Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association Cumberland Center, Maine 04021
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STANDARD GRADING RULES
for NORTHEASTERN LUMBER
2013
NORTHEASTERN LUMBER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
STANDARD GRADING RULES
for NORTHEASTERN LUMBER
Copyright © 2013 Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association, Inc.
Forward NORTHEASTERN LUMBER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION The Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association, Inc. (NELMA) is composed of hardwood and softwood producers in New York, Pennsylvania and the six states of New England. The forests of this region have helped supply the nation’s timber needs for over three centuries. Sustained yield, multiple-use concepts applied to these forests in the past few decades assure the continuation of this great heritage. The Northeast has a long history of quality control and standardization in lumber, where lumber grading rules were in use in 1833, which may be the earliest recorded use in the U.S. Through NELMA, size and quality standards for the Northeastern softwood species are established which benefit all segments of the lumber producing and using public. The grading services staff regularly checks product quality, assuring conformance to NELMA standards. Today’s rules are designed to serve our traditional markets and to provide the technical data needed for the engineered usage of lumber. The American Softwood Lumber Standard PS 20 established the National Grading Rule for Dimension Lumber covering the thicknesses of 2� to 4�. The sections for structural light framing, light framing, studs, and structural joists and planks are the National rule.
Published By: Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association Cumberland Center, Maine 04021 207.829.6901 207.829.4293 (fax) info@nelma.org www.nelma.org
NORTHEASTERN LUMBER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
STANDARD GRADING RULES
for NORTHEASTERN LUMBER
! "!# Approved by The American Lumber Standard $ %%& ' * +& / EFFECTIVE APRIL 1, 2013.
Copyright © 2013 Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association, Inc.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
$ 5 5 : 5 $ 5 $ ; & STANDARD SIZES
1
$ = $
2
>? 5
3
? ? $ = $ 5
4
5 5 @ 5 = $: 5
5
B = 5 =
6
5
7
5
8
@ $? $ $
9
5 ; =
10
EASTERN PATTERN CHARTS
11
INDEX
12
1
SPECIES GROUPS, GRADEMARKS, GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS, GLUED PRODUCTS, TALLY & STANDARD SIZES
1-1
1
1-2
THE NORTHEASTERN SPECIES OR SPECIES GROUPS ARE: 1. 3. ] 5. 6. 7.
8. ~ !" 11. 12. 13. 14.
Eastern Spruce Red Spruce (Picea rubens) White Spruce (Picea glauca) FJ K' F O &F % '& Q V [ % @&' O \& [ \ [ % V Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) [ 'Q ? % FJ B % ' FJ Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) Tamarack (Larix laricina) Northern White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis) Aspen &_ ` [K Q O K [ _' Q & Q V Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) ***Northern Pine Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida) Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) [ 'Q ? % FJ B [ % @&' B % ' FJ Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) [ % @&' O \& [ \ [ % V Tamarack (Larix laricina) K' F B &Q B @&' O[ `V (1) Red Spruce (Picea rubens) White Spruce (Picea glauca) FJ K' F O &F % '& Q V Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) [ % @&' O \& [ \ [ % V Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) Eastern Softwoods Any combination of the above species, excluding Northern White Cedar and Aspen. *Red Maple (Acer rubrum) *Mixed Maple Red Maple (Acer rubrum) FJ K O F ' Q&_' %V Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum) Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) 1-3
1
1
! € F` B &'F` B ?&FJ ' Pecan Hickory (Carya illinoensis) Water Hickory (Carya aquatica) Mockernut Hickory (Carya tomentosa) Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra) Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata) Shellback Hickory (Carya lacinosa) & 'Q ?&FJ ' O$ ' F ' &* '%&[V Nutmeg Hickory (Carya myristicaeformis) / &'F` O Q V ; / &'F` O _` Q& Q[&[V % '&F Q F` O@ _ [ _' Q &* & V !‚ € & J FJ J Oƒ 'F [ + &Q V $` '' \ FJ J Oƒ 'F [ * F + ' pagodaefolia) ' ` 'Q J Oƒ 'F [ ' \' V ` 'Q J Oƒ 'F [ * F V ' J Oƒ 'F [ '&* & V &Q J Oƒ 'F [ K [ '&[V F ' J Oƒ 'F [ F FF&Q V > ' J Oƒ 'F [ Q&_' V $` [ Q J Oƒ 'F [ K'&Q [V &+ J Oƒ 'F [ +&'_&Q& Q V [ J Oƒ 'F [ [ V / %K $` [ Q J Oƒ 'F [ %&F` &&V >`& J Oƒ 'F [ \ V ' J Oƒ 'F [ % F' F 'K V + 'F K J Oƒ 'F [  ' V / %K >`& J Oƒ 'F [ \&F 'V ! € J FJ J Oƒ 'F [ + &Q V $` '' \ 'J J Oƒ 'F [ * F + ' pagodaefolia) ' ` 'Q J Oƒ 'F [ ' \' V ` 'Q J Oƒ 'F [ * F V ' J Oƒ 'F [ '&* & V &Q J Oƒ 'F [ F FF&Q V > ' J Oƒ 'F [ Q&_' V >& / J Oƒ 'F [ K` [V ! € ' ` 'Q J ' ` 'Q J Oƒ 'F [ ' \' V 1-41-1
!~ 20.
FJ J Oƒ 'F [ + &Q V &Q J Oƒ 'F [ K [ '&[V F ' J Oƒ 'F [ F FF&Q V €>`& J $` [ Q J Oƒ 'F [ K'&Q [V &+ J Oƒ 'F [ +&'_&Q& Q V [ J Oƒ 'F [ [ V / %K $` [ Q J Oƒ 'F [ %&F` &&V >`& J Oƒ 'F [ \ V ' J Oƒ 'F [ % F' F 'K V + 'F K J Oƒ 'F [  ' V / %K >`& J Oƒ 'F [ \&F 'V **Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera)
*
These groupings shall apply only to the National Grading Rules for Dimension and the WWPA
[ * ' [ [ = &%\ '[ Q %[ = '&Q_ '[ This grouping shall apply only to the National Grading Rules for Dimension Lumber. This grouping applies to Post and Timbers and %[ Q '&Q_ '[ Q Â
** ***
(1) K' F B &Q B@&' O[ `V % J [`&KK&Q_
combination determined by market demand and actual [ Q &Q_ &%\ ' %& ' [ ` @[ _' K&Q_ &[ [ \ all U.S. rule writing agencies that write grading rules for F ' &Q K' F [ &Q [ Q @&'[ Q ` > [ 'Q Q& [ ` @[ % 'J &[ [ Q Q_ % QQ K' F Sitka Spruce and Lodgepole Pine or combination thereof. Such shipments will be grade stamped or &Q+ &F „ K' F B &Q B@&' O[ `V … [ [&_Q + ues for the shipment are shown in Table 1 (Section 8) and must be adjusted for size from Tables A through G, [&_Q Q _' % 'J [ @[ @ ' &_Q K F& [ B /` Q * ' &_Q [K F& [ ' graded by NELMA, the grade stamp will include the designation “(I)� with the species group identification. Design values developed in accordance with PS 20 may be published in these rules when available. The imported species of Scots Pine (Archangel) and Radiata Pine (Pinus radiata) may be graded under the WWPA ' [ * Q &Q ' " `' _` 1-11-5
1
GRADE MARKS
1
ALSC approved grade stamps must include the following five elements: A. The Association mark indicates the piece was graded under NELMA supervision.
& & Q &*&F & Q &[ [` /Q \ %& Q % Q %\ ' ' brand.
C.
Grade names are shown by the standard grade name or abbreviation. Moisture content is shown by the notation S-DRY, : $ ! ' 5
D. E.
The species or species group of the product is indicated by its officially recognized name or abbreviation.
Mill Grade Stamps or product identification may not make use of ALSC or NELMA standard nomenclature utitlized in a grade mark to identify grade, heat treatment (HT), moisture content, or agency in any combination with other text and symbols. The following grade stamp impressions are shown as examples for several Northeastern species and species combinations. Either NELMA word logo ( ) or sawblade logo ( ) may be used within any NELMA stamp. SPECIES
GRADE STAMP
BALSAM FIR
EASTERN HEMLOCK
1-61-1
SPECIES
GRADE STAMP
1 EASTERN SOFTWOODS
EASTERN SPRUCE BALSAM FIR
EASTERN WHITE PINE
HEMLOCK - TAMARACK
NORTHERN WHITE CEDAR
RED PINE
SPRUCE-PINE-FIR (south)
1-11-7
GRADE STAMPING METHODS
1
The grade stamp impressions are most commonly applied to lumber using an inked rubber stamp. Grade stamp impressions can also be applied using a NELMA-approved ink-jet marking system. Any grade stamp impression made with an ink jet system must be approved by NELMA prior to its use. The information and legibility of the grade mark of the impression remains the same as with rubber stamps. Also, if used on the end of a piece, “NELMA� may be used in place of the logo in the grademark format and the [K F& [ %  \ \\' +& \ [&Q_ ` &Q& & [ @ ' %ple, Eastern White Pine may be E.W.P., Red Pine may be
Q [ 'Q‡ K' F ‡ [ %‡@&' %  \ @ Q so forth with all species. An example of this grade stamp impression is shown below: 001 E.W.P.
PREM. S-DRY
SPECIAL PRODUCTS Shown here are typical grade mark impressions for glued products, machine stress-rated lumber, and additional products that require NELMA inspection services, including special products and heat treated lumber. PRODUCT TYPE
GRADE STAMP
CERT. GLUED JOINTS-STUD VERTICAL USE ONLY
HEAT TREATED
1-81-1
PRODUCT TYPE
GRADE STAMP
1 MACHINE STRESS-RATED
PRIME GRADE
PRIME GRADE
1-11-9
1.0 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1
1.1 Grading rules are developed through the need for product uniformity between mills producing the same or similar species. Regardless of the nature of the log, the natural differences in the lumber are blended to produce a grade level of suitable uniformity of appearance and/ or utility. The interpretation of these rules and decisions on grade are vested in the grading services staff of NELMA. Interpretation of the rules for NELMA Eastern White Pine appearance grades are located in section 11 of this book. NELMA has also adopted product grading rules of other agencies certified by the American Lumber Standard Committee where appropriate. These adopted rules are notated with the agency’s name and corresponding paragraph number. Text within these sections that deviate from the adopted rule are enclosed within brackets ([ ]). 1.2 A “Grade” is interpreted as including the lumber between the next higher and lower grades. 1.3 The lumber “face” is the usable surface extending from one edge to the other in S4S stock. In pattern stock it will be defined as the visible portions of the piece after it is put to its intended use. 1.4 Select and Common boards are graded from their better face. Grading dimension and timbers for strength requires consideration of both narrow and wide faces. 1.5 When characteristics and blemishes are encountered that have not been described in these rules, they will be appraised in relation to defined characteristics of equivalent impact on grade. 1.6 Wane or other characteristics in rough stock which can be removed in dressing to standard size shall not be considered as defects. 1-10
1.7 Lumber can be re-manufactured and shipped product of pattern, product of re-sawn, product of ripped, and can be stamped accordingly. All defects resulting from the remanufacturing process (i.e. knot-holes, splits, etc.) are permitted provided each original piece was on grade in S4S form. Lumber re-manufactured by cutting to length requires the re-grading of each piece. 1.8 The product of resawing shall be considered on grade, if: for one cut, 50% or more of such stock is on grade; for two cuts, 33-1/3% or more is on grade. 1.9 GLUED PRODUCTS RULES (WWPA 1.70) GRADE RULES A number of manufacturers produce glued products such as finger-jointed lumber, millwork and mouldings, end- and edge-glued boards and laminated products. In all products, the grade limiting characteristics are the same as are imposed on a solid piece of the same grade. The joint shall also be tight and of good appearance. Glued products shall be ordered, acknowledged and invoiced as such. WWPA Glued Products Certification and Quality Control Procedures are applicable to gradestamped glued products of the species and grades in these rules and conform to the American Lumber Standard Committee Glued Lumber Policy. The designation of "HRA" on a grade stamp indicates the adhesive used is qualified as a "Heat Resistant Adhesive� in accordance with the American Lumber Standard Glued %\ ' &F ` ' * +& / * ` % '&F Q Lumber Standard Committee monitors compliance to the procedures. In finger-jointed lumber for which design values are published, the length of the individual sections between joints shall be no less than 4�. The distance shall be measured as the length of the section that does not contain the joint profile. Sections at ends of the piece are not restricted by length. The joint area shall be free of (1) unsound wood and (2) local grain slope exceeding slope of grain requirements of the grade being furnished. 1-1 1-11
1
11
:Q [ ' ` [ &Q ` ‘ &Q ' K '%& &Q [&’ [ Q to exceed the following, or equivalent displacement: $ ;
$ “ ”
Const. Stud Stud No. 1 No. 3 No. 3 Nominal Select No. 2 Stand. Select Stand Width Structural Const. Util. Structural No. 1 No. 2 Util. 2�
1/4�
1/4�
3/8�
3/16�
1/4�
1/4�
3/8�
3�
3/8�
1/2�
3/4�
1/4�
3/8�
1/2�
5/8�
4�
1/2�
5/8�
1�
3/8�
1/2�
3/4�
7/8�
5�
5/8�
3/4�
1-1/4�
1/2�
5/8�
7/8�
1-1/8�
6�
3/4�
7/8�
1-1/2�
5/8�
3/4�
1�
1-3/8�
8�
3/4�
1�
10�
1�
12�
1-1/4�
1-1/8� 1-5/8�
1-1/8� 1-3/8� 1-7/8� 1-1/4� 1-1/2�
2�
:Q [ ' ` [ F &Q_ &[K F % Q [ &[ above are limited under the provisions of the grade being produced, and they shall be positioned so that neither the knot(s), nor the grain distortion associated with the knot(s), extend into the joint area. White speck or firm honeycomb is permitted in the ‘ &Q ' * *&Q_ '‡‘ &Q $ ; % rial, if the grade permits, when an adhesive is used that conforms to ASTM D2559, with the exception of creep resistance. If an adhesive is used that conforms to all the requirements of ASTM D2559, then the material may be marked “CERT EXT JNTS.� In either case, white speck or firm honeycomb is permitted in only one piece of the joint and the joint area shall be free of other strength-reducing characteristics. $ ; *&Q_ '‡‘ &Q %\ ' [` be in sizes 2x2 through 2x6 only, and in lengths not to exceed 12 feet. OFFSETS IN FINGER-JOINTED LUMBER Q &% Q[& Q %\ ' % 'J $ ; **[ [ * !•!‚– ' K '%& Q Q _ 1-12
1-1
provided that offsets on the opposite edge do not F !•# – Q &% Q[& Q %\ ' % 'J $ @ “ ” **[ [ ' K '%& K ` allowable skip for the grade, provided that offsets on the KK [& _ Q F !•# – **[ [ Q /& faces are limited to the skip provision for the grade. REINSPECTION Any complaint on glued products involving grade, size, species, moisture or tally shall be governed by para. 5.0 Inspections Provisions within section 2 in effect on the date of purchase of the product. In the case of disputes arising over the strength of glued joints in structural lumber, a sample of the item complained of shall be submitted to a testing laboratory authorized by NELMA. The sample shall consist of 53 pieces selected from the lumber in question by a NELMA Lumber Inspector and shall be prepared, tested and evaluated in accordance with the appropriate section of the WWPA Certification and Quality Control Procedures. When tests indicate an item does not meet minimum strength requirements, all reinspection and testing costs shall be borne by the seller and the entire item shall be the property of the seller. If more than one item in a shipment is involved in the complaint, reinspection and testing costs shall be prorated between buyer and seller for that portion of the shipment upon which the complaint was registered based on the ratio of the invoiced footage of the items found not in conformance to that found in conformance.
2.0 TALLY 2.1 BOARD MEASURE ' [ ' &[ ` '% [ &Q &F ` board foot is the unit of measurement of lumber. The number of board feet in a piece is obtained by 1-1 1-13
1
11
multiplying the nominal thickness in inches by the nominal width in inches by the length in feet, divided by 12. 2.2 STANDARD SIZES Lumber should be tallied board measure. The invoices for lumber of standard sizes should show the number of pieces of each nominal size and length as well as the net thickness and width of such lumber. A piece tally for each length should also be shown on the invoice for shipments based on board measure. 2.3 NONSTANDARD SIZES Lumber finished to nonstandard sizes should be tallied board measure as of either the rough or the nominal size used in its manufacture, and the actual thickness and width of such lumber should be shown on the invoice. 2.4 BOARD RULE When shipments of random width, rough or S2S, are measured with a board rule on actual widths the tally is determined as follows: pieces measuring to the even half foot are alternately counted as of the next higher and lower foot count; fractions below the half foot are dropped and fractions above the half foot are counted as of the next higher foot. 2.5 AVERAGE — LENGTH AND WIDTH The average length in feet of a shipment of lumber is computed by dividing the total length in feet by the total number of pieces in the shipment. The average width in inches of a random width shipment of lumber one inch or less in thickness is computed by dividing the total board feet by the total length in feet and multiplying the result by 12; but if thicker than one inch, the total board foot tally is divided first by the nominal thickness as expressed in inches and fractions of an inch. 1-14
1-1
3.0 STANDARD SIZES FOR DRESSED LUMBER Standard patterns of siding and paneling are shown in Section 11. They are machined to a variety of patterns and are ordinarily furnished in the grades listed in para. 6.0 and 7.0. When ordered, the appropriate grade number and pattern number should be specified. 3.1 S4S/S2S/S2E-S-Dry THICKNESSES S2S/S4S Minimum Nominal Dressed Inches 3/8 5/16 1/2 7/16 5/8 9/16 3/4 5/8 1 3/4 1-1/4 1 1-1/2 1-1/4 1-3/4 1-3/8 2 1-1/2 2-1/2 2 3 2-1/2 3-1/2 3 4 3-1/2
FACE WIDTHS S2E/S4S Minimum Nominal Dressed Inches 2 1-1/2 3 2-1/2 4 3-1/2 5 4-1/2 6 5-1/2 7 6-1/2 8 7-1/4 9 8-1/4 10 9-1/4 11 10-1/4 12 11-1/4 14 13-1/4 16 15-1/4
1-1 1-15
1
3.2 TONGUE & GROOVE*
11
THICKNESSES Minimum Dressed Nominal S-Dry S-Grn Inches 3/8 5/16 1/2 7/16 5/8 9/16 1 3/4* 25/32 1-1/4 1 1-1/32 1-1/2 1-1/4 1-9/32
FACE WIDTHS Minimum Dressed Nominal S-Dry S-Grn Inches 2 1-1/8 3 2-1/8 4 3-1/8 3-3/16 5 4-1/8 4-1/4 6 5-1/8 5-1/4 7 6-1/8 6-1/4 8 6-7/8 7-1/8 9 7-7/8 8-1/8 10 8-7/8 9-1/8 11 9-7/8 10-1/8 12 10-7/8 11-1/8
Standard Tongue Width 5/16”
3.3 SHIPLAP 1/2” LAP* THICKNESSES Minimum Dressed Nominal S-Dry S-Grn Inches 3/8 5/16 1/2 7/16 5/8 9/16 1 3/4* 25/32 1-1/4 1 1-1/32 1-1/2 1-1/4 1-9/32
FACE WIDTHS Minimum Dressed Nominal S-Dry S-Grn Inches 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2 3 4 5 6 6-3/4 7-3/4 8-3/4 9-3/4 10-3/4
3-1/16 4-1/8 5-1/8 6-1/8 7 8 9 10 11
*Alternate minimum dressed dry thickness for 1-inch nominal center-match and shiplap is 23/32 inch. 1-16 1-1
3.4 DECKING (The thicknesses apply to all widths and all widths to all thicknesses.) THICKNESSES
FACE WIDTHS
Nominal Minimum Dressed Nominal Minimum Dressed
Inches
Inches
2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 4 4-1/2
TONGUE & GROOVED/SHIPLAP Dry Green Dry 1-1/2 1-9/16 2 2-1/16 4 3 2-1/2 2-9/16 6 5 3 3-1/16 8 6-3/4 3-1/2 3-9/16 10 8-3/4 4 4-1/16 12 10-3/4
2-1/2 3 3-1/2 4 4-1/2
GROOVED-FOR-SPLINES 2 2-1/16 4 3-1/2 2-1/2 2-9/16 6 5-1/2 3 3-1/16 8 7-1/4 3-1/2 3-9/16 10 9-1/4 4 4-1/16 12 11-1/4
Green 3-1/16 5-1/8 7 9 11 3-9/16 5-5/8 7-1/2 9-1/2 11-1/2
— Q / 'J %\ ' * Q %&Q `&FJQ [[ * &QF` [ Q over, the tongue shall be 3/8 inch wide in tongue-and-grooved lumber and the lap 1/2 inch wide in shiplapped lumber, with the over-all widths 3/8 inch and 1/2 inch wider, respectively, than the face widths shown in the above table.
1-1 1-17
1
3.5 BOARDS AND DIMENSION
11
THICKNESSES Minimum Dressed Nominal S-Dry S-Grn Inches 1 3/4 25/32 1-1/4 1 1-1/32 1-1/2 1-1/4 1-9/32 2 1-1/2 1-9/16 2-1/2 2 2-1/16 3 2-1/2 2-9/16 3-1/2 3 3-1/16 4 3-1/2 3-9/16 4-1/2 4 4-1/16
FACE WIDTHS Minimum Dressed Nominal S-Dry S-Grn Inches 2 1-1/2 1-9/16 3 2-1/2 2-9/16 4 3-1/2 3-9/16 5 4-1/2 4-5/8 6 5-1/2 5-5/8 7 6-1/2 6-5/8 8 7-1/4 7-1/2 9 8-1/4 8-1/2 10 9-1/4 9-1/2 11 10-1/4 10-1/2 12 11-1/4 11-1/2 14 13-1/4 13-1/2 16 15-1/4 15-1/2
3.6 TIMBERS THICKNESSES AND WIDTHS Nominal
Surfaced Dry
Surfaced Unseasoned
5"&6" 7" to 15" 16" and larger
1/2"off 3/4"off 1"off nominal
1/2"off 1/2" off 1/2" off nominal
Standard lengths are 6’ and longer in multiples of 1’. 3.7 LENGTHS 3.7.1 Standard 6’ and longer in multiples of 1’, unless buyer and seller agree on random even length. 3.7.2 Trimmed Unless otherwise stated in the contract of purchase, lumber shall be trimmed for the removal of spur and splintered ends, and if dressed and 2 inches or less in nominal thickness (except lath), shall be double-endtrimmed to a length that is not scant of nominal length and that is not over 3 inches in excess of nominal length. 1-181-1
3.8 ROUGH SIZE The minimum rough thickness of dry or unseasoned lumber 1 or more inches in nominal thickness shall be not less than 1/8 inch (3mm) thicker than the corresponding minimum dressed thickness, except that up to 20 percent of a shipment shall be not less than 3/32 inch (2mm) thicker than the corresponding minimum dressed thickness. The minimum rough widths shall not be less than 1/8 inch (3mm) wider than the corresponding minimum dressed width. 3.9 NON-STANDARD SIZES When the size of lumber is less than the standard size, the actual size will be shown on the invoice, piece tally and grade stamp, if stamped.
1-11-19
1
2 MOISTURE CONTENT & INSPECTION PROVISIONS
2-1
2
2-2
4.0 MOISTURE CONTENT 4.1 DRY Lumber is 19% or less. When grade stamped, the & % /& \ % 'J „ ‡ ' … ' & %  \ % 'J : O:& Q ' V &' '& %\ ' %  Q \ [ %K : 4.2 MC-15 OR WHEN KILN DRIED TO KD 15 Lumber is 15% or less. When grade stamped, the & % /& \ % 'J $‡! ' : ‡! 4.3 UNSEASONED Lumber having a moisture content in excess of 19%. When grade stamped, the item will be marked S-GRN. If unseasoned lumber is produced to a size smaller than the standard size, the grade stamp will show the actual size and the notation S-GRN. 4.4 DRY SHOP STOCK 4/4 TO 8/4 THICK At least 85 percent of items must not exceed 12% in moisture content and no portion may exceed 15% moisture content. If gradestamped, these items shall be [ %K & ` ' $ ! ' : ! 4.5 HEAT TREATED LUMBER ? ' %\ ' %  \ % 'J [ : ? ' ? * % 'J : ? ` %\ ' &[ !~˜ ' [[ moisture content and has been heat treated to at least 56 degrees C for at least 30 minutes at the lumber core. A mark of HT signifies that the lumber has been heat treated to at least 56 degrees C for at least 30 minutes at the lumber core, without moisture content designation.
2-3
2
5.0 INSPECTION PROVISIONS 5.1 GENERAL
2
Subject to freedom of agreement between buyer and seller as to the settlement of complaints, the purchase, sale, or shipment of standard Northeastern grades of lumber is construed as involving agreement to submit to reinspection by the Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association, Inc., any complaint involving grades, sizes, moisture content or tally. NELMA will provide reinspection in case of complaint to anyone at a reasonable cost. 5.2 PAYMENT — CERTIFICATION COST When NELMA issues a certificate on a shipment, the party requesting the certificate shall pay all costs involved. 5.3 SERVICE Inspection service for non-standard grades, sizes or workings, or when particular provisions of a standard grade have been waived or changed, will be made only when written, detailed specifications accompany the request. Inspection shall be made accordingly, but all other provisions of the standard grading rules shall apply unless otherwise prescribed in the contract of purchase and sale. 5.4 COMPLAINTS Grade complaints may be recognized on lumber only when it is in the form in which it was shipped. Any subsequent change in manufacture or working or through kiln-drying will relieve the seller of responsibility of any grade complaints. 5.4.1 Tally, Grade, and Size In case of complaint involving tally, the entire item shall be held intact for retally. In case of complaint 2-4 2-1
regarding grade or size, but not involving tally, the buyer is required to hold intact that portion that is of the grade or size which is in dispute for inspection and file complaint with the seller within 10 days of receipt of shipment. 5.4.2 Moisture Content In case of complaint involving moisture content, the customer must inform the shipper of the complaint within 72 hours after the lumber is unloaded. In such cases, the shipper shall answer such complaint within 72 hours from receipt of complaint. A reinspection involving a complaint on moisture content shall be made in accordance with the provisions of the applicable NELMA grading rule. Each piece shall be tested for moisture content, and separation shall be made of all pieces conforming to the maximum allowable from any portion exceeding such maximum. 5.5 PROCEDURES 5.5.1 Buyer’s Responsibilities In case of complaint, the buyer is required to accept the portion of the shipment that is of the grade, size, or moisture content specified and hold intact that portion which is disputed for inspection or reinspection. Any action on the part of the buyer in accepting and using such portion of the shipment that is of the grade, size, or moisture content specified shall not be construed as the acceptance of the entire shipment. The buyer shall hold the disputed material intact, properly protected, for not exceeding 30 days after date of the request for inspection or reinspection. The buyer shall file complaint with the seller within the time specified in the preceding provisions. The buyer shall pay in accordance with the terms of the sale for that portion which he accepts, but acceptance by the buyer of a part of a shipment does not prejudice his just claims on account of any unused lumber that is alleged by him not to be of the grade, size or moisture content specified.
2-5 2-1
2
2
The above provision shall not apply to wrapped or strapped units. In such cases, reinspection for grade will be permitted if request is filed within 90 days after receipt of shipment. The reinspection shall be made only on grade characteristics which are not altered by time. Such characteristics may be knots, knot size and placement, skips, manufacture, pitch and like characteristics. No recognition will be given to warp, splits, stain, fungus and other characteristics which might develop subsequent to arrival at the destination. 5.5.2 Seller’s Responsibilities Upon receipt of complaint from the purchaser, the seller shall immediately request NELMA to provide inspection or reinspection or retally, as the case may be, according to its grading rules in effect at the time of the execution of the contract. 5.5.3 Cost and Assistance The expense of such inspection, reinspection, or retally may be divided between buyer and seller, or borne by either according to mutual agreement, but the person calling for the reinspection shall be responsible to NELMA for the costs thereof. The purchaser shall lend all reasonable assistance to facilitate the inspection or reinspection or retally. Seller shall not be responsible for storage costs. 5.6 RESULTS Each item of a shipment shall be considered as of the grade invoiced if, upon Association reinspection, under the grading rules under which the lumber has been graded and sold, 95 percent or more thereof is found to be of said grade or better. When the degrades in grade or moisture content or both are in excess of 5 percent of the board footage of each item or when they are more than one grade lower than the grade involved, such degrades shall be kept separate and shall be the property of the seller, unless otherwise agreed. These provisions shall not apply in the case of specially worked lumber. 2-6 2-1
3 EASTERN WHITE PINE BOARD GRADES
3-1
33
3-2 3-1 3-1
6.0 EASTERN WHITE PINE Eastern White Pine grade descriptions set forth the limiting characteristics that may occur in the lumber of each grade. Therefore, the rules describe the poorest pieces in a grade. All, or nearly all, of the permissible characteristics of the grade are never present in maximum size or number in any piece. Any piece with an unusual combination of characteristics which seriously affect normal serviceability is excluded from the grade. Interpretations for Eastern White Pine grade rules are available from NELMA. Ask for publication titled, "General Definitions and Instructions for Grading [ 'Q >`& &Q ' [ `&[ F % Q &[ [ available online at www.nelma.org. 6.1 SELECTS There are two select grades: C Select and D Select which may be combined into a single marketing _' K = ' F All selects are graded from the best face. 6.1.1 C Select O$ B \\' +& & QV This is the highest NELMA Pine grade. While some of the pieces are clear, most pieces have minor characteristics which do not affect their high appearance or quality. Material of this grade is best used for natural or stained finish, fine woodworking or interior trim. The reverse face of C Select only permits the allowable characteristics of the grade face of D Select, except no 5% cut is allowed. All thicknesses. >& `[ B #… Q /& ' Q_ `[ B ‚™ !‚™ 'F Q _ * ‚™ ~™ %\ ' will be limited to 20% of a shipment with a maximum of 5% 6’ based on board foot content. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions: & B !•‚]… &Q ˜ * ` K& F [ 3-1 3-1 3-3
3
33
$` FJ[ B '  K 'F K &\ Q * F Q \ FJ :Q [ B Q [ Q &_` K&Q JQ O% !• …V K ' 4 surface feet. In an occasional piece, one small, sound, tight, red knot (maximum 3/4�) is permitted. This small knot is counted as two pin knots when determining the total number of pin knots allowed. :Q&* 'J[ B &_` F`&Q 'Q B Q &[% F` B ' &_` **[ B !•‚]… &Q ˜ * ` K& F [ & F` B & % !•# ` * F &Q F ' \ ' FJ [ B ' [% / ‡[F ' K FJ [ permitted; maximum of one per four surface feet. See para. 734.0.
