

Surroundings of the Deutsche Oper Commercial plinth

5 42

One block west of the Deutsche Oper is a shopping street, that has a strongly accentuated plinth with large banners (1, 2). The streets perpendicular to this street also show some of the commercial activity going on behind the facade while not as clearly pronounced as in the main street (3, 4). Along the BismarckstraĂ&#x;e the shops have bigger banners, dealing with the fact that most people pass by car. These shops are also of a larger scale.

Historical background

Positioning in urban fabric then and now

The yellow buildings are the urban fabric in 1913. There were a lot of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;traditionalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; building blocks with a courtyard. As can be seen, there were a lot of residential buildings behind the first opera. The opera was a free standing building, with at the northeast an entrance in the building block where theater pieces can be delivered or picked up. The building blocks at the Krumme Strasse where still all closed.

Now the entire building block belongs to the opera house. The gesture its facade and shape makes to the city is different from that of the original building; it no longer has a face and not all sides of the building block can be considered fronts. One can question if the changing typologies and relations between the surrounding blocks allow for a different approach of the opera towards the city.

- - 1945

1945 - 1961 1961 - 1974 1974 - 1991 1991 - 2006

open

closed open

open

Historical background

Positioning in urban fabric then and now

This map is a combination of the current urban fabric map with a map of bombed buildings during the second world war. As you can see the red buildigns are the oldest buildings, and these are the buildings which arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t bombed during the war, or could be restored. In the northwest the new buildings follow the old structure with a closed building block. In the southwest the old structure is let go and a typical modernistic structure is used.

The buildings around the opera are constructed in different times. The buildings in the northwest are mainly appartement buildings in closed building blocks. To the north there is a low building build build in the eighties. In the southeast there are mainly highrise buildings with appartements.

- - 1945 1945 - 1961 1961 - 1974 1974 - 1991 1991 - 2006

Conclusions charlottenburg has two main centres, the historic which is situated at the bismarckstrasse and the palace, and the new cultural leisure centre, which is situated around the gedÄCHTNISKIRCHE AND THE KURFÜRSTENDAMM. 46

THE BISMARCKSTRASSE STANDS OUT COMPARED TO THE SURROUNDING STREETS IN WIDTH. THERE ARE many TREES ON BOTH SIDES EXCEPT ON THE PLACE WHERE THE OPERA IS. THE OPERA ITSELF STandS OUT ON BUILDING SIZE, AS WELL WITH THE COMPOSITION OF THE FACADE. WHERE THE SURROUNDING BUILDINGs ALL GOT A PLINTH THE OPERA only shows a plinth in the representative part of the building. IN THE NEAR SURROUNDINGS THIS PLINTH IS JUST FOR SHOW, FURTHER AWAY THERE ARE SHOPS LOCATED IN THE PLINTH. THIS IS ALL ACCORDING TO THE LAND USE PLAN. the surrounding buildings - ranging from different periods of time - were damaged in the war and many of them were demolished. the architectural style of the opera is unique in its surroundings.

Recommendations the opera is not located in a main cultural or leisure centre. can you link the opera with the other centres? the building stands out in multiple physical, architectural and programmatic ways from its surroundings. is this outstanding position a positive or a negative feature of the opera? should the opera have vivid programmatic surroundings for its existence?

Bölzke

Herzberg (Mark) Netzeband Walsleben (b Neuruppin) Rosenwinkel Neuruppin West Neuruppin Rheinsberger Tor RB73 Kyritz Wustrau-Radensleben Beetz-Sommerfeld Wusterhausen (Dosse) Kremmen RB55 RB73 Schwante Neustadt (Dosse) 4:

Saisonaler Verkehr 18.4. bis 2.11.2014

Blumenthal (Mark)

OPR

Wutike

Breddin

Vehlefanz

RB20

Bärenklau

4: Oranienburg

Velten (Mark)

Friesack (Mark) Paulinenaue 4: Nauen

Hohen Neuendorf West

4: RB55 Hennigsdorf (b Bln)

Brieselang

RB10 RB14

Birkenwerder (b Bln) 4:

HVL

Finkenkrug Flughafen Berlin-Tegel

Falkensee Seegefeld 4: Albrechtshof 4:

RE4 RB13 RB51

4: RB13 RB21 Wustermark

Rathenow 4:

Nennhausen

Jungfernheide 4:

4: Dallgow- 4: Elstal Döberitz Staaken

Buschow

4: Spandau

RB10 4: Berlin Hbf

RE6 RB13

Mögelin Priort

Premnitz Nord

Charlottenburg 4:

Premnitz Zentrum

Zoologische Garten 4:

Döberitz Marquardt

Pritzerbe Fohrde

Golm

Görden Brandenburg Altstadt

Groß Götz Kreutz

E1 Brandenburg 51 Hbf 4:

Werder (Havel)4:

4: Park CharlottenSanssouci 4: hof

Griebnitzsee 4: Wannsee 4:

RB20 RB21 Potsdam RB22 RB23 Hbf 4:

Pirschheide

Medienstadt Babelsberg Rehbrücke

Caputh-Geltow Caputh Schwielowsee

Ferch-Lienewitz

Seddin

Beelitz Stadt

Michendorf 4: RB23

L O

Teltow Großbeeren

LudwigsfeldeSaarmund 4: Struveshof

Wilhelmshorst

Beelitz-Heilstätten Borkheide

RB33

Birkengrun

RE4 Ludw

Thyrow Trebbin

Joachimsthal

Bergsdorf

Groß Schönebeck (Schorfheide)

Löwenberg (Mark) RB54

RB27

OHV

Grüneberg Nassenheide

BAR

Golzow (b Eberswalde) Britz Ruhlsdorf-Zerpenschleuse Lottschesee Melchow

Klosterfelde

Schmachtenhagen Wensickendorf RB27 Zühlsdorf

Wandlitzsee Wandlitz

Eberswalde Hbf 4:

Niederfinow

RB63

Biesenthal Rüdnitz

Basdorf Schönwalde (Barnim) Schönerlinde

Bernau (b Bln) 4: RB25

Werneuchen Seefeld Blumberg Blumberg-Rehhahn Ahrensfelde Nord Ahrensfelde Friedhof Ahrensfelde

RB27

4: Karow

Buc Wa O

Hohenschönhausen Strausberg

RE6

4: RB19 Gesund- RB27 brunnen RB66

: f

er :

Chorin

Klandorf

RB27

Sachsenhausen (Nordb)

RB66

Joachimsthal Kaiserbahnhof Althüttendorf

Alexanderplatz 4:

RB21 RB22

Friedrichstr.4:

Herrensee

RB12 RB25 RB26 RB36 RB60

Ostbahnhof 4:

Lichtenberg

4: Südkreuz

wigsfelde 4:

Fang- Hangelsberg schleuse Erkner

Rangsdorf Dabendorf Zossen

Fürstenwalde (Spree) Süd

Berkenbrü

RB22

Berlin-Schönefeld Flughafen

Blankenfelde (Kr. Teltow-Fläming)

Fürstenwalde RB35 (Spree) 4

Bad Saarow

RB14 RB22

Dahlewitz

Münchebe (Mark)

Karlshorst

Potsdamer Platz 4:

Lichterfelde Ost 4:

Rehfelde

Flughafen Berlin-Schönefeld

Königs Wusterhausen Niederlehme Zernsdorf Kablow

RB35 Bad Saaro

Friedersdorf (b Königs W) Zeesen Bestensee Groß Köris

Kummersdorf (b Storkow) Storkow (Mark) Hubertushöhe Wendisch- Lindenberg

Bucko

Infrastructure

Private transport

Road Network Motorway Major Road Deutsche Oper With up to 62% of all travelers using the 5,400 kilometers long road network of Berlin it is safe to say itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s one of the most important infrastructural systems. The network is devided into two major systems; the motorway (Autobahn) and the major roads (BundestraĂ&#x;en). Over 17% of the major roads is subject to the recent 30km/h regulation - meaning that this speedlimit is enforced mainly during night time for safety and noise reduction reasons. (source: http://www.fahrinfo-berlin.de/Fahrinfo/bin/query.bin/dn?ujm=1, 2014 Liniennetz Regionalverkehr Berlin und Brandenburg, Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg, 2014)

Public transport

Public transport network U-Bahn Tram Deutsche Oper

S-Bahn Train

Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s public transport network consist of four main integrated systems: - The U-bahn. This is Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s underground rail network and largest system in terms of passengers. - The S-Bahn. Rapid transport system running above ground and largest in term of kilometers. - The Tram. Third largest tram network in the world, largest in terms of stops. - The Train. Split into Regional and Express, mainly used to get in and out of the city. (source: http://www.fahrinfo-berlin.de/Fahrinfo/bin/query.bin/dn?ujm=1, 2014 Liniennetz Regionalverkehr Berlin und Brandenburg, Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg, 2014)

Organization of public transport

The organization of public transport in Berlin is done through the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (VBB). This company is owned by the city of Berlin, the state of Brandenburg and the 18 counties in Brandenburg all at an equal third. In the middle tier BVG (Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe) and the DB (Deutsche Bahn) split responsibility. The DB logically controls the overground rail network - as it does in most of Germany. BVG is Berlin specific and deals with the majority of its commuters. (source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Berlin, 2014)

manages:

S-Bahn Regional train Express train

U-Bahn Tram Bus Ferry

32%

68%

thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

of all travelers in the Berlin-Brandenburg region in 2012

449mil. passengers

transports

of all travelers in the Berlin-Brandenburg region in 2012

937mil. passengers

(source: Berlin Traffic in Figures 2013, Senatsverwaltung fĂźr Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, 2013)

Potsdamer platz (1900)

East v. West

WEST BERLIN

EAST BERLIN

Public transport network U-Bahn Tram Berlin Wall Deutsche Oper Historically the U-bahn had mainly connected the centre of Berlin with its more rich areas in the West - deeming these tracks to be more provitable. With the physical devision in the city set upon by the Cold War the integrated system we know today was split into seperate networks. With the U-bahn in the West, the Eastern part of Berlin took to develop the tram system. The S-bahn was controlled by the East and boycotted by the West - choosing to only travel by U-bahn instead. Even today the remains of these systems is visible in the city. (source: http://www.fahrinfo-berlin.de/Fahrinfo/bin/query.bin/dn?ujm=1, 2014)

Transportation hubs

Important stations U-Bahn station S-Bahn station Tram stop Train station Deutsche Oper

Final station Station with 2 networks Station with 3 networks Station with 4 networks

(source: http://www.fahrinfo-berlin.de/Fahrinfo/bin/query.bin/dn?ujm=1, 2014 Liniennetz Regionalverkehr Berlin und Brandenburg, Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg, 2014)

The average Berliner..

