Grade Rule Book by Jeff Easterling

Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association 272 Tuttle Road â&#x20AC;˘ P.O. Box 87A Cumberland Center, Maine 04021

207.829.6901 | 207.829.4293 (FAX) info@nelma.org | www.nelma.org

Standard Grading Rules

for Northeastern Lumber

2013

NORTHEASTERN LUMBER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Standard Grading Rules

for Northeastern Lumber

Forward

NORTHEASTERN LUMBER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

The Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association, Inc. (NELMA) is composed of hardwood and softwood producers in New York, Pennsylvania and the six states of New England. The forests of this region have helped supply the nation’s timber needs for over three centuries. Sustained yield, multiple-use concepts applied to these forests in the past few decades assure the continuation of this great heritage. The Northeast has a long history of quality control and standardization in lumber, where lumber grading rules were in use in 1833, which may be the earliest recorded use in the U.S. Through NELMA, size and quality standards for the Northeastern softwood species are established which benefit all segments of the lumber producing and using public. The grading services staff regularly checks product quality, assuring conformance to NELMA standards. Today’s rules are designed to serve our traditional markets and to provide the technical data needed for the engineered usage of lumber. The American Softwood Lumber Standard PS 20 established the National Grading Rule for Dimension Lumber covering the thicknesses of 2” to 4”. The sections for structural light framing, light framing, studs, and structural joists and planks are the National rule.

NORTHEASTERN LUMBER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Standard Grading Rules

for Northeastern Lumber

SUPERSEDES ALL EDITIONS, REVISIONS AND SUPPLEMENTS PREVIOUS TO APRIL 1, 2013. Approved by The American Lumber Standard Committee Board of Review.

Published By: Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association 272 Tuttle Road • P.O. Box 87A Cumberland Center, Maine 04021 207.829.6901 207.829.4293 (fax) info@nelma.org www.nelma.org

EFFECTIVE APRIL 1, 2013.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SPECIES GROUPS, GRADEMARKS, GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS, GLUED PRODUCTS, TALLY & STANDARD SIZES

MOISTURE CONTENT & INSPECTION PROVISIONS

EASTERN WHITE PINE BOARD GRADES

OTHER NORTHEASTERN SPECIES & SPECIAL BOARD GRADES

NATIONAL GRADING RULES, FRAMING & DECKING

TIMBERS —BEAMS & STRINGERS, POSTS & TIMBERS

DESIGN VALUES

DESIGN VALUE TABLES

MEASUREMENTS OF CHARACTERISTICS

GLOSSARY & ABBREVIATIONS

EASTERN PATTERN CHARTS

INDEX

SPECIES GROUPS, GRADEMARKS, GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS, GLUED PRODUCTS, TALLY & STANDARD SIZES

1-1

THE NORTHEASTERN SPECIES OR SPECIES GROUPS ARE: 1. Eastern Spruce Red Spruce (Picea rubens) White Spruce (Picea glauca) Black Spruce (Picea mariana) 2. Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) 3. Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) 4. Eastern Hemlock — Tamarack Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) Tamarack (Larix laricina) 5. Northern White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis) 6. Aspen Bigtooth Aspen (Populus grandidentata) Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) 7. ***Northern Pine Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida) Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) 8. Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) 9. Eastern Hemlock — Balsam Fir — Tamarack Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) Tamarack (Larix laricina) 10. Spruce — Pine — Fir (south) (1) Red Spruce (Picea rubens) White Spruce (Picea glauca) Black Spruce (Picea mariana) Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) 11. Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) 12. Eastern Softwoods Any combination of the above species, excluding Northern White Cedar and Aspen. 13. *Red Maple (Acer rubrum) 14. *Mixed Maple Red Maple (Acer rubrum) Black Maple (Acer nigrum) Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum) Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) 1-2

1-3

15. *Beech — Birch — Hickory Pecan Hickory (Carya illinoensis) Water Hickory (Carya aquatica) Mockernut Hickory (Carya tomentosa) Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra) Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata) Shellback Hickory (Carya lacinosa) Bitternut Hickory (Carya cordiformis) Nutmeg Hickory (Carya myristicaeformis) Sweet Birch (Betula lenta) Yellow Birch (Betula alleghaniensis) American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) 16. *Mixed Oak Black Oak (Quercus velutina) Cherryback Oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodaefolia) Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra) Southern Red Oak (Quercus falcata) Laurel Oak (Quercus laurifolia) Pin Oak (Quercus palustris) Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea) Water Oak (Quercus nigra) Chestnut Oak (Quercus prinus) Live Oak (Quercus virginiana) Post Oak (Quercus stellata) Swamp Chestnut Oak (Quercus michauxii) White Oak (Quercus alba) Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa) Overcup Oak (Quercus lyrata) Swamp White Oak (Quercus bicolor) 17. *Red Oak Black Oak (Quercus velutina) Cherrybark Oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodaefolia) Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra) Southern Red Oak (Quercus falcata) Laurel Oak (Quercus laurifolia) Pin Oak (Quercus coccinea) Water Oak (Quercus nigra) Willow Oak (Quercus phellos) 18. *Northern Red Oak Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra) 1-4 1-1

Black Oak (Quercus velutina) Pin Oak (Quercus palustris) Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea) 19. *White Oak Chestnut Oak (Quercus prinus) Live Oak (Quercus virginiana) Post Oak (Quercus stellata) Swamp Chestnut Oak (Quercus michauxii) White Oak (Quercus alba) Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa) Overcup Oak (Quercus lyrata) Swamp White Oak (Quercus bicolor) 20. **Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) *