&[ 5' &Q B ' &_` ` J B '  K 'F K &\ Q * F Q \ FJ J&K B Q ' + '[ * F ' Q _ ! &_` ™ [J&K per each 8’ of length on not more than 10% of the pieces. &Q B & % O\ ' F ** V Q F 1/3 the face surface area in a clear board, equivalent larger area of light stain; less if present in combination with other characteristics. 'Q 5' &Q B Q > Q B !• ` `&FJQ [[ !• ` /& ` !•] ` length on one edge on reverse face only. > 'K B ' &_` K ' "
6.1.2 D Select O B \\' +& & QV The last of the select grades, D Select, takes its appearance from both the select and the common grades. Its characteristics are more pronounced than C Select, but are well spaced giving more clear material. The reverse face of D Select shall permit sound characteristics typical of Standard. All thicknesses. >& `[ B #… Q /& ' Q_ `[ B ‚™ !‚™ 'F Q _ * ‚™ ~™ %\ ' will be limited to 20% of a shipment with a maximum of 5% 6’ based on board foot content.
3-4 3-1 3-1
Characteristics and Limiting Provisions: & B !•‚]… &Q ˜ * ` K& F [ $` FJ[ B '  K 'F K &\ Q * F & % [ 'face checks on back. See para. 704.0. :Q [ B Q [ Q &_` K&Q O% &% % !• …V knot per surface foot. In an occasional piece, one small (maximum 3/4�), sound, tight knot is permitted. This small knot is counted as two pin knots when determining the total number of pin knots allowed. :Q&* 'J[ B &_` F`&Q 'Q B Q K ' \ ' &[% F` B ' &_` **[ B !•!‚… &Q ˜ * ` K& F [ & F` B & % •# ` * F &Q F ' \ ' Q small streak of heavy pitch. See para. 730.0. FJ [ B ' [% / ‡[F ' K FJ [ permitted; maximum of one per 2 surface feet. See para. 734.0.
&[ 5' &Q B ' &_` ` J B '  K 'F K &\ Q * F &_` [ '* F shake not over 1/4 the length on back. J&K B ?& Q %&[[ Q ' + '[ * F ' Q _ on not more than 20% of the pieces. K & [ B ' [` ' O!• ` /& `V &Q B ' $ ** — & % Q F 3/4 of the face surface area in a clear board, equivalent larger area of light stain, less if present in combination with other characteristics; ? + K ˜ * ` * F [ '* F ' Q an otherwise clear board, limited to 15% of a shipment based on board footage. 'Q 5' &Q B !•‚]… K > Q B Q ' + '[ * F š !• ` `&FJQ [[ !•] the width, 1/4 the length, on one edge or equivalent on two edges. > 'K B ' &_` K ' " ˜ $ * ' * F B * F % [ \ F & ` ' within 5% of length on the end or in the middle portion of the piece leaving at least three feet usable lumber at each end. The 5% cut shall be a cross cut. Pieces 6’ through 9’ must be usable full length without making a cut for defect. The
3-1 3-1 3-5
3
5% cut is counted as four pin knots when determining the total number of pin knots allowed. 6.2
33
COMMONS
All boards are graded from the better face. There are four Eastern White Pine Common grades: @&Q&[` ' %& % Q ' Q Q [ '& ` _' [ * @&Q&[` Q ' %& % %  \ _' K _ ` ' [ ' %& % = ' All thicknesses. >& `[ B #… Q /& ' Q_ `[ B ‚™ !‚™ 6.2.1 Finish O@&Q B \\' +& & QV This is a fine appearance knotty grade calling for sound, tight knots. Material of this grade can be finished to take advantage of the natural highlights of the piece or to give a fine smooth painted surface. ` ' + '[ * F * @&Q&[` [` K '%& [ Q F` 'acteristics typical of Standard. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions: & B !•‚]… &Q ˜ * ` K& F [ $` FJ[ B % K ' "] " :Q [ B Q Q &_` &%& [ * /[— Nominal Width 4� 6� 8� 10� 12� and wider
Red 1-1/4� 1-1/2� 2� 2-1/4� 2-1/2�
Black 5/8� 3/4� 3/4� 7/8� 7/8�
Pieces containing black knots must be in keeping with the general quality and appearance of the grade.
:Q ? [ B / [ _` JQ [ Q ' + '[ face not exceeding 1/2 the thickness or equivalent. :Q&* 'J[ B &_` 3-6 3-1 3-1
F`&Q 'Q B Q &[% F` B ' &_` **[ B !•# … &Q ˜ * ` K& F [ & F` B & % & ` B !•!" ` Q_ ` FJ [ B ' [% / ‡[F ' K FJ [ K 'mitted. See para. 734.0.
&[ 5' &Q B ' &_` %[ B ' &  [ '' Q &Q_ JQ ' permitted up to a maximum size of one 1/8� x 1/2� per board limited to 10% of a shipment. ` J B '* F &_` š Q F !•!" ` length on the face, 1/4 the length on back. J&K B ?& Q %&[[ Q ' + '[ * F ' &_` [J&K Q one edge not exceeding 1/4 the length. Limited to 10% of the pieces. K & [ B ' [` ' O!• * ` /& `V &Q B & % O\ ' F ** V Q F !• the face surface area. 'Q 5' &Q B !•‚]… K Q + ' ˜ * ` * F > Q B Q ' + '[ * F š !• ` `&FJQ [[ !•] the width, 1/4 the length, on one edge only. > 'K B &_` K ' "
6.2.2 Premium O ' % B \\' +& & QV This is a good appearance knotty grade. It is used in ` [ % ' [ @&Q&[` /` ' '_ ' Q % ' Q % ' [ characteristics are desired. Reverse face of Premium shall permit sound characteristics of Standard. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions: & B !•‚]…š ˜ * ` K& F [ %  ` + !•# … $` FJ[ B & % K ' "] " F  B QF&K& Q F  / — @ F ˜š FJ !"˜
3-1 3-1 3-7
3
:Q [ B 5 Q ' Â [ Q Q &_` &%& [ follows: Nominal Width
Red
Black
Holes
4�
2�
3/4�
3/8�
6�
2-1/2�
1�
1/2�
8�
3�
1-1/4�
3/4�
3-1/4� 3-3/4�
1-1/2� 1-1/2�
7/8� 1�
10� 12� and wider
33
FJ JQ [ * % &% % [&’ ' FF K &Q pieces of high quality and are limited to one in pieces 6’ through 9’ and two in 10’ and longer or equivalent smaller. :Q ? [ B Q !… ` &Q ! … \ ' ' equivalent smaller; proportionately smaller for narrower widths. :Q&* 'J[ B &_` F`&Q 'Q B Q K ' \ ' &[% F` B ' &_` **[ B !•‚]…š &Q ˜ * ` K& F [ %  ` + !•!‚… & ` B Q % Q & F` B & % FJ [ B % / ‡[F ' K FJ [ K '%& See para. 734.0.
&[ 5' &Q B &_` ` J B Surface light; not to exceed 1/4 the length on face and back. Through shake, barely perceptible. %[ B ' &  [ '' Q &Q_ JQ ' permitted up to a maximum size of one square inch O& !•]… ]… !•#… #… !• … …V Q maximum sized seam or equivalent is permitted per 8 surface feet. J&K B ?& Q %&[[ Q ' + '[ * F ' Q _ Q not more than 20% of the pieces. K & [ B ` ' OQ F &Q_ /& `V &Q B & % O\ ' F ** V 'Q 5' &Q B !•!‚… K Q + ' !"˜ * ` * F > Q B Q ' + '[ * F š !• ` `&FJQ [[ !•] ` width, 1/4 the length on one edge or equivalent on 2 edges. > 'K B & % K ' " 3-8 3-1 3-1
Q[ F ? [ B Q % & % &Q[ F ` K '%& for each 6 linear feet. Pin holes permitted up to 10% of the surface area. See para. 716.0.
6.2.3 Standard O Q B \\' +& & QV @ ' Appearance grade and Construction grade see para 6.3 and 6.3.1. This is a highly serviceable grade used chiefly for construction. It may be used where a coarser rustic decorative appearance is desired. The reverse face of Standard permits the allowable characteristics of Industrial. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions: & B !•‚]…š ˜ * ` K& F [ %  ` + !•!‚… $` FJ[ B '* F Q `' _` !•] Q_ ` maximum of 3’. F  B QF&K& Q F  / — @ F !"˜š FJ #"˜ + QF F  / — @ F !˜š FJ !"˜ >` Q * Q &Q F %\&Q & Q Q ` same face, neither incipient decay nor advanced decay will be allowed in its maximum amount. Incipient decay will be reduced proportionately to the amount of advanced decay present (i.e., FJ * ˜ + QF F  &[ K' [ Q Q % ' than 15% incipient decay will be allowed). @& :Q [ B @& JQ [ ' / K ` size of the maximum hole allowed or equivalent smaller, limited to one per piece. See para. 718.0. :Q [ B Q › &  &%& [ * /[— Nominal Width 4� 6� 8� 10� 12� and wider
Red 2-3/8� 3-3/4� 4-7/8� 6� 6�
3-1 3-1 3-9
Black
Holes
1-3/4� 2-3/4� 3-5/8� 4� 4�
1� 1-1/2� 2� 2� 2�
3
3
6.2.4
:Q ? [ B Q › ' ' ` /& `
% &% % * … Q % &% % [&’ ` ' equivalent smaller with 8 linear feet between maximum sized holes. F`&Q 'Q B &%& &[% F` B ' &_` **[ B !•‚]…š ˜ * ` K& F [ %  ` + !• … & F` B ? + & ` B Q % Q FJ [ B '_ K ' #] "
&[ 5' &Q B &_` ` J B `' _` Q F !•# ` Q_ ` Shake extending from one wide face through the edge to the other wide face is limited as edge break listed under splits. %[ B Q Q [ '& [  / J Q&Q_ ` K& Fes, limited to 1/6 the length. J&K B ?& Q %&[[ Q ' + '[ * F [š Q _ may be 1/16� scant full length or 1/8� scant for half the length on not more than 20% of the pieces. K & [ B & % O /&F /& ` Q F !•‚ the length). Edge cracks or breaks due to handling or drying permitted up to 1/3 the width. The length of the break is limited to the width of the board. &Q B ? + 'Q 5' &Q B !•!‚… K > Q B Q ' + '[ * F š •# ` `&FJQ [[ !•] the width, 1/2 the length on one edge, or equivalent on two edges. > 'K B ? + K ' " > + ' [[&Q_ B &_` Q[ F ? [ B Q % & % K '%& * ' F` linear feet. Pin holes permitted up to 50% of the surface area. See Para. 716.0. Industrial O Q B \\' +& & QV
This is the lowest common board grade. It admits large characteristics in any combination as long as the piece is usable full length. This material is generally used in rough construction where strength and appearance are not of primary importance. 3-10 3-1 3-1
Characteristics and Limiting Provisions: Characteristics admitted without limits: Sound and unsound knots, shake, checks, pitch, pitch pockets, hit and miss dressing, pith, stain, warp, knot holes, bark and pitch, seams, and insect holes. Any characteristics which, by themselves or in combination, seriously weaken the piece for reasonable handling will not be permitted. F  B + QF F  / — F 1/2 the surface area. Must not destroy the nailing edges. J&K B ?& ' %&[[ ' ` + [J&K Q F &Q_ 1/4 the length. K & [ B F !•] ` Q_ ` > Q B #•] ` `&FJQ [[ !• ` /& ` !• ` Q_ ` @ /& ` ' `&FJQ [[ / Q K !• … scant is permitted for 1/4 the length. 6.3
APPEARANCE GRADE
Appearance grade will be taken from the high end of Standard Grade (see para. 6.2.3) and it will have a sound Standard back. The following are the limitations:
@& JQ [ B / B ' [ ` $` FJ[ B &_` K ™ &Q Q_ ` &* &_` F  B QF&K& Q F  / — @ F ˜š FJ !"˜. :Q ` [ B Q !… &Q ! … \ ' ' equivalent smaller. Proportionately smaller for narrower widths. FJ [ B &% % [› ' &QF` [ Q Q [ or open. ` J B &_` K ™ &Q Q_ ` &* &_` %[ B &% % [› ' &QF` [ Q Q [ or open. K & [ B ` ' Q _' ' ` Q /& ` * \ ' _ \' J[ B &% % !•‚ /& ` &Q B & % \ ' \' /Q Q[ F ` [ B 5' [ JQ ` [ F Q / ' knot hole limit.
+ '[ * F B Q Q ' 3-11
3
Any characteristics permitted in NELMA Standard Grade which are not addressed above are to be graded as in NELMA Standard Grade. 6.3.1 CONSTRUCTION
3
The Portion of the grade of Standard (Para 6.2.3) that does not make Appearance Grade. All pieces must make Standard Grade.
3-123-1
OTHER 4 NORTHEASTERN SPECIES & SPECIAL BOARD GRADES
4-1
4
4-2
7.0 OTHER NORTHEASTERN SPECIES @ ? $:B $: $
” $: ? >? $
$?
$ B B@ O[V
FOREIGN SPECIES $ O 'F` Q_ V RADIATA PINE In the interest of promoting product uniformity, NELMA ` [ K ` ' [ * >> * ' ` \ + Northeastern species. Grade descriptions for Select lumber are based on a piece of S4S 1� x 8� x 12’ long. The number and extent of characteristics in larger or smaller pieces may vary in proportion to the size of the piece. Characteristics appearing on the edges of S2S or rough stock widths which will be removed in surfacing are not given the same consideration as characteristics in S4S lumber. In random width shipments sold on board rule scale, the grade will be determined by the full width of the piece. Any piece of lumber in the Select grade showing a serious combination of the listed characteristics which might impair its intended use is excluded from the grade. 7.1 SELECTS (10.10 WWPA) ` ' ' / _' [ * F * ' ` ' ' ` [ 'Q Species: C Select and D Select. In Select grades, all pieces are graded from the better side or face. The reverse side may be somewhat lower in quality with more restrictions placed on the back of the higher grades. 7.1.1 C Select (10.12 WWPA) Lumber of this grade is recommended for all finishing uses where fine appearance is essential. It is one of the 4-3
4
most sought after products from the clear portion of the log. It is widely used for high quality interior trim and cabinet work with natural, stain or enamel finishes.
4
Characteristics and Limiting Provisions are: $` FJ[ B % / [F ' [ [ Q&Q_ F` FJ[ on the surface. J&K B &_` [J&K Q Q _ Q % & % ' two light skips on the back. &Q B & % [ &Q / &Q Q FF [& Q piece covering 1/3 the face, or a greater area of lighter stain when not in combination with other characteristics. 'Q '
&[ 5' &Q B ' &_` > Q B Q ' + '[ [& !• ` `&FJQ [[ !• the width, 1/4 the length in an occasional piece. > 'K B $' J B [ [` /Q &Q K ' " $ K B ' &_` /&[ B •] Q `&QQ ' !• * + ' &_` 8/4 and thicker, 1/4 of very light. See para. 752.0. Any one of the following characteristics: :Q [ B / [% [ Q &_` JQ [ & F` B &_` K& F` +er not more than 1/2 the face. & F` ' J B Q [% K& F` [ ' J FJ [ B / + ' [% K FJ [ Equivalent characteristics no more damaging than any of the above. 7.1.2 D Select (10.13 WWPA) Lumber of this grade has many of the fine appearance features of C Select grade. Although generally less restrictive than C Select, D Select is suitable where the requirements for finishing are less exacting. The grade is between the higher finishing _' [ Q ` ' _' [ [ % Q K& F [ ` + finish appearance on one side, the reverse side showing larger or more numerous characteristics.
9-1
4-4
Characteristics and Limiting Provisions are: $` FJ[ B % [F ' [ [ Q&Q_ F` FJ[ medium checks on back. J&K B Q + ' &_` [J&K Q * F `& Q %&[[ on back; one edge may have 1/16� skip for 1/2 the length in an occasional piece. K & B ` ' [K & Q Q Q ' › &+ Q &Q B & % [ &Q / + ' Q &' * F &* otherwise high quality. 'Q '
&[ 5' &Q B &_` &Q [F ' [K [ > Q B Q ' + '[ [& #•] ` `&FJQ [[ !•] the width, 1/4 the length. > 'K B $' J B [ [` /Q &Q K ' " $ K B ' &_` /&[ B •] Q `&QQ ' + ' &_` 8/4 and thicker, 1/2 of very light. See para. 752.0. Any one of the following characteristics: :Q [ B @ ' [% *& JQ [ & F` B & % K& F` + ' Q % ' ` Q •# * face, less if heavy. & F` ' J B Q % & % K& F` [ ' J FJ [ B @ ' [% K FJ [ Equivalent characteristics no more damaging than any of the above. Q ]… F &[ K '%& &Q K& F [ * ` '/&[ high appearance. Cutting must be directly on an end or more than 2’ from an end. Cutouts are restricted to pieces 12’ and longer and 10% of an item. 7.2
COMMONS (30.00 WWPA)
$ ' &Q F` ' F '&[ &F[ * Q &Q ' %\ ' ' difficult to evaluate to an exact degree because of the Q ' * ` K ' & Q * ` _ *' % /`&F` ' [ ' produced. Some limiting characteristics must be evaluated by applying sound judgment and all characteristics must be considered in determining the
4-5
9-1
4
grade. Any piece judged to contain a serious combination of the listed characteristics, even though some of the characteristics may not be limiting by themselves, is excluded from the grade. Likewise, an otherwise “high line� piece may be placed in a grade even though one or two of its characteristics may slightly exceed the limitations described in the rules. Such pieces will be of exceptional quality otherwise and might grade one or more grades higher, except for such characteristics. Therefore, each individual piece is considered in its entirety in determining the grade.
4
When characteristics are listed as applying to a specific size piece (such as 1� x 8� x 12’) the number and extent of the same characteristics in larger and smaller pieces may vary in proportion to the size of the piece. :Q [F'&K & Q[ ' _&+ Q &Q K ' ! " F [ % [ ' %\ ' &[ K' F *' % ` &QQ ' portion of the log, the size of a knot may not be the determining factor in establishing a particular grade. Therefore, some pieces of a lower grade may have [% ' JQ [ ` Q [ % K& F [ * `&_` ' _' :Q sizes cannot be satisfactorily established to an exact _' * ' Q K ' &F ' _' * ' %\ ' &[ generally the character or condition of the knot and not the size that determines the grade of the piece. Spike JQ [ ' K '%& &Q _' [ * ' %\ ' K' viding they have no more effect than the other knots permitted in an individual grade. ` ' ' *&+ $ %% Q ' _' [ * ` ' Northeastern Species: 1 Common, 2 Common, 3 Common, 4 Common, and 5 Common. The grades of 1 Common and 2 Common may be grouped together as = ' $ %% Q
9-1
4-6
7.2.1 1 Common (30.11 WWPA) Lumber of this grade, while not usually carried in stock in large quantities, may be ordered when the ultimate in fine appearance of knotty material is required. This grade includes all sound, tight-knotted stock with the size and character of the knot the determining factor of the grade. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions are: $` FJ[ B @ ' [% [ '* F [ [ Q&Q_ F` FJ[ in a 1� x 8� x 12’. :Q [ B Q &_` JQ [ Q [% ` ' JQ [ are limited as follows:
Face Width
Knot Size
2� 3� 4� 6� 8� 10� 12� 14� and wider
5/8� 7/8� 1-1/4� 1-3/4� 2-1/4� 2-1/2� 2-3/4� 3�
The knot sizes listed above will generally be the maximum size found in this grade. However, there may be pieces of otherwise exceptional quality which may contain slightly larger knots than those shown. FJ JQ [ % [ \ [% ` [ Q &_` Q small. An occasional piece may have one angling 3/8� hole on the edge, extending into the wide face not more than 1/2� and into not more than 1/2 the thickness. & F` B &_` K& F` + ' Q % ' ` Q !• ` ' & ` B @&'% ` ' K& ` !•]… /& !•‚ ` Q_ ` FJ [ B / + ' [% ' K FJ [ &Q !… … x 12’. J&K B `' + ' &_` [J&K[ Q Q _ ' / light on back in a 1� x 8� x 12’. K & B ' [` ' [K & [ &%& Q Q F` Q 4-7
9-1
4
4
&Q B &_` [ &Q + ' Q % ' ` Q ! # * * F 'Q '
&[ 5' &Q B ' &_` > Q B Q \ FJ ! ` `&FJQ [[ ! ` /& ` 1/4 the length in occasional pieces. > 'K B $' J B [ [` /Q &Q K ' " $ K B ' &_` /&[ B ] Q `&QQ ' + ' &_` 8/4 and thicker, 1/2 of very light. See para. 752.0.
7.2.2 2 Common (30.12 WWPA) Lumber of this grade is intended primarily for use in housing and light construction where it is exposed such as in paneling, shelving and other uses where a knotty type of lumber with fine appearance is required. Since knots can easily be sealed off for painting, this also is an excellent grade for siding, cornice, soffits, fascia and other exterior uses. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions are: $` FJ[ B / % & % [ [ Q&Q_ F` FJ[ ' equivalent smaller in a 1” x 8” x 12’. Light roller checks on back, not more than 1/4 the length. :Q [ B :Q [ ' &%& [ * /[ Face Width 2” 3” 4” 6” 8” 10 12” 14” and wider
Red Knots Sound & Tight 1” 1-1/4” 2” 2-1/2” 3” 3-1/4” 3-3/4” 4”
Black Knots Sound & Tight 3/8” 1/2” 3/4” 1” 1-1/4” 1-3/8” 1-1/2” 1-3/4”
The knot sizes listed above will generally be the maximum size found in this grade. However,
9-1
4-8
there may be pieces of exceptional quality otherwise, which may contain slightly larger knots than those shown. An occasional piece may have two small fixed knots or one angling 3/4� hole on the edge extending into the wide face not more than 1� and not over 1/2 the thickness of the piece.
FJ JQ [ * % &% % [&’ &Q `&[ _' ' accepted in pieces of high quality and limited to one in the 16’ and longer lengths, and proportionately smaller in the shorter lengths. Pieces containing numerous smaller black knots shall be of quality in keeping with the requirements of this grade.
&Q ? [ B ’ Q [F ' K&Q ` [ &Q !… 8� x 12’. & F` B ' J[ Q K F` [ * &_` % & % K& F` covering 1/2 of face or two very small streaks of heavy pitch. & ` B @&'% ` ' K& ` Q % ' ` Q !• … /& 1/2 the length. FJ [ B `' [% ' / [F ' K FJ [ or equivalent smaller in a 1� x 8� x 12’. ` J B &_` [` J Q + ' !•‚ ` Q_ ` J&K B & % [J&K Q \ FJ &%& !•] * length, medium on edge limited to 1/3 of length. K & B ` ' [K & [ &%& Q Q F` Q &Q B & % [ &Q / + ' Q &' * F Q pieces of otherwise high quality. 'Q '
&[ 5' &Q B &_` > Q B Q \ FJ !• ` `&FJQ [[ !•‚ ` /& ` 1/3 the length or equivalent in an occasional piece. > 'K B $' J B [ [` /Q &Q K ' " $ K B &_` /&[ B •] Q `&QQ ' + ' &_` 4-9 9-1
4
8/4 and thicker, 1/2 of very light. See para. 752.0. 7.2.3 3 Common (30.13 WWPA)
4
Lumber of this grade is widely used for a large range of building purposes where appearance and strength are both important. With characteristics limited to assure a high degree of serviceability, this grade is often used for shelving, paneling and siding and is especially suited for fences, boxes, crating, sheathing and many industrial uses. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions are: $` FJ[ B & % [ [ Q&Q_ F` FJ[ ' checks (see Shake). :Q [ B :Q [ ' &%& [ * /[
Face Red Knots Width Sound & Tight 2” 1-3/16” 3” 1-1/2” 4” 2-1/2” 6” 3” 8” 3-1/2” 10” 4” 12” 4-1/2” 14” and wider 5”
Unsound Knot Loose Knot Knot Hole 3/8” 5/8” 3/4” 1-1/4” 1-1/2” 1-3/4” 2-1/4” 2-1/2”
The knot sizes listed above will generally be the maximum size found in this grade. However, there may be pieces of exceptional quality otherwise, which may contain slightly larger knots than those shown. FJ JQ [ % \ # [& * / \ ' knots, two maximum in each 12’ length or equivalent smaller tight black knots. @& JQ [ % \ JQ ` &Q [& Q are limited to two per 12’ of length when not in 4-10
serious combinations with other characteristics. Q  Q % &% % [&’ JQ ` &[ K '%& &Q any one piece, but two equivalent smaller knot holes may be permitted if well spaced and the piece is otherwise of high quality. &Q ? [ B #" K ' [› ' * ' * ' [% ` [ in a 1� x 8� x 12’. & F` B ? + K& F` + ' !• ` ' ' / [% streaks of massed pitch. FJ [ B & % / [F ' ` J B &_` % & % [` J [F ' * length in otherwise 2 Common type or one 3’ light roller check on face, light to medium roller check 2/3 length on back. J&K B Q % & % [J&K Q * F `& Q %&[[ [J&K[ Q \ FJ * ' •# ` Q_ ` Q _ %  have 1/8� skip for 1/2 the length or 1/16� skip full length. K & B !•‚ ` Q_ ` &Q B & % ` + [ &Q / + ' ` entire face. 'Q 5' &Q B & % Q[ Q > B &%& ' *&'% /`& [K FJ limited to 1/8 the area. > Q B Q \ FJ •# ` `&FJQ [[ !•] ` /& ` 1/2 the length or equivalent in an occasional piece. > 'K B $' J B [ [` /Q &Q K ' " $ K B & % /&[ B •] Q `&QQ ' &_` 8/4 and thicker, 1/2 of light. See para. 752.0.
7.2.4 4 Common (30.14 WWPA) Lumber of this grade is more widely used than ` ' _' [ * ' _ Q ' F Q[ ' F & Q K 'K [ [ ' [ of this grade are used for sub-floors, roof and wall sheathing, concrete forms, low cost fencing, crating and
4-11
4
similar types of construction. It is a popular grade in general construction and industry use. Although appearance is given consideration, pieces are graded chiefly for serviceability, as they are seldom used in exposed construction. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions are: $` FJ[ B '_ [ [ Q&Q_ F` FJ[ & % heavy roller checks full length on back, light to medium 2/3 length on face. :Q [ B :Q [ ' &%& [ * /[—
4
Face Width 2� 3� 4� 6� 8� 10� 12� 14� and wider
Fixed Knots Firm & Tight Knots 1-5/16� 1-3/4� 3� 3-1/2� 2/3 Width 2/3 Width 2/3 Width 2/3 Width
Loose Knots Knot Hole 3/4� 1� 1-1/2� 2� 2-1/2� 3� 3-1/2� 4�
:Q ` [ Q • ' [ JQ [ * % &% % [&’ are limited to three for each 12’ of length. &Q ? [ B &Q ` [ ' [% ` [ Q &%& & F` B ? + [ ' J[ Q K F` [ * % [[ K& F` over 1/2 area in otherwise high quality pieces. FJ [ B '_ ` J B & % ` + [` J * Q_ ` J&K B ?& Q %&[[ [J&K Q * F !•!‚… [J&K * Q_ ` &* [ '* F Q [& Q _ %  ` + 1/4� skip for 1/2 the length or 1/8� skip full length. K & B !•# ` Q_ ` &Q B ? + [ &Q / 'Q 5' &Q B ? + Q[ Q > B F ' [K [ * Q[ Q wood or not firm honeycomb over 1/4 the face. > Q B !• ` `&FJQ [[ !• ` /& ` !•‚ ` length on face. Heavy wane on back, but equivalent to knot holes if through thickness. 4-12
> 'K B $' J B [ [` /Q &Q K ' " $ K B ? + /&[ B •] Q `&QQ ' % & % 8/4 and thicker, 1/2 of medium. See para. 752.0. >`& K FJ Q ? Q  F %\ B @&'%
7.2.5 5 Common (30.15 WWPA) Lumber of this grade is intended for use in construction where lumber of a higher grade is not needed. This grade permits characteristics such as stain, large knots, very large holes, unsound wood, massed pitch, heavy shake, splits and wane in varying stages or degrees singly or in combinations. Many pieces in this grade are only slightly lower than the 4 Common grade while others will be at the opposite end of the grade level. Although 5 Common is the lowest $ %% Q ' _' & &[ [ & \ * ' [ [ &Q economical construction where appearance and strength are not basic requirements.