TO AND FROM BERLIN

62% Private transport

WITHIN BERLIN

31% 61

13%

30%

2% Bicycle 2% Pedestrian

26%

34% Public transport (source: Berlin Traffic in Figures 2013, Senatsverwaltung f端r Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, 2013)

Interior U-bahn (1977)

U-bahn development

U-bahn development 1902 1913 1930 1966

1989 2009 Planned

The U-bahn was constructed to deal with Berlin’s rapid expansion. Three different periods stand out in its history; the small profile (Kleinprofil), the large profile (Großprofil) and it’s expansion after WWII. The small profile connected Berlin westward with the (then city of) Charlottenburg, Schöneberg and Wilmersdorf. Construction started in 1896 and halted when WWI started in 1913. From 1923 onward - after the expansion of city borders - the North-South lines we constructed. The larger capacity (named large profile) needed to transport mainly workers. After the Second World War the 200-Kilometre-Plan was drawn up to further expand the U-bahn network to cover most of Berlin.

Airports

TXL

SXF

Airports in Berlin Deutsche Oper In 1996 the national government decided to build the Berlin Brandenburg International Airport (BER) in Schรถnefeld. Then, the airports Tempelhof (THF) and Tegel (TXL) should be closed. The first one was already closed in 2008, but the airport Tegel is still active. After closing this airport, the area will be used to establish a research and industry park with green future technologies. The Berlin Brandenburg Airport is expected to open in 2016.

(source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Berlin, 2014)

TXL Flughafen Tegel

15 8

ICC - Internationales Congress Centrum

Hauptbahnhof Alexanderplatz 22

14 54

Reichstag

Potsdamer Platz

Traveltimes to important points in minutes

SXF Flughafen Schรถnefeld

Roads - and Railwaysystem

Schloss Charlottenburg

Universit채t der K체nste

Zoologischer Garten

Theater des Westens Ged채chtniskirche

The opera very connected to the city. The public transport system developed a lot in the last years and they are still planning new sections. There is an U-Bahn-Station directly in front of the main entrance of the opera and a busline is coming by. From the airport Tegel your travel time to the opera is just 19 minutes, from the main train station in the center it takes 15 minutes. Besides that there are a lot of parking facilities around that area.

Waterways

Berlin-Spandauer Schiffahrtskanal

Landwehrkanal

Teltow-Kanal

Potsdamer Havel

Oder-Wasserstraße

Spree-Dahme-Wasserstraße

The two villages Berlin and Cölln were founded in the 12th century on the banks of the Spree River. The merchants had chosen to settle on an important crossing point of the river and a trading post developed soon. As the towns grew they merged to form the city of Berlin. In the 18th century a lot of people began flocking to Berlin when they started to produce its own goods such as porcelain and paper. Today the river is also used in a touristic way with shipping. In the future the city Berlin plans to make a natural swimming pool next to the musemisle in the Spree. The project is called ‘Flussbad Berlin’

Bismarckstraße Pictures on the right: I) Bismarckstraße 1893 II) Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1910 III) Schillertheater 1958

Facts Length: 1500 m between Ernst-Reuter-Platz & Sophie-Charlotte-Platz Important buildings besides Deutsche Oper: Finanzamt, Fröbelhaus, Schillertheater

History 17 century The street was already build when the large Tiergarten was designed. In earlier times there were a lot fitting grinders.

End of 19th Century The Name of the street was changed into Bismarckstraße after the prussian Prime Minister Otto v. Bismarck.

1902 Until then the street had a width of a side road. Now houses were torn down to create a boulevard or parade route. The Avenues of Paris served as a model.

Hausmann Boulevard - 1878

ca. 1910

1910 Carriages Tram ca. 1/3 Green Space (horizontal)

2014 Cars U-Bahn ca. 1/10 Green Space

today

Parking space

The map shows the parkingspaces around the opera. The opera has its own parkinggarage. In the streets around the opera cars can be parked at the side of the streets. This is everywhere possible besides in front of the opera. At the Richard-Wagner strasse and the Bismarckstrasse there is as wel in the middle of the road space to park a car.

Parking space

U-Bahn Station Deutsche Oper

The U-bahn Station Deutsche Oper was opened in 1906 under the name BismarckstraĂ&#x;e. In 1961, two days before the opening of the new Deutsche Oper the name was changed. On the right side you see the situation scheme until 1970. After this time the middle rails were not used anymore. 76

U-bahn station Deutsche Oper The metrostation Deutsche Oper is not located directly next to the Deutsche Oper but slightly to the east along the Bismarckstraße. It has four exits: two on the north north side, at the square on which the restaurant of the Oper is located, and one along the Bismarckstraße.

Furthermore, there is one exit that leads up to the middle of the Bismarckstraße, that was added in 2000 after a fire in the metro station. Because people could only flee in one direction, some people fled into the tunnel of the metro. The new exit makes it possible to also flee to the east side. The other exit is across the street on the south side. The station does not house any kind of commercial functions and basically functions as a corridor that can also be used to cross the street.

eS tra

ße

The two tracks in the middle are not used any more for public transportation, only the tracks along the walls on the outside of the platforms.

Deutsche Oper

ße

tra

Bis

ks arc

raß

kst arc

Bis

e raß

e St mm

Kru

Conclusions Berlin has a consolidated infrastructure, it is distributed around the different neiborhoods, and it is in constant improvement. However, there is still work to do specially emphizing public transport over private. 80

The public transport is well connected between the U BAHN, the s-bahn and the buses. In fact, there is a subway station at the bottom of the deutsche oper berlin making really easy to arrive by public transport. Bismarckstrasse which is a main road that runs from east to west in berlin is just in front of the opera allowing easy access by car too.

Recommendations for the car entrance to the opera parking lot is important to take in consideration the affluence of cars coming from bismarckstrasse. relocate the exit of the subway station to the opera.

Environment

Waterways

Berlin-Spandauer Schiffahrtskanal

Landwehrkanal

Teltow-Kanal

Potsdamer Havel

Oder-Wasserstraße

Spree-Dahme-Wasserstraße

Height map

Soil map

Berlin lays in a river valley and expanded towards the mountains. The soil near the river consists of sand.The mountains of clay and sand.

Exposure to noise from road, rail and air traffic on daily average (2012) As the noise-maps show is there a higher noise pollution at the southwest corner of the building. The daily average is circa 65 dB(A) and during the night we still have 55 to 60 dB(A) This is not a loud as expected because 60 dB(A) is for example the noise of a normal talk.

Noise levels during the day

Noise levels at night (10 pm - 6 am)

Green Map

Berlin is a green city. It has many parks and twenty green walkways across the cityborders. Furthermore Berlin has three large green area’s including great lakes. One is in the North-West, the second in the South-West and the third in the South-East corner. 40% of Berlin consist of ‘green’.

European City Ranking - Best practices for clean air (http://sootfreecities.eu)

In this ranking they have selected western European capitals, cities with high air pollution levels and cities which were expected to provide good examples. The city of Berlin turns out to be the best at taking action to improve its air quality. It has developed a very comprehensive strategy addressing high emitters and aimed at decreasing car use substantially. The city provides a good example of long-term strategy which has direct positive influence on the modal split.

Schlosspark Charlottenburg

Umwelt zone

Umwelt zone Since the first of January 2008 Berlin has defined the area within the S-bahn ring, nicknamed the GroĂ&#x;er Hundekopf (Big dogâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s head), as a Low Emmision Zone (LEZ). The purpose of this measure is to reduce harmful pollutants in the air caused by vehicle emissions. All vehicles are required to have a sticker diplayeing their classification. Vehicles with higher emmisions values have been banned completely.

(source: http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/luftqualitaet/umweltzone/, 2013)

Conclusions

BERLIN ENJOYS AN INTERNATIONAL REPUTATION BECAUSE OF ITS DIVERSE CITY GREEN AND THE RESULTING HIGH QUALITY OF LIFE. WITH MORE THAN 2500 PUBLIC PARKS AND RECREATIONAL AREAS WITH A TOTAL AREA OF 5500 HA. BERLINERS AND TOURISTS HAVE A VARIETY OF RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES TO CHOOSE FROM. ACCORDING TO THE EUROPEAN CITY RANKING ‘BEST PRACTICES FOR CLEAN AIR’ GERMANYS CAPITAL IS THE BEST IN IMPROVING THE AIR QUALITY. ESPECIALLY WITH ITS URBAN TRAFFIC PLANNING STRATAGY ‘STEP VERKEHR’, BERLIN HAS DEVELOPED A COMPREHENSIVE SEST OF MEASURES AIMING AT REDUCING CAR USE IN THE CITY. IT PRESENTS AN AMBITIOUS STRATEGY TO REDUCE CAR USE BUT ALSO PROMOTE CYCLING AND WALKING AS WELL AS PUBLIC TRANSPORT. FURTHERMORE THERE IS A VERY GOOD REDUCTION SUCCESS OF LOCAL EMISSIONS.

Demographics

1million

.5million

1730

1740

2million

1.5million

1750

1760

1770

1780

1790

1800

1810

1820

1830

1840

1850

1871 - Unification of Germany Berlin became new capital

1850 - Height of Industrial Revolution Massive migration to cities

1834 - Zollverein Creation of free-trade area in most of Germany; abolishing customs barriers

1750 - GroĂ&#x;stadt Berlin Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population greater than 100.000 inhabitants

Population growth Berlin 5million

4.5million

4million

3.5million

3million

2.5million

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

1989 - Fall of the Berlin Wall Leading to the reunification of Berlin

1972 - Four Power Agreement on Berlin Seperation of Berlin into four administrative sectors

1939-1945 - Second World War

1920 - GroĂ&#x;-Berlin-Gesetz Expansion of Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s borders, increasing in size by a factor 13

1914-1918 - First World War

The Social Index

104

Reinickendorf 3

Spandau 4 CharlottenburgWilmersdorf 1

Steglitz-Zehlendorf 1

Pankow 2

Lichtenberg Mitte 3 Marzahn5 FridrichshainHellerdorf Kreuzberg 4 4 TempelhofShöneberg 2 Neukölln 5

Treptow-Köpernick 2

1 represents the lowest risk, 5 representing the highest This map shows the results of the Social Index 2013 as published by the Senate Department for Health and Social Affairs of Berlin.The index shows the distribution of social and health burdens in Berlin and can therefore be taken as a stress index. It’s primarily influenced by indicators such as unemployment, subscription to state benefits,livelihood and income. But is also influenced by health indicators such as premature and avoidable mortality and tobacco-associated serious disease to provide an overall image of the quality of the boroughs of Berlin.