These groupings shall apply only to the National Grading Rules for Dimension and the WWPA Rules for Posts & Timbers and Beams & Stringers. ** This grouping shall apply only to the National Grading Rules for Dimension Lumber. *** This grouping applies to Post and Timbers and Beams and Stringers only. (1) Spruce—Pine—Fir (south) make a shipping combination determined by market demand and actual standing timber mixtures. The SPFs grouping is used by all U.S. rule writing agencies that write grading rules for certain Spruces, Pines and Firs. In the Western United States the SPFs mark is used on Engelmann Spruce, Sitka Spruce and Lodgepole Pine or combination thereof. Such shipments will be grade stamped or invoiced “Spruce—Pine—Fir (south).” Base design values for the shipment are shown in Table 1 (Section 8) and must be adjusted for size from Tables A through G, designated on a grademark as SPFs. Foreign Species — when foreign species are graded by NELMA, the grade stamp will include the designation “(I)” with the species group identification. Design values developed in accordance with PS 20 may be published in these rules when available. The imported species of Scots Pine (Archangel) and Radiata Pine (Pinus radiata) may be graded under the WWPA Board Rules found in Para. 7.0 through 7.2.5. 1-5 1-1

GRADE MARKS

SPECIES GRADE STAMP

ALSC approved grade stamps must include the following five elements: A. The Association mark indicates the piece was graded under NELMA supervision.

EASTERN SOFTWOODS

B. Mill identification is shown by mill name, number or brand. C. Grade names are shown by the standard grade name or abbreviation. D. Moisture content is shown by the notation S-DRY, KD, MC-15 or S-GRN.

EASTERN SPRUCE BALSAM FIR

E. The species or species group of the product is indicated by its officially recognized name or abbreviation. Mill Grade Stamps or product identification may not make use of ALSC or NELMA standard nomenclature utitlized in a grade mark to identify grade, heat treatment (HT), moisture content, or agency in any combination with other text and symbols. The following grade stamp impressions are shown as examples for several Northeastern species and species combinations. Either NELMA word logo ( ) or sawblade logo ( ) may be used within any NELMA stamp. SPECIES GRADE STAMP BALSAM FIR

EASTERN WHITE PINE

HEMLOCK - TAMARACK

NORTHERN WHITE CEDAR

RED PINE

EASTERN HEMLOCK

SPRUCE-PINE-FIR (south)

1-6 1-1

1-7 1-1

GRADE STAMPING METHODS

The grade stamp impressions are most commonly applied to lumber using an inked rubber stamp. Grade stamp impressions can also be applied using a NELMA-approved ink-jet marking system. Any grade stamp impression made with an ink jet system must be approved by NELMA prior to its use. The information and legibility of the grade mark of the impression remains the same as with rubber stamps. Also, if used on the end of a piece, “NELMA” may be used in place of the logo in the grademark format and the species may be abbreviated by using the initials. For example, Eastern White Pine may be E.W.P., Red Pine may be R.P., and Eastern-Spruce-Balsam-Fir may be E.S.B.F., and so forth with all species. An example of this grade stamp impression is shown below:

PRODUCT TYPE

GRADE STAMP

MACHINE STRESS-RATED

PRIME GRADE

001 Prem. E.W.P. S-Dry

SPECIAL PRODUCTS

Shown here are typical grade mark impressions for glued products, machine stress-rated lumber, and additional products that require NELMA inspection services, including special products and heat treated lumber. PRODUCT TYPE

GRADE STAMP

CERT. GLUED JOINTS-STUD VERTICAL USE ONLY

HEAT TREATED

1-8 1-1

1-9 1-1

1.0 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 1.1 Grading rules are developed through the need for product uniformity between mills producing the same or similar species. Regardless of the nature of the log, the natural differences in the lumber are blended to produce a grade level of suitable uniformity of appearance and/ or utility. The interpretation of these rules and decisions on grade are vested in the grading services staff of NELMA. Interpretation of the rules for NELMA Eastern White Pine appearance grades are located in section 11 of this book. NELMA has also adopted product grading rules of other agencies certified by the American Lumber Standard Committee where appropriate. These adopted rules are notated with the agency’s name and corresponding paragraph number. Text within these sections that deviate from the adopted rule are enclosed within brackets ([ ]). 1.2 A “Grade” is interpreted as including the lumber between the next higher and lower grades. 1.3 The lumber “face” is the usable surface extending from one edge to the other in S4S stock. In pattern stock it will be defined as the visible portions of the piece after it is put to its intended use. 1.4 Select and Common boards are graded from their better face. Grading dimension and timbers for strength requires consideration of both narrow and wide faces.

1.7 Lumber can be re-manufactured and shipped product of pattern, product of re-sawn, product of ripped, and can be stamped accordingly. All defects resulting from the remanufacturing process (i.e. knot-holes, splits, etc.) are permitted provided each original piece was on grade in S4S form. Lumber re-manufactured by cutting to length requires the re-grading of each piece. 1.8 The product of resawing shall be considered on grade, if: for one cut, 50% or more of such stock is on grade; for two cuts, 33-1/3% or more is on grade. 1.9 GLUED PRODUCTS RULES (WWPA 1.70) GRADE RULES A number of manufacturers produce glued products such as finger-jointed lumber, millwork and mouldings, end- and edge-glued boards and laminated products. In all products, the grade limiting characteristics are the same as are imposed on a solid piece of the same grade. The joint shall also be tight and of good appearance. Glued products shall be ordered, acknowledged and invoiced as such. WWPA Glued Products Certification and Quality Control Procedures are applicable to gradestamped glued products of the species and grades in these rules and conform to the American Lumber Standard Committee Glued Lumber Policy. The designation of "HRA" on a grade stamp indicates the adhesive used is qualified as a "Heat Resistant Adhesive” in accordance with the American Lumber Standard Glued Lumber Policy. The Board of Review of the American Lumber Standard Committee monitors compliance to the procedures.

1.6 Wane or other characteristics in rough stock which can be removed in dressing to standard size shall not be considered as defects.

In finger-jointed lumber for which design values are published, the length of the individual sections between joints shall be no less than 4”. The distance shall be measured as the length of the section that does not contain the joint profile. Sections at ends of the piece are not restricted by length. The joint area shall be free of (1) unsound wood and (2) local grain slope exceeding slope of grain requirements of the grade being furnished.