8.0 SPECIAL BOARD GRADES The Northeastern mills produce a number of special board grades either for fine appearance uses or as cut up stock for finished products. These grades apply to all softwood species and aspen, except in the F [ * ` [ 'Q >`& &Q @ 'Q& ' _' [ 8.1
EASTERN WHITE PINE FURNITURE GRADES
4/4 to 12/4 thick. 4� and wider. 4’ to 16’ lengths including not over 5% of 4’ & 5’. There are two furniture grades of Eastern White Pine: NE ! @ 'Q& ' Q ELMA No. 2A @ 'Q& ' @ 'Q& ' _' K&Q &[ [ F [ FJ ` +&Q_ well distributed, sound, completely intergrown, red knots that will provide sound cuttings on a fixed percentage of the good face. 4-13
4
4
$ 5 B $` ' F '&[ &F[ Q &%& &Q_ ' +&[& Q[— @ F — ! Q [ Q F %K  &Q '_' /Q ' knot is required per cutting with a minimum of one for each 3 linear feet. Q [ Q &_` \ FJ JQ K !•]… &Q diameter or equivalent smaller is allowed in cuttings 6 feet or over in length. 3. Not permitted: any other black knots, pith, checks, shake, splits, warp, wane, pitch pockets, worm holes, rot, stain or other defects that seriously weaken the cutting. FJ— Q /&Q_ Q ' [` J / Q unsound knots, or other defects that seriously weaken the cutting. 8.1.1 NELMA No. 1A Furniture Minimum sizes of cutting are 4� x 2’ or 3� x 3’. The allowable number of cuttings is calculated by adding 1 to the surface measure of the piece, dividing by 3, and dropping any fraction:
Surface Measure ™B]™ ™B ™ ™B!"™ !!™B!#™ 14’ and over
Number of Cuttings ! # ] 5
This grade requires sound cuttings of 66-2/3% or better on face and 33-1/3% or better on the back of any piece. Pieces producing 75% or better sound face cuttings are allowed one additional cutting. 8.1.2 NELMA No. 2A Furniture Minimum size of cuttings is 3� x 2’. The allowable number of cuttings is calculated by dividing the surface measure of the piece by 2 and dropping any fraction.
4-14
Surface Measure
Number of Cuttings
B# ] B B B~ !" B!! ! B!# 14’ and over
! # ] 7
This grade requires sound cuttings of 50% or better on the face. Pieces producing 66-2/3% or better on the sound face cuttings are allowed one additional cutting. 8.2 MERCHANTABLE B ' ` [ 'Q * / K F& [ Q [K Q O 'F` B \\' +& & QV 4/4 - 8/4 - 6/16 in length. Lumber of this grade is widely used for a large range of building purposes where appearance and strength are both important. With characteristics limited to assure a high degree of serviceability, this grade is often used for shelving, paneling and siding and is especially suited for fences, boxes, crating, sheathing and many industrial uses. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions are: $` FJ[ B & % [ [ Q&Q_ F` FJ[ ' checks (see Shake). :Q [ B :Q [ ' &%& [ * /[ Face Red Knots Width Sound & Tight 2” 1-3/16” 3” 1-1/2” 4” 2-1/2” 6” 3” 8” 3-1/2” 10” 4” 12” 4-1/2” 14” and wider 5” 4-15
Unsound Knot Loose Knot Knot Hole 3/8” 5/8” 3/4” 1-1/4” 1-1/2” 1-3/4” 2-1/4” 2-1/2”
4
4
The knot sizes listed above will generally be the maximum size found in this grade. However, there may be pieces of exceptional quality otherwise, which may contain slightly larger knots than those shown. FJ JQ [ %  \ •# [&’ * / \ ' knots, two maximum in each 12’ length or equivalent smaller tight black knots. @& JQ [ %  \ › JQ ` &Q [&’ Q are limited to two per 12’ of length when not in serious combinations with other characteristics. Q  Q % &% % [&’ JQ ` &[ K '%& &Q any one piece, but two equivalent smaller knot holes may be permitted if well spaced and the piece is otherwise of high quality. &Q ? [ B #" K ' [› ' * ' * ' [% holes in a 1� x 8� x 12’. & F` B ? + K& F` + ' !• ` ' ' / [% streaks of massed pitch. FJ [ B & % / [F ' ` J B &_` % & % [` J [F ' * length in otherwise 2 Common type or one 3’ light roller check on face, light to medium roller check 2/3 length on back. J&K B Q % & % [J&K Q * F `& Q %&[[ [J&K[ Q \ FJ * ' •# ` Q_ ` Q _ %  have 1/8� skip for 1/2 the length or 1/16� skip full length. K & B !•‚ ` Q_ ` &Q B & % ` + [ &Q / + ' ` entire face. 'Q 5' &Q B & % Q[ Q > B &%& ' *&'% /`& [K FJ limited to 1/8 the area. > Q B Q \ FJ •# ` `&FJQ [[ !•] ` width, 1/2 the length or equivalent in an occasional piece. > 'K B $' J B [ [` /Q &Q K ' " $ K B & % /&[ B •] Q `&QQ ' &_` 8/4 and thicker, 1/2 of light. See para. 752.0. 4-16
8.3
CUT AND SHOP RULES
8.3.1 No. 1 CUTS — ALL SOFTWOOD SPECIES AND ASPEN All thicknesses. >& `[ B Q /& ' Q_ `[ B ! A No. 1 Cut (Shop) will produce 66-2/3% or better CLEAR on the poorer face except that medium stain is permitted. A cutting must be at least 4” in width and 1 sq. foot in area. The maximum number of cuttings permitted is: 2 cuttings in pieces up to 7 surface feet. 3 cuttings in pieces of 7 to 12 surface feet. 4 cuttings in pieces of 12 or more surface feet. 8.3.2 No. 2 CUTS — ALL NORTHEASTERN SOFTWOOD SPECIES AND ASPEN All thicknesses. >& `[ B # Q /& ' Q_ `[ B ] ! A No. 2 Cut will produce 40% or better CLEAR on the poorer face except that heavy stain is permitted. A cutting must be at least 3” in width and 1 sq. foot in area. Q & & Q F &Q_ &[ K '%& 8.3.3 KNOTTY — ALL NORTHEASTERN SOFTWOOD SPECIES AND ASPEN This material is selected from the common grades which contain only red knots well distributed over the length of the pieces. The knot types may vary from different size round knots to all kinds, sizes and shapes of \' QF` ' [K&J JQ [ ` ' ` Q ' JQ [ `&[ &[ $ Select piece. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions are: :Q [ B ` J [ $` FJ[ B ' K 'F K &\ 4-17
4
&Q B &_` O\ ' F ** V Q F ! # the face.
8.3.4 STAINED SELECTS — ALL NORTHEASTERN SOFTWOOD SPECIES AND ASPEN This grade takes the limiting provisions of the D F = ' F /& ` ` F K & Q ` Q _' of blue and coffee stain is permitted.
4
8.3.5 SHORT SELECT — ALL NORTHEASTERN SOFTWOOD SPECIES AND ASPEN (S. SEL. — Abbrev.) All thicknesses. >& `[ B # Q /& ' Q_ ` B Q [` ' ' Any board which meets the requirements of D Select other than length. No cutting defect allowed. 8.3.6 SHORT — ALL NORTHEASTERN SOFTWOOD SPECIES AND ASPEN All thicknesses. >& `[ B # Q /& ' Q_ `[ B Q [` ' ' Any board which meets the requirements of Eastern White Pine, paragraph 6.2.3, “Standard” or ` ' ' ` [ 'Q K F& [ K ' _' K` # # Common, other than length. 8.4 ALTERNATE SHOP GRADES FOR EASTERN WHITE PINE AND RED PINE (WWPA 94.00) Shop lumber is graded with reference to its use for sash and doors, or on the basis of characteristics affecting its use for general cut-up purposes, or on the basis of size of cutting. The grade of shop lumber is determined by the percentage of the area of each piece available in cuttings of specified or of given minimum sizes and qualities. Slope of grain is limited to 1 in 4 in all Shop grades. 4-18
Massed pitch, shake, unsound wood and wane may render a portion of a piece unusable as millwork. If these characteristics create a total loss of 5% or more of the area of the piece, the excess unusable portion shall be scaled off to the nearest square foot, and the scale-off shall be marked on the piece. Pieces containing less than 5% waste shall not be scaled off to raise the grade. Pieces requiring more than 50% scaleoff are not permitted. In determining the percentage of door cuttings in 5/4 and thicker Shop lumber, consideration must be given to the fact that usually pieces are to be ripped full length before cross cutting in such a manner as will yield the highest grade and largest percentage of door cuttings, subject to the following exceptions: (1) In such cases where pieces will yield a higher value by first being cross-cut for rails, and some of the stock so obtained contains stiles or muntins or top rails which can be obtained by ripping this cross-cut stock, the door cuttings so obtained shall be figured in when determining percentages. (2) Pieces in which stiles only are computed for the required percentage may be cross-cut first. In 4/4 Shop, each cutting is figured without regard to whether the lumber will be ripped before cross-cutting. STANDARD SHOP THICKNESSES Nominal Surfaced Thickness Thickness S2S 4/4 3/4” 5/4 1-5/32” 6/4 1-13/32” 7/4 1-19/32” 8/4 1-13/16” 9/4 2-3/32” 10/4 2-3/8” 11/4 2-9/16” 12/4 2-3/4” 16/4 3-3/4” 4-19
4
Surfaced Shop lumber may be up to 1/64” full in thickness and still be considered on size. No minus tolerance in thickness is allowed. 5/4 and THICKER SHOP 8.4.1 FACTORY SELECT (No. 3 CLEAR) (WWPA 94.10)
4
F` K& F * @ F ' F F Q &Q[ " ' more of No. 1 Door Cuttings, except that pieces containing one No. 1 stile, or two or more No. 1 Door Cuttings, will admit one No. 2 stile. Not over two muntins are included in any piece. No piece contains muntins only. 8.4.2 No. 1 SHOP (WWPA 94.11) Each piece of No.1 Shop contains from 50% to 70% of No. 1 Door Cuttings, except those pieces containing one or more No. 1 Door cuttings will admit one No. 2 stile. Not over two muntins are included in any piece. 8.4.3 No. 2 SHOP (WWPA 94.12) Each piece of No. 2 Shop contains one of the following percentages of Door Cuttings: 25% No. 1 cuttings; 33 1/3% mixed No. 1 and No. 2 cuttings; 40% No. 2 cuttings. 8.4.4 No. 3 SHOP (WWPA 94.13) ` _' * # ` K ] Q `&FJ ' &[ @ F ' lumber type admitting all pieces below the grade of No. 2 Shop that contain not less than 30% of the area of any combination of the following cuttings: No. 1 and No. 2 door cuttings, sash cuttings, moulding rips, jamb and sill cuttings. Sash cuttings are of No. 1 quality. Moulding rips are 2” and wider and 10’ and longer. Jambs and sills are 5” and wider and 3’ and longer and of No. 1 cutting quality on one face except that barely perceptible light brown stain is admitted. 4-20
The backs of jamb and sill cuttings may contain pin knots, seasoning checks, medium pitch pockets, light stain, medium pitch, skips in dressing and other characteristics of equivalent nature. No consideration is given to edge or end characteristics that will be removed in milling. Not more than 5% of stock narrower than 5” is admissible in any shipment of No. 3 Shop. 4/4 SHOP 8.4.5 FACTORY SELECT (No. 3 CLEAR) (WWPA 94.20) ` _' * ] ] @ F ' F &[ '%&Q \ the percentage in each piece of cuttings suitable for general millwork in the sizes and qualities hereinafter specified. Cuttings are 9-1/4” wide or wider and 18” long or longer; or 5” wide or wider and 3’ long or longer. Cuttings 9-1/4” wide or wider and less than 3’ in length are free from characteristics on both sides. Cuttings 5” wide or wider and 3’ long or longer will grade C Select or better. F` K& F * ] ] @ F ' F F Q &Q[ " ' more of any one cutting or combinations of cuttings described in the foregoing rules. 8.4.6 No. 1 SHOP (WWPA 94.21) The grade of 4/4 No. 1 Shop is determined by the percentage in each piece of cuttings suitable for general millwork in the sizes and qualities hereinafter specified. Cuttings are 9-1/4” wide or wider and 18” long or longer; or 4” wide or wider and 3’ long or longer. Cuttings 9-1/4” wide or wider and less than 3’ in length are free from characteristics on both sides. Cuttings 4” wide or wider and 3’ long or longer will grade C Select or better.
4-21
4
The grade of 4/4 No. 1 Shop may be 4” and wider. Each piece contains from 50% to 70% of any one cutting or combination of cuttings of the quality described in the foregoing rules. 8.4.7 No. 2 SHOP (WWPA 94.22) The grade of 4/4 No. 2 Shop consists of Shop type pieces which do not have the required percentage of cuttings necessary for 4/4 No. 1 Shop. This grade contains not less than 33-1/3% of cuttings of the size and quality permissible in 4/4 No. 1 Shop.
4
8.5
CUT SASH AND DOOR STOCK (WWPA 95.00)
All sash and door cuttings are graded from the poorer side of the piece. Cut Sash and Door Stock shall be graded as completely useable. However, on reinspections, para. 5.6 of the grading rules applies. Less consideration is given to edge or end characteristics that will surface off in milling than to defects elsewhere in the piece. A deviation of bow or crook is permissible as shown for the following basic lengths: Length 28” to 48” 60” 70” 80” and longer
Bow or Crook 1/32” 1/16” 3/32” 1/8”
Lengths falling between these basic lengths may have a proportionate amount of bow and crook on the same curvature. Surfaced stock may be up to 1/64” full in thickness, but no minus tolerance is allowed. Width variation may be 1/8” over or 1/32” under the specified width. Sash cuttings are 2-1/2” and over in width by 28” and over in length.
4-22
SASH CUTTINGS (WWPA 95.10) 8.5.1 No. 1 SASH CUTTINGS (WWPA 95.11) are free from characteristics on both sides, except that light brown stain or one barely perceptible bark or pitch blemish is admissible. 8.5.2 No. 2 SASH CUTTINGS (WWPA 95.12) proportional to their size, will admit the same characteristics permitted in No. 2 cuttings of door stock. DOOR CUTTINGS (WWPA 95.20) 8.5.3 No. 1 CUTTINGS (WWPA 95.21) are free from characteristics on both sides, except that light brown stain or one barely perceptible bark or pitch blemish is admissible. 8.5.4 No. 2 CUTTINGS (WWPA 95.22) will admit any one of the following characteristics: $` FJ[ B Q ' % ' [% [ [ Q&Q_ F` FJ[ the combined length not exceeding 8�. :Q B [% JQ * [ Q F` ' F ' Q exceeding 5/8� in diameter. & F` ' & F` ' J[ B &_` K& F` ' K& F` streaks that do not form a pronounced defect. FJ B Q \ 'J K FJ !• … !… &Q [&’ ' several when proportionately smaller or less K' Q QF Q + ' [% K& F` K FJ showing on one side only. J&K B ' &_` [J&K ' 'Q _' &Q &Q B &_` \ [ &Q Q • ' % & % \' /Q stain. 'Q 5' &Q B J&K
4-23
4
8.5.5 CUTTING SIZES (WWPA 95.30)
4
Stiles are 5� and 6� wide by from 6’8� to 7’6� long. They may be either No. 1 or No. 2 in quality. % ' & [ ' ~… Q !"… /& \ *' % ™]… #™ long. They may be either No. 1 or No. 2 quality. Muntins are 5� and 6� wide by from 3’6� to 4’ long. They may be either No. 1 or No. 2 in quality. Top rails are 5� and 6� wide by from 2’4� to 3’ long. They must be of No. 1 quality, but are considered as No. 2 cuttings. Q F %K &Q_ ` ' * ' F &Q_[ &Q @ F ' lumber 5/4 inches and thicker, the following sizes shall be used: STILES 5�x6’8� - 2.78 5�x6’10� - 2.85 5�x7’0� - 2.92 3 5�x7’2� - 2.99 5�x7’4� - 3.06 5�x7’6� - 3.13 6�x6’8� - 3.33 B 3-1/4 6�x6’10� - 3.42 3-1/2 6�x7’0� - 3.50 6�x7’2� - 3.58 6�x7’4� - 3.67 3-3/4 6�x7’6� - 3.75 MUNTINS 5�x3’6� - 1.46 1-1/2 5�x3’8� - 1.53 5�x3’10� - 1.60 5�x4’0� - 1.67 6�x3’6� - 1.75 1-3/4 6�x3’8� - 1.83 6�x3’10� - 1.92 2 6�x4’0� - 2.00
} } }
} } }
BOTTOM RAILS 9�x2’4� - 1.75 1-3/4 9�x2’6� - 1.875 9�x2’8� - 2.00 2 9�x2’10� - 2.125 9�x3’0� - 2.25 B ‡!•] 10�x2’4� - 1.94 2 10�x2’6� - 2.08 10�x2’8� - 2.22 2-1/4 10�x2’10� - 2.36 10�x3’0� - 2.50 B 2-1/2 TOP RAILS 5�x2’4� - 0.97 5�x2’6� - 1.04 1 5�x2’8� - 1.11 5�x2’10� - 1.18 5�x3’0� - 1.25 6�x2’4� - 1.17 1-1/4 6�x2’6� - 1.25 6�x2’8� - 1.33 6�x2’10� - 1.42 1-1/2 6�x3’0� - 1.50
} } } }
}
}}
4-24
8.6
MOULDING STOCK (WWPA 92.00) All Thicknesses and Widths, All Species
Moulding Stock is stock of a type suitable for ripping into strips 1" and wider, 10' and longer. At least 2/3 of the area contains such rips of the grade permissible in standard Mouldings. In 4/4 and 8/4 and thicker Moulding Stock the grade of each rip is determined from the best face. In 5/4, 6/4 and 7/4 Moulding Stock the grade of each rip is determined from the poorest face. Slope of grain is limited to 1 in 4 in 4/4 and 8/4 and thicker stock and 1in 6 in 5/4, 6/4 and 7/4 stock. Crook, regardless of the width of a piece, is limited to 1" in 10' and shorter pieces and 1 1/2" in 11' and longer pieces. Up to 10% of the footage of any item may be 6' to 9' in length, provided each piece contains 2/3 or more of full-length moulding rips. Wane, stain, skips in dressing or other characteristics that will surface off in making mouldings of standard size are admissible in computing the percentage of rips. In Rough 4/4 Moulding Stock, up to 10% of the material may be less than 7/8" thick, provided 5/8" mouldings can be manufactured from the thinner stock. Rough 5/4, 6/4 and 7/4 Moulding Stock shall be the same thickness as other grades of Selects. Rough 8/4 Moulding Stock shall be the same thickness as other grades of Selects, except that 5% of the material may contain a minimum thickness of 1 7/8". Moulding Stock thinner than these minimums shall be included and tallied as of the next lower thickness. Massed pitch, shake, unsound wood and wane may render a portion of a piece unusable as Moulding Stock. If these characteristics create a total loss of 10% or more of the area of the piece, the excess unusable portion shall be scaled off to the nearest square foot, and the scale-off shall be marked on the piece. Pieces containing less than 10% waste shall not be scaled off to raise the grade. Pieces requiring more than 50% scale-off are not permitted. 4-25
4
8.6.1 MOULDINGS (WWPA 92.10) Standard Mouldings permit such characteristics as are acceptable in both interior and exterior trim. These may be light seasoning checks, very small pockets, light torn grain, pin-size and small knots, medium stain or a small amount of medium pitch. A serious combination of these is not admissible in any one piece. The number and extent of characteristics permitted varies as the area of the piece increases or diminishes.
4
Q ` \ [&[ * !– – ! � `&[ _' /& %& the following characteristics or the equivalent: $` FJ[ B Q [% [ [ Q&Q_ F` FJ Q &_` snipe at one end, or : Q [ B / K&Q JQ [ ' Q [% JQ OJQ [ may be increased in number on an equivalent basis as the size of the moulding increases, but may not be increased in size), or & F` B 'Q 5' &Q FJ B Q K FJ !• – – ' › &+ Q ' J&K B 'Q 5' &Q &Q B & % [ &Q F + '&Q_ !•# ` * F &Q Q occaisional piece, or a greater area of lighter stain when not in combination with other characteristics, or 'Q 5' &Q B [% [K * 'Q _' &Q Q !� * medium pitch, light skip in dressing on back. Characteristics that will not show when the piece is laid are not given the same consideration as characteristics elsewhere. In random length Mouldings, pieces requiring one cut not to exceed 4" of waste to eliminate a characteristic too serious to go in the grade are allowed in otherwise high line pieces. The cut must be more than 36" from each end of the piece. Not more than 10% of the cutting type is admissible in any one item. Lengths shall be 3' to 20' in multiples of 1'. When random length shipments are ordered, no more than 15% under 8' in any one item and bundled separately 4-26
shall be shipped. When shipments are ordered to be 6' and longer, no more than 10% under 8' is allowable in any one item. (1) Casing and Stop patterns 7' in length are considered long lengths when figuring percentage of shorts. (2) Cut to length window and door trim are graded as completely usable. However, on reinspections Section 5.60 of the grading rules applies. The above paragraphs also apply to all fingerjointed mouldings with the additional provision that medium stain is allowed. Patching and filling are allowed in fingerjoint mouldings, providing a good paintable surface results.
9.0 FINGER JOINT SHOP COMMON (99.00 WWPA) All Thicknesses and Widths All Species This grade is intended to provide cuttings 2-1/2� wide or wider by 9� long or longer used for stock to be finger-jointed for moulding and millwork items. It is F Q[& ' @ F ' %\ ' * ' F &Q_ + Q Q comparison with any Yard grade is intended. The grade is determined by the percentage of the area of each piece available in the specified cuttings. Each piece of finger-jointing stock must contain 50% or more of cuttings which are of the quality described below. Consideration must be given to the fact that pieces are to be ripped full length before the ripped stock may be cross cut. Severe grain distortion such as may be caused by cutting too close to a large knot is not permitted in cuttings. Severe compression wood is not permitted in cuttings. Characteristics and limiting provisions in cuttings are: &' [  B FJ [ $` FJ[ B $ &Q_[ % [ \ *' *' % [ [ Q&Q_ checks. 4-27
4
4
& F` ' & F` ' J[ B &_` K& F` ' K& F` [ ' J[ FJ [ B '  K 'F K &\ \ 'J K FJ [ ' + ' light birds eye. J&K B &_` [J&K &_` ' &[ _' &Q ' &_` 'Q grain. K * 5' &Q B F ! &Q ‚ &Q B &_` % & % 'Q '
&[ 5' &Q B J&K
A serious combination of the above characteristics not permitted in any cutting. Massed pitch, shake, unsound wood and wane may render a portion of a piece unusable as millwork. If these characteristics create a total loss of 5% or more of the area of the piece, the excess unusable portion shall be scaled off to the nearest square foot, and the scale-off shall be marked on the piece. Pieces containing less than 5% waste shall not be scaled off to raise the grade. Pieces requiring more than 50% scale-off are not permitted. Unless otherwise agreed between the buyer and seller of this grade, moisture content provisions shall be those provided for dry Shop lumber.
4-28
NATIONAL GRADING RULES, FRAMING & DECKING
5
5-1
5
5-2
NATIONAL GRADING RULE FOR SOFTWOOD DIMENSION LUMBER1 INTRODUCTION Product Standard 20 (American Softwood Lumber Standard), published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, stipulates that a National Grading Rule Committee composed of members competent in the field of lumber technology shall “establish, maintain and make fully and fairly available nomenclature and descriptions of grades for dimension lumber.� It provides further that “grading rules of an agency shall not be certified as conforming to the American Softwood %\ ' Q ' &* ` ' * +& / '%&Q [ that the dimension lumber rules therein fail to conform to the provisions of the National Grading Rule for Dimension Lumber� established pursuant to Section 11 of PS 20. The National Grading Rule applies to all species of softwood lumber1 which are covered by grading rules developed and approved under PS 20. SCOPE @ ' K 'K [ [ * ` & Q 5' &Q_ * ' Dimension Lumber, “dimension� is limited to surfaced softwood lumber of nominal thicknesses from 2 through 4 inches and nominal widths 2 inches and wider; and which is designed for use as framing members such as joists, planks, rafters and studs. It does not apply to those grades that are segregated for special uses, but which are sometimes manufactured to the “dimension� sizes provided that descriptions for such special grades are included in the applicable agency grading rules. The following are examples of special products excluded from the National Grading Rule for Dimension Lumber: $' [[ '%[ @ Q & Q %\ ' @ F ' = ` K %\ ' Q [ '& $ '[ 1Hardwood lumber shall not be graded under provisions of this
' Q [[ &QF &Q ' [ F ' &*& \Â ` '
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@&Q&[` O F [V Laminating Stock Railroad Stock Rough Lumber Scaffold Planks
' FJ Ship Decking & Plank Stock Stadium Plank Worked Lumber
CLASSIFICATION The National Grading Rule for Dimension Lumber classifies dimension into 3 width categories and 4 use categories. Dimension up to 4 inches wide is classified
[ ' F ' &_` @' %&Q_ Q &_` @' %&Q_ Dimension 2 inches and wider is classified as “Studs.” Dimension 5 inches and wider is classified as “Structural Joists and Planks.”
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STRUCTURAL LIGHT FRAMING 2-4” Thick, 2-4” Wide Grade Name (and Abbreviation) Select Structural (Sel Str) 1 2 3 LIGHT FRAMING 2-4” Thick, 2-4” Wide Grade Name (and Abbreviation) Construction (Const) Standard (Stand) Utility (Util) STUDS 2-4” Thick, 2” and Wider Grade Name Stud STRUCTURAL JOISTS & PLANKS 2-4” Thick, 5” and Wider Grade Name (and Abbreviation) Select Structural (Sel Str) 1 2 3 5-4 5-1
APPEARANCE Grade Name (and Abbreviation) NGR grade name plus Appearance (NGR grade name plus APP) Applicable to all NGR grades GENERAL The major characteristics encountered in grading of softwood lumber are listed for each grade herein. Not all the listed characteristics will occur in lumber of any particular grade. When characteristics unique to a single species are encountered which are not included in the grade description, the characteristics shall be assessed in comparison to the most similar characteristic listed and permitted to the same degree. All grade descriptions set forth the major limiting characteristics that occur in lumber in each grade. Hence, the rules describe the poorest pieces permitted in a grade. All or nearly all of the permissible characteristics of a grade are rarely present in maximum size or number in any one piece. Any piece with a combination of characteristics which are judged to be more severe than the maximum characteristics permitted in the grade, even though each if taken individually is permitted, shall be excluded from the grade. The grading of lumber cannot be considered an exact science because it is based on a visual inspection of each piece and the judgment of the grader and/or on the results of a method of mechanically determining the strength characteristics of structural lumber. The National Grading Rule for Dimension Lumber establishes a maximum of 5 percent below grade as the tolerance allowed between graders. :Q [ F` FJ[ [` J [ Q [ K * _' &Q &Q visually graded lumber shall be measured in accordance with the provisions of ASTM D245 except that no increase in slope of grain or size of knots is permitted outside the middle one third of the length. Except as otherwise provided herein, knots appearing
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on narrow faces are limited to the same displacement as knots specified at edges of wide faces. The limitations on knot sizes and other characteristics governing strength shall not be exceeded. Compression wood shall be limited in effect to other appearance or strength reducing characteristics permitted in the grade.
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Machine Stress Rated Lumber (MSR) A basic description for machine stress rated lumber is included for those certified rules writing agencies which possess the necessary technical information on their species to include detailed MSR provisions in their grading rules. This method for mechanical testing and marking of MSR lumber shall be included in certified agency rules if they provide for MSR lumber. Grade descriptions and grade marking privileges shall be provided by the certified rules writing agencies for MSR lumber when lumber is evaluated by mechanical means. See para. 16.0.
10.0 LIGHT FRAMING All Species 2” to 4” Thick 2” to 4” Wide 10.1 CONSTRUCTION 2” to 4” thick, 2” to 4” wide. Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: $` FJ[ B '* F [ [ Q&Q_ F` FJ[ Q &%& Through checks at ends are limited as splits. :Q [ B Q *&'% QF [ Q K& ` % [ \ tight and are permitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement:
Nom. Width
Anywhere on Wide Face
2” 3” 4”
3/4” 1-1/4” 1-1/2”
Unsound or Loose Knots & Holes (any cause)
5/8” 3/4” 1” 5-6 5-1
}
One hole or equivalent smaller holes per 3 lin. ft.
Q * F ' B Q ' „ … K ' "O V & F` Q K& F` [ ' J[ B &%& FJ [ B & F` ' \ 'J B &%& ` J B * `' _` Q [ &%& [ [K & [ Surface shakes up to 2’ long. J&K[ B ?& Q %&[[ [J&K[ &Q % &% % * !"˜ of the pieces. See para. 720.0 (f). K * _' &Q B ! &Q ‚ K & [ B › &Q Q_ ` ` /& ` * ` K& F &Q B &Q [ K/ @&'% ` ' [ &Q ' *&'% red heart. > Q B !•] ` `&FJQ [[ Q !•] ` /& ` * length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 1/2 the thickness or 1/3 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. > 'K B !• * % & % K ' "
10.2 STANDARD 2� to 4� thick, 2� to 4� wide.
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Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: $` FJ[ B '* F [ [ Q&Q_ F` FJ[ Q &%& Through checks at ends are limited as splits. :Q [ B ' [ '&F [ › &  Q ' permitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement:
Nom. Width
Anywhere on Wide Face
2� 3� 4�
1� 1-1/2� 2�
Unsound or Loose Knots & Holes (any cause)
3/4� 1� 1-1/4�
}
One hole or equivalent smaller holes per 2 lin. ft.