(source: Handlungsorientierter Sozialstrukturatlas Berlin 2013, Senatsverwaltung für Gesundheit und Soziales Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit, 2013)

Economic indicators

€1.800 €1.575

€1.675

€1.800 €1.675

€1.950

€1.575

€1.400 €1.725 €1.350

€1.625

€1.600

105

Average income per month

Quality Residential buildings (darker is better)

€1.529 €1.584

€3.330

€4.695 €2.996

€2.918

€1.789 €1.555

€2.120 €2.062

€1.296

€2.977

Average Real Estate price per sqm (source: Berliner Mietspiegel, Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, 2013 Die kleine Berlin–Statistik, Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg , 2012)

Welfare state

106

97mil.

103mil.

132mil.

164mil. 132mil.

102mil.

85mil.

116mil.

144mil. 90mil.

155mil.

70mil.

The social and unemployment benefits are part of Germanyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hartz IV plan, which has attracted criticism since it application in 2005. The word has become a synonym for the class of non-working poor people - which seems to be represented in Berlin rather broadly. With one of the Germanyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s highest unemployment rate Berlin (12%) itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s no surprise that the city/state has a lot of Hartz beneficiaries. With the two being interrelated this map also shows the level of unemployment in the boroughs - though this is somewhat skewed for the peripheral boroughs, since they consist of a larger amount of commuters to their jobs in the city centre.

(source: www.morgenpost.de, 2011)

Workplaces

107

Every dot equals 500 workplaces Major business hubs like Potzdamer platz and the governmental region create strong clusters of jobs in the centre of Berlin. Surrounding this are is a ring of larger multinationals like Siemens, Bayer, Daimler and BMW. A large part of the jobs created in the German capitol is in the service sector; with Deutsche Bahn, CharitĂŠ (hospitals) and the Universities as main providers.

(source: Arbeitsplatzbestand in Atlas zur Stadtentwicklung, enatsverwaltung fĂźr Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, 2013)

108

109

Where do they live?

110

Arab league members

Turkish background

Formerly USSR countries

Polish background

Vietnamese background

Overlay map

(source: Wer sind und wo leben die Zuwanderer in Berlin?, Amt f端r Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg, 2011)

The wall lives on

WEST BERLIN

EAST BERLIN

18 %

4% 3% 11%

11% 12%

13%

Gastarbeiter/Vertragsarbeiter

Western Germany signed a series of bilateral recruitment agreements, allowing for foreign laborers to immigrate and work in the industrial sector for jobs that required few qualifications. In the same year the Wall was built (1961) they signed an agreement with Turkey, resulting in what is now the single largest group of citizens with a migration background in Germany. Eastern Germany had a similar program, starting from 1963 onward they had agreements with the Eastern Bloc (Poland, Vietnam, etc.). A separated Germany created a segregated Berlin. Due to little migration between boroughs the effects of the Wall is still very much visible through the local citizens.

(source: BevĂślkerung in Zenzus 2011, Amt fĂźr Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg, 2013)

111

Migration

Migration background

German Nationality

112

25,7%

52,5%

74,3%

47,5%

In 2010 around 872.000 citizens of Berlin had a Migration background. Meaning that these people were not born, but moved to the city. These citizens consist of German nationals migrating to Berlin from within the country and non-German nationals. This last group makes up the larger part at around 457.800 people.

(source: Statistischer Bericht, AI5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; hj 2/12, Amt fĂźr Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg, 2012)

Where do they come from?

Foreign Heritage

113

Almost a fourth of all citizen with a migration background have a Turkish heritage. The largest group of Eastern immigrants is those with a Polish background, making up 9% of the citizens with a foreign heritage in Berlin.

(source: Statistischer Bericht, AI5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; hj 2/12, Amt fĂźr Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg, 2012)

Other European countries Other Former Yugoslavian countries Other Former USSR countries Other Arabic countries

Otherness

Other

116

37%

43%

Otherness describes the undefined group of citizens that donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t fall into large enough groups in order to be classified under specific a name in the statistics. This is what makes Otherness a strong indicator for cultural diversity. Though the total percentage of Others show only a 6% difference between Berlin and Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf it is interesting because this occurs through two main changes. The first being the almost 10% decrease in Arabic Others, the second being the 13% increase in citizens with Other status.

(source: Statistischer Bericht, AI5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; hj 2/12, Amt fĂźr Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg, 2012)

CharlottenburgWilmersdorf is culturally diverse

Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf is...

118

A third of the population in Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf has a foreign background. Compared to the Berlin average of around 23%, there are significantly less citizens with a Turkish background in this borough.

(sources: Statistischer Bericht, AI5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; hj 2/12, Amt fĂźr Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg, 2012)

40-50%

119

10 %

20-30%

40-50% 40-50%

30-40%

10-20%

54%

20%

30-40%

% with migration background

% of total crimes commited

2800/ sqkm

<6% 14-18%

>18%

14-18% 6-10%

2800/ sqkm

450/ sqkm

9900/ 11.000/ sqkm sqkm

5600/ sqkm

13000/ sqkm

<6%

6-10%

10-14%

<6%

<6% 10-14%

6-10% <6%

<6% 6-10%

<6% 10-14%

<6%

10-14% <6%

<6% <6%

6-10%

10-14%

<6% <6%

10-14%

6-10% 10-14%

population density

<6% 14-18% <6%

10-14%

10-14%10-14%

<6%

14-18%

6-10%

unemployment rate

Due to the low density in the area of Grünewald, which is mainly forest and mansion, the average of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf compared to Berlin gives a somewhat skewed view. These maps show the large differences between the neighbourhood within this borough. The eastern side of CW is the most urban - it has a high population of citizens with a migration background, high density and high crime rates. Specifically looking at the neighbourhood of Charlottenburg (where the Deutsche Oper is located) this is the case. More than half of all crimes within the whole of the borough are committed in Charlottenburg. (sources: Statistischer Bericht, AI5 – hj 2/12, Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg, 2012 Veröffentlichung der Polizeilichen Kriminal statistik Berlin, Der Polizeipräsident in Berlin, 2013 Arbeitslosenanteil 2010, Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, 2010)

University library TU Berlin

120

121

Highest level of education reached

122

Lower education Graduated Without graduation Other Graduated Hauptschule Graduated Realschule Graduated Fachhochschulreife

Higher education With higher education Without higher education Graduated Berufsschule Graduated Fachschul Graduated (Fach)hochschul

(source: Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus / Berechnung: SenGesSoz - I A, AfS Berlin-Brandenburg, 2011)

Population in age and sex Male

Female

90 85 80 75 70 65 60

123

55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 4000

3000

2000

1000

0 0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Population pyramid 2010 Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf

Berlin

Germany

Whilst Germanyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population is rapidly shrinking Berlin seems to blossom. Currently on an increase, its citizens are relatively young and able - creating a healthy working-age population. Compared to Berlin the borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf has two major areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in which it differs on the population pyramid. Firstly, it should be noted that its population is vastly larger in the 18-35 age group. This can be explained through a strong position in education (TU Berlin campus) and employment (City West). Secondly, there seem to be less citizens in the 55-70 age group. Whilst this age corresponds with a birth date in WWII time, and the fact that Charlottenburg got damaged heavily during air raids, there seems to be no clear correlation. (source: https://www.un.org/en/development/index.shtml/desa/index.html, 2014 https://en.wikipedia.org/, 2014)

Conclusions Berlin is a segregated city. traces of the wall live on in everyday life.

124

Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf has a diverse character. dense in population close to the city centre and open towards the periphery. rich in the west and poor in the east. charlottenburg-wilmersdorf is culturally (more) diverse. criminality is a major issue in charlottenburg.

Recommendations Charlottenburg-wilmersdorf should exploit its diversity. charlottenburg should provide more lowincome jobs and startups to help combat unemployment. charlottenburg should invest more in the safety of its citizens, specifically in theft and mugging protection.

125

Economy

economy & industry factsheet

The GDP in Berlin in 2012 was 103,6 Mrd. Euro.This economy effort was done by roundabout 153.800 companies of the city. The economy has made a positive development in the last view years, besides the small down in 2009 there is a economical growth since 2005. The real GDP raised at the main capital between 2005 and 2012 per year 2,3 %, in whole Germany it was just 1,5 %. The Service Sector is with a domestic content of ca. 83 % the largest and

has infact also a large influence on the economical development. Trade, transport, catering and hotel industry and service companies are influencing sectors. The Producing Industry is with 17 % an important impulsegiver next to others for export.. Moreover there is a high demand on workforce especially at the service industry. 35% of the companieswant to expand.

The industry of Berlin is a multilateral mix of trades and industry. With strongselling economical sectors like for instance Pharma- and Foodindustry is Berlins industry less sensitive to changes.

further industrial sectors 18%

p.o. electrical equipment 14%

mechanical engineering 11%

other type of vehicle construction 3% p.o. car and car products 4% p.o. printed material 6%

p.o.DP-equipment, electronicall and optical products 10%

p.o. other goods 8% p.o. pharma. products 8%

p.o. metal products 8%

p.o. food and fodder 10%

Gross Domestic Product Berlin compared with Germany

Share of nominal GDP in Germany in 2012 in %

Share of nominal GDP in Germany 2012 in % Nordh.-Westf.

22,1

Bayern

17,6

Bad.-W端rttemb.

14,8

Hessen

8,7

Niedersachsen

8,7

Rheinl.-Pfalz

4,4

BERLIN

3,9

Sachsen

3,7

Hamburg

3,6

Schles.-Holst.

2,9

Brandenburg

2,2

Sachs.-Anhalt

2,0

Th端ringen

1,9

Meck.-Vorpom.