1-10

1-11 1-1

1.5 When characteristics and blemishes are encountered that have not been described in these rules, they will be appraised in relation to defined characteristics of equivalent impact on grade.

Knots or holes in the joint are permitted in sizes not to exceed the following, or equivalent displacement:

VERTICAL USE ONLY CERT EXT JNT Const. Stud Stud No. 1 No. 3 No. 3 Nominal Select No. 2 Stand. Select Stand Width Structural Const. Util. Structural No. 1 No. 2 Util.

2”

1/4”

1/4” 3/8” 3/16” 1/4” 1/4” 3/8”

3”

3/8”

1/2” 3/4”

1/4”

3/8” 1/2” 5/8”

4”

1/2”

5/8” 1”

3/8”

1/2” 3/4” 7/8”

5”

5/8”

3/4” 1-1/4” 1/2”

5/8” 7/8” 1-1/8”

6”

3/4”

7/8” 1-1/2” 5/8”

3/4” 1” 1-3/8”

8”

3/4”

10”

1”

12”

1” 1-1/8” 1-5/8” 1-1/8” 1-3/8” 1-7/8”

1-1/4” 1-1/4” 1-1/2” 2”

Knots or holes exceeding displacements listed above are limited under the provisions of the grade being produced, and they shall be positioned so that neither the knot(s), nor the grain distortion associated with the knot(s), extend into the joint area. White speck or firm honeycomb is permitted in the joint area of finger-jointed VERTICAL USE ONLY material, if the grade permits, when an adhesive is used that conforms to ASTM D2559, with the exception of creep resistance. If an adhesive is used that conforms to all the requirements of ASTM D2559, then the material may be marked “CERT EXT JNTS.” In either case, white speck or firm honeycomb is permitted in only one piece of the joint and the joint area shall be free of other strength-reducing characteristics. VERTICAL USE ONLY finger-jointed lumber shall be in sizes 2x2 through 2x6 only, and in lengths not to exceed 12 feet. Offsets in Finger-Jointed Lumber In Dimension lumber marked VERTICAL USE ONLY, offsets of 1/16" are permitted on one edge, 1-12 1-1

provided that offsets on the opposite edge do not exceed 1/32". In Dimension lumber marked CERTIFIED EXTERIOR JOINTS, offsets are permitted up to the allowable skip for the grade, provided that offsets on the opposite edge do not exceed 1/32". Offsets on wide faces are limited to the skip provision for the grade. REINSPECTION Any complaint on glued products involving grade, size, species, moisture or tally shall be governed by para. 5.0 Inspections Provisions within section 2 in effect on the date of purchase of the product. In the case of disputes arising over the strength of glued joints in structural lumber, a sample of the item complained of shall be submitted to a testing laboratory authorized by NELMA. The sample shall consist of 53 pieces selected from the lumber in question by a NELMA Lumber Inspector and shall be prepared, tested and evaluated in accordance with the appropriate section of the WWPA Certification and Quality Control Procedures. When tests indicate an item does not meet minimum strength requirements, all reinspection and testing costs shall be borne by the seller and the entire item shall be the property of the seller. If more than one item in a shipment is involved in the complaint, reinspection and testing costs shall be prorated between buyer and seller for that portion of the shipment upon which the complaint was registered based on the ratio of the invoiced footage of the items found not in conformance to that found in conformance.

2.0 TALLY 2.1 BOARD MEASURE Board Measure is the term used to indicate that a board foot is the unit of measurement of lumber. The number of board feet in a piece is obtained by 1-13 1-1

multiplying the nominal thickness in inches by the nominal width in inches by the length in feet, divided by 12. 2.2 STANDARD SIZES Lumber should be tallied board measure. The invoices for lumber of standard sizes should show the number of pieces of each nominal size and length as well as the net thickness and width of such lumber. A piece tally for each length should also be shown on the invoice for shipments based on board measure. 2.3 NONSTANDARD SIZES Lumber finished to nonstandard sizes should be tallied board measure as of either the rough or the nominal size used in its manufacture, and the actual thickness and width of such lumber should be shown on the invoice. 2.4 BOARD RULE When shipments of random width, rough or S2S, are measured with a board rule on actual widths the tally is determined as follows: pieces measuring to the even half foot are alternately counted as of the next higher and lower foot count; fractions below the half foot are dropped and fractions above the half foot are counted as of the next higher foot.

3.0 STANDARD SIZES FOR DRESSED LUMBER Standard patterns of siding and paneling are shown in Section 11. They are machined to a variety of patterns and are ordinarily furnished in the grades listed in para. 6.0 and 7.0. When ordered, the appropriate grade number and pattern number should be specified. 3.1 S4S/S2S/S2E-S-Dry THICKNESSES S2S/S4S FACE WIDTHS S2E/S4S Minimum Minimum Nominal Dressed Nominal Dressed Inches Inches 3/8 5/16 2 1-1/2 1/2 7/16 3 2-1/2 5/8 9/16 4 3-1/2 3/4 5/8 5 4-1/2 1 3/4 6 5-1/2 1-1/4 1 7 6-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/4 8 7-1/4 1-3/4 1-3/8 9 8-1/4 2 1-1/2 10 9-1/4 2-1/2 2 11 10-1/4 3 2-1/2 12 11-1/4 3-1/2 3 14 13-1/4 4 3-1/2 16 15-1/4

2.5 AVERAGE â&#x20AC;&#x201D; LENGTH AND WIDTH The average length in feet of a shipment of lumber is computed by dividing the total length in feet by the total number of pieces in the shipment. The average width in inches of a random width shipment of lumber one inch or less in thickness is computed by dividing the total board feet by the total length in feet and multiplying the result by 12; but if thicker than one inch, the total board foot tally is divided first by the nominal thickness as expressed in inches and fractions of an inch. 1-14 1-1