Q * F ' B Q ' „@ … K ' "O*V & F` Q K& F` [ ' J[ B &%& FJ [ B & F` ' \ 'J B &%& ` J B * `' _` Q [ &%& [ [K & [ /  from ends through shakes up to 2’ long, well separated. If not through, single shakes shall not exceed 3’ long or 1/4 the length, whichever is greater. 5-7 5-1
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J&K[ B ?& Q %&[[ /& ` % &% % * ˜ * the pieces containing hit or miss or heavy skip 2’ or less in length. See para. 720.0 (e), (f) and (g). K * _' &Q B ! &Q ] K & [ B › &Q Q_ ` !‡!• &% [ ` /& ` of the piece. &Q B &Q [ K/ @&'% ` ' [ &Q ' *&'% red heart. Not limited. Q[ Q / B % [K [ ' [ ' J[ * *&'% honeycomb or peck are limited to 1/6 the width. In 2� lumber, any other unsound wood is limited to a spot 1/12 the width and 2� in length or equivalent smaller. > Q B !•# ` `&FJQ [[ Q !•# ` /& ` * length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 2/3 the thickness or 1/2 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. > 'K B &_` K ' " >`& [K FJ B @&'% !•# ` * F ' › &+ Q
10.3 UTILITY 2� to 4� thick, 2� to 4� wide. Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: $` FJ[ B Seasoning checks, not limited. Through checks at ends are limited as splits. :Q [ B ' [ '&F [ › &  Q ' K 'mitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement:
Nom. Width
Anywhere on Wide Face
2� 3� 4�
1-1/4� 2� 2-1/2�
Holes (any cause)
1� 1-1/4� 1-1/2�
}
One hole or equivalent smaller holes per 1 lin. ft.
Q * F ' B Q ' „@ … K ' "O*V & F` Q K& F` [ ' J[ B &%& FJ [ B & F` ' \ 'J B &%& ` J B '* F [` J [ K '%& * `' _` edges or ends, limited as splits. Elsewhere through shakes 1/3 the length, scattered along the length. 5-8 5-1
J&K[ B ?& ' %&[[ /& ` % &% % * !"˜ * the pieces containing heavy skips. See para. 720.0 (e) and (g). K * _' &Q B ! &Q ] K & [ B › !•‚ ` Q_ ` * ` K& F &Q B &Q / Q &%& Q[ Q / B [ Q [ '  ` Q & &Q_ edge. See para. 710.0(e). Spots or streaks limited to 1/3 the cross section at any point along the length. > Q B !• ` `&FJQ [[ Q !• ` /& ` * length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 7/8 the thickness or 3/4 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. > 'K B & % K ' " >`& [K FJ Q ` Q  F %\ B @&'%
11.0 STUDS All Species 2� to 4� Thick 2� and Wider
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Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: $` FJ[ B Seasoning checks, not limited. Through checks at ends are limited as splits. :Q [ B ' [ '&F [ › &  \ ' / spaced and are permitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement: At Edge Centerline Nom. Width Wide Face Wide Face
2� 3� 4� 5� 6� 8� 10� 12� 14�
3/4� 1-1/4� 1-3/4� 2-1/4� 2-3/4� 3-1/2� 4-1/2� 5-1/2� 6�
3/4� 1-1/4� 2-1/2� 3� 3-3/4� 4-1/2� 5-1/2� 6-1/2� 7�
Holes (any cause)
}
3/4� 1-1/4� 1-1/2� 1-3/4� 2� 2-1/2� 3� 3-1/2� 4�
One hole or equivalent smaller holes per 1 lin. ft.
Q * F ' B Q ' „@ … K ' "O*V. & F` Q K& F` [ ' J[ B &%& 5-9 5-1
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FJ [ B & F` ' \ 'J B &%& ` J B * `' _` Q [ &%& [ [K & [ Elsewhere through shakes 1/3 the length. J&K[ B ?& ' %&[[ Q Q * F /& ` % &% % of 10% of the pieces containing heavy skips on wide faces only. See para. 720.0(e) and (g). K * _' &Q B ! &Q ] K & [ B › &Q Q_ ` /&F ` /& ` * ` piece. &Q B &Q [ K/ @&'% ` ' [ &Q ' *&'% red heart. Q[ Q / B [ Q [ '  Q & &Q_ _ See para. 710.0(e). In spots or streaks limited to 1/3 the cross section at any point along the length. > Q B !•# ` `&FJQ [[ Q !• ` /& ` * length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 1/2 the thickness and 3/4 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. > 'K B !• % & % K ' " >`& [K FJ Q ` Q  F %\ B @&'%
12.0 STRUCTURAL LIGHT FRAMING STRUCTURAL JOISTS AND PLANKS All Species 2� to 4� Thick 2� and Wider 12.1 SELECT STRUCTURAL 2� to 4� thick, 2� and wider. Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: $` FJ[ B Surface seasoning checks, not limited. Through checks at ends are limited as splits. :Q [ B Q *&'% QF [ Q K& F` JQ [ &* tight and well spaced, are permitted in sizes not to exceed the following, or equivalent displacement:
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At Edge Centerline Nom. Width Wide Face Wide Face
2� 3� 4� 5� 6� 8� 10� 12� 14�
3/8� 1/2� 3/4� 1� 1-1/8� 1-1/2� 1-7/8� 2-1/4� 2-3/8�
3/8� 1/2� 7/8� 1-1/2� 1-7/8� 2-1/4� 2-5/8� 3� 3-1/4�
Unsound or Loose Knots & Holes (any cause)
3/8� 1/2� 3/4� 7/8� 1� 1-1/4� 1-1/4� 1-1/4� 1-1/4�
}
One hole or equivalent smaller holes per 4 lin. ft.
Q * F ' B Standard “E.� See para. 722.0(e). & F` Q K& F` [ ' J[ B &%& FJ [ B & F` ' \ 'J B &%& ` J B * `' _` Q [ &%& [ [K & [ Surface shakes up to 2’ long. J&K[ B ?& Q %&[[ &Q % &% % * !"˜ * ` pieces. See para. 720.0(f). K * _' &Q B ! &Q ! K & [ B › &Q Q_ ` ` /& ` * ` K& F &Q B &Q [ K/ @&'% ` ' [ &Q ' *&'% red heart limited to 10% of the piece. > Q B !•] ` `&FJQ [[ Q !•] ` /& ` * length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 1/2 the thickness or 1/3 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. > 'K B !• % & % K ' "
12.2 No. 1 2� to 4� thick, 2� and wider. Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: $` FJ[ B Surface seasoning checks, not limited. Through checks at ends are limited as splits.
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:Q [ B Q *&'% QF [ Q K& F` JQ [ &* tight and well spaced, are permitted in sizes not to exceed the following, or equivalent displacement: Unsound or Loose Knots & Holes (any cause)
At Edge Centerline Nom. Width Wide Face Wide Face
2� 3� 4� 5� 6� 8� 10� 12� 14�
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1/2� 3/4� 1� 1-1/4� 1-1/2� 2� 2-1/2� 3� 3-1/8�
1/2� 3/4� 1-1/2� 1-7/8� 2-1/4� 2-3/4� 3-1/4� 3-3/4� 4�
1/2� 3/4� 1� 1-1/8� 1-1/4� 1-1/2� 1-1/2� 1-1/2� 1-1/2�
}
One hole or equivalent smaller holes per 3 lin. ft.
Q * F ' B Standard “E.� See para. 722.0(e). & F` Q K& F` [ ' J[ B &%& FJ [ B & F` ' \ 'J B &%& ` J B * `' _` Q [ &%& [ [K & [ Surface shakes up to 2’ long. J&K[ B ?& Q %&[[ &Q % &% % * !"˜ * ` pieces. See para. 720.0(f). K * _' &Q B ! &Q !" K & [ B › &Q Q_ ` /& ` * ` K& F &Q B &Q [ K/ @&'% ` ' [ &Q ' *&'% red heart. > Q B !•] ` `&FJQ [[ Q !•] ` /& ` * length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 1/2 the thickness or 1/3 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. > 'K B !• * % & % K ' "
12.3 NO. 2 2� to 4� thick, 2� and wider. Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: $` FJ[ B Seasoning checks not limited. Through checks at ends are limited as splits.
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:Q [ B > [K F JQ [ * Q › &  ' K 'mitted in sizes not to exceed the following, or equivalent displacement:
At Edge Centerline Nom. Width Wide Face Wide Face
2� 3� 4� 5� 6� 8� 10� 12� 14�
5/8� 7/8� 1-1/4� 1-5/8� 1-7/8� 2-1/2� 3-1/4� 3-3/4� 4-1/8�
5/8� 7/8� 2� 2-3/8� 2-7/8� 3-1/2� 4-1/4� 4-3/4� 5-1/4�
Holes (any cause)
5/8� 7/8� 1-1/4� 1-3/8� 1-1/2� 2� 2-1/2� 3� 3-1/2�
}
One hole or equivalent smaller holes per 2 lin. ft.
Q * F ' B Q ' „@ … K ' "O*V. & F` Q K& F` [ ' J[ B &%& FJ [ B & F` ' \ 'J B &%& ` J B * `' _` Q [ &%& [ [K & [ /  from ends through shakes up to 2’ long, well separated. If not through, single shakes shall not exceed 3’ long or 1/4 the length, whichever is greater. J&K[ B ?& Q %&[[ /& ` % &% % * ˜ * the pieces containing hit or miss or heavy skip 2’ or less in length. See para. 720.0(e), (f) and (g). K * _' &Q B ! &Q K & [ B › &Q Q_ ` !‡!• &% [ ` /& ` of the piece. &Q B &Q [ K/ @&'% ` ' [ &Q ' *&'% red heart. Not limited. Q[ Q / B K '%& &Q `&FJQ [[ [ over 2�. In 2� lumber, small spots or streaks of firm honeycomb or peck are limited to 1/6 the width. Any other unsound wood is limited to a spot 1/12 the width and 2� in length or equivalent smaller. > Q B !•# ` `&FJQ [[ Q !•# ` /& ` * length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 2/3 the thickness or 1/2 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. > 'K B &_` K ' " >`& [K FJ B @&'% !•# ` * F ' › &+ Q 5-13
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12.4 NO. 3 2� to 4� thick, 2� and wider. Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: $` FJ[ B Seasoning checks not limited. Through checks are limited as splits. :Q [ B > [K F JQ [ * Q › &  ' K 'mitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement: At Edge Centerline Nom. Width Wide Face Wide Face
2� 3� 4� 5� 6� 8� 10� 12� 14�
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3/4� 1-1/4� 1-3/4� 2-1/4� 2-3/4� 3-1/2� 4-1/2� 5-1/2� 6�
3/4� 1-1/4� 2-1/2� 3� 3-3/4� 4-1/2� 5-1/2� 6-1/2� 7�
Holes (any cause)
3/4� 1-1/4� 1-3/4� 1-7/8� 2� 2-1/2� 3� 3-1/2� 4�
}
One hole or equivalent smaller holes per 1 lin. ft.
Q * F ' B Q ' „@ … K ' "O*V. & F` Q K& F` [ ' J[ B &%& FJ [ B & F` ' \ 'J B &%& ` J B '* F [` J [ K '%& * `' _` edges or ends, limited as splits. Elsewhere through shakes 1/3 the length, scattered along the length. J&K[ B ?& ' %&[[ /& ` % &% % * !"˜ * the pieces containing heavy skips. See para. 720.0(e) and (g). K * _' &Q B ! &Q ] K & [ B › !•‚ ` Q_ ` of the piece. &Q B &Q / Q &%& Q[ Q / B [ Q [ '  ` Q & &Q_ edge. See para. 710.0(e). Spots or streaks limited to 1/3 the cross section at any point along the length. > Q B !• ` `&FJQ [[ Q !• ` /& ` * length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 7/8 the thickness or 3/4 the 5-14
width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. > 'K B & % K ' " >`& [K FJ Q ` Q Â F %\ B @&'%
12.5 APPEARANCE All species, 2� to 4� thick, 2� and wider. The grade specifications in the National Grading Rule for Dimension Lumber are based primarily on structural performance. Lumber graded as Appearance conforms to the applicable NGR grade and additional limitations in appearance characteristics. In addition to all provisions of the applicable NGR grade, the following limiting provisions shall apply: Q * F ' B Standard “E.� See para. 722.0(e). J&K B ?& Q %&[[ [J&K[ &Q % &% % * !"˜ of pieces. See para. 720.0(f). > Q B !•] ` `&FJQ [[ Q !•‚ ` /& ` \ !•] ` Q_ ` %& K ' " " > 'K B !• * % & % K ' "
13.0 SPECIAL PRODUCT RULES FOR NO. 1 PRIME AND NO. 2 PRIME DIMENSION O K *' % V FOREWORD Manufacturers, specifiers, and users of Northeastern Lumber traditionally used the NELMA Standard Grading rules for the sale and purchase of Northeastern Lumber for general use. As new and special end-use products have been developed, these have been incorporated as supplements to the NELMA Rules or issued as a special standard for the product. These standards for nominal 2� to 4� thickness and 2� to 12� width are intended for use where appearance and strength are a consideration. .
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13.1 General rules 1. In the absence of special contract, exception or specification, Northeastern lumber sold or bought under this Special Product Rule shall be subject to provisions included herein and to applicable provisions of NELMA Standard Grading Rules. Northeastern lumber conforming to this standard is eligible for grade-marking. 2. The grading of Special Dimension involves limitation of wane and other characteristics that affect
KK ' QF :Q [ Q ` ' F` ' F '&[ &F[ ' &%& % ` K \ &[` [&_Q + [ :Q [ ' measured and limited by size or equivalent displacement. Compression wood is prohibited in all grades if present in readily identifiable and damaging form based on an ordinary visual inspection.
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3. The rounding or easing of edges in S4S working is a requirement under this Standard unless particularly prohibited. The rounding for the 2” to 4” thickness covered by this Standard may be rounded to a radius of no more than 1/8” for 2”, 3/16” for 3”, and 1/4” for 4” thickQ [[ ` ' ' Q &Q_ ' Q [ _ /` Q [&' must be specified. 4. Nominal and standard sizes of S4S are: THICKNESS (Inches)
Nominal
2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 4
WIDTH (Inches)
Standard ALSC Min. Dressed DRY GREEN
1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2
Nominal
[1-9/16] 2-1/16 2-9/16 3-1/16 3-9/16
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2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12
Standard ALSC Min. Dressed DRY GREEN
1-1/2 2-1/2 3-1/2 4-1/2 5-1/2 7-1/4 9-1/4 11-1/4
[1-9/16] 2-9/16 3-9/16 4-5/8 5-5/8 7-1/2 9-1/2 11-1/2
5. [Moisture content of No. 1 Prime and No. 2 Prime of 2�, 3� and 4� nominal thickness if over 19% shall be marked S-GRN. Moisture content of 19% or less shall \ % 'J ‡ ; ' : &[ ' F Q Q * ! ˜ ' [[ %  \ % 'J $‡! ' : ! ž ‚ Q_ `[ B Q [K F&*&F & Q[ * ' [[ ' Q_ `[ random lengths, standard stock lengths, and for lengths unspecified or indefinite as to range or assortment, standard practice shall be to furnish a fair assortment of standard stock lengths of 10’ to 16’, 18’ or 20’ except percentages or total board-foot quantities in lengths under 10’ shall be permitted as follows: GRADE
No. 1 Prime No. 2 Prime
4’ and/or 5’
6’ and/or 7’
8’ and/or 9’
0% 0%
5% 6%
7%(1) 8%(1)
(1)
Any unfilled portion of 6’ and/or 7’ may be filled in 8’ and/or 9’.
13.2 NO. 1 PRIME Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: $` FJ[ B Surface seasoning checks not limited. Through checks at ends are limited as splits. :Q [ B Q *&'% QF [ Q K& ` JQ [ &* tight and well spaced, are permitted in sizes not to exceed the following, or equivalent displacement: Nom. Width
At Edge Wide Face
Centerline Wide Face
Unsound Knots
2� 3� 4� 5� 6� 8� 10� 12�
1/2� 3/4� 1� 1-1/4� 1-1/2� 2� 2-1/2� 3�
1/2� 3/4� 1-1/2� 1-7/8� 2-1/4� 2-3/4� 3-1/4� 3-3/4�
1/2� 3/4� 1� 1-1/8� 1-1/4� 1-1/2� 1-1/2� 1-1/2�
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Q * F ' B Standard “E.� & F` Q K& F` [ ' J[ B &%& FJ [ B & F` ' \ 'J B &%& ` J B * `' _` _ [ ' Q [ &%& [ splits; surface shakes up to 2’ long. J&K[ B &_` Q !"˜ * /& * F `& Q %&[[ on edge. K * _' &Q B ! &Q !" K & [ B › &Q Q_ ` /& ` * ` K& F &Q B &Q [ K/ š *&'% ` ' [ &Q ' *&'% red heart. > Q B !•]… K ' !•]… /& F K FF [& Q piece may have wane on one edge up to 3/8� deep by 3/8� wide for 12�. > 'K B !• * % & %
13.3 NO. 2 PRIME
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Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: $` FJ[ B Seasoning checks not limited. Through checks at ends are limited as splits. :Q [ B > [K F JQ [ * Q › &  ' permitted in the sizes not to exceed the following or equivalent displacement: Nominal Width
2� 3� 4� 5� 6� 8� 10� 12�
At Edge Centerline Wide Face Wide Face
5/8� 7/8� 1-1/4� 1-5/8� 1-7/8� 2-1/2� 3-1/4� 3-3/4�
5/8� 7/8� 2� 2-3/8� 2-7/8� 3-1/2� 4-1/4� 4-3/4�
Holes (Any Cause)
1/4� 1/4� 1/4� 1/4� 1/4� 1/4� 1/4� 1/4�
}
One hole or equivalent smaller holes per 2 lin. ft.
Q * F ' B Standard “E.� & F` Q K& F` [ ' J[ B &%& FJ [ B & F` ' \ 'J B &%& ` J B * `' _` Q [ &%& [ [K & [š /  from ends through shakes up to 2’ long, well separated; if not through single shakes shall not 5-18
exceed 3’ long or 1/4 the length, whichever is greater. J&K[ B ?& Q %&[[ ' [[&Q_ K * _' &Q B ! &Q K & [ B &Q Q_ ` ! ! &% [ ` /& ` of the piece. &Q B &Q [ K/ *&'% ` ' [ &Q ' *&'% red heart. Not limited. Q[ Q / B K '%& &Q `&FJQ [[ [ over 2”. (In 2” lumber, small spots or streaks of firm honeycomb or peck are limited to 1/6 the width. Any other unsound wood is limited to a spot 1/12 the width and 2” in length or equivalent smaller.) > Q B ! ] K ' ! ] /& F K FF [& Q piece may have wane on one edge up to 3/8” deep by 3/8” wide for 12”. > 'K B &_`
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13.4 DESIGN VALUES No. 1 Prime and No. 2 Prime shall be graded as noted earlier in this publication. The design values are as provided for No. 1 and No. 2 Dimension grades as found in the current NELMA Standard Grading Rules.
14.0 ECONOMY (NOT NGR) All Species 2” to 4” Thick 2” and Wider Dimension lumber of this grade is not intended for use where strength and appearance are factors. Economy is suitable for bracing, crating, cribbing, blocking and other similar uses. Economy is generally shipped Mixed Species. Single species orders must specifically exclude other species.
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Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: :Q [ B :Q [ * Q › &  Q ` [ ' K '%& ted if their displacement does not exceed 3/4 of the cross section. J&K[ B ? + [J&K[ ' K '%& Q &Q addition 20% of the pieces may be 1/4� scant full length. K & [ B !•# the length. Q[ Q / B F #•] * ` F' [[ section at any point. > Q B •# ` `&FJQ [[ •# ` /& ` > Q full width or thickness is permitted in an occasional piece; scantness must not exceed 1/4�. All characteristics which do not interfere with full length use are permitted. Pieces 9’ and shorter must be usable full length. Pieces 10' and longer may contain an undesirable characteristic requiring removal by cutting the piece into shorter sections. When the undesirable characteristic is eliminated, the waste cannot exceed 1/4 the length and not be located within 2' of either end.
15.0 DECKING (55.00 WWPA) 2� to 4� Thick 4� and Wider @O[V ? $: • $: ? >? $
EASTERN WHITE PINE There are two grades of Decking: SELECTED $: 5 Q $ $ $: 5 [&_Q values for these grades are shown in the table following ` _' [F'&K & Q[ ` _' [ ' [ F [ ` the face or better side will present the qualities desired for exposed view, such as in a paneled ceiling. The side with the pattern shall be considered the face. Decking is widely used for roofing and flooring and is valued for insulating and fire resistive qualities. In the thicker sizes, 5-20
the wider spacing allowed between supporting members is especially suited for economical construction. The moisture content of Decking is limited to a maximum of 19%. Square end trim pieces are trimmed square across ` * F /& ` !•‚]… ' QF K '%& Q ‚… * F FJ‡ beveling the ends from the face to reverse side is permitted to ensure a close fit. Decking is usually surfaced to a single T & G in 2� `&FJQ [[ Q %  \ ' ' /& ` ' ' Q _ [ striated, grooved or in other patterns. Standard lengths are 6’ and longer in multiples of 1’. 15.1 SELECTED DECKING (55.11 WWPA) Decking of this grade is widely used where the selected face will be used to show wood at its natural best, such as in a paneled ceiling. Characteristics and limiting provisions on the face are: $` FJ[ B Medium seasoning checks, scattered. ? [ B &Q [% &Q [&’ › &+ Q F`&KK knots. :Q [ B Q Q &_` Q K [ * F F K [ noted below. :Q [ B > [K F ' &%& ` * /&Q_ sizes on both wide faces: Nominal Width
Face Width
Knot Size
4� 5� 6� 8� 10� 12�
3� 4� 5� 6-3/4� 8-3/4� 10-3/4�
1-1/2� 1-7/8� 2-3/8� 3-1/4� 4� 5�
In occasional pieces, unsound and fixed knots not exceeding 1-1/2� in diameter are permitted if not through the piece and not exceeding two knots or equivalent smaller in 12’ in length. Narrow face and spike knots are allowed when their effect is judged to be no greater than other knots allowed. 5-21
5
5
:Q [ %  F Q &Q F`&KK ' [ Q '_ ' than approximately 3/4� in diameter, if not through the piece and not exceeding two knots or equivalent smaller in 12’ in length. & F` B &_` K& F` ' › &+ Q + ' [% [ ' J FJ [ B & % \ 'J K FJ [ ' [% ' pitch pockets. K * _' &Q B ! &Q !" K & [ B FF [& Q [` ' [K & [ &Q B &_` [ K [ &Q % & % ` ' [ &Q Q_ B !•!‚… Q '' / &Q FF [& Q K& F [ 'Q ' ' &[ _' &Q B &_` 'Q ' ' &[ _' &Q ' a spot of medium. > 'K B &_` [ [` /Q &Q K ' "
Characteristics and limiting provisions on the back and unexposed edges are: FJ B ' K FJ &Q $ ' %& Q ` back and exposed edges if narrow, well scattered and not occupying more of the cross section than allowable knots. J&K B ?& Q %&[[ [J&K[ > Q B !•# ` /& ` ` ' F` ' F '&[ &F[ Q &Q '* '&Q_ /& ` ` intended use of the grade. 15.2 COMMERCIAL DECKING (55.12 WWPA) Lumber of this grade is recommended and customarily used for the same purposes served by higher grade when appearance is not of primary importance. Characteristics and limiting provisions on the face are: $` FJ[ B Seasoning checks. ? [ B % JQ ` [ :Q [ B > [K F ' &%& ` * /&Q_ sizes on both wide faces: Nominal Width
Face Width
Knot Size
4� 5� 6� 8� 10� 12�
3� 4� 5� 6-3/4� 8-3/4� 10-3/4�
1-3/4� 2-3/8� 2-7/8� 3-7/8� 4-7/8� 6�
5-22
Narrow face and spike knots are allowed when their effect is judged to be no greater than other knots allowed. Chipped knots and broken out knots, not larger than approximately 1-1/2� in diameter, are permitted if not through the piece. Pitch streaks. FJ [ B & F` ' \ 'J ` J B [ '& [ J&K B ?& Q %&[[ [J&K[ K * _' &Q B ! &Q K & [ B KK' &%  !•‚ ` Q_ ` &Q B &Q / Q_ B !•!‚… Q '' / Torn grain. Q[ Q / B Q[ Q / Q K FJ &Q small spots or streaks up to 1� wide may be accepted on any face. In Cedar species only, spots or streaks may be accepted up to 1/3 the width. > Q B KK' &%  !•‚ ` * F /& ` > 'K B !•]… [[ ` Q % & % [ [` /Q &Q K ' 752.0. >`& [K FJ B @&'% /`& [K FJ[ Q '' / [ ' J
Characteristics and limiting provisions on the back and unexposed edges are: > Q B KK' &%  !•# * * F ` ' F` ' F '&[ &F[ Q &Q '* '&Q_ /& ` ` intended use are permitted on unexposed back and edges except as noted. Any piece with an unusual combination of characteristics which seriously affects normal serviceability is excluded from the grade.
5-23
5
DECKING 2� to 4� thick, 4� to 12� wide. Design values in pounds per square inch. @ ' * /&[ Q  B &% % % &[ ' F Q Q !~˜
Species
Grade
@[ Eastern Hemlock/ Tamarack Northern White Cedar Eastern White Pine
5
F Commercial Selected Commercial Selected Commercial Selected Commercial
Extreme Fiber In Bending “Fb� Repetitive Modulus Member of Uses Elasticity “E� !# " 1100 1700 1450 1100 950 1300 1100
! ]"" """ 1,200,000 1,300,000 1,100,000 800,000 700,000 1,200,000 1,100,000
See para. 31.0 to 37.0 for information. 15.3 RADIUS EDGE DECKING GRADE — RED PINE (Abbreviation R.E. Decking) Red Pine decking grade is available as a dry product only (max. 19%). The rounded (eased) edge is on 1/4� radius. Thickness - Nominal 1-1/4� dressed to 1�. Widths - 4�, 5� and 6�. Dressed - 3-1/2�, 4-1/2� and 5-1/2�. Lengths - 6’ to 16’. Characteristics and limiting provisions: :Q [ B /& * F B [ Q *&'% QF [ Q K& ` knots, if tight and well-spaced, are permitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement: Nominal Width
Sound & Tight
4� 5� 6�
1-1/2� 1-3/4� 2-1/2�
5-24
Unsound knots, loose knots and holes are limited to 3/4�, one of maximum size or two equivalent smaller per 12’ of length. :Q [ % [ ' F' [[ ` /& ` \ / Q &Q [ enclosing the knot parallel to the edge and averaged on both faces. The sum of all knots in the same cross section shall not exceed the size or displacement of the knot specified. $` FJ[ B & % F` FJ[ K '%& Q * F Q back. If through, permitted on ends only equivalent to splits. K & [ B ` ' Q Q F` Q K * _' &Q B ! &Q F  B Q $ %K' [[& Q / B K '%& &* K' [ Q &Q readily identifiable and damaging form. & F` B & % Q % & % [ ' J * ` + pitch permitted for each 12’ of length. FJ [ K& F` ' \ 'J B & % / [F ' ` J B &_` [` J K '%& Q * F Q \ FJ If through, permitted on ends only equivalent to splits. J&K B &_` Q * F * ' !™ * ' F` ! ™ * Q_ ` Light on edges, medium on back limited to 1/4 the length. &Q B & % + ' Q &' * F > Q B !•# ` `&FJQ [[ !•# ` /& ` * ' !•] the length on reverse face. > 'K B & % B [ K ' "
+ '[ * F B Q Red Pine Decking design values in pounds K ' [› ' &QF` * ' * /&[ [ Q  B % &% % moisture 19%. @\ ! ] " K[& @ " K[& @+ " K[& @F•• !""" K[& @A 410 psi E 1,400,000 psi To adjust these values to wet conditions of use, the following adjustment factors apply.
5-25
5
@\ % &K  \ " " @ % &K  \ " " @+ % &K  \ " ~# @F•• % &K  \ " ‚ @A multiply by 0.67 E multiply by 0.88 These values are already adjusted for flatwise use and are not intended for edgewise use.
15.4 SPF(s) RADIUS EDGE AND SQUARE EDGE DECKING (Abbreviation RE Decking, SqE Decking)
5
@O[V FJ&Q_ 5' &[ + & \ [ ' K' uct only (maximum 19%). The rounded (eased) edge is on 1/4� radius. Thickness - Nominal 1-1/4� dressed to 1�. Widths - 4�, 5� and 6�. Dressed - 3-1/2�, 4-1/2� and 5-1/2�. Lengths - 6’ to 16’. Characteristics and limiting provisions: :Q [ B /& * F B [ Q *&'% QF [ Q K& ` knots, if tight and well-spaced, are permitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement: Nominal Width
Sound & Tight
4� 5� 6�
1-1/2� 1-3/4� 2-1/2�
Unsound knots, loose knots and holes are limited to 3/4�, one of maximum size or two equivalent smaller per 12’ of length. :Q [ ' % [ ' F' [[ ` /& ` \ / Q lines enclosing the knot parallel to the edge and averaged on both faces. The sum of all knots in the same cross section shall not exceed the size or displacement of the knot specified. $` FJ[ B & % F` FJ[ K '%& Q * F Q back. If through, permitted on ends only equivalent to splits. K & [ B ` ' Q Q F` Q K * _' &Q B ! &Q 5-26
F  B Q $ %K' [[& Q / B K '%& &* K' [ Q &Q readily identifiable and damaging form. & F` B & % Q % & % [ ' J * ` + pitch permitted for each 12’ of length. FJ [ K& F` ' \ 'J B & % / [F ' ` J B &_` [` J K '%& Q * F Q \ FJ If through, permitted on ends only equivalent to splits. J&K B &_` Q * F * ' !™ * ' F` ! ™ * Q_ ` Light on edges, medium on back limited to 1/4 the length. &Q B & % + ' Q &' * F > Q B !•# ` `&FJQ [[ !•# ` /& ` * ' !•] the length on reverse face. > 'K B & % B [ K ' "
+ '[ * F B Q @[ FJ&Q_
& [ _ ' › ' _ Design values in pounds per square inch for flat/&[ [ Q  B % &% % % &[ ' !~˜ @\ ! " K[& @ ‚ " K[& @+ " K[& @F•• "" K[& @A 335 psi E 1,200,000 psi To adjust these values to wet conditions of use, the following adjustment factors apply. @\ % &K  \ " " @ % &K  \ " " @+ % &K  \ " ~# @F•• % &K  \ " ‚ @A multiply by 0.67 E multiply by 0.88 These values are already adjusted for flatwise use and are not intended for edgewise use.