1,4

Saarland

1,2

Bremen

1,0

GDP Nominal in Berlin since 1995 in Billion Euros

GDP Nominal in Berlin since 1995 in Billion Euros 110,0 105,0

103,6 101,1

100,0

99,0 95,1

95,0

95,7

90,7

90,0 86,4 85,0

83,2

82,2

81,0

81,1

81,0

81,5

82,1

82,9 81,2

81,0

80,0 75,0 70,0 1995

1996

1997

GDP Real in %

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Change over the previous year in %

5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0

1,5 1,7

0,8 1,6

-1,0

1,7

1,9

2,1

1,1 3,1 0,7

1,5 0,8

1,2 1,5 0,7 4,0 3,7 3,2 3,3 4,2 1,1 1,9

2,3

0,4

2,3 4,0 2,0 3,3 1,2 0,7 0,6

1,5

5,1

-2,0 -3,0 -4,0 -5,0 -6,0 1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Germany Berlin

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Vacant property Commercial and Residential

Properties to sell per district 1099 270 51

Reinickendorf 25

Spandau

137

Lichtenberg

Pankow 37

Mitte

123

29 CharlottenburgWilmersdorf 19

29 10 16 FriedichshainKreuzberg

270

MarzahnHellersdorf

TempelhofSchoneberg SteglitzZehlendorf 40

Neukรถlln

Commercial property Residential property

There is less vacant property in Berlin. Just in the districts that are further away from the city centre the situation is better. Charlottenburg is really close to the centre of the city and has got a lot of employment. Because of that there is not much vacant property in the district. Also because the houses are good compared to the other areas in the city, there is even less vacant residential property than commercial property.

TreptowKรถpenick 24

269

Biggest Companies The importance of the service sector in Berlin has increased. Tourism, information and communication technology, multimedia, media economy, environment, medical and transportation technology have evolved as new and expanding fields of technology to key sectors in Berlin.

1. Deutsche Bahn 18.598 2. Vivantes 14.158 3. Siemens 13.386 4. Charité 12.888 5. BVG - Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe 10.707 6. Deutsche Telekom 7.600 7. Kaiser’s Tengelmann 6.546 8. Deutsche Post DHL 6.500 9. Landesbank Berlin 6.450 10. Daimler 6.022

21. Deutsche Bank 4.000 22. HELIOS Kliniken 3.800 23. Lufthansa 3.500 24. EDEKA 3.408 25. Karstadt Warenhaus 3.401 26. DRK Kliniken Berlin 3.400 27. Axel Springer AG 3.220 28. Paul Gerhardt Diakonie e.V. 3.121 29. Air Berlin 2.871 30. Allianz 2.763

11. WISAG (GlobeGround) 5.612 12. Dussmann Gruppe 5.600 13. BSR 5.475 14. Vattenfall 5.400 15. Gegenbauer 5.100 16. METRO GROUP 5.083 17. Berliner Wasserbetriebe 4.581 18. Kaufland 4.500 19. SECURITAS 4.438 20. Bayer HealthCare 4.400

31. Evangelisches Johannesstift 2.694 32. Alexianer 2.595 33. REWE Handelsgruppe 2.567 34. Lidl 2.450 35. UNIONHILFSWERK 2.449 36. McDonald’s 2.400 37. BMW Werk Berlin / BMW Group 2.400 38. BIOTRONIK 2.400 39. 3B Dienstleistungen 2.300 40. Mosaik-Unternehmen 2.270

Conclusions THE ECONOMY OF BERLIN HAS positively DEVELOPed IN THE LAST VIEW YEARS AND THE GDP is STILL INCREASES. MOREOVER, THERE IS A HIGH DEMAND ON WORKFORCE ESPECIALLY in THE SERVICE INDUSTRY BECAUSE THIS SECTOR IS GROWING A LOT AND SO MANY PEOPLE ARE MOVING TO THE CAPITAL. 138

THERE IS LESS COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL VACANT PROPERTY, ESPECIALLY AT THE VERY GOOD RESIDENTIAL AREA CHARLOTTENBURG WILMERSDORF. TOURISM, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, MULTIMEDIA, MEDIA ECONOMY, ENVIRONMENT, MEDICAL AND TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY HAVE EVOLVED AS NEW AND EXPANDING FIELDS OF TECHNOLOGY TO KEY SECTORS IN BERLIN. THE CREATIVE ECONOMY HAS BECOME A TANGIBLE ECONOMIC FACTOR WITH GREAT POTENTIAL FOR THE FUTURE. CULTURAL WEALTH IS A LOCATION FACTOR AT THE CAPITAL BUT THERE IS STILL A DEPENDENCE ON PUBLIC FUNDING.

139

140

141

Politics

Political system: Federal to Regional

Chancellor

President

144

Ministers Responsibility: The Cabinet is responsible for the conduct of government business as main executive branch of the German government. Members: The Chancellor and the Cabinet Ministers.

Responsibility: Electing the President of the Federal Republic of Germany. Members: 631 members of the Bundestag and 631 representatives from the States of Germany.

Responsibility: Most important organ of the legislative branch in the German Federation.

Responsibility: Representative for the States of Germany, legislative body on a national level.

Members: Its 631 members are all elected by way of constituencies and by propotional party listing in the States.

Members: 69 seats divided based on State population, members not elected but deligated.

145

Responsibility: Consideration and passing of legislation, checking of government (Senate) of Berlin. Members: Its 149 representatives are all elected through their respective disctricts and land/disctrict lists of the parties.

Berlin Mayor = Prime Minister Senators Responsibility: Executive body governing the citystate of Berlin, similar to the Cabinet on a State scale.

Responsibility: Executive body of the borough, but acts like a local parliament Members: Its 55 members are elected by the local borough population.

Borough Mayor

Members: Governing mayor and no more than 8 Senators. Mayor is elected by Landtag, Senators by the Mayor.

Responsibility: Local government which has only local authority and fall under the Berlin Senate. Members: All members are elected by the Borough Assembly.

Borough Councilors (source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Germany, 2014)

Political compass Germany

146

(source: http://www.politicalcompass.org/germany2013)

Germany’s political parties

Christian Democratic Union (CDU) Main conservative party with its traditional stronghold in West and Southwest Germany. As main party in the centre-right on the political spectrum it seeks to attract people with different viewpoints in order to appeal to a larger electorate. Based on the ideologies of Christian democracy and Liberal concervitism. Social Democratic Party (SPD) Adhering to the ideology of Social democracy this centre-left party has traditionally represented the interests of the working class. In area like the Ruhr region, formerly coal-mining and steel producing, this party has a strong base. It’s Germany’s largest party based on membership. Free Democratic Party (FDP) While having served more years in the German parliament than any other party the FDP has had to deal with heavy opposition and infighting - leading to them not reach the 5% of votes needed to enter the Bundestag. Its promotes the free market economy and is the main Liberal party in Germany. The Left (Die Linke) Biggest opposition party in the German parliament. This party was formed in 2007 as a merger between different left-wing parties and breakaway from for instance SPD. Its ideologies can be identified as Democratic socialism and Anti-capitalism. Specifically strong in the Eastern parts of Germany. The Greens (Die Grünen) Formed around a platform of pacifism and environmental activism in the 1970s, this party’s main interest has always been Green politics. Its main following comes from higher income households in urban areas. Along with the other left-wing party (Die Linke) they form the opposition in the Bundestag. Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) Operating only the in the state of Bavaria, this party is the smaller sister party of CDU. Together they form the largest (united) party represented in the Bundestag. Operating under much the same principles, the CSU can be discerned from its sister by their stronger lean towards conservatism. The Pirate Party (Piraten) This party represents the newer generation of people who grew up with the Internet, focusing on net neutrality, freedom and privacy. Whilst not present on a federal level, it managed to win 8,9% of the votes during Berlin’s last parliamentary elections. Direct democracy, liberalism and pirate politics can be used to describe their ideologies.

(source: http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/guide-to-german-political-parties-a-886188-3.html, 2013)

147

Town hall Charlottenburg (1705)

148

149

Shift to the Left

Federal Elections Germany

150

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

State Elections Berlin

2006

2007

2008

2009

As a direct consequence of the SchrĂśderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s right-wing policies up until 2005, which included cuts in social welfare, Germany has taken a turn to the left in recent years. Not only have left-wing associated parties gained a stronger base in the Federal political level, but the major parties like CDU/CSU and SPD have adopted more left-wing policies. Steering towards more environmental and social improvements. Only the FDP has taking a turn towards a more right-wing policy, but this has taken a hefty toll on their electorate. Berlin is generally more inclined to vote for the Left; not in the least because of the large group of welfare recipients and people with a migration background fighting for equality. (sources: http://www.spiegel.de, 2013 https://manifesto-project.wzb.eu/, 2013)

Parliament seatings 10%

40% 31%

10%

31% 10%

19% 32% 25%

10%

13%

25% 33% 33% 2%

(sources: http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/plenary/18thbundestag.html, 2013 http://www.parlament-berlin.de/de/Das-Parlament/Fraktionen, 2013 https://www.berlin.de/ba-charlottenburg-wilmersdorf/bvv-online/, 2013)

151

Elections Berlin

152

Elections per neighbourhood SPD CDU Die Linke Die GrĂźnen Berlin is culturally diverse and has a rich political history, the traces of which are shown in this map. The segregation brought upon the city through itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history is deeply rooted in the different neighbourhoods. This single map depicts the highest amount of votes per neighbourhood, but is really a combination of three other maps; the East v West Berlin, the Umweltzone and the Migration background.

(sources: https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/regionales/inhalt-regionales.asp, 2011)

East v West 153

Umweltzone

Migration background

(sources: https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/regionales/inhalt-regionales.asp, 2011)

Conclusions

154

germany has a federal system with a chancelor and a president. at the level of the state berlin is represented by a prime-minister which is the mayor of berlin as well. charlottenburg-willemsdorf is represented by a borough mayer and councilors. the separation between east and west berlin can still be seen in the elections result, as well as where cultural minorities live. The opera is founded by the big berliner opera association. this is a civil initiative againt the stately court opera unter den linden. in 1961 the opera was the only oper in west-berlin. the opera switched several times of owner, by which the name every time changed. the current name is deutsche oper berlin.