1-15 1-1

3.2 TONGUE & GROOVE* THICKNESSES FACE WIDTHS Minimum Dressed Minimum Dressed Nominal S-Dry S-Grn Nominal S-Dry S-Grn Inches Inches 3/8 5/16 2 1-1/8 1/2 7/16 3 2-1/8 5/8 9/16 4 3-1/8 3-3/16 1 3/4* 25/32 5 4-1/8 4-1/4 1-1/4 1 1-1/32 6 5-1/8 5-1/4 1-1/2 1-1/4 1-9/32 7 6-1/8 6-1/4 8 6-7/8 7-1/8 9 7-7/8 8-1/8 10 8-7/8 9-1/8 11 9-7/8 10-1/8 12 10-7/8 11-1/8 Standard Tongue Width 5/16”

3.3 SHIPLAP 1/2” LAP* THICKNESSES FACE WIDTHS Minimum Dressed Minimum Dressed Nominal S-Dry S-Grn Nominal S-Dry S-Grn Inches Inches 3/8 5/16 1/2 7/16 3 2 5/8 9/16 4 3 3-1/16 1 3/4* 25/32 5 4 4-1/8 1-1/4 1 1-1/32 6 5 5-1/8 1-1/2 1-1/4 1-9/32 7 6 6-1/8 8 6-3/4 7 9 7-3/4 8 10 8-3/4 9 11 9-3/4 10 12 10-3/4 11

3.4 DECKING (The thicknesses apply to all widths and all widths to all thicknesses.) THICKNESSES FACE WIDTHS Nominal Minimum Dressed Nominal Minimum Dressed Inches Inches 2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 4 4-1/2

TONGUE & GROOVED/SHIPLAP Dry Green Dry Green 1-1/2 1-9/16 2 2-1/16 4 3 3-1/16 2-1/2 2-9/16 6 5 5-1/8 3 3-1/16 8 6-3/4 7 3-1/2 3-9/16 10 8-3/4 9 4 4-1/16 12 10-3/4 11

2-1/2 3 3-1/2 4 4-1/2

GROOVED-FOR-SPLINES 2 2-1/16 4 3-1/2 2-1/2 2-9/16 6 5-1/2 3 3-1/16 8 7-1/4 3-1/2 3-9/16 10 9-1/4 4 4-1/16 12 11-1/4

NOTE: In worked lumber of nominal thickness of 2 inches and over, the tongue shall be 3/8 inch wide in tongue-and-grooved lumber and the lap 1/2 inch wide in shiplapped lumber, with the over-all widths 3/8 inch and 1/2 inch wider, respectively, than the face widths shown in the above table.

*Alternate minimum dressed dry thickness for 1-inch nominal center-match and shiplap is 23/32 inch. 1-16 1-1

3-9/16 5-5/8 7-1/2 9-1/2 11-1/2

1-17 1-1

3.5 BOARDS AND DIMENSION

3.8 ROUGH SIZE

THICKNESSES FACE WIDTHS Minimum Dressed Minimum Dressed Nominal S-Dry S-Grn Nominal S-Dry S-Grn Inches Inches 1 3/4 25/32 2 1-1/2 1-9/16 1-1/4 1 1-1/32 3 2-1/2 2-9/16 1-1/2 1-1/4 1-9/32 4 3-1/2 3-9/16 2 1-1/2 1-9/16 5 4-1/2 4-5/8 2-1/2 2 2-1/16 6 5-1/2 5-5/8 3 2-1/2 2-9/16 7 6-1/2 6-5/8 3-1/2 3 3-1/16 8 7-1/4 7-1/2 4 3-1/2 3-9/16 9 8-1/4 8-1/2 4-1/2 4 4-1/16 10 9-1/4 9-1/2 11 10-1/4 10-1/2 12 11-1/4 11-1/2 14 13-1/4 13-1/2 16 15-1/4 15-1/2

The minimum rough thickness of dry or unseasoned lumber 1 or more inches in nominal thickness shall be not less than 1/8 inch (3mm) thicker than the corresponding minimum dressed thickness, except that up to 20 percent of a shipment shall be not less than 3/32 inch (2mm) thicker than the corresponding minimum dressed thickness. The minimum rough widths shall not be less than 1/8 inch (3mm) wider than the corresponding minimum dressed width. 3.9 NON-STANDARD SIZES When the size of lumber is less than the standard size, the actual size will be shown on the invoice, piece tally and grade stamp, if stamped.

3.6 Timbers Nominal

Thicknesses and Widths

Surfaced Surfaced Dry Unseasoned

5"&6" 1/2"off 1/2"off 7" to 15" 3/4"off 1/2" off 16" and larger 1"off nominal 1/2" off nominal Standard lengths are 6’ and longer in multiples of 1’. 3.7 LENGTHS 3.7.1 Standard 6’ and longer in multiples of 1’, unless buyer and seller agree on random even length. 3.7.2 Trimmed Unless otherwise stated in the contract of purchase, lumber shall be trimmed for the removal of spur and splintered ends, and if dressed and 2 inches or less in nominal thickness (except lath), shall be double-endtrimmed to a length that is not scant of nominal length and that is not over 3 inches in excess of nominal length. 1-18 1-1

1-19 1-1

2 MOISTURE CONTENT & INSPECTION PROVISIONS

2-1

4.0 MOISTURE CONTENT 4.1 DRY Lumber is 19% or less. When grade stamped, the item will be marked â&#x20AC;&#x153;S-Dryâ&#x20AC;? or it may be marked KD (Kiln Dry). Air dried lumber may not be stamped KD.