5-27
5
16.0 MACHINE STRESS-RATED LUMBER (WWPA 52.00) All Species 2” and Less in Thickness 2” and Wider Machine Stress-Rated (MSR) lumber is lumber that has been evaluated by mechanical stress-rating equipment. MSR lumber is distinguished from visually stress graded lumber in that each piece is nondestructively tested and marked to indicate the modulus of elasticity (E). The stress-rating machine sorts the material into various modulus of elasticity classes. MSR lumber is also required to meet certain visual requirements as set forth herein. STANDARD SIZES FOR MACHINE STRESS-RATED LUMBER 2” thick, 2” and wider
5
Nominal
Thicknesses Surfaced Dry Inch mm(1)
2”
1-1/2”
2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” and wider
1-1/2” 2-1/2” 3-1/2” 4-1/2” 5-1/2” 3/4” off nominal
(1)See
38 Widths 38 64 89 114 140 19 off nominal
Surfaced Unseasoned Inch 1-9/16”
mm(1) 40
1-9/16” 2-9/16” 3-9/16” 4-5/8” 5-5/8” 1/2” off nominal
40 65 90 117 143 13 off nominal
para. 723.0.
Standard lengths are 6’ and longer in multiples of 1’. A grade stamp on Machine Stress-Rated lumber indicates that the stress-rating system used meets requirements of the grading agency’s certification and quality control procedures. The grade stamp will show the agency trademark, the mill name or number, will 5-28
include the phrase “Machine Rated� or “MSR,� the species identification, the (E) rating for the grade and the *&\ ' [ ' [[ &Q \ Q &Q_ + O@\V ` [ %K /& [ include the design value for tensile stress parallel to _' &Q O@ V Q ` [K F&*&F _' +&  O 5V + when any of these properties are specifically qualified. When mechanically stress-rated lumber is visually graded for optional wane limitations as described in these rules, the grade stamp will include the mark "1W". [See Section 1 for sample grade marks for MSR Lumber.] The (E) rating is the rated modulus of elasticity for the grade in millions of pounds per square inch when measured on edge. Stress-rating machines are adjusted so that the output will average the (E) level [` /Q Q ` _' [ %K O@\V &Q &F [ ` *&\ ' stress in bending applicable to lumber loaded on edge. @&\ ' [ ' [[ &Q \ Q &Q_ [&_Q + [ ' \ [ Q ` correlation of the modulus of rupture to (E). Machine output is controlled by testing pieces and adjusting machines so that the minimum assigned fiber stress in bending value, derived from a 5% exclusion level of modulus of rupture, is met after applying the same reduction factors as are applied to visually graded lumber in accordance with ASTM D 245. Design values appearing in the table for compression parallel to grain O@F••V Q O@ V ' \ [ Q [ [ * F`&Q ' [[‡
%\ ' O@FAV Q O@+V + [ ' ` [ % [ assigned by ASTM methods to visually graded No. 2 lumber of the appropriate species, except as noted below. To meet the structural needs for a broad range of Q_&Q ' F Q[ ' F & Q ` O V O@\V _' combinations which can be qualified are not restricted ` [ F %\&Q & Q[ [` /Q &Q ` \ @ ' QÂ _&+ Q O@\V + ` O V Q O@ V + % Â + 'Â K Q &Q_ on species, timber source and other variables. The values shown in the design value table are those usually
[[ F& /& ` F` O@\V + 5' [ %K[ % Â show higher or lower values if qualification procedures and subsequent quality control verification indicates the
[[&_Q% Q &[ KK' K'& * ` O@ V + &[ &** ' Q * ' the MSR grade than that shown in the table for the same O@\V + ` Q ` [[&_Q O@ V + [` \ &QF on the stamp. The remaining three assigned design values O@F•• @FA @+V * ' _' [` \ ` [ &[ &Q 5-29
5
` \ * ' ` › &+ Q O@\V + ?&_` ' + [ * ' O@FAV Q O@+V %  \ [[&_Q [ [F'&\ \ / When the specific gravity for the grade (based on oven dry weight and volume) exceeds the value for the species average shown in the table below and is controlled as part of the daily quality control program, the design values * ' O@FAV Q O@+V %  \ F F [&Q_ the equations given at the end of this rule. When qualified, the specific gravity (SG) value must be &QF Q ` _' [ %K @ ' ` K' F ‡ &Q ‡@&' (South) species group, daily quality control for specific gravity is required for the 2.0E grade if the 2.0E grade is run in combination with a higher E grade(s). Machine Stress-Related Lumber 2� and Less in Thickness 2� and Wider Design values in pounds per square inch (2) Normal Duration of Load
5
Modulus Tension Compression Extreme Fiber Stress of Parallel Parallel (1) in Bending “Fbâ€? Elasticity To Grain To Grain Single “Eâ€? “Ftâ€? “Fc//â€? 2850 2,300,000 2300 2150 2700 2,200,000 2150 2100 2550 2,100,000 2050 2025 2400 2,000,000 1925 1975 2250 1,900,000 1750 1925 2100 1,800,000 1575 1875 1950 1,700,000 1375 1800 1800 1,600,000 1175 1750 1650 1,500,000 1020 1700 1500 1,400,000 900 1650 1450 1,300,000 800 1625 1350 1,300,000 750 1600 1200 1,200,000 600 1400 900 1,000,000 350 1050 Horizontal Shear (Fv) for all stress levels (3) K' F ‡ &Q ‡@&' O `V Â&#x; !# Compression Perpendicular to Grain (FcA)(3) K' F ‡ &Q ‡@&' O `V Â&#x; ##
5-30
Specific Gravity* K' F ‡ &Q ‡@&' O `V " Q `&_` ' Â&#x; " " ! ! ~ Â&#x; " ]‚ ! ! Â&#x; " ] € + Q ' / &_` Q + % (1)„@\Â… [&_Q + [ ' KK &F \ %\ ' Q edge. When loaded flatwise, the values may be increased by multiplying by the following factors: Nominal Width (in.) @ F '
3� & 10� & less 4� 5� 6� 8� wider ! "" ! !" ! !" ! ! ! ! ! "
(2) [&_Q [ * ' _' [ &Q '% & \ / Q _' [
[` /Q &Q ` \ % Â \ &Q 'K [ &Q 'K lated shall be rounded to the nearest increment as indicated below: Modulus of Elasticity (E) @&\ ' ' [[ &Q Q &Q_ O@\V
Q[& ' [[ ' 5' &Q O@ V $ %K' [[& Q ' 5' &Q O@ ••V
100,000 psi " K[& !""" K[& Q above 25 psi below 1000 psi K[& K[&
(3)$ %K' [[& Q
K 'K Q &F ' _' &Q O@FA) and ` '&Â’ Q [` ' O@+V + [ ' ` [ % [ [[&_Q by ASTM methods to visually graded No. 2 lumber of the appropriate species unless qualified by specific gravity tests. [See Section 31.0 through 37.0 for additional information about the use of these values.]
(4)With
the equations given at the end of this rule, the assigned Specific Gravity may be used to calculate `&_` ' @+ Q @FA values than those listed in the tables for Horizontal Shear and Compression Perpendicular to Grain values.
When a grade is qualified by test and quality controlled for specific gravity, the horizontal shear design value may be calculated from the following formula: @+ Â&#x; ]"  O ‚‚ 5V Note: Assigned values shall be rounded to the nearest 5 psi. 5-31
5
When a grade is qualified by test and quality controlled for specific gravity, the compression perpendicular to grain design value may be calculated from the following formula: @FA Â&#x; O ] 5V ‡ ] " Note: Assigned values shall be rounded to the nearest 5 psi. Compression perpendicular to grain values determined from the equation above are based on a 0.04 inch deformation limit and are for standard design of most structures. [ " " &QF` * '% & Q F Q \ \ &Q with the following equations: @FA O" " V Â&#x; !] ‚  O" ! @FA 0.04) @FA O" " V Â&#x; O!‚" 5V ‡ #
5
VISUAL GRADING REQUIREMENTS (MSR) Mechanically stress-rated lumber must be well manufactured and visually graded to limit certain characteristics even though the actual strength is not affected. All pieces shall be visually graded to assure that the characteristics affecting strength are no more serious than the following limiting characteristics. $` FJ[ B [ Q&Q_ F` FJ[ Q &%& `' _` checks at ends limited as splits. Q * F ' B Q ' „@ … K ' " O*V ` J B * `' _` Q [ &%& [ [K & [ /  from ends through shakes up to 2’ long, well separated. If not through, single shakes shall not exceed 3’ long or 1/4 the length, whichever is greater. J&K[ B ?& Q %&[[ /& ` % &% % * ˜ * the pieces containing hit or miss or heavy skip 2’ or less in length. See para. 720.0 (e), (f) and (g). K * 5' &Q B @ ' [ ' [[ % F`&Q [ Q + ating slope of grain during machine rating, slope of grain shall not exceed: Slope Fb Class 1 in 8 0 to 1450 1 in 10 1500 to 2050 1 in 12 2100 and over
5-32
K & [ B &Q Q_ ` ! ! &% [ ` /& ` of the piece. > Q B ! # ` `&FJQ [[ Q ! # ` /& ` * length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 2/3 the thickness or 1/2 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. > 'K B &_` K ' " In addition to the visual limitations listed, knots, knot holes, burls, distorted grain or decay partially or wholly at edges of wide faces, must not occupy more of the net cross section than:
1/2 1/3 1/4 1/6
Fb Class for 0 to 900 for 950 to 1450 for 1500 to 2050 for 2100 and over
The ends of the lumber not tested by the stressrating equipment shall be limited as follows: _ :Q [ B [ &%& \ + :Q [ ` ' ` Q _ :Q [ B ` '_est knot in the tested portion of the piece, or the _ JQ &Q ` Q / ' @\ F [[ /`&F` + ' is greater. $' [[ F & Q :Q [ B & [ ' &[K F % Q * all knots in the same cross section shall not exceed the size of the permitted largest knot, as described above. K * 5' &Q B 5 Q ' [ K * _' &Q [` not exceed: Slope Fb Class 1 in 8 0 to 1450 1 in 10 1500 to 2050 1 in 12 2100 and over ` ' [ ' Q_ ` ' F&Q_ F` ' F '&[ &F[ [ F` [ knot holes, burls, distorted grain or decay, shall be considered the same as knots.
5-33
5
Optional 1W Wane Limitations Wane - 1/4 the thickness and 1/4 the width full length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 1/2 the thickness or 1/3 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.00. REINSPECTION Any complaint on Machine Stress-Rated lumber involving visual grade, species, size, moisture, tally or assigned values shall be governed by applicable provisions of para. 5.0 of the Standard Grading Rules for Northeastern Lumber of the Northeastern Lumber Manufacturing Association in effect on the date of purchase of the product in dispute.
5
In the case of disputes over conformance to assigned values, a sample of 80 pieces of the item complained of shall be selected by a NELMA Lumber Inspector. The sample pieces shall be tested on edge by NELMA, or by an agency chosen by NELMA, to determine conformance with assigned (E) values. An item shall be considered to be in conformance if (1) the mean (average E) value of the sample equals or exceeds 0.97 times the assigned grade (E) value, and (2) no more than six pieces are less than 0.82 times the assigned grade (E) value. When tests indicate an item is in nonconformance, all reinspection and testing costs shall be borne by the seller and the entire item shall be the property of the seller. When tests indicate an item is in conformance, all reinspection and testing costs shall be borne by the buyer and the entire item shall be accepted as invoiced. If more than one item is complained of, the reinspection and testing costs shall be prorated between buyer and seller, for that portion of the shipment upon which the complaint was registered, based on the ratio of the invoiced footage of the items found not in conformance to that found in conformance.
5-34
17.0 STRESS RATED BOARDS All Species 1”, 1-1/4”, 1-1/2” Thick 2” and Wider 6 ‘ to 16’ in Length Stress rated boards are graded under the K' +&[& Q[ * ' F ' &_` @' %&Q_ Q ' F ' Joists and Planks (para. 12.0-12.3). The recommended design values shown in Tables 1 and 2 in Section 8 apply to stress rated boards. When stress rated boards are grade stamped, the grade name or number shown for the dimension grades will be shown on grade [ %K[ Q_ /& ` [&_Q &Q_ ' [[
' [
5
5-35
TIMBERS — BEAMS & STRINGERS, POSTS & TIMBERS
6-1
6
6
6-2
TIMBERS $ B B@ O[V EASTERN SPRUCE *RED MAPLE ? $:B € “ $: € $?B $?B @ ? $: ; ? >? $ € “ : ? € : >? € ? : @ > €>? : € @ ' ` [ [K F& [ _' K&Q_[ ` _' [F'&K & Q presented in para. 25.1, 25.2, 25.3, 26.1, 26.2 and 26.3 apply with the following addition. [Unsound knots up to 1/2 the size of allowable sound knot sizes are allowed provided the unsoundness does not penetrate more than 1-1/2� into the member and any associated decay is limited to the knot itself and is not present in any of the wood surrounding the knot.]
25.0 BEAMS AND STRINGERS (70.00 WWPA) 5� and Thicker Width More Than 2� Greater Than Thickness 5' [ * %[ Q '&Q_ '[ ' [&_Q * ' construction uses where material larger than Joists and Planks is required. The various grades are used in all  K [ * \ & &Q_ B ` % &Q [ '& * '% Q &Q [K F& engineered construction such as bridges, auditoriums, stadiums and the like. Some grades are selected for
KK ' QF Q [ ' Q_ ` ` ' _' [ ' [&_Q * ' serviceability with strength and appearance qualities available in graduated increments to provide reliable and economical construction. [There are three grade choices: SELECT $ ! Q /& ` [[&_Q [&_Q values as shown in Table 3, Section 8. Refer to para. 25.4 for adjustment factors.] ' _' * Q_ ` :Q [ KK '&Q_ Q Q 'row faces are limited to the same displacement as knots specified at the edges of wide faces. 6-3
6
STANDARD SIZES FOR BEAMS AND STRINGERS Thicknesses and Widths Nominal
Surfaced Dry
Surfaced Unseasoned
5"&6" 7"-15" 16" and larger
1/2"off 3/4"off 1"off nominal
1/2"off 1/2" off 1/2" off nominal
Standard lengths are 6’ and longer in multiples of 1’. 25.1 SELECT STRUCTURAL (70.10 WWPA) F ' F ' %[ Q '&Q_ '[ ' _' primarily for strength properties, but most pieces of this grade are suitable for exposed uses where both strength and good appearance are desired.
6
Characteristics and limiting provisions are: Checks – Seasoning checks, single or opposite each other with a sum total equal to 1/4 the thickness. :Q [ ¢ Q &_` Q / ‡[K F ' permitted in sizes not to exceed the following or equivalent displacement: Nominal Width
At Edge Wide Face
Centerline Wide Faces
8� 10" 12" 14" 16" 18" 20" 22" 24"
1-7/8� 2" 2-1/8" 2-3/8" 2-1/2" 2-3/4" 2-7/8" 3" 3-1/8"
2" 2-5/8" 3-1/8" 3-3/8" 3-5/8" 3-5/8" 3-7/8" 4" 4-1/4"
The size of knots on wide faces may be increased proportionately from the size permitted at the edge to the size permitted at the centerline. &Q ? [ B &%& Pitch Streaks. FJ [ B & % K& F` K FJ [ ` J B !•‚ ` `&FJQ [[ Q Q J&K[ B FF [& Q [J&K[ !•!‚… K ™ &Q Q_ ` 6-4 6-1
K * 5' &Q B ! &Q !] K & [ B K & [ &Q Q_ ` ! ` /& ` * the piece or equivalent of end checks. &Q B &Q [ K/ @&'% ` ' [ &Q !" of width or equivalent. 'Q 5' &Q B ? + > Q B ! * Q * F ' &+ Q [ &_` more for a short distance.
25.2 No. 1 (70.11 WWPA) ! %[ Q '&Q_ '[ &J ` F Structural grade, consists of many pieces of fine appearance suitable for exposed uses. The strength qualities of this grade make it desirable for use in almost all classes of heavy construction. Characteristics and limiting provisions are: Checks – Seasoning checks, single or opposite each other with a sum total equal to 1/4 the thickness. Holes – In Cedar species, holes from any cause 1/2 the size of allowable knots are permitted. :Q [ ¢ Q &_` Q / [K F ' K '%& ted in sizes not to exceed the following or equivalent displacement: Nominal Width
At Edge Wide Face
Centerline Wide Faces
8” 10" 12" 14" 16" 18" 20" 22" 24"
2-5/8” 2-7/8" 3-1/4" 3-1/2" 3-3/4" 3-7/8" 4-1/8" 4-3/8" 4-1/2"
3" 3-3/4" 4-1/2" 5" 5-1/4" 5-5/8" 5-7/8" 6-1/4" 6-1/2"
6-5 6-1
6
The size of knots on wide faces may increase proportionately from the size permitted at the edge to the size permitted at the centerline. &Q ? [ B &%& Pitch Streaks. FJ [ B & F` K FJ [ Shake – 1/6 the thickness on end. J&K ¢ FF [& Q [J&K[ 1/8" deep, 2' in length. Slope of Grain – 1 in 10. Splits – Equal in length to the width of the piece or equivalent of end checks. &Q ¢ &Q [ K/ @&'% [ &Q ` ' / 'Q 5' &QB? + Wane – 1/4 of any face, or equivalent slightly more for a short distance. 25.3 No. 2 (70.12 WWPA)
6
%[ Q '&Q_ '[ ' [ &Q _ Q ' construction. The grade is designed for the many uses where higher strength properties are not needed and where serviceability is important. Characteristics and limiting provisions are: Checks – Seasoning checks. :Q [ ¢ Q Q *&'%  *& ' ` [ / spaced, are permitted in sizes not to exceed the following or equivalent displacement: Nominal Width
Anywhere on Wide Face
8� 10� 12� 14� 16� 18� 20� 22� 24�
4-1/2� 5-5/8� 6-7/8� 7-1/2� 8-1/8� 8-5/8� 9-1/8� 9-1/2� 10�
6-6 6-1
Unsound knots are limited to 1/2 the size of other knots. The size of knots on wide faces may be increased proportionately from the size permitted at the edge to the size permitted at the centerline. Pitch Streaks. Pockets – Pitch or bark pockets. Shake – 1/2 length, 1/2 thickness. If through at ends, limited as splits. Skips – 1/8" deep, 2' in length, or 1/16" skip full length. Slope of Grain – 1 in 6. Splits – Medium or equivalent end checks. Stain – Stained wood. Torn Grain. Unsound Wood – Small spots of unsound wood, well scattered, 1/6 the face width. Wane – 1/3 of any face, or equivalent slightly more for a short distance. >`& K FJ[ ¢ @&'% ! # /& ` ' &+ Q
25.4 DESIGN VALUES — Adjustment Factors In structural design for loads applied on the wide face, the fiber stress in bending and Modulus of [ &F& O V + [ &Q \ # F & Q [` \ multiplied by the factors shown in the following table. Adjustment Factors* for Beams and Stringers Subjected to Loads Applied on the Wide Face
Grade Select Structural No. 1 No. 2
Extreme Fiber Stress in Bending “Fb” 0.86 0.74 1.00
Modulus of Elasticity "E" 1.00 0.90 1.00
Other Properties 1.00 1.00 1.00
*Posts and Timbers graded to para. 25.1, 25.2 and 25.3 may use the design values in Table 3, Section 8 without the above flat use adjustment factors. 6-7 6-1
6
26.0 POSTS AND TIMBERS - (WWPA 80.00) 5” X 5” and Larger Width Not More Than 2” Greater Than Thickness
6
Grades of Posts and Timbers are designed for construction uses where material larger than Joists, Planks and Studs is required. The various grades are used in all types of building – home, industrial, farm and special engineered construction, such as bridges, auditoriums, stadiums, and the like. Some grades are [ F * ' KK ' QF Q [ ' Q_ ` ` ' _' [ ' designed for serviceability with strength and appearance qualities available in graduated increments to provide reliable, but economical construction. [There are three grade choices: SELECT $ ! Q All are graded full length. Except as provided in the grade descriptions, knots appearing on narrow faces are limited to the same displacement as knots specified for the wide face. The Select Structural, No. 1 and No. 2 grades are assigned design values as shown in Table 4. These grades are designed to provide high compression values. STANDARD SIZES FOR POSTS AND TIMBERS Thicknesses and Widths Nominal
Surfaced Dry
Surfaced Unseasoned
5"&6" 7"-15" 16" and larger
1/2"off 3/4"off 1"off nominal
1/2"off 1/2" off 1/2" off nominal
Standard lengths are 6’ and longer in multiples of 1’. 26.1 SELECT STRUCTURAL (80.10 WWPA) Select Structural Posts and Timbers are graded primarily for strength properties, but most pieces of this grade are suitable for exposed uses where both strength and good appearance are desired.
6-8 6-1
Characteristics and limiting provisions are: Checks – Seasoning checks, single or opposite each other with a sum total equal to 1/2 the thickness of the piece. :Q [ ¢ Q &_` Q / [K F :Q [& limitations are permitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement: Wide Face Width
Anywhere on Wide Face
5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18”
1” 1-1/4” 1-5/8” 2” 2-3/8” 2-1/2” 2-3/4” 3”
Pin Holes – Limited. Pitch Streaks. Pockets – Medium pitch pockets. Shake – 1/3 the thickness on end. J&K ¢ FF [& Q [J&K[ 1/16" deep, 2' in length. Slope of Grain – 1 in 12. Splits – Splits equal in length to 3/4 the thickness of the piece or equivalent of end checks. &Q ¢ &Q [ K/ @&'% ` ' [ &Q !" * width or equivalent. Torn Grain – Heavy. Wane – 1/8 of any face, or equivalent slightly more for a short distance.
26.2 No. 1 (80.11 WWPA) No. 1 Posts and Timbers, like the Select Structural grade, consist of many pieces of fine appearance suitable for exposed uses. The strength qualities of this grade make it desirable for use in almost all classes of heavy construction. Characteristics and limiting provisions are: Checks – Seasoning checks, single or opposite each other with a sum total equal to 1/2 the thickness. 6-9 6-1
6
6
Holes – In Cedar species, holes from any cause 1/2 the allowable knot size are permitted. :Q [ ¢ Q &_` Q / [K F :Q [&’ limitations are permitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement: Wide Face Width
Anywhere on Wide Face
5� 6� 8� 10� 12� 14� 16� 18�
1-1/2� 1-7/8� 2-1/2� 3-1/8� 3-3/4� 4� 4-1/4� 4-1/2�
&Q ? [ B &%& Pitch Streaks. FJ [ B & F` K FJ [ ` J B !•# ` `&FJQ [[ Q Q J&K[ B FF [& Q [J&K[ !• … K ™ &Q Q_ ` Slope of Grain – 1 in 10. Split – Splits equal in length to width of the piece or equivalent of end checks. &Q ¢ &Q [ K/ @&'% [ &Q ` ' / Torn Grain – Heavy. Wane – 1/4 of any face or equivalent slightly more for a short distance.
26.3 No. 2 (80.12 WWPA) No. 2 Posts and Timbers are used in all general construction. The grade is designed for the many uses where heavy material is needed and where serviceability is important. Characteristics and limiting provisions are: Checks – Seasoning checks. :Q [ ¢ Q Q *&'%  *& ' ` [ / [K F :Q [&’ &%& & Q[ ' K '%& &Q the following sizes or their equivalent displacement: 6-10
Wide Face Width
Anywhere on Wide Face
5� 6� 8� 10� 12� 14� 16� 18�
2-1/2� 3� 3-3/4� 5� 6� 6-1/2� 7� 7-1/2�
Unsound knots are limited to 1/2 the size of other knots. Pitch Streaks. Pockets – Pitch or bark pockets. Shake – 1/2 length, 1/2 thickness. If through at ends, limited as splits. Skips – 1/8" deep, 2' in length, or 1/16" skip full length. Slope of Grain – 1 in 6. Splits – Medium or equivalent end checks. Stain – Stained wood. Torn Grain. Unsound Wood – Small spots of unsound wood, well scattered, 1/6 the face width. Wane – 1/3 of any face, or equivalent slightly more for a short distance. >`& K FJ ¢ @&'% /`& [K FJ[ !•# /& ` ' equivalent.
27.0 PROFILE BEAMS AND STRINGERS 5� and Thicker Width more than 2� greater than thickness excluding profile (measurement is of width excluding profile; profile may be one or both edges). There is no limitation as to style of profile except it must be convex, not concave. 5' [ * ' *& %[ Q '&Q_ '[ ' designed for construction uses in log type structures where a log cabin or rustic effect is desired outside or inside.
6-11
6
There are three grade choices: SELECT STRUCTURAL, No. 1 and No. 2. Grades are assigned design values as shown in Table 3, Section 8. STANDARD SIZES FOR PROFILE BEAMS AND STRINGERS Thicknesses and Widths (Excluding Profile) Nominal
Surfaced Dry
Surfaced Unseasoned
5"&6" 7"-15" 16" and larger
1/2"off 3/4"off 1"off nominal
1/2"off 1/2" off 1/2" off nominal
Standard lengths are 6’ and longer in multiples of 1’. 27.1 SELECT STRUCTURAL
6
F ' F ' ' *& %[ Q '&Q_ '[ ' graded primarily for strength properties, also most pieces of this grade are suitable for exposed uses where both strength and good appearance are desired. Characteristics and limiting provisions are the same as ` [ * ' F ' F ' %[ Q '&Q_ '[ para. 25.1. 27.2 No. 1 ! ' *& %[ Q '&Q_ '[ &J ` F Structural grade consists of many pieces of fine appearance suitable for exposed uses. The strength qualities of this grade make it especially desirable where headers and spans are needed with a profile. Characteristics and limiting provisions are the same as those for No. 1 %[ Q '&Q_ '[ K ' 27.3 No. 2 ' *& %[ Q '&Q_ '[ % Â \ [ &Q areas where higher strength properties are not needed where serviceability and a rustic look are important. Characteristics and limiting provisions are the same as ` [ * ' %[ Q '&Q_ '[ K ' #
6-12
28.0 PROFILE POSTS AND TIMBERS 5� x 5� and Larger Width not more than 2� greater than thickness excluding profile (measurement is of width excluding profile: profile may be on one or both edges). There is no limitation as to the style of profile except it must be convex not concave. Grades of Profile Posts and Timbers are designed for construction used in log type structures where a log cabin or rustic effect is desired outside or inside. There are three grade choices: SELECT STRUCTURAL, No. 1 and No. 2 grades that are assigned design values as shown in Table 4, Section 8. These grades are designed to provide high compression values. If the higher fiber stress in bending values appliF \ ' *& %[ Q '&Q_ '[ ' [&' ` SELECT STRUCTURAL, No. 1 and No. 2 grades may be graded under para. 25.1, 25.2 and 25.3 if all faces are considered narrow faces. If so graded and grade stamped, the grade stamp must show the appropriate para. number (25.1, 25.2 or 25.3). STANDARD SIZES FOR PROFILE POSTS AND TIMBERS Thicknesses and Widths (Excluding Profile) Nominal
Surfaced Dry
Surfaced Unseasoned
5"&6" 7"-15" 16" and larger
1/2"off 3/4"off 1"off nominal
1/2"off 1/2" off 1/2" off nominal
Standard lengths are 6’ and longer in multiples of 1’. 28.1 SELECT STRUCTURAL Select Structural Profile Posts and Timbers are graded primarily for strength properties, but most pieces of this grade are suitable for exposed uses where both strength and good appearance are desired. Characteristics and limiting provisions are the same as those for Select Structural Posts and Timbers, para. 26.1. 6-13
6
28.2 No. 1 No. 1 Profile Posts and Timbers like the Select Structural, consist of many pieces of fine appearance suitable for exposed uses. The strength qualities of this grade make it especially desirable where weight bearing members with a profile are desired. Characteristics and limiting provisions are the same as those for No. 1 Posts and Timbers, para. 26.2. 28.3 No. 2 No. 2 Profile Posts and Timbers are used in all general construction areas where heavy material is needed with a rustic effect. Characteristics and limiting provisions are the same as those for No. 2 Posts and Timbers, para. 26.3.
6
6-14
DESIGN VALUES
7
7-1
7
7-2
30.0 INFORMATION The following paragraphs, 31.0 to 37.0, have been adopted from WWPA. Minor modifications were made to make these paragraphs apply to the Northeast. This information is intended to assist in the proper utilization of lumber.