Recommendations the opera is founded by an organisation of the people, for the people. this democratic approach is translated in the architecture. do you think this is necessary? if so, do you think this is expressed in the best way? 155

Culture

Deutsche Oper in cultural Berlin Popular cultural institutions

Cultural institutions Opera House Theatre Cinema Library Museum Cultural institutions

Deutsche Oper

Church

Opera House

University

Cinema

Theatre

Library Museum

Historic city centre Church University Historic city centre

160

The Deutsche Oper is located outside of the popular cultural centre of Berlin, which is more to the east in Mitte. This has a historical cause, since the origin of Berlin can be pinpointed exactly where the Museuminsel is now. This difference is also reflected in the streetview of both areas, as seen below.

Cultural institutions in Charlottenburg Slot Charlottenburg Museum Berggruen Bröhan-Museum

Sammlung Scharf-Gerstenberg Luisenkirche

Rathaus Charlottenburg

Keramik-Museum Epiphanien-Kirche

Deutsche Oper

Technical University Schiller-Theater

Renaissance-Theater Museum für Fotografie

Ludwig Erhard Haus Theater des Westens

161

Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche

Theatre/Opera House Museum

Theater am Kurfürstendamm

Church

helm-Gedächtniskirche

Die Stachelschweine

Käthe-Kollwitz-Museum

Educational institution Other characteristic public building

Die Stachelschweine

Historic buildings Museums Technical University Academies

Deutsche Oper

Theatres Museums (Indoor) Public spaces

Mode

res theat

Cinem

Cafés

rants estau

Shop

Opera today

Opera in Germany compared to other countries

“In the field of culture, Germany is the world’s superpower,” Swedish director Staffan Valdemar Holm, 2012 Germany, together with Italy and France, is in the top 3 of most opera houses in Europe. In a global perspective, Europe sets itself apart from the other continents in both opera houses and number of performances. With the decreasing popularity of the opera, especially under young people, the question is raised: Can all opera houses in Germany be sustained, in particularly the full time program and extensive repetoire? 162

The cultural system in Germany is heavily statesubsidized. With tax money paying for more than 80 percent of the costs of the opera, it positions them among the most expensive cultural institutions in Germany and Berlin. Since the current crisis, voices have risen to change the current cultural system. In the much discussed book Der Kulturinfarkt, the authors plee for a 50% decrease in state-subsidies and a neo-liberal, american model with private investors. Die Piratenpartei has proposed in 2012 to shut down the Deutsche Oper, because opera would be old-fashioned and Berlin would still have two opera’s left. The cultural money that would be made free this way, could for example be invested in digital new techniques. Still, only 2 percent of taxes is invested in culture, which averages only 10 euro per capita per month.

1-3 opera houses 4-10 opera houses 11-15 opera houses 1-3 opera houses 4-10 opera houses 11-15 opera houses >16 opera houses

>16 opera houses

Opera today

Entrance fees and subsidies of Deutsche Oper compared to others 0

8000

Germany

USA

Russia

France

600

163

Germany

USA

Russia

France

Berlin

Paris

Moscow

GRAPH COLOURS

Total number of opera performances: 6004 countries 2012/2013 season top

Total number of opera performances: top 4 cities 2012/2013 season

source: Opera statitics 2012/2013 at www.oparebase.com

250

SUB2 COLOUR (CONSTRASTING, ETC.)

Vienna

source: Opera statitics 2012/2013 at www.oparebase.com

250 240

TEXT COLOUR

200 0

224

Vienna

181

150

Berlin

Paris

181

Moscow

184

162

118

100

105 85

50 44 32

24 17

Deutsche Oper

Staatsoper

Komische Oper *

NeukĂśllner Oper *

17 7

Philharmoniker

VolksbĂźhne* Friedrich stadtpalast

Maxim-GorkiTheater

* data from 2010, source: http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/subventionen-staatsoper-teure-kultur/1810036.html

Range of ticket prices (yellow) in relation to the subsidy received by institution per ticket (green)

Subsidy as part of the earnings of German opera houses

164

54.7%

27.2%

1911/ 1912

1949/ 1950

87.0% 81.2% 81.7% Income of a German opera

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State 40%

Municipality 38%

Tickets 13%

3% Other subsidies Other profits

Spendings of a German opera

Artists 31% Mechanical installations 22% 5% Management

1973/ 1974

1993/ 1994

Inventory 20%

Other staff 18%

2004/ 2005

4% Other spendings

Opera today

Data on Deutsche Oper in comparison to other opera houses “Our opera house”

“Most expensive opera house”

Berlin - Deutsche oper

Dresden - Semperoper

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seats occupation rate: cost coverage subsidy p\ year subsidy p\ visitor

78 percent 19 percent 38 million 155,28 Euro

seats occupation rate: cost coverage subsidy total subsidy p\ visitor

91 percent 43 percent 37,35 million 116,25 Euro.

“Similar opera house in Berlin”

“Cheapest opera house”

Berlin - Komische oper

Rostock - Volkstheater

seats occupation rate: cost coverage subsidy p\ year subsidy p\ visitor

63 percent 17 percent 30 million 224,18 Euro.

seats occupation rate: cost coverage subsidy p\ year subsidy p\ visitor

57 percent 11 percent 17 million 402, 54Euro.

Opera today

“The opera is not of our age” The subsidy system could suggest that the opera is a relatively egalitarian system. Studies however show that the over 60% of the opera visitors has finished higher education. The same goes for age. The majority of frequent opera visitors are over 65. The average age of all opera visitors has however also risen substantially. was it still 47 years old in 1979, in 2004 it had risen by 10 years to 57. At the same time, the opera is confronted with a clear decrease in ticketsales: between 1991 and 2003 this decrease was around 10 percent, while at the same time for instance the musical sales were increasing.

70’s

now

Finally, also the population of Berlin is aging, which could perhaps be a good incentive for the Berlin opera in the future. it is estimated that in 2030 the group between 18 and 50 will decline, the 65+ will increase with 14% and the 80+ even with 87%. only children between 6 and 18 are substantially increasing by 24%.

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2030

the education level of the average opera visitor

the average age of berliners is increasing as well, although not hardly as fast.

the average age of opera visitors is increasing

the amount of visitors was dropping by 10% between 1991 and 2003

sources: http://www.fonds-soziokultur.de/shortcut/01/news/die-oper-und-ihr-publikum-%E2%80%93-eine-institution-in-der-krise/ http://www.theaterportal.de/portal/downloads/Theatermarketing_April_04_Prof_Klein.pdf: https://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Redaktion/Institute/Sozialwissenschaften/Soziologie/Dokumente/Reuband/Sozialstruktur_Opernbesucher. pdf http://www.berlin.de/imperia/md/content/demografiekonzept/demografiekonzept_berlin.pdf?start&ts=1247050050&file=demografiekonzept_berlin.pdf

Image of the Deutsche Oper

168

Stan Hema, Berlin

â&#x20AC;&#x153;New opera has a lousy image (...) a contempt that of course implies an equally unhealthy contempt for the public that is so slow to understand and appreciate their work.â&#x20AC;? David Pountney

169

Conclusions The deutsche oper is not located in a vibrant cultural neighbourhood, but in a rather domestic environment.

170

new cultural development in charlottenburg is mainly focussed on the area around the breitscheidplatz and bahnhof zoo (city-West), which is the former center of west-berlin. linking the deutsche oper to this more dynamic urban space can be hard, since it is about 1.5 km away. the opera itself is losing popularity and is heavily subsidised, while musical and other more commercial nighttime activities florish in city-west. money of the people of berlin is being used to maintain the deutsche oper, the question is whether the opera house contributes enough to the city as it is now.

Recommendations the deutsche oper has to reposition itself as a landmark in berlin, since it is not located in a cultural hotspot and needs to draw attention to itself in order to gain a cultural significance for the city. the decreasing popularity of the opera can be turned around in many ways; for instance a change of repetoire and other activities, addressing new target groups (immigrants, youth) and a more contemporary image for the opera might generate more profits for the opera, though one has to keep in mind that by changing the opera (house) the authenticity might be lost and opera visitors might not be amused by this.

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172

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Building

Founding of the Deutsches Opernhaus and the Company

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The history of the Deutsche Oper Comany is closed linked to the history of the opera house. In 1911 citizens of Charlottenburg, - the then richest town in Prussia - saw the failure of the Komische Oper as an opportunity to build their own modern opera house. They intended it to be a contrast to the Königliches Opernhaus (Royal Opera House, now the Staatsoper Unter den Linden, which only opened to nobles of the collapsing German Empire) as an appeal to a broader public. The proposal was soon joined by many interests groups, including the Berlin Opera Association, the Richard Wagner Association, who wanted an opera house solely dedicated to the works of Richard Wagner. Within a short period of time the employment agency of the Deutschen Musikerverbandes chose 75 musicians out of 1000 applicants to establish a top-class ensemble. Ignatz Waghalter, the former conductor at Komische Oper, was appointed the conductor of the new Deutsches Opernhaus.

Timeline of A Landmark

Prosperity After World War I

1912

Within 14 months, funded solely by the municipal of Charlottenburg, a new opera house designed by Heinrich Seeling was constructed and inaugurated. The house was intended as a “Winter Bayreuth,” containing a total of 2300 seats - the biggest auditorium then in Germany. In addition to the diverse repertoire the works of Richard Wagner and his contemporaries such as Richard Strauss and Giacomo Puccini were performed as well. In general the operas were also more civil in taste, representing a progressive theatre for audiences with democratic social ambition.

1925

Like all opera companies at that time, wartime losses caused the Deutsches Opernhaus’ financial collapse. Revolution and economic crisis had led to declines in the number of subscribers, high lease payments to the city of Charlottenburg only made the situation worse. After the incorporation of Charlottenburg into Berlin by the 1920 Greater Berlin Act, the city took over the opera house and renamed it Städtische Oper in 1925. A new period of prosperity dawned, in the 1920s it became a cultural focal point for the Berliners, in competition with the Königlichen Hofoper Unter den Linden and the Kroll Oper. When Carl Ebert, the innovative director of the Kroll Opera, became head of the Städtische Oper in 1931, it reached its preWar high point.

Under the Nazi Regime A few weeks after the National Socialist Party seized power in Feburary 1934, a horde of SA men stormed the opera house. It became the only opera house that was directly subordinate to the Ministry of Propaganda, featuring only German repertoire as well as ballet. Next to the Festspielhaus in Bayreuth it was the representation stage of the Hitler regime per se, being renamed to Deutsches Opernhaus in 1934. Under the direction of Paul Baumgarten a reconstruction was carried out in creating, contrary to the original design, an independent civil auditorium “Fuehrer”. NSDAP meetings, festivities and multiple Kraft-durch-Freude (power-through-peace) events were held here.