4.2 MC-15 OR WHEN KILN DRIED TO KD 15 Lumber is 15% or less. When grade stamped, the item will be marked MC-15 or KD-15. 4.3 UNSEASONED Lumber having a moisture content in excess of 19%. When grade stamped, the item will be marked S-GRN. If unseasoned lumber is produced to a size smaller than the standard size, the grade stamp will show the actual size and the notation S-GRN. 4.4 DRY SHOP STOCK 4/4 TO 8/4 THICK At least 85 percent of items must not exceed 12% in moisture content and no portion may exceed 15% moisture content. If gradestamped, these items shall be stamped either, MC 15 or KD 15. 4.5 HEAT TREATED LUMBER Heat treated lumber may be marked as KD HT or HT. If marked KD HT, the lumber is 19% or less moisture content and has been heat treated to at least 56 degrees C for at least 30 minutes at the lumber core. A mark of HT signifies that the lumber has been heat treated to at least 56 degrees C for at least 30 minutes at the lumber core, without moisture content designation.

2-2

2-3

5.0 INSPECTION PROVISIONS 5.1 GENERAL

Subject to freedom of agreement between buyer and seller as to the settlement of complaints, the purchase, sale, or shipment of standard Northeastern grades of lumber is construed as involving agreement to submit to reinspection by the Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association, Inc., any complaint involving grades, sizes, moisture content or tally. NELMA will provide reinspection in case of complaint to anyone at a reasonable cost. 5.2 PAYMENT â&#x20AC;&#x201D; CERTIFICATION COST When NELMA issues a certificate on a shipment, the party requesting the certificate shall pay all costs involved.

regarding grade or size, but not involving tally, the buyer is required to hold intact that portion that is of the grade or size which is in dispute for inspection and file complaint with the seller within 10 days of receipt of shipment. 5.4.2 Moisture Content In case of complaint involving moisture content, the customer must inform the shipper of the complaint within 72 hours after the lumber is unloaded. In such cases, the shipper shall answer such complaint within 72 hours from receipt of complaint. A reinspection involving a complaint on moisture content shall be made in accordance with the provisions of the applicable NELMA grading rule. Each piece shall be tested for moisture content, and separation shall be made of all pieces conforming to the maximum allowable from any portion exceeding such maximum. 5.5 PROCEDURES

5.3 SERVICE Inspection service for non-standard grades, sizes or workings, or when particular provisions of a standard grade have been waived or changed, will be made only when written, detailed specifications accompany the request. Inspection shall be made accordingly, but all other provisions of the standard grading rules shall apply unless otherwise prescribed in the contract of purchase and sale. 5.4 COMPLAINTS Grade complaints may be recognized on lumber only when it is in the form in which it was shipped. Any subsequent change in manufacture or working or through kiln-drying will relieve the seller of responsibility of any grade complaints. 5.4.1 Tally, Grade, and Size In case of complaint involving tally, the entire item shall be held intact for retally. In case of complaint 2-4 2-1

5.5.1 Buyerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Responsibilities In case of complaint, the buyer is required to accept the portion of the shipment that is of the grade, size, or moisture content specified and hold intact that portion which is disputed for inspection or reinspection. Any action on the part of the buyer in accepting and using such portion of the shipment that is of the grade, size, or moisture content specified shall not be construed as the acceptance of the entire shipment. The buyer shall hold the disputed material intact, properly protected, for not exceeding 30 days after date of the request for inspection or reinspection. The buyer shall file complaint with the seller within the time specified in the preceding provisions. The buyer shall pay in accordance with the terms of the sale for that portion which he accepts, but acceptance by the buyer of a part of a shipment does not prejudice his just claims on account of any unused lumber that is alleged by him not to be of the grade, size or moisture content specified.

2-5 2-1

The above provision shall not apply to wrapped or strapped units. In such cases, reinspection for grade will be permitted if request is filed within 90 days after receipt of shipment. The reinspection shall be made only on grade characteristics which are not altered by time. Such characteristics may be knots, knot size and placement, skips, manufacture, pitch and like characteristics. No recognition will be given to warp, splits, stain, fungus and other characteristics which might develop subsequent to arrival at the destination. 5.5.2 Sellerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Responsibilities Upon receipt of complaint from the purchaser, the seller shall immediately request NELMA to provide inspection or reinspection or retally, as the case may be, according to its grading rules in effect at the time of the execution of the contract. 5.5.3 Cost and Assistance The expense of such inspection, reinspection, or retally may be divided between buyer and seller, or borne by either according to mutual agreement, but the person calling for the reinspection shall be responsible to NELMA for the costs thereof. The purchaser shall lend all reasonable assistance to facilitate the inspection or reinspection or retally. Seller shall not be responsible for storage costs. 5.6 RESULTS Each item of a shipment shall be considered as of the grade invoiced if, upon Association reinspection, under the grading rules under which the lumber has been graded and sold, 95 percent or more thereof is found to be of said grade or better. When the degrades in grade or moisture content or both are in excess of 5 percent of the board footage of each item or when they are more than one grade lower than the grade involved, such degrades shall be kept separate and shall be the property of the seller, unless otherwise agreed. These provisions shall not apply in the case of specially worked lumber. 2-6 2-1

EASTERN WHITE PINE BOARD GRADES

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6.0 EASTERN WHITE PINE Eastern White Pine grade descriptions set forth the limiting characteristics that may occur in the lumber of each grade. Therefore, the rules describe the poorest pieces in a grade. All, or nearly all, of the permissible characteristics of the grade are never present in maximum size or number in any piece. Any piece with an unusual combination of characteristics which seriously affect normal serviceability is excluded from the grade.

Interpretations for Eastern White Pine grade rules are available from NELMA. Ask for publication titled, "General Definitions and Instructions for Grading Eastern White Pine Boards. This document is also available online at www.nelma.org. 6.1 SELECTS There are two select grades: C Select and D Select which may be combined into a single marketing group, D & Btr. Select.

All selects are graded from the best face.