31.0 LUMBER DESIGN VALUES (WWPA 100.00) The design values listed in these rules are for lumber of species manufactured and shipped by mills in the nine northeastern states. Except as otherwise noted, the values are computed in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards based upon clear wood tests or an ASTM standard based upon tests of full size pieces of specific grades. The applicable standards are ASTM D2555, ] Q !~~" K \ &[` \ ` ` ` clear wood tests and the full size tests were performed &Q F K ' & Q /& ` ` @ ' [ ' F [ \ ' ' Madison, Wisconsin. The ASTM methods result in stiffness values that are expected to be an average for the grades listed. Test results for other properties are statistically evaluated by ASTM standards so that the strength levels listed herein are expected to be exceeded by 95% of the pieces in the various grades and sizes. The strength levels are also listed in the “National Design Specification for Wood Construction,� published by the American @ ' [ Q K ' [[ F& & Q !!!! !~ ` ' > Suite 800, Washington, D.C. 20036. Standard ASTM reductions have been made to values to account for safety and duration of load. STRENGTH PROPERTIES Lumber strength values are assigned to five basic K' K ' & [— *&\ ' [ ' [[ &Q \ Q &Q_ O@\V Q[& Q K ' _' &Q O@ V ` '&’ Q [` ' O@+V F %K' [[& Q K ' _' &Q O@F••V Q F %K' [[& Q K 'K Q &F ' _' &Q O@FA). 7-3
7
@&\ ' [ ' [[ &Q \ Q &Q_ + [ ' F F * ' pieces loaded on either the narrow face or on the wide face with the following exceptions:
7
! Q &Q_ [ ' [[ F F & Q[ * ' %[ Q Stringers are for pieces loaded on the narrow face. Q &Q_ [ ' [[ F F & Q[ * ' FJ&Q_ ' * ' pieces loaded on the wide face. Q &Q_ [ ' [[ [ * ' FJ&Q_ [[ ` Q ] &Q `&FJQ [[ Q * ' ' [[
' [ Q Dimension when used flatwise may be adjusted in accordance with ASTM standards as shown in para. 34.0. @&\ ' [ ' [[ &Q \ Q &Q_ O@\V + [ * ' ` various grade classifications of Machine StressRated lumber are based on the correlation of ` % [ * ' K ' O V O V F`&Q output is controlled by testing pieces and adjusting the machines so that the minimum
[[&_Q @\ + O '&+ *' % F [& Q + * V &[ % * ' KK &Q_ ` [ % reduction factors for safety and duration of load as are applied to visually stress graded lumber in accordance with ASTM D245. Compression K 'K Q &F ' _' &Q O@FA) and horizontal [` ' O@+V + [ ' [[&_Q [ * QF & Q * the species clear wood values in accordance with ASTM D245. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
The modulus of elasticity (E) is a ratio of the amount a material will deflect in proportion to an applied load. It is a measure of stiffness and not a strength property. It is not related to safety except in column designs where (E) values are reduced nearly three times. The tabulated (E) values are average values and individual pieces having values both above and below ` &[ + ' _ FF ' &Q %\ ' _' [ @ ' normal construction, use of average (E) values provides 7-4 7-1
a conservative prediction of deflections which occur in wall, floor and roof assemblies. Tests by government, university and private research organizations show that deflections occurring when loads are applied are less than predicted with use of average (E) values. Modulus of Elasticity for Machine Stress-Rated Lumber The (E) value for Machine Stress-Rated (MSR) lumber is determined by nondestructively testing individual pieces. The (E) values shown herein and on grade stamps are average values. Machines are adjusted so that the entire output of the machines at any indicated (E) level will average to the (E) value shown on the stamp.
32.0 SINGLE MEMBER DESIGN VALUES (WWPA 110.00) ` \ Q &Q_ O@\V Q[& Q O@ V F %K' [[& Q K ' _' &Q O@F V Q % [ * [ &F& O V design values shown in Tables 1 and 2 in Section 8 have been calculated in accordance with ASTM Standard D1990. The remaining design values in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 in section 8 and para. 15.0 have been calculated in accordance with ASTM Standards D2555 and D245. Adjustment factors shown in para. 34.0 through 36.0 are also derived from ASTM Standards. ` [ * [ Q ' [ & &[ [[ % ` 95% of the pieces of lumber in each grade should possess the bending strength values tabulated for the grade times a factor of 2.1. These design values are intended for use with existing design methods. Users or specifiers who have need for more technically precise values for any particular single member design may specify Machine Stress-Rated lumber. See para. 16.0.
7-5 7-1
7
33.0 REPETITIVE MEMBER DESIGN VALUES (WWPA 120.00) In many structures where 2” and 4” thick lumber is used, the pieces are used repetitively. Joists, studs and rafters are examples of uses where a number of pieces side by side share the load and the strength of the entire assembly is enhanced. This is called repetitive member use. Where three or more members are adjacent or are not more than 24” apart and are joined by floor, roof or other load distributing elements, the bending values O@\V &[ &Q \ ! Q F & Q % \ &QF' [ 15% to adjust for the load sharing influence in design. Tests have confirmed that structures designed with repetitive member values sustain loads substantially greater than required by design criteria.
34.0 EFFECT OF DEPTH ON DESIGN VALUES (WWPA 130.00)
7
ASTM standards provide means to adjust fiber stress in bending values depending on lumber sizes and how a piece of lumber is used (on edge or flatwise). @ ' ' [[
' [ Q &% Q[& Q ] &Q thickness when used flatwise, the design values for fiber stress in bending shown in Tables 1 and 2, Section 8 may be multiplied by the factors shown in the following table: ADJUSTMENT FACTORS FOR DIMENSION LUMBER USED FLAT Nominal Thickness
Nominal Width
3” & Less
4”
= # 4” 5” 6” & 8” 10” & Wider
! "" 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.20
B 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.10
7-6 7-1
Decking bending design values may be adjusted for thickness as shown in the following table because bending values shown in para. 15.0, 15.1 and 15.2 are based on a 4” thick member loaded flatwise. ADJUSTMENT FACTORS FOR DEPTH EFFECT FOR ALL WIDTHS OF DECKING Nominal Thickness
2”
3”
4”
1.10
1.04
1.00
[See adjustment factors for beams and stringers in para. 25.4.]
35.0 EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON DESIGN VALUES (WWPA 140.00) The design values shown in Tables 1 through 4, Section 8 are calculated for lumber that will be used under dry conditions such as in most covered structures.The section properties of lumber for use in design should be based on the surfaced sizes shown in these ' [ @ ' ] `&FJ %\ ' ` ; [ '* F [& should be used. In calculating design values, the natural gain in strength and stiffness that occurs as lumber dries has been taken into consideration as well as the reduction in size that occurs when unseasoned lumber [`'&QJ[ @ ' Q `&FJ ' %\ ' ` [ '* F [& [ also may be used because design values have been adjusted to compensate for any loss in size by shrinkage which may occur. Machine Stress-Rated lumber may be produced in either the seasoned or unseasoned condition. However, design values for Machine Stress-Rated lumber are based on DRY surfaced sizes and a condition of use where moisture content will not exceed 19%. There are two situations where the tabulated design values should be adjusted: 7-7 7-1
7
1. Adjustment Factors for Nominal 2” to 4” Thick Lumber When 2” to 4” thick lumber is designed for exposed uses where the moisture content will exceed 19% for an extended period of time, the design values shown in Table 1 and 2, Section 8 as well as tables shown in para. 15.0 and 16.0 should be multiplied by the following adjustment factors: (Note that these factors apply to value for Dry lumber.) Extreme Tension Fiber Stress Parallel in Bending to Grain
@\ 0.85*
7
@ 1.00
Horizontal
Compression Perpendicular
Compression Parallel
Modulus of
Shear
to Grain
to Grain
Elasticity
@+ 0.97
@FA 0.67
@F 0.80**
0.90
* Where the size-adjusted single member bending value does not exceed 1150 psi a factor of 1.0 may be used. ** Where the size-adjusted compression parallel to grain value does not exceed 750 psi a factor of 1.0 may be used. 2. Adjustment Factors for 5” and Thicker Lumber When lumber 5” and thicker is designed for exposed uses where the moisture content will exceed 19% for an extended period of time, the design values shown in Table 3 and 4, Section 8 should be multiplied by the following adjustment factors: Extreme Tension Fiber Stress Parallel
Horizontal
Compression Perpendicular
Compression Parallel
Modulus of
in Bending to Grain
Shear
to Grain
to Grain
Elasticity
@+ 1.00
@FA 0.67
@F 0.91
1.00
@\ 1.00
@ 1.00
7-8 7-1
36.0 NOTES ON HORIZONTAL SHEAR (@+) (WWPA 150.00) All horizontal shear values are assigned in accordance with ASTM Standards. A reduction is made to compensate for any degree of shake, check, or split that might develop in a piece.
37.0 NOTES ON COMPRESSION PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN (@FA) (WWPA 151.00) Design values for compression perpendicular to _' &Q O@FA) are established in accordance with the procedures set forth in ASTM Standards D2555 and D245. ASTM procedures consider deformation under bearing loads as a serviceability limit state comparable to bending deflection because bearing loads rarely cause structural failures. Therefore, ASTM procedures for determining compression perpendicular to grain values are based on a deformation of 0.04â€? and are considered adequate for most classes of structures. Where more stringent measures need be taken in design, the following formula permits the designer to adjust design values to a more conservative deformation basis of 0.02â€?. Y02 Â&#x; " #;04  ‚" EXAMPLE: @[ ;04 Â&#x; ## Y02 Â&#x; " #O## V  ‚" Â&#x; " [&
38.0 EFFECT OF HOLES ON DESIGN VALUES (WWPA 160.00) Many grades permit not firmly fixed knots or knot-holes. Holes and knots not firmly fixed do not reduce strength more than intergrown knots so no
7-9 7-1
7
&[ &QF & Q Q \ % \ / Q JQ [ Q ` [ @ ' the sake of appearance, holes in certain grades are frequently restricted more severely than knots.
39.0 LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) (WWPA 180.00) The design values shown in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4, (Section 8) as well as the design values for Machine Stress-Rated Lumber (para. 16.0) and Decking, (para. 15.2, 15.3, and 15.4) are for use with Allowable Stress [&_Q O V Q [&[ QF @ F ' [&_Q O @ V &[ Q 'Q &+ Q_&Q '&Q_ % ` ` [&_Q + [ * ' @ F ' * ' QF ' [&[ QF values, can be computed by multiplying the ASD design values by the conversion factors shown in the following table:
Conversion Factors for LRFD Use*
7
Extreme Fiber Stress in Bending “Fb” 2.54
Tension Parallel to Grain “Ft”
Horizontal Shear “Fv”
2.70
2.88
Compression Perpendicular to Grain “Fc “ 2.08
Compression Parallel to Grain “Fc//” 2.40
Modulus of Elasticity “E” 1.00
*These factors have been established in accordance with the procedures set forth in ASTM Standard D5457.
7-10
DESIGN VALUE TABLES
8
8-1
BASE VALUE EQUATIONS* BASE VALUE EQUATIONS KK &% Q[& Q %\ ' [ [ Size Routine Base x Adjustment x Adjustment x Special Use Factors = Design Value Factor Factors Value Fb Ft Fv FcA Fc// E
x x
CF CF
x x x
CD x Cr CD CD x Cv
x
CF
x
CD
x CM x CR x C1 x Cfu x CM x CR x C1 x CM x CR x C1 x CM x CR x C1 x CM x CR x C1 x CM x CR x C1
= = = = = =
F’b F’t F’v F’cA F’c// E’
For FCA value of 0.02* deformation basis, see Table F. Note: CF = Size Factor Cr = Repetitive Member Factor Cv = Horizontal Shear CD = Duration of Load Cfu = Flat Use Factor
CM = Wet Use Factor CR = Fire Retardant Factor, refer to the National Design Specification Ct = Temperature Factor, refer to the National Design Specification
* These equations are for the use of the Adjustment Factors A through G. Adjustment Factor Tables A through G are for use with the Base Values in Tables 1 and 2.
DIMENSION LUMBER ADJUSTMENT FACTORS SIZE FACTORS (CF)
TABLE A
Apply to Dimension Lumber Base Values
Grades
8 10
Select Structural, No. 1, No. 2 & No. 3
Construction & Standard Utility Stud
Nominal Width (depth)
Fb 2”& 3” 4” thick thick nominal nominal
Ft
Fc//
Other Properties
4” & less 5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” & wider 4” & less
1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0
1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0
1.15 1.1 1.1 1.05 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2” & 3” 4” 4” & less 5” & 6” 8” & wider
0.4 1.0 1.1 1.0
— 1.0 1.1 1.0
0.4 1.0 1.1 1.0
0.6 1.0 1.05 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
use No. 3 grade Base Values and Size Factors
8-2
REPETITIVE MEMBER FACTOR (Cr)
TABLE B
KK & [ @b
Where 2” to 4” thick lumber is used REPETITIVE repetitively, such as for joists, studs, MEMBER USE rafters and decking, the pieces side by side share the load and the strength of th entire assembly is enhanced. Therefore, where three Fb X 1.15 or more members are adjacent or are not more than 24” apart and are joined by floor, roof or other load distributing elements ` @b value can be increased 1.15 for repetitive member use. DURATION OF LOAD ADJUSTMENT (CD)
TABLE C
KK & [ [
Wood has the property of carrying substantially greater maximum loads for short durations than for long durations of loading. Tabulated design values
KK Q '% ' & Q O@ F '[ Q KK ' @cA). LOAD DURATION
FACTOR
Permanent Ten Years (Normal Load) Two Months (Snow Load) Seven Day Q Ten Minutes (Wind and Earthquake Loads) Impact
0.9 1.0 1.15 1.25 ! ## 1.6 2.0
Conform load requirements with local codes. Refer to & &Q_ $ [ ' ` & Q [&_Q Specification for high-temperature or fire-retardant treated adjustment factors.
10-18-3
8
HORIZONTAL SHEAR ADJUSTMENT (Cv)
TABLE D
KK @v [
Horizontal shear values published in Table 1 and 2 are based upon the maximum degree of shake, check or split that might develop in a piece. When the actual size of these characteristics is known, the following adjustments may be taken. 2” THICK LUMBER @ ' F Q+ Q& QF ` tables below may be used to determine horizontal shear values for any grade of 2” thick lumber in any species when the length of split or check is known:
3” and THICKER LUMBER Horizontal shear values for 3” and thicker lumber also are established as if a piece were split full length. When specific lengths of splits are known and any increase in them is not anticipated, the following adjustments may be applied:
When length of split on wide face is:
Multiply Tabulated Fv value by:
When length of split on wide face is:
Multiply Tabulated Fv value by:
No split 1/2 x wide face 3/4 x wide face 1 x wide face or more
2.00 1.67 1.50 1.00
No split 1/2 x narrow face 1 x narrow face 11/2 x narrow or more
2.00 1.67 1.33 1.00
FLAT USE FACTORS (Cfu) KK & [ @
TABLE E
b
8 10
NOMINAL WIDTH 2” & 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 10” & wider
NOMINAL THICKNESS 2” & 3”
4”
1.00 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.20
– 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.10
8-4 10-1
ADJUSTMENTS FOR COMPRESSION PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN (CcA)
TABLE F
* ' * '% & Q [&[ * " " Â… KK Â @FA [
[&_Q + [ * ' F %K' [[& Q K 'K Q &F ' _' &Q O@cA) are established in accordance with the procedures set forth in ASTM Standards D2555 and D245. ASTM procedures consider deformation under bearing loads as a serviceability limit state comparable to bending deflection because bearing loads rarely cause structural failures. Therefore, ASTM procedures for determining compression perpendicular to grain values are based on a deformation of 0.04� and are considered adequate for most classes of structures. Where most stringent measures need to be taken in design, the following formula permits the designer to adjust design values to a more conservative deformation basis of 0.02�.
Y02 Â&#x; " # ;04  ‚" “ — @[ ;04 Â&#x; ## Y02 Â&#x; " # O## V  ‚" Â&#x; " [& WET USE FACTORS (CM) KK  &Â’ ‡ ‘ [ [
TABLE G
The recommended design values shown in the accompanying tables are for applications where the moisture content of ` / [ Q F !~˜ @ ' [ F Q & & Q[ /` ' the moisture content of dimension lumber will exceed 19%, ` > [ ‘ [ % Q @ F '[ \ / ' ' F %% Q — PROPERTY @\ @ @F•• @+ @FA E
ADJUSTMENT FACTOR
' % @&\ ' ' [[ &Q Q &Q_ Q[& Q ' 5' &Q $ %K' [[& Q ' 5' &Q ? '&Â’ Q ` ' Compression Perpendicular to Grain Modulus of Elasticity
" € ! "€ " €€ " ~ 0.67 0.9
€ @&\ ' ' [[ &Q Q &Q_ > [ @ F ' ! " * ' [&’ ‡ adjusted @\ Q F &Q_ !! " K[& €€ $ %K' [[& Q ' 5' &Q &Q > [ @ F ' ! " * ' [&’ ‡ ‘ [ @F Q F &Q_ " K[&
10-18-5
8
@O[V€€ (Eastern Spruce Red Pine Jack Pine Balsam Fir)
Species or Group
' No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud
Grade
5' [ [F'&\ &Q K ' !" "‡! ]
TABLE 1
8 10
8-6 10-1
!#"" 875 775 450 875 500 225 600
Extreme Fiber Stress in Bending “Fb� Single Members 400 350 200 400 225 100 275
Tension Parallel to Grain “Ft� !# 135 135 135 135 135 135 135
Horizontal Shear “Fv�
## 335 335 335 335 335 335 335
! "" 1050 1000 575 1200 1000 675 625
Compression Perpen- Parallel dicular to Grain “FcA� “Fc//�
! #"" """ 1,200,000 1,100,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 900,000 900,000 1,000,000
Modulus Elasticity “E�
[ ' [[
' [ K ' ! "
DIMENSION LUMBER BASE VALUES — SOFTWOODS 2� to 4� ? $: by 2� and WIDER > ? ” ? 5? 5 [&_Q [ &Q Q [ ' › ' QF`
10-18-7
? WHITE CEDAR
EASTERN WHITE PINE
1250 775 575 350 675 375 175 450 575 550 325 625 350 175 425
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud
' No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud
8
] " 325 325 175 375 200 100 250
575 350 275 150 300 175 75 200 ! " 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 # " 370 370 370 370 370 370 370
350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 " 600 475 275 625 475 325 300
1200 1000 825 475 1050 850 550 525
"" """ 700,000 700,000 600,000 700,000 600,000 600,000 600,000
1,200,000 1,100,000 1,100,000 900,000 1,000,000 900,000 800,000 900,000
EASTERN ? $:‡ $:€€
Species or Group
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud
Grade 1250 775 350 675 375 175 450
Extreme Fiber Stress in Bending “Fb� Single Member 575 350 150 300 175 75 200
Tension Parallel to Grain “Ft� 170 170 ! " 170 170 170 170 170
Horizontal Shear “Fv�
555 555 555 555 555 555 555
1200 1000 475 1050 850 550 525
Compression Perpen- Parallel dicular to Grain “FcA� “Fc//�
1,200,000 1,100,000 ! !"" """ 900,000 1,000,000 900,000 800,000 900,000
Modulus Elasticity “E�
[ ' [[
' [ K ' ! "
DIMENSION LUMBER BASE VALUES — SOFTWOODS 2� to 4� ? $: by 2� and WIDER > ? ” ? 5? 5 [&_Q [ &Q Q [ ' › ' QF`
5' [ [F'&\ &Q K ' !" "‡! ]
TABLE 1 (Continued)
8 10
8-8 10-1
10-18-9
1250 775 575 350 675 375 175 450
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud
EASTERN*** @ >
575 350 275 150 300 175 75 200
575 350 150 300 175 75 200 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140
140 140 !]" 140 140 140 140 140 335 335 335 335 335 335 335 335
335 335 ## 335 335 335 335 335 1200 1000 825 475 1050 850 550 525
1200 1000 475 1050 850 550 525
1,200,000 1,100,000 1,100,000 900,000 1,000,000 900,000 800,000 900,000
1,200,000 1,100,000 ! !"" """ 900,000 1,000,000 900,000 800,000 900,000
* See para. 31.0 through 37.0 for additional information on these values. ** The same values apply to each species if stamped individually. €€€ [ 'Q * / [ [K F& [ _' K&Q_ Â&#x; Q F %\&Q & Q * ` \ + [K F& [ F &Q_ ' ` 'Q White Cedar.
1250 775 350 675 375 175 450
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud
? $: ‡ @ ‡ $:
8
RED MAPLE
Species or Group
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud
Grade 1300 925 900 525 1050 575 275 700
Extreme Fiber Stress in Bending “Fb� Single Member 750 550 525 300 600 325 150 425
Tension Parallel to Grain “Ft� 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210
Horizontal Shear “Fv�
615 615 615 615 615 615 615 615
1100 900 700 400 925 725 475 450
Compression Perpen- Parallel dicular to Grain “FcA� “Fc//�
1,700,000 1,600,000 1,500,000 1,300,000 1,400,000 1,300,000 1,200,000 1,300,000
Modulus Elasticity “E�
[ ' [[
' [ K ' ! "
DIMENSION LUMBER BASE VALUES — HARDWOODS 2� to 4� ? $: by 2� and WIDER > ? ” ? 5? 5 [&_Q [ &Q Q [ ' › ' QF`
5' [ [F'&\ &Q K ' !" "‡! ]
TABLE 2
8 10
8-10 10-1
10-1 8-11
$?‡ $?‡ ? $: ;
MIXED MAPLE
1000 725 700 400 800 450 225 550 !] " 1050 1000 575 1150 650 300 775
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud
' No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud
8
" 600 600 350 675 375 175 450
600 425 425 250 475 275 125 325 !~ 195 195 195 195 195 195 195
195 195 195 195 195 195 195 195 ! 715 715 715 715 715 715 715
620 620 620 620 620 620 620 620 ! "" 950 750 425 1000 775 500 475
875 700 550 325 725 575 375 350
! "" """ 1,600,000 1,500,000 1,300,000 1,400,000 1,300,000 1,200,000 1,300,000
1,300,000 1,200,000 1,100,000 1,000,000 1,100,000 1,000,000 900,000 1,000,000
“ :
Species or Group
' No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud
Grade !! " 825 800 475 925 525 250 625
Extreme Fiber Stress in Bending “Fb� Single Member ‚ 500 475 275 550 300 150 375
Tension Parallel to Grain “Ft� ! " 170 170 170 170 170 170 170
Horizontal Shear “Fv�
"" 800 800 800 800 800 800 800
!""" 825 625 375 850 650 425 400
Compression Perpen- Parallel dicular to Grain “FcA� “Fc//�
! !"" """ 1,000,000 900,000 800,000 900,000 800,000 800,000 800,000
Modulus Elasticity “E�
[ ' [[
' [ K ' ! "
DIMENSION LUMBER BASE VALUES — HARDWOODS 2� to 4� ? $: by 2� and WIDER > ? ” ? 5? 5 [&_Q [ &Q Q [ ' › ' QF`
5' [ [F'&\ &Q K ' !" "‡! ]
TABLE 2 (Continued)
8 10
8-12 10-1
10-1 8-13
? :
:
!! " 825 800 475 925 525 250 625 1400 1000 975 550 1100 625 300 750
' No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud
8
800 575 575 325 650 350 175 450
‚ 500 475 275 550 300 150 375 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220
! " 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 885 885 885 885 885 885 885 885
" 820 820 820 820 820 820 820 1150 925 725 425 975 750 500 450
!""" 825 625 375 850 650 425 400
1,400,000 1,400,000 1,300,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,100,000 1,000,000 1,200,000
! ]"" """ 1,300,000 1,200,000 1,100,000 1,200,000 1,100,000 1,000,000 1,100,000
>? :
Species or Group
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud
Grade 1200 875 850 475 950 525 250 650
Extreme Fiber Stress in Bending “Fb� Single Member 700 500 500 275 550 325 150 375
Tension Parallel to Grain “Ft� 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220
Horizontal Shear “Fv�
800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800
1100 900 700 400 925 725 475 450
Compression Perpen- Parallel dicular to Grain “FcA� “Fc//�
1,100,000 1,000,000 900,000 800,000 900,000 800,000 800,000 800,000
Modulus Elasticity “E�
[ ' [[
' [ K ' ! "
DIMENSION LUMBER BASE VALUES — HARDWOODS 2� to 4� ? $: by 2� and WIDER > ? ” ? 5? 5 [&_Q [ &Q Q [ ' › ' QF`
5' [ [F'&\ &Q K ' !" "‡! ]
TABLE 2 (Continued)
8 10
8-14 10-1
8-15 10-1
875 625 600 350 700 375 175 475 1000 725 700 400 800 450 200 550
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud
575 425 400 225 475 250 125 325
500 375 350 200 400 225 100 275
See para. 31.0 through 37.0 for additional information on these values.
; >
ASPEN
8
145 145 145 145 145 145 145 145
120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420
265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 900 725 575 325 750 575 375 350
725 600 450 275 625 475 300 300
1,500,000 1,400,000 1,300,000 1,200,000 1,300,000 1,100,000 1,100,000 1,200,000
1,100,000 1,100,000 1,000,000 900,000 900,000 900,000 800,000 900,000
8-16 10-1
1050 900 575
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
EASTERN SPRUCE
EASTERN ? $: ‡ $:
1400 1150 750
1050 875 575
Grade
EASTERN WHITE Sel. Str. PINE No. 1 No. 2
Species or Group
Extreme Fiber Stress in Bending “Fb� Single Member
925 775 375
625 425 275
625 425 275
Tension Parallel to Grain “Ft�
155 155 155
125 125 125
125 125 125
Horizontal Shear “Fv�
555 555 555
390 390 390
350 350 350
950 800 500
750 625 375
675 575 400
Compression Perpen- Parallel dicular to Grain “FcA� “Fc//�
BEAMS and STRINGERS (5� and THICKER) > ? ? … 5 ? ? $: [&_Q [ &Q Q [ ' › ' QF`
Grades Described in para. 25.0-25.4
TABLE 3
8 10 1,200,000 1,200,000 900,000
1,400,000 1,400,000 1,000,000
1,100,000 1,100,000 900,000
Modulus Elasticity “E�
10-1 8-17
1250 1050 675 1350 1100 725 900 750 500 1050 900 575
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
? PINE
@
? WHITE CEDAR
@O[V (Eastern Spruce Red Pine Jack Pine Balsam Fir)
1350 1150 750
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
EASTERN ? $:
8
625 450 300
600 500 250
900 750 350
850 700 350
925 775 375
125 125 125
115 115 115
125 125 125
135 135 135
155 155 155
335 335 335
370 370 370
305 305 305
435 435 435
550 550 550
675 550 375
600 500 325
950 800 500
850 725 450
950 800 550
1,200,000 1,200,000 1,000,000
700,000 700,000 600,000
1,400,000 1,400,000 1,100,000
1,300,000 1,300,000 1,000,000
1,200,000 1,100,000 900,000
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
RED MAPLE
MIXED MAPLE
Grade
RED PINE
Species or Group
8-18 10-1
1100 875 500
1400 1150 650
1150 925 525
Extreme Fiber Stress in Bending “Fb� Single Member
725 600 350
925 750 425
775 625 350
Tension Parallel to Grain “Ft�
180 180 180
195 195 195
125 125 125
Horizontal Shear “Fv�
620 620 620
615 615 615
410 410 410
750 650 300
950 825 375
875 775 350
Compression Perpen- Parallel dicular to Grain “FcA� “Fc//�
BEAMS and STRINGERS (5� and THICKER) > ? ? … 5 ? ? $: [&_Q [ &Q Q [ ' › ' QF`
Grades Described in para. 25.0-25.4
TABLE 3 (Continued)
8 10 1,100,000 1,100,000 900,000
1,500,000 1,500,000 1,200,000
1,400,000 1,400,000 1,100,000
Modulus Elasticity “E�
10-1 8-19
1550 1250 725 1350 1150 725 1350 1150 725 1600 1350 875 1400 1200 750
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
$?‡ $?‡ ? $: ;
“ :
:
? :
W? :
8
825 575 375
950 675 425
800 550 375
800 550 375
1050 850 475
205 205 205
205 205 205
155 155 155
155 155 155
180 180 180
800 800 800
885 885 885
820 820 820
800 800 800
715 715 715
900 775 475
950 800 500
825 700 450
825 700 450
1050 900 425
1,000,000 1,000,000 800,000
1,300,000 1,300,000 1,000,000
1,200,000 1,200,000 1,000,000
1,000,000 1,000,000 800,000
1,500,000 1,500,000 1,200,000
8-20 10-1
975 800 450
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
EASTERN SPRUCE
EASTERN ? $: ‡ $:
1300 1050 600
975 800 450
Grade
EASTERN WHITE Sel. Str. PINE No. 1 No. 2
Species or Group
Extreme Fiber Stress in Bending “Fb� Single Member
875 700 400
675 550 300
650 525 300
Tension Parallel to Grain “Ft�
155 155 155
135 135 135
125 125 125
Horizontal Shear “Fv�
555 555 555
390 390 390
350 350 350
1000 875 400
775 675 300
725 625 325
Compression Perpen- Parallel dicular to Grain “FcA� “Fc//�
POSTS and TIMBERS (5� X 5� and LARGER) > ? ? … 5 ? ? $: [&_Q [ &Q Q [ ' › ' QF`
Grades Described in para. 26.0-26.3
TABLE 4
8 10 1,200,000 1,200,000 900,000
1,400,000 1,400,000 1,000,000
1,100,000 1,100,000 900,000
Modulus Elasticity “E�
10-1 8-21
1150 950 550 1250 1000 575 850 675 400 1000 800 475
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
? PINE
@
? WHITE CEDAR
@O[V (Eastern Spruce Red Pine Jack Pine Balsam Fir)
1250 1050 600
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
EASTERN ? $:
8
675 550 325
575 450 250
825 675 375
800 650 375
850 700 400
125 125 125
115 115 115
125 125 125
135 135 135
155 155 155
335 335 335
370 370 370
305 305 305
435 435 435
550 550 550
700 625 425
650 550 250
1000 875 400
900 800 375
1000 875 400
1,200,000 1,200,000 1,000,000
700,000 700,000 600,000
1,400,000 1,400,000 1,100,000
1,300,000 1,300,000 1,000,000
1,200,000 1,200,000 900,000
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
RED MAPLE
MIXED MAPLE
Grade
RED PINE
Species or Group
8-22 10-1
1100 875 500
1400 1150 650
1150 925 525
Extreme Fiber Stress in Bending “Fb� Single Member
725 600 350
925 750 425
775 625 350
Tension Parallel to Grain “Ft�
180 180 180
195 195 195
125 125 125
Horizontal Shear “Fv�
620 620 620
615 615 615
410 410 410
750 650 300
950 825 375
875 775 350
Compression Perpen- Parallel dicular to Grain “FcA� “Fc//�
POSTS and TIMBERS (5� X 5� and LARGER) > ? ? … 5 ? ? $: [&_Q [ &Q Q [ ' › ' QF`
Grades Described in para. 26.0-26.3
TABLE 4 (Continued)
8 10 1,100,000 1,100,000 900,000
1,500,000 1,500,000 1,200,000
1,400,000 1,400,000 1,100,000
Modulus Elasticity “E�
10-1 8-23
1550 1250 725 1250 1000 575 1250 1000 575 1500 1200 700 1300 1050 600
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2
$?‡ $?‡ ? $: ;
“ :
:
? :
>? :
8
875 700 400
1000 800 475
850 675 400
850 675 400
1050 850 475
205 205 205
205 205 205
155 155 155
155 155 155
180 180 180
800 800 800
885 885 885
820 820 820
800 800 800
715 715 715
950 825 400
1000 875 400
875 775 350
875 775 350
1050 900 425
1,000,000 1,000,000 800,000
1,300,000 1,300,000 1,000,000
1,200,000 1,200,000 1,000,000
1,000,000 1,000,000 800,000
1,500,000 1,500,000 1,200,000
8
8-24 10-1
MEASUREMENTS OF CHARACTERISTIC
9
9-1
9
9-2
40.0 MEASUREMENTS OF CHARACTERISTICS 41.0 KNOTS (WWPA 210.00) Q @' %&Q_ %\ ' ]– Q [[ &Q `&FJQ [[ %[ Q '&Q_ '[ Q [ [ Q &%\ '[ JQ [ appearing on wide faces are measured between lines QF [&Q_ ` JQ ' /Q K ' ` _ :Q size is equal to the average of the two wide face measurements. The size of knots on wide faces may be increased proportionately from the size permitted at ` _ ` [&’ K '%& ` F Q ' &Q :Q [ appearing on narrow faces are limited to the same displacement as knots specified at edges of wide faces. Examples of these measurement methods are shown in Section 41.1. 41.1 Wide Face Knots (WWPA 211.00) 2� and Thicker Lumber
A C d
A
c+d = A 2
“A� equals allowable knot size.