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1934 Destruction During WWII In the night of 22-23 November 1943 incendiary bombs destroyed the opera house almost completely. Until 1945 the ensemble were relocated to the Admiral Palace in Berlin-Mitte.

Post-War Recovery After the war the Städtische Oper company moved to the “Theater des Westens”, which was only slightly damaged and could be repaired. With the support of the occupying powers, which had a specific interest in the cultural reconstruction of Berlin, the theater was converted into a temporary venue. In 1955, the decision had already been made by the Municipal of Berlin and the Allies to build a new opera house in Bismarck Street at the old location .

1943

1945 Image Source: Landesarchiv Berlin

The New Deutsche Oper Berlin

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After six years of construction, on 24th September 1964 a new opera house designed by Fritz Bornemann was opened to the public, which was renamed Deutsche Oper. The house remained the biggest stage in Berlin, containing a total of 1865 seats. It was also the most expensive postwar construction, with a total cost of 27.5 million mark. However its concrete and steel facade was controversial among the citizens. Three years before the opening the Berlin Wall was erected, therefore after completion the house replaced the Staats Oper Unter den Linden as West Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s one and only opera house. The new ensemble quickly gained international reputation in the walled-in Berlin, events were frequently visited by high polical guests and heads of state.

The Demonstration

1961

1967

The visits of the Shah of Persia and his spouse to the Opera House aroused anger of the Sozialistische Deutsche Studentenbund, who addressed analphabetism, poverty, torture, murder and corruption in Iran and called out for a demonstration.The police tried to shatter the demonstrators with batons and water cannons. The group is forced into the Krumme Strasse and therestudent Benno Ohnesorg is shot by Police officer Karl Hein Kurraz. He instantly became a martyr of the German Student Movements.

After Reunification After the reunification of Germany, the opera has received two new competitors: the Staatsoper Unter den Linden and the Komische Oper.With the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the essential factors had changed in the perception of the Deutsche Oper Berlin and their status, which was suddenly considered as ‘unfashionable’ and ‘obsolete’. In 1990 the current U-Bahn entrance was added to the house. So was a commemorative relief “death of the demonstrators” put forward by Alfred Hrdlicka, which commemorates the death of Benno Ohnesorg.

179

1989

Image Source: Landesarchiv Berlin

Evolution of Building Volume

1912

180

1934

1945

Public Access Auditorium Stage

1961

Administrative Storage

Image Source: Lichtkonzept Deutsche Oper Berlin-Charlottenburg-Zweite Stufe des Verhandlungsverfahrens, Berlin, Dezember 2007

1913 The 1912 the Deutsches Opernhaus mainly consists of the public-access area, the auditorium and the stage, with residential apartment buildings at the back.

1934 181

In 1934 the building was remodeled, under the instruciton of SA, in order to have a different facade, a Fuehrer added to the auditorium, and a new workshop and administrative building in replace of the residential buildings.

1946 After World War II only the stage tower, part of the backdrop and some offices survived the bombing, which were later incorporated into the new design.

1961 Bornemann won the design competition partially due to the fact that he followed the footprint of the old opera house. His design primarily focused on the front part of the block, leaving the administrative and the storage parts merely altered.

The architect of the Deutsches Opernhaus Heinrich Seeling 1852-1932

180 182

Born the son of a bricklayer in the Thuringian town of Zeulenroda, Heinrich Seeling completed his apprenticeship and received further academic training at the college for civil engineering in Holzminden in the Duchy of Brunswick. He later attended Prussian Bauakademie in Berlin, the former Berlin School of Architecture, as a guest student. From there he went on studying in Vienna and Itally, where he received classical training in compensation for his nonacademic background. After return to Berlin, he worked as an assistant in the studios of Hugo Licht, Hermann Ende and Wilhelm Böckmann. In 1882/83 he unsuccessfully competed with Paul Wallot in an architectural contest to erect the new Reichstag building. Nevertheless he soon acquired renown as an architect of numerous lavish theatre buildings throughout Ger many, starting with the construction of the Stadttheater Halle in 1886. In 1907 he was appointed director of the building authority in the then independent city of Charlottenburg, where he designed the Deutsches Opernhaus, as well as several municipal buildings together with his co-worker Richard Ermisch. As the city architect of Charlottenburg his works have changed the urbanscape of the city we see today. Source: Hans Schliepmann, Heinrich Seeling, BERLINER ARCHITEKTURWELT, Sonderheft 12

181 183

1886 Opernhaus Halle

1891-1892 Theater am Schiffbauerdamm, Berlin

1905 Opernhaus N端rnberg

Site Plans & Symmetry

102.7

106.19m

184

91.14m

1912

In the midst of a residential block, the chosen site was bounded by private land which was mainly occupied by rentable apartment buildings. Symmetry was a key factor in Seelingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design. As the Charlottenburg Municipal asked Seeling to include a restaurant in the opera house, Seeling shifted the axis of the whole building to the left of the site, leaving out a huge space along the Krummen-StraĂ&#x;e for recreational purpose. The private garden it created, seperated from the residential block by the restaurant, had tremendously lifted the cityscape of Charlottenburg.

178.

175.98m

93m

185

108.17m

1961

After the 1934 remodeling, the opera house had occupied the whole building blcok. Bornemann proposed to keep this footprint with new programmes located exactly at the same positions as they used to be. In terms of symmetry like Seeling he designed the front part to be symmetrical in itself, however as to the rest of the building he designed them more according to each spaceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s functional needs, while incorporating ruins of the old building.

Garden vs Plaza

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1912

A private garden only accessible to the audiences occupied a corner of the site, so that audiences could have a nice stroll in it before the opera begins. It was a stark contrast to the solid masonry building, a piece of nature that was inserted into the complex for the visitors to experience and to look at. It was also a buffer zone between the restaurant and the streets, so that people sitting in the dining rooms or standing in the cloakroom could have a natural view.

187

1961

Even though the streets are still lined up with trees, Bornemaan has turned the corner into a tiled plaza, the Gรถtz - Friedrich - Platz, named after the renowned German opera and theatre director Gรถtz Friedrich. It includes the outdoor seating area for the restaurant, amphitheater-like benches facing the plaza along Krummer Street, the main plaza with illuminated fountains buried underground, and the entrance to the U-Bahn Station. It may be intended as a community center open completely to the public by Bornemann. However rarely did local resident stop at the plaza to have a rest. The majority of the users observed were staff working in the Deutsche Oper.

Public Entrance It is fair to say that the 1912 entrace is comparatively better than the 1961 entrace in terms of number and ease of entry. The loggia/colonnade on three sides of the 1912 opera house not only allowed visitors to enter from any direction, but had also provide a transitional space between the exterior and the interior. On the contrary, the 1961 design only has one entrance point. Moreover visitors from the parking lot has to walk all the way to the front entrace in order to enter the building.

188

Storage

Backstage Props

Backdrop

Backdrop Stage Sliding Stage

Sliding Stage

Pantry Restauran t

Cloak Room

Orchestra

Entrance Hall

1912 Ground Floor Plan

Garden

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route from carpark

Cloak Room

Entrance Hall

1961 Ground Floor Plan

Auditorium Access People flow and cloak room space had been major concern for both architects. Seeling placed seperate stairwells, each leading to a different rank, on two sides of the main foyer for ease of access. As for the auditorium, besides entrances for general seating each box has its own entrance too. The cloakrooms were located on two sides of the auditorium on each floor, so that audiences could immediately store away/retrieve their clothing before/after the operas.

Similarly Bornemaan also placed the major stairwells on two sides of the foyer. However instead of enclosing them he chose to have them hanging in the open foyer, so one can have a shifting view of the foyer and of the streets as one climbs up. Since Bornemaan has situated the cloakroom on the ground level, he now used the space on two sides of the auditorium as refreshment area. Nevertheless no matter it was cloakroom or refreshment cafeteria, their views towards the street and the garden remained the same.

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Storage

Backstage Props

Backdrop

Backdrop Stage Sliding Stage

Sliding Stage

Cloak Room

Loggia

Garden

Rank 1

Rank 2

Rank 3

Foyer

Rank 3 Rank 4

Rank 4

1912 First Floor Plan

Storage

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Storage Backstage

Stage

Side Stage

Orchestra

Refreshment

Parquet

Foyer

1961 First Floor Plan

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1912 Auditorium

1961 Auditorium

Auditorium Seating Plan 1912

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Although both architects has the democratic idea for seating design, it may be fair to say that Bornemann has adhere more to the amphitheater idea as less ranks were designed. More rows of seats were arranged in each rank with less steep angle of view. Therefore the stage could be considerably lower, and better accoustics could be received by audiences in the greatest distance. Nevertheless both theaters were designed without an enclosed box, and with sunken orchestra pit following the example of the unique Bayreuth Festspielhaus. As a modernistic auditorium Bornemann has abandoned all the lavish details of the Baroque theater. Instead he built a funnel shaped box for optimal acoustic, with hanging ceiling light that matches the ones in the foyer.

1961

Sections *Both buildings cut through the main axies on the site plans As can be seen here the new design followed the 1912 original buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s footprint in that the dimeonsion of each section remained the same. The refreshement area designed in the 1921 may be more intricate and enjoyable as indicated by the section. It is positioned under the foyer but still above ground, so fresh air from late spring or early autumn are designed to flow in for a change of air during the intermissions. Moreover the sunken orchestra pit was located next to the refreshment counter, interconnected by vocal rooms and lounges. So musicians could swiftly take a break during the long performance hours.

The interconnected storage space in the 1961 design had enabled art directors to keep inventing new set pieces, which to a great extent, had shaped the identity of the Deutsche Oper Company. Massive set pieces were moved around, up and down every day in the entire complex.

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK

1912

storage & administrative

backst

BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

1961

Storage

Lift

Assembly Hall

Transit

Back Stage

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K EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Refreshment Room Orchestra Pit

tage

Stage

Public access

Fly Tower

First Rank Foyer

Auditorium Stage

Parquet Foyer Retractable Podium

Cloak Room

Basement

Entrance Hall

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL P

Rehearsal

1912 Perspective Section by Heinrich Seeling Source: Deutsche Bauzeitung Vol.47, 1913, pp. 85-90

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Cloak Room Source: Deutsche Bauzeitung Vol.47, 1913, pp. 85-90

1912

198

The cloakroom located on wings of every floor were designed to be bright and airy with views facing either the streets or the garden. The architectural language was rather simple comparing to other spaces, almost to the extent of â&#x20AC;&#x153;modernisticâ&#x20AC;&#x153;.