6.1.1 C Select (C Sel. — abbreviation) This is the highest NELMA Pine grade. While some of the pieces are clear, most pieces have minor characteristics which do not affect their high appearance or quality. Material of this grade is best used for natural or stained finish, fine woodworking or interior trim. The reverse face of C Select only permits the allowable characteristics of the grade face of D Select, except no 5% cut is allowed. All thicknesses. Widths — 3” and wider. Lengths — 6’ to 16’. Percentage of 6’ to 9’ lumber will be limited to 20% of a shipment with a maximum of 5% 6’ based on board foot content. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions: Bite — 1/64” in 2% of the pieces. 3-2 3-1

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Checks — Barely perceptible on face and back. Knots — One sound, tight, pin knot (max. 1/2”) per 4 surface feet. In an occasional piece, one small, sound, tight, red knot (maximum 3/4”) is permitted. This small knot is counted as two pin knots when determining the total number of pin knots allowed. Knife Marks — Slight. Machine Burn — None. Mismatch — Very light. Offset — 1/64” in 2% of the pieces. Pitch — Medium 1/3 the face in a clear board. Pockets — Very small, well-scattered pockets permitted; maximum of one per four surface feet. See para. 734.0. Raised Grain — Very Light. Shake — Barely perceptible on face and back. Skip — On reverse face or one edge, 1 light 2’ skip per each 8’ of length on not more than 10% of the pieces. Stain — Medium (blue or coffee), not to exceed 1/3 the face surface area in a clear board, equivalent larger area of light stain; less if present in combination with other characteristics. Torn Grain — None. Wane — 1/2 the thickness, 1/8 the width, 1/4 the length on one edge on reverse face only. Warp — Very light. See para, 752.0.

6.1.2 D Select (D Sel. — abbreviation) The last of the select grades, D Select, takes its appearance from both the select and the common grades. Its characteristics are more pronounced than C Select, but are well spaced giving more clear material. The reverse face of D Select shall permit sound characteristics typical of Standard. All thicknesses. Widths — 3” and wider. Lengths — 6’ to 16’. Percentage of 6’ to 9’ lumber will be limited to 20% of a shipment with a maximum of 5% 6’ based on board foot content.

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Characteristics and Limiting Provisions: Bite — 1/64” in 2% of the pieces. Checks — Barely perceptible on face. Medium surface checks on back. See para. 704.0. Knots — One sound, tight pin (maximum 1/2”) knot per surface foot. In an occasional piece, one small (maximum 3/4”), sound, tight knot is permitted. This small knot is counted as two pin knots when determining the total number of pin knots allowed. Knife Marks — Slight. Machine Burn — One per board. Mismatch — Very light. Offset — 1/16” in 2% of the pieces. Pitch — Medium 2/3 the face in a clear board. One small streak of heavy pitch. See para. 730.0. Pockets — Very small, well-scattered pockets permitted; maximum of one per 2 surface feet. See para. 734.0. Raised Grain — Very Light. Shake — Barely perceptible on face, light surface shake not over 1/4 the length on back. Skip — Hit and miss on reverse face or one edge, on not more than 20% of the pieces. Splits — Very short (1/2 the width). Stain — Blue or Coffee: Medium, not to exceed 3/4 of the face surface area in a clear board, equivalent larger area of light stain, less if present in combination with other characteristics; OR, Heavy, up to 5% of the face surface area on an otherwise clear board, limited to 15% of a shipment based on board footage. Torn Grain — 1/64” deep. Wane — On reverse face; 1/2 the thickness, 1/4 the width, 1/4 the length, on one edge or equivalent on two edges. Warp — Very light. See para. 752.0. 5% Cut for Defect — Defect must be located either within 5% of length on the end or in the middle portion of the piece leaving at least three feet usable lumber at each end. The 5% cut shall be a cross cut. Pieces 6’ through 9’ must be usable full length without making a cut for defect. The

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5% cut is counted as four pin knots when determining the total number of pin knots allowed. 6.2 COMMONS

All boards are graded from the better face. There are four Eastern White Pine Common grades: Finish, Premium, Standard and Industrial. The grades of Finish and Premium may be grouped together as Premium & Btr. All thicknesses. Widths — 3” and wider. Lengths — 6’ to 16’. 6.2.1 Finish (Fin. — abbreviation) This is a fine appearance knotty grade calling for sound, tight knots. Material of this grade can be finished to take advantage of the natural highlights of the piece or to give a fine smooth painted surface. The reverse face of Finish shall permit sound characteristics typical of Standard. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions: Bite — 1/64” in 2% of the pieces. Checks — Small. See para. 704.0. Knots — Sound and tight, limited as follows:

Nominal Width 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” and wider

Knot Holes — Two sloughed out knots on reverse face not exceeding 1/2 the thickness or equivalent. Knife Marks — Slight.

Red Black 1-1/4” 5/8” 1-1/2” 3/4” 2” 3/4” 2-1/4” 7/8” 2-1/2” 7/8”

Pieces containing black knots must be in keeping with the general quality and appearance of the grade.

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Machine Burn — None. Mismatch — Very light. Offset — 1/32” in 2% of the pieces. Pitch — Medium. Pith — 1/10 the length. Pockets — Very small, well-scattered pockets permitted. See para. 734.0. Raised Grain — Very Light. Seams — Partially surrounding a knot are permitted up to a maximum size of one 1/8” x 1/2” per board limited to 10% of a shipment. Shake — Surface, light; not to exceed 1/10 the length on the face, 1/4 the length on back. Skip — Hit and miss on reverse face or light skip on one edge not exceeding 1/4 the length. Limited to 10% of the pieces. Splits — Very short (1/2 of the width). Stain — Medium (blue or coffee), not to exceed 1/2 the face surface area. Torn Grain — 1/64” deep not over 5% of the face. Wane — On reverse face; 1/2 the thickness, 1/4 the width, 1/4 the length, on one edge only. Warp — Light. See para. 752.0. 6.2.2 Premium (Prem. — abbreviation) This is a good appearance knotty grade. It is used in the same area as Finish where larger and more numerous characteristics are desired. Reverse face of Premium shall permit sound characteristics of Standard. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions: Bite — 1/64”; 2% of the pieces may have 1/32”. Checks — Medium. See para. 704.0 Decay — Incipient Decay Allowed: Face, 5%; Back, 10%