9-3
9
42.0 SHAKES, CHECKS AND SPLITS (WWPA 220.00) Q _' [ * %[ Q '&Q_ '[ ` [ characteristics are measured only in the middle half of the width. Restrictions on checks apply for a distance from the ends equal to three times the width of the wide face. Shake is measured at the end between lines enclosing the shake and parallel to the wide face. Illustrations of how these characteristics are measured are as follows: d s an
its
spl
k hec
re asu
,c kes
sha
Me
W/2
W
3W
es
ak
3W ure
h ds
s ck he
an
c
s ea
M
Measure shake
9
9-4 1-1
42.1 Shakes in Posts and Timbers are measured at the ends of pieces, between lines parallel with the two faces that give the least dimension. (WWPA 221.00)
Whichever is the least dimension
42.2 Checks are measured as an average of the penetration perpendicular to the wide face. Where two or more checks appear on the same face, only the deepest one is measured. Where two checks are directly opposite each other, the sum of their depths is considered. (WWPA 222.00) e averag e r u s a Me ation penetr
42.3 Splits are measured as the penetration of a split from the end of the piece and parallel to the edges of the piece. (WWPA 223.00)
9 n atio r t e pen ure nd s a Me the e from
9-5 1-1
43.0 SLOPE OF GRAIN (WWPA 230.00) Slope of grain is the deviation of the wood fiber from a line parallel to the edges of a piece. The deviation is expressed as a ratio such as a slope of grain of 1 in 8, etc. In the lumber 2” nominal and thicker and 4” nominal and wider, slope of grain is measured over a sufficient length and area to be representative of the general slope of fibers. Local deviations around knots and elsewhere are disregarded in the general slope measurement. In thinner or narrower lumber, areas of local slope of grain exceeding the slope of grain provisions of the grade shall be graded like knots. Such areas are limited to the permitted knot displacement for the grade. In lumber less than 1” net in thickness, the average slope of grain anywhere in the length shall not pass completely through the thickness of the piece in a length less than the allowable slope. X = the horizontal ratio
Average line of the direction of fibers
44.0 STRESSES ILLUSTRATED (WWPA 240.00)
9
44.1 Extreme Fiber in Bending — (Fb) and Horizontal Shear — (Fv) (WWPA 241.00) Structural members may carry loads on spans between supports and the lumber is stressed internally to the extent required to resist the external load. The loads cause pieces to bend, producing tension in the extreme fibers along the face farthest from the applied load and compression in the extreme fibers along the face nearest to the applied load. At the same time, over each support, there is a stress that tends to slide the 1-1 9-6
SION
ES MPR
CO L NTA O Z ION I HOR EAR TENS SH ibers f e m extre top and The t the of are a bottom e at th iece the p
fibers over each other horizontally. This action is similar to the way the ends of playing cards slide over each other when a deck is sharply bent. The internal force that resists this action is the horizontal shear value of the wood. The shearing stress is maximum at the center of the depth of the piece.
44.2 Modulus of Elasticity — (E) (WWPA 242.00) The relationship between the amount a piece deflects and the load causing the deflection determines its stiffness. This is called the modulus of elasticity of the species. A piece may deflect slightly or a lot depending on its size, the span, the load and the modulus of elasticity for the particular species. A large deflection is Q Q F [[ '&  [&_Q * &Q[ **&F& Q [ ' Q_ ` @ ' example: the floors of a residence are usually limited to a deflection l/360 of the span, or less.
9 o of a ess rati n ff ti s e Th es the etermin d s ie c e sp a load on from ti c e fl e d
9-7 1-1
44.3 Compression Perpendicular to Grain — (FC ) (WWPA 243.00) Where a joist, beam or similar piece of lumber bears on supports, the loads tend to compress the fibers. It is therefore necessary that the bearing area is sufficient to prevent side grain crushing.
Side
rain ing g
bear
9
1-1 9-8
value
44.4 Compression Parallel to Grain — (Fc ) (WWPA 244.00) In many parts of a structure, stress-grades are used with the loads supported on the ends of the pieces. Such uses are as studs, posts, columns and struts. The internal stress induced by this kind of loading is the same across the whole cross section and the fibers are uniformly stressed parallel to and along the full length of the piece.
9
9-9 1-1
GLOSSARY & ABBREVIATIONS
10
10-1
10
10-2
700.0 GLOSSARY Throughout these rules various words and terms are used with meanings specifically applicable to lumber. In the use of these rules a full understanding of the words and terms in this Glossary is essential. An index to the Glossary follows: Paragraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702.0 $? $: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704.0 $ 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754.0 $ > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706.0 DECAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708.0 EDGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710.0 GRAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712.0 HEART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714.0 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716.0 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718.0 @ $ 5 @ $ . . . . . . . . 720.0 @ $ 5 @ $ $ @ $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722.0 $ $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723.0 $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724.0 $$ $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726.0 PITCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728.0 $? : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730.0 PITH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732.0 5 @ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736.0 $: O&QF &Q_ & F` FJ [ Q 'J FJ [V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734.0 > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738.0 ? : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740.0 SPLITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742.0 STAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744.0 STRESS GRADES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746.0 TRIM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748.0 WANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750.0 WARP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752.0
10-3
10
DEFINITIONS 702.0 BURL B &[ ' & Q * _' &Q [ F [ \ abnormal growth due to injury of the tree. The effect of burls is assessed in relation to knots. 704.0 CHECKS B [ K ' & Q * ` / Q '% occurring across or through the rings of annual growth and usually as a result of seasoning. (a) A surface check occurs on a face of a piece. (b) A through check extends from one surface of a piece to the opposite or adjoining surface. (c) Small checks are not over 1/32” wide and not over 4” long. (d) Medium checks are not over 1/32” wide and not over 10” long. (e) Large checks are more than 1/32” wide or longer than 10” or both. (f) A roller check is a crack in the wood structure caused by a piece of cupped lumber being flattened in passing between the machine rollers. A light roller check is a perceptible opening not over 2’ long. A medium roller check is a perceptible opening over 2’ long, but not exceeding 4’ in length. A heavy roller check is over 4’ in length. 706.0 COMPRESSION WOOD B \Q '% / ` forms on the underside of leaning and crooked coniferous trees. It is characterized, aside from its distinguishing color, by being hard and brittle and by its relatively lifeless appearance. Compression wood shall be limited in effect to other appearance or strength reducing characteristics permitted in the grade.
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708.0 DECAY (UNSOUND WOOD) B &[&Q _' & Q of the wood substance due to action of wood-destroying fungi, and is also known as dote or rote. Some examples are as follows: (a) Heart center decay is localized decay developing along the pith in some species and is detected by visual inspection. The limitation for heart 10-4 9-1
center decay applies to Southern Pine. Heart center decay develops in the living tree and does not progress further after the tree is cut. (b) White specks are small white or brown pits or [K [ &Q / F [ \ ` * Q_ [ „@ % [ K&Q& … develops in the living tree and does not develop further in wood in service. Where permitted in these rules it is so limited that it has no more effect on the intended use of the pieces than other characteristics permitted in the same grade. Pieces containing white speck are no more subject to decay than pieces which do not contain it. — „@&'%… &Q ' & Q /`& [K FJ &Q* '[ ` & /& not crumble readily under thumb pressure and cannot be easily picked out. (c) Honeycomb is similar to white speck but the pockets are larger. Where permitted in the rules it is so limited that it has no more effect on the intended use of the piece than other characteristics permitted in the same grade. Pieces containing honeycomb are no more subject to decay than pieces which do not contain it. — „@&'%… &Q ' & Q ` Q  F %\ &Q* '[ ` & /& not crumble readily under thumb pressure and cannot be easily picked out. (d) Incipient decay is an early stage of decay in which disintegration of the wood fibers has not proceeded far enough to soften or otherwise change the hardness of the wood perceptibly. It is usually accompanied by a slight discoloration or bleaching of the wood. (e) Peck is channeled or pitted areas or pockets found in cedar and cypress. Wood tissue between pecky areas remains unaffected in appearance and strength. All further growth of the fungus causing peckiness ceases after the trees are felled. 710.0 EDGE B ` ' ' `' % Q&Q_[ * ' _ O!V The narrow face of rectangular-shaped pieces. (2) The corner of a piece at the intersection of two longitudinal faces. (3) In stress grades that part of the wide face nearest the corner of the piece. (a) Eased edges means slightly rounded surfacing on pieces of lumber to remove sharp corners. The
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standard radius for 1�, 2�, 3� and 4� nominal thickness lumber shall not exceed 1/16�, 1/8�, 3/16� and 1/4� respectively. : Lumber 4� or less in thickness is frequently shipped with eased edges unless otherwise specified. (b) Square edged means free from wane and without eased edges. (c) Free of wane means without wane, but has either eased or square edges. (See WANE definition.) (d) Square corners means without eased edges, but has an allowance for wane in certain grades. (e) To “destroy the nailing edge� shall mean (1) the decay occupies more of the narrow face than the allowable maximum wane in thickness when in streak form, or (2) the decay occupies more than twice the length of the allowable knot hole when a spot occurs completely through the narrow face.
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712.0 GRAIN B ` *&\ '[ &Q / Q ` &' &' F & Q size, arrangement, appearance or quality. (a) Slope of grain is the deviation of the line of fibers from a straight line parallel to the sides of the K& F @ ' % ` * % [ ' % Q [ ' ]# " (b) Summerwood is the portion of the annual growth ring formed during the latter part of the yearly growth ring. It is darker in color, more dense, and stronger mechanically than springwood. (c) Springwood is the portion of the annual growth ring formed during the early part of the yearly growth period. It is lighter in color, less dense, and not as strong mechanically as summerwood. (d) Vertical grain (VG) (Edge grain EG) (Rift grain) lumber is a piece or pieces sawn at approximately right angles to the annual growth rings so that the rings form an angle of 45 degrees or more with the surface of the piece. (e) Flat grain (FG) (Slash grain SG) lumber is a piece or pieces sawn approximately parallel to the annual growth rings so that all or some of the rings form an angle of less than 45 degrees with the surface of the piece. (f) Mixed grain (MG) lumber includes either or both vertical and flat grained pieces. 10-6 9-1
(g) Spiral grain is a deviation in the slope of grain caused when the fibers in a tree take a spiral course around the trunk of the tree, instead of the normal vertical course. (h) Diagonal grain is a deviation in the slope of grain caused by sawing at an angle with the bark of the tree. See slope of grain. 714.0 HEART B O? ' / V QQ ' F ' * ` ' trunk comprising the annual rings containing nonliving elements. In some species, heartwood has a prominent color different from sapwood. (a) Boxed heart means with the pith enclosed in the piece. (b) Heart center is the pith or center core of the log. (c) Free of heart centers (FOHC) means without pith (side cut). An occasional piece (see para. 726.0) when showing pith for not more than 1/4 the length on the surface shall be accepted. (d) Firm red heart is a stage of incipient decay characterized by a reddish color in the heartwood, which does not render the wood unfit for the majority of yard purposes. (e) Heartwood and sapwood of equivalent character are of equal strength. No requirement of heartwood is made when strength alone is the governing factor. (f) Heartwood is more durable than sapwood. When wood is to be exposed to decay-producing conditions without preservative treatment, it shall be permitted to specify the minimum percentage of heartwood to be present in all pieces in a shipment. (g) Sapwood takes preservative treatment more readily than heartwood. 716.0 HOLES B ? [ & ` ' Q K ' &  ' /`  through the piece. An alternate designation for holes which extend only partially through the piece is surface pits. Unless otherwise specified holes are measured the same as knots. Holes are classified by size as follows: (a) A pin hole is not over 1/16� in diameter. (b) A medium (small) hole is not over 1/4� in diameter. 10-7 9-1
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(c) A large hole is not over 1” in diameter. (d) A very large hole is over 1” in diameter.
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718.0 KNOTS B K ' & Q * \' QF` ' &%\ ` ` [ become incorporated in a piece of lumber. In lumber, knots are classified as to form, size, quality and occurrence. (a) A red knot is one that results from a live branch growth in the tree and is intergrown with the surrounding wood. (b) A black knot is one that results from a dead branch which the wood growth of the tree has surrounded. (c) A round knot is produced when the limb is cut at approximately a right angle to its long axis. (d) An oval knot is produced when the limb is cut at slightly more than a right angle to the long axis. (e) A spike knot is produced when the limb is cut either lengthwise or diagonally. (f) A pin knot is not over 1/2”. (g) A small knot is not over 3/4”. (h) A medium knot is not over 1-1/2”. (i) A large knot is over 1-1/2”. (j) A sound knot contains no decay. (k) A pith knot is sound in all respects except it contains a pith hole not over 1/4” in diameter. (l) A hollow knot is a sound knot containing a hole greater than 1/4” in diameter. Through opening of a hollow knot is limited to the size of other holes permitted. (m) An unsound knot contains decay. (n) A firm knot is solid across its face, but contains incipient decay. (o) A tight knot is so fixed by growth, shape or position that it retains its place in the piece. (p) An intergrown knot is one whose growth rings are partially or completely intergrown on one or more faces with the growth rings of the surrounding wood. (q) A watertight knot has its annual rings completely intergrown with those of the surrounding wood on one surface of the piece, and it is sound on that surface. 10-8 9-1
(r) An encased knot is one which is not intergrown with the growth rings of the surrounding wood. (s) A loose or not firmly fixed knot is one not held tightly in place by growth, shape or position. (t) A fixed knot will retain its place in dry lumber under ordinary conditions, but is movable under pressure though not easily pushed out. (u) A knot cluster is two or more knots grouped together as a unit with the fibers of the wood deflected around the entire unit. A group of single knots is not a knot cluster. (v) A star-checked knot has radial checks. (w) Well-scattered knots are not in clusters and each knot is separated from any other by a distance at least equal to the diameter of the smaller of the two. (x) Well-spaced knots means that the sum of the sizes of all knots in any 6” of length of a piece must not exceed twice the size of the largest knot permitted. More than one knot of maximum permissible size must not be in same 6” of length and the combination of knots must not be serious. 720.0 MANUFACTURING IMPERFECTIONS B Q[ all imperfections or blemishes which are the result of surfacing, such as the following: (a) Chipped grain is a barely perceptible irregularity in the surface of a piece caused when particles of wood are chipped or broken below the line of cut. It is too small to be classed as torn grain and is not considered unless in the excess of 25% of the surface involved. (b) Torn grain is an irregularity in the surface of a piece where wood has been torn or broken out by surfacing. Torn grain is described as follows: ' &_` 'Q _' &Q B Q + ' ! ] K &_` 'Q _' &Q B Q + ' ! # K & % 'Q _' &Q B Q + ' ! ! K ? + 'Q _' &Q B Q + ' ! K ' ` + 'Q _' &Q B + ' ! K (c) Raised grain is a roughened condition of the surface of dressed lumber in which the hard summerwood is raised above the softer springwood, but not torn loose from it. 10-9 9-1
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' &_` ' &[ _' &Q &[ Q + ' ! ] Light raised grain is not over 1/32”. Medium raised grain is not over 1/16”. Heavy raised grain is not over 1/8”. (d) Loosened grain is a grain separation or loosening between springwood and summerwood without displacement. ' &_` [ Q _' &Q &[ Q + ' ! ] separation. Light loosened grain is not over 1/32” separation. Medium loosened grain is not over 1/16” separation. Heavy loosened grain is not over 1/8” separation. ' ` + [ Q _' &Q &[ + ' ! separation. (e) Skips are areas on a piece that failed to surface clean. Skips are described as follows: ' &_` [J&K &[ Q + ' ! ] K Light skip is not over 1/32” deep. Medium skip is not over 1/16” deep. Heavy skip is not over 1/8” deep. (f) Hit and miss is a series of skips not over 1/16” deep with surfaced areas between. (g) Hit or miss means completely or partly surfaced or entirely rough. Scantness may be 1/16”. (h) Mismatch is an uneven fit in worked lumber when adjoining pieces do not meet tightly at all points of contact or when the surface of adjoining pieces are not in the same plane. Slight mismatch is a barely evident trace of mismatch. ' &_` %&[% F` &[ Q + ' ! ] Light mismatch is not over 1/32”. Medium mismatch is not over 1/16”. Heavy mismatch is not over 1/8”. (i) Machine burn is a darkening of the wood due to overheating by machine knives or rolls when pieces are stopped in machine. (j) Machine bite is a depressed cut of the machine knives at the end of the piece. 10-10
' &_` % F`&Q \& &[ Q + ' ! ] K Light machine bite is not over 1/32” deep. Medium machine bite is not over 1/16” deep. Heavy machine bite is not over 1/8” deep. ' ` + % F`&Q \& &[ + ' ! K (k) Machine gouge is a groove cut by the machine below the desired line. ' &_` % F`&Q _ _ &[ Q + ' ! ] K. Light machine gouge is not over 1/32” deep. Medium machine gouge is not over 1/16” deep. Heavy machine gouge is not over 1/8” deep. ' ` + % F`&Q _ _ &[ + ' ! K (l) A machine offset is an abrupt dressing variation in the edge surface which usually occurs near the end of the piece and without reducing the width or without changing the plane of the wide surface. ' &_` % F`&Q **[ &[ + '& & Q Q + ' 1/64”. Light machine offset is a variation not over 1/32”. Medium machine offset is a variation not over 1/16”. Heavy machine offset is a variation not over 1/8”. ' ` + % F`&Q **[ &[ + '& & Q + ' 1/8”. (m) Chip marks are shallow depressions or indentations on or in the surface of dressed lumber caused by shavings or chips getting embedded in the surface during dressing. ' &_` F`&K % 'J[ ' Q + ' ! ] K Light chip marks are not over 1/32” deep. Medium chip marks are not over 1/16” deep. Heavy chip marks are not over 1/8” deep. (n) Knife marks are the imprints or markings of the machine knives on the surface of dressed lumber. ' [ &_` JQ&* % 'J[ ' +&[&\ Q *' % favorable angle and are perfectly smooth to the touch. Slight knife marks are readily visible, but evidence no unevenness to the touch. (o) Wavy dressing involves more uneven dressing than knife marks. ' &_` / + ' [[&Q_ &[ Q + ' ! ] K
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Light wavy dressing is not over 1/32” deep. Medium wavy dressing is not over 1/16” deep. Heavy wavy dressing is not over 1/8” deep. ' ` + / + ' [[&Q_ &[ + ' ! K
722.0 CLASSIFICATION OF MANUFACTURING IMPERFECTIONS B (a) Standard “A” Manufacture %& [ ' &_` torn grain; occasional very light chip marks; very slight knife marks. (b) Standard “B” Manufacture %& [ ' &_` torn grain; very light raised grain; very light loosened grain; very light chip marks; average of one very light chip mark per lineal foot, but not more than two in any lineal foot; very slight knife marks; slight mismatch. (c) Standard “C” Manufacture admits: Medium torn grain; light raised grain; light loosened grain; very light machine bite; very light machine gouge; very light machine offset; light chip marks if well-scattered; occasional medium chip marks; very slight knife marks; slight mismatch. (d) Standard “D” Manufacture admits: Heavy torn grain; medium raised grain; very heavy loosened grain; light machine bite; light machine gouge; light machine offset; medium chip marks; slight knife marks; very light mismatch. (e) Standard “E” Manufacture %& [ ' heavy torn grain; raised grain; very heavy loosened grain; medium machine bite; machine gouge; medium machine offset; chip marks; knife marks; light wavy dressing; light mismatch. (f) Standard “F” Manufacture %& [ ' ` + torn grain; raised grain; very heavy loosened grain; heavy machine bite; machine gouge; heavy machine offset; chip marks; knife marks; medium wavy dressing; medium mismatch. 723.0 METRIC CONVERSION B '&F &% Q[& Q[ listed in these rules are calculated at 25.4 millimeters (mm) times the actual dimension in inches, rounded to the nearest millimeter. In case of a dispute on size measurements, the conventional (inch) method of measurement shall take precedence. 10-12
(a) To round to the nearest millimeter: If the digit in the tenths of mm position (the digit after the decimal point) is less than 5, drop all fractional mm digits; if greater than 5 or it is 5 followed by at least one non-zero digit, round one mm higher; if 5 followed by only zeroes, retain the digit in the unit position (the digit before the decimal point) if it is even or increase it one mm if it is odd. 724.0 MOISTURE CONTENT B ` / &_` * ` water in wood expressed in percentage of the weight of the oven-dry wood. 726.0 OCCASIONAL PIECES B Q[ Q % ' ` Q 10% of the pieces in a parcel or shipment. 728.0 PITCH B [ Q FF % & Q * ' [&Q [ % '& (a) Light pitch is the light, but evident presence of pitch. (b) Medium pitch is a somewhat more evident presence of pitch than is the light. (c) Heavy pitch is a very evident accumulation of pitch showing by its color and consistency. (d) Massed pitch is a clearly defined accumulation of solid pitch in a body by itself. 730.0 PITCH STREAK B [ / ‡ *&Q accumulation of pitch in the wood cells in a streak. Pitch streaks are described as follows, with equivalent areas being permissible: (a) A very small pitch streak is 3/8� in width and 15� in length. (b) A small pitch streak is 1/12 the width and 1/6 the length of the piece. (c) A medium pitch streak is 1/6 the width and 1/3 the length of the piece. (d) A large pitch streak is not over 1/4 the width by 1/2 the length of the surface. (e) A very large pitch streak is over 1/4 the width by 1/2 the length of the surface. (f) A pitch seam is a shake or check which contains pitch. 732.0 PITH B & ` &[ ` [% [ * F ' &Q ` structural center of a log. 10-13
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(a) A very small pith is not over 1/8” wide and occupies on face surface not over 1/4 square inch (1/8” wide by 2” long or 1/16” by 4”). (b) Small pith occupies not over 3/4 square inch (1/4” by 3”, 3/16” by 4”, 1/8” by 6”, or 1/16” by 12”). (c) Free of pith means that pith on or within the body of the piece is prohibited. 734.0 POCKET B / *&Q K Q&Q_ \ / Q ` rings of annual growth which develops during the growth of the tree. It usually contains pitch or bark. Pockets are described as follows with equivalent areas being permissible: a) A very small pocket is 1/16” in width and 3” in length, or 1/8” in width and 2” in length. (b) A small pocket is 1/16” in width and 6” in length, or 1/8” in width and 4” in length, or 1/4” in width and 2” in length. (c) A medium pocket is 1/16” in width and 12” in length, or 1/8” in width and 8” in length, or 3/8” in width and 4” in length. (d) A large pocket is not over 4 square inches in area. (e) A very large pocket is over 4 square inches in area. (f) A closed pocket has an opening on one surface only. (g) A through or open pocket has an opening on opposite surfaces, and the through opening is considered the same as a through hole of equal size.
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736.0 PLUGS AND FILLERS B > K _[ Q *& '[ are inserted into pieces of lumber to improve their appearance and usefulness. Lumber containing plugs and fillers shall only be shipped when the order, acknowledgement and invoice carry reference to the inserts. Quality of the inserts and workmanship must be in keeping with the quality of the grade. In dimension and other lumber graded for strength, inserts are limited to the same size and location as knots. 738.0 SAPWOOD B ' '[ * _' / ` \ / Q the bark and the heartwood which contain the sap.
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(a) Bright sapwood shows no stain and is not limited in any grade unless specifically stated in the grade description. (b) Sapwood restrictions waived means that any restrictions in a rule on the amount of sapwood permitted in pieces graded under that rule are not to apply. (c) Bright sapwood no defect (BSND) means that bright sapwood is permitted in each piece in any amount. 740.0 SHAKE B Q_ `/&[ [ K ' & Q * ` / which occurs between or through the rings of annual growth. (a) A light shake is not over 1/32� wide. (b) A medium shake is not over 1/8� wide. (c) A surface shake occurs on only one surface of a piece. (d) A through shake extends from one surface of a piece to the opposite or to an adjoining surface. (e) A pith shake (or heart shake or heart check) extends through the growth rings from or through the pith towards the surface of a piece, and is distinguished from a seasoning check by the fact that its greatest width is nearest the pith, whereas the greatest width of a season check in a pith-centered piece is farthest from the pith. (f) A ring shake occurs between the growth rings to partially or wholly encircle the pith. 742.0 SPLITS B [ K ' & Q * ` / `' _` ` piece to the opposite surface or to an adjoining surface due to the tearing apart of the wood cells. (a) A very short split is equal in length to 1/2 the width of the piece. (b) A short split is equal in length to the width of the piece and in no case exceeds 1/6 the length. (c) A medium split is equal in length to twice the width of the piece and in no case exceeds 1/6 the length. (d) A long split is longer than a medium split.