1961

199

Locating on the ground floor, Bornemann used the cloak room as the transitional space between the entrance hall and the auditorium. The low ceiling and dim lighting suggest that the spectators have to dress down and stay solemn before the operas. This space, as a result, form a stark contrast to the spacious and airy auditorium and hallway. A sense of drama is thereby created by the architecture.

First Floor Foyer Source: Deutsche Bauzeitung Vol.47, 1913, pp. 85-90

1912

200

The interior of the main 1912 foyer was a combination of Baroque and Art Nouveau, which was typical of that time. The lavish decorations created a dream-like atmosphere for the audiences, which made the whole building a â&#x20AC;&#x153;jewel boxâ&#x20AC;&#x153; - a special venue for the locals to enjoy opera - a superb form of entertainment.

1961

201

The main foyer in the 1961 building spans two floors, therefore appears to be grander and brighter in contrast to the 1912 one. The space is flexible in terms of function, besides intermission refreshment space it also serves as the venue for smaller performances.

Second Floor Foyer Source: Deutsche Bauzeitung Vol.47, 1913, pp. 85-90

1912

202

The interior contrast between the old and the new could not be more apparent in the second floor foyer. However both give the visitos a sense of good taste, either minimal or lavish.

1961

203

1951 -1955

Amerika-gedenkbibliothek, Berlin

1956 - 1960

Universitätsbibliothek Bonn

1960-1963

Festspielhaus, Berlin

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Fritz Bornemann was born in Berlin in 1912 and has lived there until his death in 2007. Bornemann despised the celebration of the ego. He saw his architecture not as part of a former zeitgeist or an era that was already finished, but instead as something that only had relevance for the present time. When he closed his office in 1995, this made him decide to burn his entire office archive. The dream of Bornemann had always been to become a theaterdirector but the political turmoil in the 1930’s made him choose to become an architect.However, the passion for the theatre is one of the guiding lines in his architectural oeuvre: his buildings can mostly be characterized through a serving skin (dienende hülle) and a staged (inszenierte) interior. Before, during and after the second world war Bornemann has always stayed far away from fascism. The sober, modest facades of his buildings were a direct opposite to the heavily ornamented and charged buildings of the nazi-era. Not coincidentally, Bornemann has build most of his work in the 1960’s and 1970’s, a time when much of war-torn West-germany had to be rebuild while at the same time distancing itself from the fascist past. Since the middle of the 1970’s, when the influence of the more frivolous post-modern started to take over, little of his hand has been built anymore. source: Schindler, S. (2003) Inszenierte Moderne: zur Architektur von Fritz Bornemann

The architect of the Deutsche Oper Fritz Bornemann 1912 - 2007

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The freedom that people had won when they had survived the war, and the recognition that the fascist architecture was a very bad symbol, most of them have simply not understood that. Most of them still make fascist architecture: colonettes, cornices.â&#x20AC;? Fritz Bornemann - 18-9-2002 source: Schindler, S. (2003) Inszenierte Moderne: zur Architektur von Fritz Bornemann

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The competition

206

the maximum building mass of the competition Source: Bauwelt 1953, issue 32; except the colors

the strict line between restoration and new proposals Source: Bauwelt 1953, issue 32

Because of the war-damaged and split-up Germany, there is a strong need for new opera and theatre buildings all throughout Germany. West Berlin does not have a single opera building after the war, and so in 1953 the city senate decides to issue a 2-round international competition for the rebuilding of the public part of the Deutsche Oper Berlin. The original stage area and woodworkshop are only lightly damaged and still represent a 7 million D-Mark value. Because of this value but also because of the complexity of technique in the stagehouse, it is decided that these parts are left out of the competition. Also the urban constraints were strictly defined: The new representational building had to

be build roughly on the same area as the old one. Still, it was probably not the idea that the old visitorshouse would be restored. Plans and sections were given of the old building, but no facade drawings. During the competition there has been a debate in the magazine Bauwelt about the constraints in the brief. Opponents complaint about the strict urbanist confinements, the easy decision to choose for the same plot with itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strange relation to the Bismarckstrasse and the choice to leave the stage out of the competition, argueing that this was extremely limiting towards all the new stageforms and techniques available at that time. Source: Bauwelt 1953 issue 32 and 37

First round (1953 - 70 competitors) Other entries

These entries of Karl Wilhelm Ochs and Kürt Dubbers have not made it to the second round. Although the reasons stay unclear, it is typical that both have a more traditional facade, one neo-classical and the other ArtDeco.

207

Proposal Kürt Dubbers - 1953 Source: Archiv Technische Üniversität

Proposal Karl Wilhelm Ochs - 1953 Source: Archiv Technische Üniversität

First round (1953 - 70 competitors) Third price: Fritz Bornemann

In the first round, Bornemann ends with a third prize. The winner of the first round are the relatively unknown Rolf and Suzanne Schmalor, which will eventually turn second in the second round. Bornemannâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s concept is to keep the attention of the visitors inside. In his first design this is most clear: all walls of the foyer in his design are completely closed, and only at the stairs small windows are designed Source: Bauwelt 1956, issue 9 & Schindler, S. (2003) Inszenierte Moderne: zur Architektur von Fritz Bornemann

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First round (1953 - 70 competitors) Second prize - Willy Kreuer

The relatively well-known Berlin architect Willy Kreuer becomes the second prize in the first round of the competition. Willy Kreuer and Fritz Bornemann have worked together at the Amerika- Gedänkbibliothek. In the second round, Willy Kreuer will be disqualified because he didn’t follow the guidelines in the brief exactly. Source: Bauwelt 1953 issue 32,37 and 39 and Bühnentechnischer Rundschau 1961 issue 12.

209

Second round (1955 - 7 competitors). Second prize: Rolf & Suzanne Schmalor

Rolf & Suzanne schmalor propose a very similar design to that of Bornemann. Eventually, they win the second prize. Although, the jury is fairly critical towards their proposal. For instance, they think the 38 meter depth of the auditorium is too big for sight as well as acoustics. Furthermore, they see the asymmetry at the ground floor not fitting for an operabuilding and, however they circumscribe the importance of an entrance to the U-bahn, do not approve of this particular solution.

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Second round (1955 - 7 competitors). First price: Fritz Bornemann

Bornemann adapts his idea slightly and eventually wins the second round. In his new design the closed side walls have been turned into glazing, and the stairs have been turned into plastical elements in front of those windows. The jury is fond about the thick wall that blocks noise from the Bismarckstrasse, although they agree that it should be elaborated with a work of fine art. However, Bornemann gets most credits because he manages to make a public building that is much smaller than all other proposals and has therefore managed to win space for the stage-area and because he makes the auditorium only 32 meters deep.That way, every visitor is ensured to have a good view on the stage. Bornemann hopes to draw the attention of the outside in, but not the other way around: the reflections of the windows should still keep the attention inside.

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zeitgeist

source: B端hnenteschnische rundschau 1961, issue 6

zeitgeist

213

Elevations Scale: 1:500

214

17 m

NORTH

215

16 m

EAST

18 m

SOUTH

12 m

WEST

Facades History

3.25 x 3.25 m 216

The Deutsche Oper was originally built in 1912, designed by Heinrich Seeling. In 1934, the opera became a property of the Reich and the house was modified so the new regime could make better use of it for representative purposes. A “Führerloge” (special box for the Führer) was installed, contrary to the original idea of a classless auditorium without boxes. According to plans from Paul Baumgarten,

new administrative buildings and workshops were erected, which are in parts still preserved today. The façade was also changed during that modification; the round windows on the south side of the building were changed into straight ones. The new façade, designed by Fritz Bornemann shows some similarities in the grid with the old façade.

217

Elevations Materialisation

1 218

Concrete (?) with aluminium window frames

Concrete pillars

Elevations Materialisation

5 219

Prefabricated concrete panels

Concrete panels

Fibre cement corrugated sheets

Elevations Materialisation

6 7

8 220

Plaster and aluminium window frames

Concrete and steel

Aluminium window frames

Elevations Materialisation

Limestone blocks

It is clear that there are a lot of different materials used in the faĂ§ades. The south faĂ§ade, designed by Fritz Bornemann is the most detailed one. The others arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t designed with much effort and form together a backside of the building. Because of this they are not really representative for the opera. The backside of the building is where the storage and cloakrooms are located. So it is also not a part of the building where the visitors are suposed to come.

221

Facades Grid

The facades on the south side of the building (designed by Bornemann) are divided in a clear grid.

222

The side facades are divided in ten similar parts with windows that are mirrored. There is one exception where the entrance is located. The grid follows the construction that lies behind the facade. The grid is also visible on the ground floor. In every cell of the grid three columns and windows are situated. On the south faรงade, where the entrance is located, there are a few exceptions in the grid. The commercial elements are not following the grid at all. Bornemann did design these elements but decided to differ from the grid to get more attention to it. South facade

3.25 m

DEUTSCHE OPER BERLIN DEUTSCHE OPER BERLIN

Side facades 5.3 m

5.3 m 6.8 m

6.8 m

3.9 m

3.3 m

3.9 m

3.3 m

Facades Exploded view

The faรงade is built up out of different elements. First there is a windowsill, which lies above the concrete platting of the faรงade with the aluminium window frames between it. At the inside, columns are situated between the windows to support the faรงade. The front faรงade of the Opera is covered with prefabricated concrete panels with small stones inside it. The material is typical for the building because it gives the impression of a very closed off building, which matches the feeling when you enter the building.

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Facades Construction

The windows in the facades run from the floor to the ceiling. The load bearing columns are situated right above the columns in the recessed faรงade at the ground floor. One floor does not run all the way to the faรงade, but end at the columns. This creates a void next to the faรงade what results in more light inside the building and the first floor. 224

There are columns right behind the facade to support it. These columns do not run to the ground floor, but end at the first floor. The floor leads the load of the faรงade to the underlying columns in the recessed faรงade.

Facades Details

The faรงade has got a set back on the ground floor level and the rooftop skews at that point. Because the building exists out of different blocks that are connected to each other it creates a lot of strange corners.