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Knots — Generally sound and tight, limited as follows: Nominal Width 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” and wider

Red 2” 2-1/2” 3” 3-1/4” 3-3/4”

Black 3/4” 1” 1-1/4” 1-1/2” 1-1/2”

Holes 3/8” 1/2” 3/4” 7/8” 1”

Black knots of maximum size are accepted in pieces of high quality and are limited to one in pieces 6’ through 9’ and two in 10’ and longer or equivalent smaller. Knot Holes — One 1” hole in 12” board or equivalent smaller; proportionately smaller for narrower widths. Knife Marks — Slight. Machine Burn — One per board. Mismatch — Very light. Offset — 1/64”; in 2% of the pieces may have 1/16”. Pith — Any amount. Pitch — Medium. Pockets — Small, well-scattered pockets permitted. See para. 734.0. Raised Grain — Light. Shake — Surface light; not to exceed 1/4 the length on face and back. Through shake, barely perceptible. Seams — Partially surrounding a knot are permitted up to a maximum size of one square inch (i.e., 1/4” x 4”, 1/3” x 3”, 1/2” x 2”). One maximum sized seam or equivalent is permitted per 8 surface feet. Skip — Hit and miss on reverse face or one edge on not more than 20% of the pieces. Splits — Short (not exceeding width). Stain — Medium (blue or coffee). Torn Grain — 1/16” deep, not over 10% of the face. Wane — On reverse face; 1/2 the thickness, 1/4 the width, 1/4 the length on one edge or equivalent on 2 edges. Warp — Medium. See para. 752.0. 3-1 3-8

Insect Holes — One medium insect hole permitted for each 6 linear feet. Pin holes permitted up to 10% of the surface area. See para. 716.0.

6.2.3 Standard (Stand. — abbreviation) For appearance grade and construction grade see para 6.3 and 6.3.1. This is a highly serviceable grade used chiefly for construction. It may be used where a coarser rustic decorative appearance is desired. The reverse face of Standard permits the allowable characteristics of Industrial. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions: Bite — 1/64”; 2% of the pieces may have 1/16”. Checks — Surface and through, 1/4 length to maximum of 3’. Decay — Incipient Decay Allowed: Face, 10%; Back 30%. Advanced Decay Allowed: Face, 1%; Back 10%. When found in combination on the same face, neither incipient decay nor advanced decay will be allowed in its maximum amount. Incipient decay will be reduced proportionately to the amount of advanced decay present (i.e., Back, If 5% advanced decay is present, no more than 15% incipient decay will be allowed). Fixed Knots — Fixed knots are allowed up to the size of the maximum hole allowed or equivalent smaller, limited to one per piece. See para. 718.0. Knots — Any quality limited as follows: Nominal Width

Red

2-3/8” 3-3/4” 4-7/8” 6” 6”

4” 6” 8” 10” 12” and wider

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Black

Holes

1-3/4” 2-3/4” 3-5/8” 4” 4”

1” 1-1/2” 2” 2” 2”

Knot Holes — One quarter the width to a maximum of 2”. One maximum size hole or equivalent smaller with 8 linear feet between maximum sized holes. Machine Burn — No limit. Mismatch — Very light. Offset — 1/64”; 2% of the pieces may have 1/8”. Pitch — Heavy. Pith — Any amount. Pockets — Large. See para. 734.0. Raised Grain — Light. Shake — Through, not to exceed 1/3 the length. Shake extending from one wide face through the edge to the other wide face is limited as edge break listed under splits. Seams — Any not seriously weakening the pieces, limited to 1/6 the length. Skip — Hit and miss on reverse faces; one edge may be 1/16” scant full length or 1/8” scant for half the length on not more than 20% of the pieces. Splits — Medium (twice width, not to exceed 1/6 the length). Edge cracks or breaks due to handling or drying permitted up to 1/3 the width. The length of the break is limited to the width of the board. Stain — Heavy. Torn Grain — 1/16” deep. Wane — On reverse face; 2/3 the thickness, 1/4 the width, 1/2 the length on one edge, or equivalent on two edges. Warp — Heavy. See para. 752.0. Wavy Dressing — Light. Insect Holes — One medium permitted for each 2 linear feet. Pin holes permitted up to 50% of the surface area. See Para. 716.0.

6.2.4 Industrial (Ind. — abbreviation) This is the lowest common board grade. It admits large characteristics in any combination as long as the piece is usable full length. This material is generally used in rough construction where strength and appearance are not of primary importance. 3-10 3-1

Characteristics and Limiting Provisions: Characteristics admitted without limits: Sound and unsound knots, shake, checks, pitch, pitch pockets, hit and miss dressing, pith, stain, warp, knot holes, bark and pitch, seams, and insect holes. Any characteristics which, by themselves or in combination, seriously weaken the piece for reasonable handling will not be permitted. Decay — Advanced Decay Allowed: Not to exceed 1/2 the surface area. Must not destroy the nailing edges. Skip — Hit or miss or a heavy skip not exceeding 1/4 the length. Splits — Not to exceed 1/4 the length. Wane — 3/4 the thickness, 1/2 the width, 1/2 the length. Full width or thickness wane up to 1/2” scant is permitted for 1/4 the length. 6.3 APPEARANCE GRADE Appearance grade will be taken from the high end of Standard Grade (see para. 6.2.3) and it will have a sound Standard back. The following are the limitations:

Fixed knots — Not allowed — Treated as hole. Checks — Light, up to 2’ in length, if tight. Decay — Incipient Decay Allowed: Face, 5%; Back, 10%. Knot holes — One 1” in a 12” board or equivalent smaller. Proportionately smaller for narrower widths. Pockets — Maximum 2 square inches, none loose or open. Shake — Light, up to 2’ in length, if tight. Seams — Maximum 2 square inches, none loose or open. Splits — Short, no greater than width of board. Edge breaks — Maximum 1/6 width. Stain — Medium, blue or brown. Insect holes — Grade as knot holes, count toward knot hole limit. Reverse face — Sound Standard. 3-11

Any characteristics permitted in NELMA Standard Grade which are not addressed above are to be graded as in NELMA Standard Grade. 6.3.1 Construction

The Portion of the grade of Standard (Para 6.2.3) that does not make Appearance Grade. All pieces must make Standard Grade.