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744.0 STAINED WOOD (a) Stained Heartwood and Firm Red Heart B &Q ? ' / ' @&'% ? ' &[ % 'J + '& & Q *' % ` Q ' F ' — ' Q_ [ *' % pink to brown. It is not to be confused with natural red heart. Natural color is usually uniformly distributed through certain annual rings, whereas stains are usually in irregular patches. In grades where it is permitted, it has no more effect on the intended use of the piece than other characteristics permitted in the grade. (b) Stained Sapwood B &Q K/ similarly has no effect on the intended use of the pieces in which it is permitted, but affects appearance in varying degrees. (1) Light stained sapwood is so slightly discolored that is does not affect natural finishes. (2) Medium stained sapwood has a proQ QF &** ' QF &Q F '&Q_ — % &% [ the usefulness for natural finishes, but not for paint finishes, is affected. (3) Heavy stained sapwood has so pronounced a difference as to obscure the grain of the wood, but the lumber containing it is acceptable for paint finishes. (c) Discoloration through exposure to the elements is admitted in all grades of framing and sheathing lumber. 746.0 STRESS GRADES B %\ ' _' [ ` +&Q_ assigned working stress and modulus of elasticity values in accordance with accepted basic principles of strength grading, and the provisions of sections 6.3.2.1
Q ‚ # * Q ' ' F Q ' "
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748.0 TRIM B (a) Trimming of lumber is the act of cross-cutting a piece to a given length. (b) Double end trimmed (DET) — &[ intended that DET lumber be trimmed square on both ends. Tolerances are found in certified grading rules. (c) Precision end trimmed (PET) lumber is trimmed square on both ends to uniform lengths with a manufacturing tolerance of 1/16� over or under in length in 20% of the pieces. 10-16
(d) Square end trimmed lumber is trimmed square having a manufacturing tolerance of 1/64” for each nominal 2” of thickness or width. 750.0 WANE B 'J ' FJ * / *' % Q F [ except eased edges, on the edge or corner of a piece of lumber. Wane away from ends extending partially or completely across any face is permitted for one foot if no more serious than skips in dressing allowed or across a narrow face if no more damaging than the knot hole allowed (not to exceed in length twice the diameter of the maximum knot hole allowed in the grade) and is limited to one occurrence in each piece. These variations shall not be allowed in more than 5% of the pieces. (This provision applies only to the National Grading Rule for Dimension Lumber). 752.0 WARP B Q +& & Q *' % ' ' K Q surface, including bow, crook, cup and twist or any combination thereof. Warp restrictions are based on the average form of warp as it occurs normally, and any variation from this average form, such as short kinks, shall be appraised according to its equivalent effect. Pieces containing two or more forms shall be appraised according to the combined effect in determining the amount permissible. In these rules warp is classified as very light, light, medium, and heavy, and applied to each width and length as set forth in the various grades in accordance with the following provisions and tables: (a) Bow is a deviation flatwise from a straight line drawn from end to end of a piece. It is measured at the point of greatest distance from the straight line. The maximum amount of bow allowed in a grade is as follows: If under 2” thick, three times as much as crook for 2” faces. If 2” thick and under 3”, twice as much crook for 2” faces. If 3” thick and over, the same as the amount of crook for that thickness. (b) Crook is a deviation edgewise from a straight line drawn from end to end of a piece. It is measured at the point of greatest distance from the straight line. The maximum amount of crook allowed shall be that shown in the crook tables published within this section. 10-17
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(c) Cup is a deviation in the face of a piece from a straight line drawn from edge to edge of a piece. It is measured at the point of greatest distance from the straight line. The maximum amount of cup allowed shall be that shown in the following table: CUP TABLE Cup 2� & 3� ' &_` !•# … Light 1/32� Medium 1/32� Heavy 1/16�
Face Width 4� !•# … 1/32� 1/16� 1/8�
5�& 6� !•# … 1/16� 1/8� 3/16�
8� !•!‚… 1/8� 3/16� 1/4�
10� #•# … 3/16� 1/4� 3/8�
12� !• … 1/4� 3/8� 1/2�
14� and Wider proportionately more. (d) Twist is a deviation flatwise, or a combination of flatwise and edgewise, in the form of a curl or spiral, and the amount is the distance an edge of a piece at one end is raised above a flat surface against which both edges at the opposite end are resting snugly. The maximum amount of twist allowed shall be that shown in the Twist table published within this section. 754.0 COMBINATION GRADES B ' F Q ' PS 20 permits grouping the highest two grades in a grade category, and grade marking the combination as
Q „= '… _' ` F %\&Q _' &[ [[&_Q ` allowable property values of the lower grade unless allowable property values have been assigned to the combination.
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CROOK TABLE FOR FRAMING Length in Ft Crook 4 Very Light & Light 6 Medium Heavy 8 Very Light Light Medium Heavy 10 Very Light Light Medium Heavy 12 Very Light Light Medium Heavy 14 Very Light Light Medium Heavy 16 Very Light Light Medium Heavy 18 Very Light Light Medium Heavy 20 Very Light Light Medium Heavy 22 Very Light Light Medium Heavy 24 Very Light Light Medium Heavy
Width 2” 3” 4” 5” & 6” 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/4 1/4 1/4 3/16 3/8 3/8 3/8 1/4 1/2 1/2 1/2 3/8 1/4 1/4 3/16 1/8 3/8 3/8 3/8 5/16 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 3/4 3/4 3/4 5/8 3/8 5/16 1/4 3/16 3/4 5/8 1/2 7/16 1-3/8 1 3/4 5/8 1-3/4 1-1/4 1-1/8 1 1/2 3/8 3/8 5/16 1 3/4 11/16 5/8 1-1/2 1-1/8 1 7/8 2 1-1/2 1-3/8 1-1/4 5/8 1/2 7/16 3/8 1-1/4 1 7/8 3/4 2 1-1/2 1-1/4 1-1/8 2-3/4 2 1-3/4 1-1/2 3/4 5/8 1/2 7/16 1-5/8 1-1/4 1 7/8 2-1/2 1-7/8 1-1/2 1-3/8 3-1/4 2-1/2 2 1-3/4 1 3/4 5/8 1/2 2 1-3/8 1-1/8 1 3 2-1/16 1-5/8 1-1/2 4 2-3/4 2-1/4 2 1-1/8 7/8 3/4 5/8 2-1/4 1-1/2 1-3/8 1-1/4 3-3/8 2-1/4 2-1/16 1-7/8 4-1/2 3 2-3/4 2-1/2 1-1/4 1 7/8 3/4 2-1/2 1-3/4 1-5/8 1-1/2 3-3/4 2-5/8 2-7/16 2-1/4 5 3-1/2 3-1/4 3 1-1/2 1-1/8 1 7/8 3 2 1-7/8 1-3/4 4-1/2 3 2-3/4 2-5/8 6 4 3-3/4 3-1/2 10-19
8” 1/16 1/8 3/16 1/4 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/16 3/8 1/2 7/8 1/4 1/2 13/16 1-1/8 5/16 5/8 1 1-1/4 3/8 3/4 1-1/8 1-1/2 7/16 7/8 1-1/4 1-3/4 1/2 1 1-1/2 2 5/8 1-1/4 1-7/8 2-1/2 3/4 1-1/2 2-1/4 3
10” 1/16 1/16 1/8 3/16 1/16 3/16 1/4 3/8 1/8 1/4 7/16 3/4 1/4 7/16 3/4 1 1/4 1/2 7/8 1-1/8 5/16 5/8 1 1-1/4 3/8 3/4 1-1/8 1-1/2 7/16 7/8 1-5/16 1-3/4 1/2 1 1-1/2 2 5/8 1-1/4 1-7/8 2-1/2
12” 1/16 1/16 1/8 3/16 1/16 1/8 3/16 1/4 1/8 3/16 3/8 5/8 3/16 3/8 9/16 13/16 3/16 3/8 3/4 1 1/4 1/2 7/8 1-1/8 5/16 5/8 1 1-1/4 3/8 3/4 1-1/8 1-1/2 7/16 7/8 1-1/4 1-3/4 1/2 1 1-5/8 2-1/4
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CROOK TABLE FOR NELMA EASTERN WHITE PINE BOARD GRADES Length
9 10
Face Width 6” 8” 10”
3”
4”
6 Feet C&D Sel. @&Q Prem. Stand.
1/8 ! ] 3/8 1/2
1/8 ! ] 3/8 1/2
1/8 1/16 # ! ! 1/4 3/16 3/8 1/4
1/16 1/16 ! ! ! ! 1/8 1/8 3/16 3/16
8 Feet C&D Sel. @&Q Prem. Stand.
1/4 # 1/2 3/4
3/16 # 1/2 3/4
1/8 ! 1/2 5/8
1/16 1/16 # ! ! 1/4 3/16 3/8 1/4
10 Feet C&D Sel. @&Q Prem. Stand.
5/16 1 1-1/4
1/4 ! 3/4 1-1/8
3/16 3/16 ! # 5/8 1/2 1 7/8
12 Feet C&D Sel. @&Q Prem. Stand.
3/8 3/8 5/16 1/4 # ] !! ! ! 1-1/8 1 7/8 13/16 1-1/2 1-3/8 1-1/4 1-1/8
1/4 3/16 ! # 3/4 9/16 1 13/16
14 Feet C&D Sel. @&Q Prem. Stand.
1/2 ! 1-1/2 2
7/16 1-1/4 1-3/4
3/8 5/16 # ] 1-1/8 1 1-1/2 1-1/4
1/4 3/16 ! # 7/8 3/4 1-1/8 1
16 Feet C&D Sel. @&Q Prem. Stand.
5/8 1/2 ! ! ] ! 1-7/8 1-1/2 2-1/2 2
7/16 3/8 # ] 1-3/8 1-1/8 1-3/4 1-1/2
5/16 1/4 ! 1 7/8 1-1/4 1-1/8
9-23 10-20 9-1
1/8 ! ] 3/8 1/2
1/8 ! ] 7/16 3/4
12”
1/8 # ! 3/8 5/8
CROOK TABLE for SELECTS (WWPA RULES) Length
Face Width 4”
6”
8”
10”
12”
8 Feet C Select D Select
1/4 3/8
1/4 3/8
3/16 5/16
3/16 5/16
1/8 1/4
10 Feet C Select D Select
3/8 9/16
5/16 9/16
5/16 1/2
1/4 7/16
3/16 3/8
12 Feet C Select D Select
9/16 7/8
1/2 3/4
7/16 11/16
3/8 5/8
5/16 9/16
14 Feet C Select D Select
3/4 1-1/8
11/16 1-1/16
9/16 15/16
1/2 7/8
3/8 3/4
16 Feet C Select D Select
1 1-1/2
7/8 1-3/8
3/4 1-1/4
5/8 1-1/8
1/2 1
In the grades of Selects, maximum crook is limited to the amount shown in the above table for the appropriate length, width and grade. Pieces differing in length and width from these basic sizes may have crook in proportion to the amount shown. Maximum crook is limited to occasional pieces of any item.
10
9-1 10-21
CROOK TABLE for COMMON BOARDS (WWPA RULES) Length
Face Width 4”
6”
8”
10”
12”
8 Feet = ' $ %% Q ! 3 Common 13/16 4 Common 1
! 3/4 15/16
# 11/16 7/8
! 5/8 13/16
! ] 1/2 3/4
10 Feet = ' $ %% Q !# ! 3 Common 1-1/4 4 Common 1-9/16
!! ! 1-3/16 1-7/16
~ ! 1-1/16 1-3/8
! 1 1-1/4
# 13/16 1-3/16
12 Feet = ' $ %% Q ! ! ! ! !! ! ~ ! 3 Common 1-13/16 1-11/16 1-9/16 1-7/16 1-1//8 4 Common 2-1/4 2-1/8 2 1-13/16 1-11/16 14 Feet = ' $ %% Q ! ~ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 3 Common 2-1/2 2-5/16 2-1/8 1-15/16 4 Common 3-1/16 2-7/8 2-11/16 2-1/2 16 Feet = ' $ %% Q 3 Common 3-1/4 4 Common 4
9 10
! # ] 3 3-3/4
! ! 2-3/4 3-1/2
! ! ] 2-1/2 3-1/4
# ] 1-9/16 2-5/16
! 2 3
Maximum crook is limited to the amount shown in the above table for the appropriate length, width and grade. Pieces differing in length and width from these basic sizes may have crook in proportion to the amounts shown. Maximum crook is limited to occasional pieces of any item.
10-22 9-1
TWIST TABLE Length In Feet Twist 4 Very Light Light Medium Heavy 6 Very Light Light Medium Heavy 8 Very Light Light Medium Heavy 10 Very Light Light Medium Heavy 12 Very Light Light Medium Heavy 14 Very Light Light Medium Heavy 16 Very Light Light Medium Heavy 18 Very Light Light Medium Heavy 20 Very Light and Light Longer Medium Heavy
Face Width 2” 1/16 1/8 3/16 1/4 3/32 3/16 9/32 3/8 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/32 5/16 1/2 5/8 3/16 3/8 9/16 3/4 7/32 7/16 5/8 7/8 1/4 1/2 3/4 1 5/16 9/16 7/8 1-1/8 5/16 5/8 1 1-1/4
3” & 4” 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/16 3/8 1/2 3/4 1/4 1/2 3/4 1 5/16 5/8 7/8 1-1/4 3/8 3/4 1-1/8 1-1/2 7/16 7/8 1-1/4 1-3/4 1/2 1 1-1/2 2 9/16 1-1/8 1-5/8 2-1/4 5/8 1-1/4 1-7/8 2-1/2
5” & 6” 3/16 3/8 1/2 3/4 5/16 1/2 3/4 1-1/8 3/8 3/4 1-1/8 1-1/2 7/16 7/8 1-3/8 1-7/8 9/16 1-1/8 1-5/8 2-1/4 5/8 1-1/4 1-7/8 2-5/8 3/4 1-1/2 2-1/4 3 13/16 1-5/8 2-1/2 3-3/8 15/16 1-7/8 2-3/4 3-3/4
9-1 10-23
8” 1/4 1/2 3/4 1 3/8 3/4 1-1/8 1-1/2 1/2 1 1-1/2 2 5/8 1-1/4 1-7/8 2-1/2 3/4 1-1/2 2-1/4 3 7/8 1-3/4 2-5/8 3-1/2 1 2 3 4 1-1/8 2-1/4 3-3/8 4-1/2 1-1/4 2-1/2 3-3/4 5
10” 5/16 5/8 7/8 1-1/4 7/16 7/8 1-3/8 1-7/8 5/8 1-1/4 1-7/8 2-1/2 3/4 1-1/2 2-3/8 3-1/8 15/16 1-7/8 2-3/4 3-3/4 1-1/16 2-1/8 3-1/4 4-3/8 1-1/4 2-1/2 3-3/4 5 1-7/16 2-3/4 4-1/4 5-5/8 1-9/16 3-1/8 4-5/8 6-1/4
12” 3/8 3/4 1-1/8 1-1/2 9/16 1-1/8 1-5/8 2-1/4 3/4 1-1/2 2-1/4 3 15/16 1-7/8 2-3/4 3-3/4 1-1/8 2-1/4 3-3/8 4-1/2 1-5/16 2-5/8 3-7/8 5-1/4 1-1/2 3 4-1/2 6 1-11/16 3-3/8 5 6-3/4 1-7/8 3-3/4 5-5/8 7-1/2
10
LUMBER ABBREVIATIONS
10
AAR B AD B ADF B ALS B AVG B AW&L B BD B BD. FT B BDL B BEV B BH B B/L, BL B BM B B&S B BSND B BTR B CB B CF B CIF – CIFE B C/L B CLG B CLR B CM B CS B CSG B CV B DET B DIM B DKG B D/S, DS B D&M B E B EASTERN WP-NP B EB1S B EB2S B E&CB2S B EV1S B
[[ F& & Q % '&F Q
& ' [ &' '& * ' F & Q *' &_` % '&F Q %\ ' Q ' + ' _ /& `[ Q Q_ `[ ' ' @ Q + ` ' & * &Q_ ' % [ ' %[ Q '&Q_ '[ '&_` K/ Q * F ' $ Q ' \ $ [ Q *' &_` Cost, insurance and freight $ [ &Q[ ' QF *' &_` F` Q_ $ ' $ & &Q_ $ ' $ Q ' % F` $ J&Q_ % $ [&Q_ $ Q ' \ Q '&%% &% Q[& Q FJ&Q_ ' K [& &Q_ ' [[ Q % F` _ ' % [ * [ &F& [ 'Q >`& &Q Q '/ &Q _ \ Q [& _ \ / [& [ _ = F Q ' \ / [& [ _ + Q [& 10-24
EV2S B E&CV1S B E&CV2S B EE B EG B EM B Fb B FG B FLG B FOB B FOHC B FRT B Ft B FBM B FT.SM B HB B H&M B H or M B IN B IND B J&P B KD B LBR B LCL B LF B LFVC B LGR B LGTH B LIN B LNG B M B MBM B MC B MG B MLDG B MOE B MOR B MSR B NBM B NELMA B NIE B
_ + / [& [ _ = F Q ' + Q [& _ = F Q ' + / [& [ [ _ _ O+ ' &F V _' &Q Q % F` / \ *&\ ' [ ' [[ &Q \ Q &Q_ O [ *V @ ' [ [` _' &Q @ '&Q_ @' Q \ ' OQ % K &Q V @' * ` ' F Q ' @' &_` @ @ \ ' % [ ' O [ @ V @ [ '* F % [ ' ? / \ FJ ?& Q %&[[ ?& ' %&[[ QF` ' &QF` [ Q [ '& &[ [ Q QJ[ :& Q '& %\ ' [[ ` Q F ' &_` *' %&Q_ * +&[&\ F K F& Q_ ' Q_ ` &Q &Q&Q_ ` [ Q ` [ Q O* V \ ' % [ ' &[ ' F Q Q & _' &Q &Q_ [ * [ &F& ' [ * K ' F`&Q ' [[
\ ' % [ ' ' ` [ 'Q %\ ' Q * F ' '[ Association, Inc. [ Q _ 10-25 9-1
10
9 10
NSLB B ' ` 'Q * / %\ ' ' PAD B ' &' '& PARA B ' _' K` PART B ' & & Q PAT B 'Q PET B ' F&[& Q Q '&%% P&T B [ [ Q &%\ '[ RDM B
Q % REG B
_ ' RGH B
_` R/L, RL B
Q % Q_ `[ R/S B
[ /Q R/W, or RW B
Q % /& `[ RW/L B
Q % /& ` ' Q % Q_ ` SBIS B &Q_ \ Q [& SDG B & &Q_ SEL B F SG B [` ' * _' &Q S/L or SL B `&K K STD. M B Q ' % F` SM B '* F % [ ' SPIB B ` 'Q &Q Q[K F & Q ' SQ B ' STK B FJ STPG B KK&Q_ STR B ' F ' S&E B & Q _ S1E B '* F Q _ S2E B '* F / _ [ S1S B '* F Q [& S2S B '* F / [& [ S4S B '* F * ' [& [ S1S&CM B '* F Q [& Q F Q ' % F` S2S&CM B '* F / [& [ Q F Q ' % F` S4S&CS B '* F * ' [& [ Q F J&Q_ [ % S1S1E B '* F Q [& Q _ S1S2E B '* F Q [& / _ [ S2S1E B '* F / [& [ Q _ TBR B &%\ ' T&G B Q_ Q _' + VG B ' &F O _ V _' &Q 10-26 9-1
WCLIB B WDR B WT B WTH B WWPA B SYMBOLS “ B ‘ B x B 4/4, 5/4, 6/4, etc. B
> [ $ [ %\ ' Q[K F & Q ' >& ' > &_` >& ` > [ 'Q > ' F [ [[ F& & Q
QF` ' &QF` [ @ ' * \Â [ ] ] %&Q `&FJQ [[ K' [[ &Q fractions
10
9-1 10-27
EASTERN PATTERN CHARTS
11
11-1
11
11-2
STANDARD EASTERN PATTERNS
11
11-111-3
11 11
11-4 11-1
11
11-1 11-5
E.W.P.-18 & 4
11
11-6 11-1
E.W.P.-E & CB & 4
-
11
11-1 11-7
-
E.W.P.- 4& 4
-
11
11-811-1
11
11-1 11-9
E.W.P.-DOLLY VARDEN
-
11 11
11-10 11-1
11
11-1 11-11
E
11
11-12 11-1
E
E
11
11-1 11-13
E
11 11
11-14 11-1
INDEX
12 12-1
12 12-2
12-112-3
Page Number
\\' +& & Q[ B %\ ' '%[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-24 ‘ [ % Q @ F '[ * ' &% Q[& Q %\ ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 KK ' QF 5' B &% Q[& Q %\ ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15 . . . . . . . [ › & Q[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 ' [ [ 'Q >`& &Q ' [. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 . . . . . . . . Appearance Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11 . . . . . . . Commons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 . . . . . . . . @&Q&[` O@&Q V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 . . . . . . . . Premium (Prem.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 . . . . . . . . Standard (Stand.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 . . . . . . . . Industrial (Ind.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10 . . . . . . . Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12 . . . . . . . Selects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 . . . . . . . . C Select (C Sel.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 . . . . . . . . D Select (D Sel.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 . . . . . . . . ` ' ' ` [ 'Q K F& [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 . . . . . . . . Selects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 . . . . . . . .
Subject
12
6.0 - 6.3.1 6.3 6.2 - 6.2.4 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.3.1 6.1 - 6.1.2 6.1.1 6.1.2 7.0 - 7.2.5 7.1 - 7.1.2
12.5
Paragraph Number
Page Number
Paragraph Number
12-412-1
Commons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 . . . . . . . . 1 Common. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 . . . . . . . . 2 Common. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8 . . . . . . . . 3 Common. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10 . . . . . . . 4 Common. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11 . . . . . . . 5 Common. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 . . . . . . . K F& ' 5' [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 . . . . . . . [ 'Q >`& &Q @ 'Q& ' 5' [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 . . . . . . . NE ! @ 'Q& ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14 . . . . . . . NE @ 'Q& ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14 . . . . . . . Merchantable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15 . . . . . . . Cut and Shop Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17 . . . . . . . No. 1 Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17 . . . . . . . No. 2 Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17 . . . . . . . :Q Â . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17 . . . . . . .
7.2 - 7.2.5 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 8.0 - 8.5.5 8.1 - 8.1.2 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.2 8.3 - 8.3.6 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3
(Board Rules/Other Northeastern Species Continued) C Select (C Sel.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 . . . . . . . . 7.1.1 D Select (D Sel.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 . . . . . . . . 7.1.2
Subject
12 12
12-1 12-5
Page Number
(Board Rules/Special Board Grades/Cut and Shop Rules Continued) Stained Selects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18 . . . . . . . Short Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18 . . . . . . . Short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18 . . . . . . . Alternate Shop Grades for Eastern White Pine and Red Pine . . . . . . . . . . 4-18 . . . . . . . 5/4 and Thicker Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20 . . . . . . . @ F ' F O # $ 'V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20 . . . . . . . No. 1 Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20 . . . . . . . No. 2 Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20 . . . . . . . No. 3 Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20 . . . . . . . 4/4 Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21 . . . . . . . @ F ' F O # $ 'V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21 . . . . . . . No. 1 Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21 . . . . . . . No. 2 Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22 . . . . . . . Cut Sash and Door Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22 . . . . . . . Sash Cuttings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23 . . . . . . . No. 1 Sash Cuttings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23 . . . . . . . No. 2 Sash Cuttings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23 . . . . . . .
Subject
12
8.3.4 8.3.5 8.3.6 8.4 - 8.4.7 8.4.1 - 8.4.4 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.3 8.4.4 8.4.5 - 8.4.7 8.4.5 8.4.6 8.4.7 8.5 - 8.5.5 8.5.1 - 8.5.2 8.5.1 8.5.2
Paragraph Number
Page Number
(Board Rules/Special Board Grades/Cust Sash and Door Stock Continued) Door Cuttings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23 . . . . . . . No. 1 Door Cuttings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23 . . . . . . . No. 2 Door Cuttings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23 . . . . . . . Cutting Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24 . . . . . . . Moulding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25 . . . . . . . @&Q_ ' ” &Q ` K $ %% Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27 . . . . . . . ' B *&Q& & Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-4 . . . . . . . Checks (also see Measurements of Characteristics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-4 . . . . . . . $ %\&Q & Q 5' [ B *&Q& & Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-18 . . . . . . $ %K' [[& Q > B *&Q& & Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-4 . . . . . . . Crook Tables @ ' @' %&Q_ %\ ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-19 @ ' E [ 'Q >`& &Q ' 5' [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-20 @ ' F [ O>> [V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-21 @ ' $ %% Q ' [ O>> [V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-22 F  B *&Q& & Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-4 . . . . . . . Decking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20 . . . . . . . Selected Decking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21 . . . . . . .
Subject
12 12
12-6 12-1
708.0 15.0 - 15.4 15.1
8.5.3 - 8.5.5 8.5.3 8.5.4 8.5.5 8.6 - 8.6.1 9.0 702.0 704.0 754.0 706.0
Paragraph Number
12-112-7
Page Number
(Decking Continued) Commercial Decking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-22 . . . . . . .
& [ _ FJ&Q_ B &Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-24 . . . . . . .
& [ _ = › ' _ FJ&Q_ B @O[V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26 . . . . . . . [&_Q [ B Q* '% & Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3 . . . . . . . . [&_Q [ B \ [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6 &% Q[& Q %\ ' [ [ B * / [. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6 &% Q[& Q %\ ' [ [ B ? ' / [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10 %[ Q '&Q_ '[ B * / [ Q ? ' / [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16 [ [ Q &%\ '[ B * / [ Q ? ' / [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-20 Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19 . . . . . . . _ B *&Q& & Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-5 . . . . . . . Glossary of Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-3 . . . . . . . Glued Products Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11 . . . . . . . 5' 'J @ '% B %K 'J[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6 5' &Q_ [ B 5 Q ' Q[ ' F & Q[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10 . . . . . . . 5' &Q B *&Q& & Q[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-6 . . . . . . . ? ' B *&Q& & Q[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-7 . . . . . . .
Subject
12
1.0 - 1.8 712.0 714.0
14.0 710.0 700.0 - 754.0 1.9
15.2 15.3 15.4 30.0 - 39.0
Paragraph Number
Page Number
Heat Treated Lumber (HT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 . . . . . . . . ? [ B *&Q& & Q[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-7 . . . . . . . Inspection Provisions (Re-Inspection) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 . . . . . . . . :Q [ O [ [ [ ' % Q [ * $` ' F '&[ &F[V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-8 . . . . . . . &_` @' %&Q_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 . . . . . . . . Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 . . . . . . . . Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7 . . . . . . . . Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8 . . . . . . . . Machine Stress Rated Lumber (MSR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28 . . . . . . . Manufacturing Imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-9 . . . . . . . Q * F '&Q_ %K '* F & Q[ B $ [[&*&F & Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-12 . . . . . . Measurements of Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3 . . . . . . . . :Q [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3 . . . . . . . . >& @ F :Q [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3 . . . . . . . . Shakes, Checks, and Splits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4 . . . . . . . .
Subject
12 12
12-8 12-1
4.5 716.0 5.0 - 5.6 718.0 10.0 - 10.3 10.1 10.2 10.3 16.0 720.0 722.0 40.0 - 44.4 41.0 41.1 42.0 - 42.3
Paragraph Number
12-1 12-9
Page Number
(Measurement of Characteristics/Shakes, Checks, and Splits Continued) Shakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5 . . . . . . . . Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5 . . . . . . . . Splits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5 . . . . . . . . Slope of Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6 . . . . . . . . Stresses Illustrated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6 . . . . . . . . ' % @&\ ' &Q Q &Q_ = ? '&Â’ Q ` ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6 . . . . . . . . Modulus of Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7 . . . . . . . . Compression Perpendicular to Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8 . . . . . . . . Compression Parallel to Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9 . . . . . . . . Metric Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-12 . . . . . . Moisture Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 . . . . . . . . &[ ' $ Q Q B *&Q& & Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-13 . . . . . . National Grading Rule (NGR) for Softwood Dimension Lumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 General Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5 Introduction and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3 Non-Standard Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-19 . . . . . . .
Subject
12
3.9
42.1 42.2 42.3 43.0 44.0 - 44.4 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 723.0 4.0 - 4.5 724.0
Paragraph Number
Page Number
FF [& Q & F [ B *&Q& & Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-13 . . . . . . Pattern Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-3 & F` B *&Q& & Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-13 . . . . . . & F` ' J B *&Q& & Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-13 . . . . . . & ` B *&Q& & Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-13 . . . . . . _[ = @& '[ B *&Q& & Q. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-14 . . . . . . FJ B *&Q& & Q O F &Q_ & F` Q 'J FJ [V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-14 . . . . . . Product of Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-11 . . . . . . . Product of Ripped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-11 . . . . . . . Product of Re-sawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-11 . . . . . . . K/ B *&Q& & Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-14 . . . . . . Shake (also see Measurements of Characteristics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-15 . . . . . . Special Product Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15 . . . . . . . General Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16 . . . . . . . No. 1 Prime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17 . . . . . . . No. 2 Prime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18 . . . . . . . [&_Q [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19 . . . . . . . Species Groupings (Scientific Names) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Subject
12 12
12-10 12-1
728.0 730.0 732.0 736.0 734.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 - 1.8 738.0 740.0 13.0 - 13.4 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4
726.0
Paragraph Number
12-1 12-11
Page Number
Splits (also see Measurements of Characteristics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-15 . . . . . . &Q[ B *&Q& & Q[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-16 . . . . . . Standard Sizes for Dressed Lumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15 . . . . . . . ' [ Q &% Q[& Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18 . . . . . . . Decking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17 . . . . . . . Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18 . . . . . . . Rough Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19 . . . . . . . S4S / S2S / S2E-S-Dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15 . . . . . . . `&K K B !• … K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16 . . . . . . . Timbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18 . . . . . . . Tongue & Groove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16 . . . . . . . ' [[ 5' [ B *&Q& & Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-16 . . . . . . ' [[
' [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35 . . . . . . . ' F ' &_` @' %&Q_ = ' F ' ” &[ [ Q QJ[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10 . . . . . . . Select Structural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10 . . . . . . . No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11 . . . . . . . No. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12 . . . . . . . No. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14 . . . . . . .
Subject
12
742.0 744.0 3.0 - 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.1 3.3 3.6 3.2 746.0 17.0 12.0 - 12.4 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4
Paragraph Number
Page Number
Studs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-9 . . . . . . . . Tally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-13 . . . . . . . Timbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-3 %[ Q '&Q_ '[. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-3 . . . . . . . . Select Structural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-4 . . . . . . . . No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-5 . . . . . . . . No. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-6 . . . . . . . . [&_Q [ B ‘ [ % Q @ F '[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-7 . . . . . . . . Posts and Timbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-8 . . . . . . . . Select Structural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-8 . . . . . . . . No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-9 . . . . . . . . No. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-10 . . . . . . . ' *& %[ Q '&Q_ '[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-11 . . . . . . . Select Structural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-12 . . . . . . . No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-12 . . . . . . . No. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-12 . . . . . . . Profile Posts and Timbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-13 . . . . . . . Select Structural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-13 . . . . . . .
Subject
12 12
12-12 12-1
25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 28.0 28.1
- 28.3
- 27.3
- 26.3
- 25.4
11.0 2.0 - 2.5
Paragraph Number
12-1 12-13
Paragraph Number
. . . . . . 750.0 . . . . . . 752.0
. . . . . . 28.2 . . . . . . 28.3 . . . . . . 748.0
Page Number
(Timbers/Profile Posts and Timbers Continued) No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14 No. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14 '&% B *&Q& & Q[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-16 Twist Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-23 > Q B *&Q& & Q. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-17 > 'K B *&Q& & Q[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-17
Subject
12