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Audience Routes

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try

te ou

Fro

r Ca

Stairwell

Prop Routes

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Lift

Program Axonometic

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Parking Deck Magazines Workshops Dressing Rooms Administration Stage Side Stage Back Stage Auditorium Foyer

Program Measurements

1150 m2

590 m2

530 m2

Cloakroom

Foyer

Cloakroom

Auditorium

Foyer

520 m2

420 m2

Stage

Back Stage

Auditorium

400 m2

Restaurant

280

Side Stages

Stage and Side Stage

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Program Entrances

There are a few ways to enter the building. When you arrive at the Oper by car, you have to drive to the back side of the building. From there you can follow a route to the entrance.

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An other way to enter the building is by subway. There is a subway station next to the Oper, with an exit that is directed to the building. However, you have to walk along the front side of the building to get to the entrance. Entrance of the Opera

Parking entrance

Walking route from parking to entrance

Parking

Program Entrances

Both routes look a bit inefficient, because the visitors have to walk a long way before they actually enter the building. Especially the entrance from the subway looks odd because the rooftop of the subway exit leads directly to a closed faรงade, you would expect an entrance there. The actual entrance however is not really visible. When you enter the building for the first time, it is quit hard to find. There is a really large art piece in front of the entrance to make it more clear and visible.

Subway entrance

Walking route from subway to entrance

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Entrance Opera

Or na m e n t a t i o n v s . De c o ra t i o n no gol d - r ed- iv or y - no d e c o r

d e mocrati c vi ew to the stage - â&#x20AC;&#x153;communi o â&#x20AC;? a s a central i dea of B ornemann

harshnes s of t he f or m, b u t s ti l l g ra c e o f t he archit ec t ur e

b e st acusti cs of al l musi ctheaterstages i n Berl i n

c l ear p r opor t ions

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C o mp e t i tio n & Rea liza tio n 1949-1957:

s t ar t c lean- u p c a mp a i g n a fte r w a r

1955:

t wo- s t ep c om p e ti ti o n : jus t about t h e a u d i to ri u m b u i l d i n g , th e r epr as ant it iv e p a rt (re u s e o f th e re s t) all r ewar ded w o rk s o ri e n ta te d a t th e o l d building 1. r ound ( 70 p a rti c i p a n ts ) - 3 rd p l a c e for F r it z B or nem a n n (j u ry w i th Eg o n E i e rm ann) â&#x20AC;&#x153; B andĂ¤s t heti k â&#x20AC;? - c a r-a rc h i te c tu re - D y nam ic and p ro g re s s r es t f ull pr op o rti o n s building c los e d to th e c i ty f oc us on s t a g e a n d m u s i c i n s te a d o f the people

1957:

m ainwor k s s ta g e to w e r s ta rte d par c els of la n d s w e re b o u g h t fo r p a rk i ng ( new elem en t), m a g a z i n e & fu n d u s

09.12.1959:

mai nw orks done toppi ng out ceremony

1959:

i dea competi ti on: premi umsteel arrow (20m hi gh) - H ans U hl mann i nfront of the pebbl e-w ashconcrete fassade -> opti cal braci ng of street and facade

24.09.1961:

D edi cati on (6 w eeks after start of constructi on of the w al l ) total costs: 28 mi l l i on Mark

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Main Foyer - Parkett

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Fo ye r i n diff er ent us e a n d w i th d i ffe re n t l i g h tn i n g

Material Auditorium

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P lex iglas lig h ts d e s i g n e d b y Bo rn e ma nn - di stri buti on of sound w aves Yellow f abr ic C ebrano w ood panel l i ng

Comparison of spaces

Philharmonik Berlin - Hans Scharoun 1963 Built around the same time in the same city, it is very interesting to see the huge difference between the much acclaimed organic architecture of Hans Scharoun and the very formal design of Bornemann.

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Dynamic spaces different routes Complexity through objects Complexity through heights Complexity through shapes

Connection with outside The architecture wants to be celebrated

1. overview

2. entrance door 237

3. ticket sales \ garderobe

4. bar\foyer

5. stairs

6. designed view outside

7. view before entering auditorium

8. auditorium

Comparison of spaces

Deutsche Oper Berlin -Fritz Bornemann 1961

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Static spaces Linear route Contrast in size Contrast in light amount

Contrast in reflection Contrast in acoustics usage of doors The architecture wants to dissappear

1. overview

2. entrance door 239

3. ticket sales

4. garderobe

5. bar\foyer

6. undesigned view outside

7. view before entering auditorium

8. auditorium

“Through “Throughit’s it’sintroversion introversionthe thespace spaceofofthe theopera operahas hastotoassist. assist.All All media of the opera including the stageview -should be focussed media of the opera - including the stageview -should be focussedatat the thevery veryessence, essence,the themusical musicaland andthe thespiritual, spiritual,ininorder ordertotoovercome overcome the the‘Opera Opera as as an an artform artform that that is is only only made made up up of of appearances.’” appearance.” --Fritz Bornemann paraphrasing Theodor Adorno Fritz Bornemann paraphrasing Theodor Adorno source: Bauwelt 1961, issue 9 source: Bauwelt 1961, issue 9

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;It is this principle of introversion that makes possible the not in the least place functional - grand wall that closes of the Bismarckstrasse. Here the resonance of the performing arts can be pursued through the visual arts during the breaks.â&#x20AC;? -Fritz Bornemann source: Bauwelt 1961, issue 9

241

“An exception is made by the grand staircases - both structural member and traffic joint - in the foyer. Together with the side foyers they are made visible to the street outside. At the same time the light reflections of the glass – seen from the inside out - mute the sight to the outside.” -Fritz Bornemann source: Bauwelt 1961, issue 9

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“the extreme soberness continues in the auditorium. almost all surfaces are cladded with dark Zebrano wood. The simple and bright light armatures are made of white glass. The only color comes from the chairs, which is kept into a pale yellow.” source: Bauwelt 1961, issue 9

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“with only 32 metres maximum distance, the architect has given every single place a perfect view on the stage” source: Bauwelt 1961, issue 9

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“An interesting solution was just derived from it’s function .On top of the fully closed walls of the storage spaces, arches up the painting workshop with it’s walls out of glass.between steelconcrete ginders emerges a lightflooded workspace, measuring almost 60 by 25m” source: Bühnentechnischen rundschau 1961, issue 6, issue 12

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Because the painting workshop needed a second exit, an open concrete staircase is made in front of the building, which gives the entire complex an effective urban accent. An animated figure is obtained by the mostly windowless facades which are cladded with astbest-cement corrugated platesâ&#x20AC;? source: BĂźhnentechnischen rundschau 1961, issue 6, issue 12

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The Deutsche oper is a repertory opera. It means that a vast amount of different plays is performed irregulary during the year, some of them are even repeated since the 1960â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. A stagione (seasonal) opera on the contrary only plays one play for a certain amount of time. It is this specific system that makes the need for storage space so enormous.

“The southfacing wall at the Bismarckstrasse was in the first place functional. It should keep out the noise of the traffic and the heat load of the sun. Next to that, it should be contained in an artwork, representing the festive atmoshpere of the opera.” Fritz Bornemann source: Bauwelt 1961, issue 9

247

When the building was finished, many in berlin nicknamed it the ‘knight’s castle’, the ‘toppled over village street’ or the ‘crumble cake’ source: Bühnentechnischen rundschau 1961, issue 6

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The green oasis - which is really necessary in the urban situation - stays at the same place and even get’s a little bigger. East of the visitor area, south of a new “Big Wall” that blocks the view to the magasins behind it. A restaurant is situated at the ground floor of this wall, so that the green space keeps it’s life also during the day” -Fritz Bornemann source: Bauwelt 1956, issue 12

The Deutsche Oper

250

Building Architect: Fritz Bornemann Opened: 24 september 1961 1865 chairs (big stage) 350 chairs (small stage since 2012) 2nd largest music theatre in Germany Biggest music theatre in Berlin

Total volume

250.000 m3

visitors building:

69.000 m3

stage building:

90.500 m3

storage space:

47.500 m3

small stage 10.000 m3 workplaces: 21.000 m3 parking 360 cars:

12.000 m3

2013 144 performances 235.000 visitors 82% occupancy 50 years is the average visitors age

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STRUCTURAL GRID ANALYSIS

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STRUCTURAL GRID AT THE FIRST FLOOR LEVEL

Auditorioum-Stage

Offices

Workshops

Storage

STRUCTURAL GRID ANALYSIS

253

Ground Floor Opera House N+/- 0.00m

Longitudinal rods and spiral hooping

Concrete round columns at the cloakroam

Longitudinal rods and lateral ties

Concrete square columns at the entrance foyer

STRUCTURAL GRID ANALYSIS

254

Four Floor N+ 12.80m

Columns supporting the stair cases

Structural representation of the tied rods at thestairs

STRUCTURAL GRID ANALYSIS

255

Fifth Floor N+ 15.80m

Free standing structure at the cafeteria

Bearing Walls cover with wood at the auditorium Bearing Walls at the entrance of the auditorium

STRUCTURAL GRID ANALYSIS

256

Sixth Floor N+ 18.80m Seats rows diagram, capacity 2000 people 3 levels

Picture from the stage looking towards the seat rows

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Stage roof beams

View of the stage roof

Stage Tower Construction

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Rythm at the cafeteria structure

Column Bars Column ties

Plates

Beam ties

Plates

Beam ties

Plates

Detail for the conection between concrete columns and beams

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Rythm at the round columns in the cafeteria

Rythm at the facade columns

Four Floor N+12.80m

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Third Floor N+9.60m

Second Floor N+6.40m

First Floor N+3.20m

Sixth Floor N+/- 0.00m

Structural Axonometry

261

Beams analysis at the auditorium

Concrete walls at the stage tower

Free standing columns at the bar

Structural Walls at the auditorium

Detail construction analysis

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Section A-A’

264

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Axonometry

Conclusions The building is eclectic. it exists out of different blocks that are a result of the many metamorphoses it has gone through over the years. The different blocks all have their own structure, appearance and function. 266

The history of the building has had great influence on the appearance and floorplans of the current building.

Recommendations The entrance should be improved. The back of the building should be made more appealing to its surroundings. The way people enter the building is unclear because one has to walk a long way before actually entering the building.

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anatomy of a landmark Research book

Complex Projects