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OTHER 4 NORTHEASTERN SPECIES & SPECIAL BOARD GRADES

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7.0 OTHER NORTHEASTERN SPECIES ASPEN BALSAM FIR EASTERN HEMLOCK— TAMARACK EASTERN SPRUCE

JACK PINE NORTHERN WHITE CEDAR PITCH PINE RED PINE SPRUCE—PINE—FIR(s)

FOREIGN SPECIES SCOTS PINE (Archangel) RADIATA PINE

In the interest of promoting product uniformity, NELMA has adopted the Board Rules of WWPA for the above Northeastern species. Grade descriptions for Select lumber are based on a piece of S4S 1” x 8” x 12’ long. The number and extent of characteristics in larger or smaller pieces may vary in proportion to the size of the piece. Characteristics appearing on the edges of S2S or rough stock widths which will be removed in surfacing are not given the same consideration as characteristics in S4S lumber. In random width shipments sold on board rule scale, the grade will be determined by the full width of the piece. Any piece of lumber in the Select grade showing a serious combination of the listed characteristics which might impair its intended use is excluded from the grade. 7.1 SELECTS (10.10 WWPA) There are two grades of Select for Other Northeastern Species: C Select and D Select. In Select grades, all pieces are graded from the better side or face. The reverse side may be somewhat lower in quality with more restrictions placed on the back of the higher grades. 7.1.1 C Select (10.12 WWPA) Lumber of this grade is recommended for all finishing uses where fine appearance is essential. It is one of the 4-2

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most sought after products from the clear portion of the log. It is widely used for high quality interior trim and cabinet work with natural, stain or enamel finishes.

Characteristics and Limiting Provisions are: Checks — Small, well scattered seasoning checks on the surface. Skip — Light skip on one edge, one medium or two light skips on the back. Stain — Medium stained wood in an occasional piece covering 1/3 the face, or a greater area of lighter stain when not in combination with other characteristics. Torn or Raised Grain — Very light. Wane — On reverse side, 1/2 the thickness, 1/8 the width, 1/4 the length in an occasional piece. Warp — Crook — As shown in para. 752.0. Cup — Very light. Twist — 7/4 and thinner, 1/2 of very light. 8/4 and thicker, 1/4 of very light. See para. 752.0. Any one of the following characteristics: Knots — Two small, sound, tight knots. Pitch — Light pitch over not more than 1/2 the face. Pitch Streak — One small pitch streak. Pockets — Two very small pockets. Equivalent characteristics no more damaging than any of the above. 7.1.2 D Select (10.13 WWPA) Lumber of this grade has many of the fine appearance features of C Select grade. Although generally less restrictive than C Select, D Select is suitable where the requirements for finishing are less exacting. The grade is between the higher finishing grades and the Board grades as many pieces have a finish appearance on one side, the reverse side showing larger or more numerous characteristics.

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Characteristics and Limiting Provisions are: Checks — Small, scattered seasoning checks, medium checks on back. Skip — One very light skip on face, hit and miss on back; one edge may have 1/16” skip for 1/2 the length in an occasional piece. Split — Short split on one end or equivalent. Stain — Medium stained wood over entire face if otherwise high quality. Torn or Raised Grain — Light, in scattered spots. Wane — On reverse side, 3/4 the thickness, 1/4 the width, 1/4 the length. Warp — Crook — As shown in para. 752.0. Cup — Very light. Twist — 7/4 and thinner, very light. 8/4 and thicker, 1/2 of very light. See para. 752.0. Any one of the following characteristics: Knots — Four small, fixed knots. Pitch — Medium pitch over not more than 2/3 of face, less if heavy. Pitch Streak — One medium pitch streak. Pockets — Four small pockets. Equivalent characteristics no more damaging than any of the above. One 4” cutout is permitted in pieces of otherwise high appearance. Cutting must be directly on an end or more than 2’ from an end. Cutouts are restricted to pieces 12’ and longer and 10% of an item. 7.2 COMMONS (30.00 WWPA) Certain characteristics found in Board lumber difficult to evaluate to an exact degree because of nature of the portion of the log from which Boards produced. Some limiting characteristics must evaluated by applying sound judgment and characteristics must be considered in determining

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are the are be all the

grade. Any piece judged to contain a serious combination of the listed characteristics, even though some of the characteristics may not be limiting by themselves, is excluded from the grade. Likewise, an otherwise “high line” piece may be placed in a grade even though one or two of its characteristics may slightly exceed the limitations described in the rules. Such pieces will be of exceptional quality otherwise and might grade one or more grades higher, except for such characteristics. Therefore, each individual piece is considered in its entirety in determining the grade. When characteristics are listed as applying to a specific size piece (such as 1” x 8” x 12’) the number and extent of the same characteristics in larger and smaller pieces may vary in proportion to the size of the piece. Knot descriptions are given in para. 718.0. Because most Board lumber is produced from the inner portion of the log, the size of a knot may not be the determining factor in establishing a particular grade. Therefore, some pieces of a lower grade may have smaller knots than some pieces of a higher grade. Knot sizes cannot be satisfactorily established to an exact degree for any particular grade of Board lumber. It is generally the character or condition of the knot and not the size that determines the grade of the piece. Spike knots are permitted in all grades of Board lumber, providing they have no more effect than the other knots permitted in an individual grade. There are five Common Board grades of Other Northeastern Species: 1 Common, 2 Common, 3 Common, 4 Common, and 5 Common. The grades of 1 Common and 2 Common may be grouped together as 2 & Btr. Common.

7.2.1 1 Common (30.11 WWPA) Lumber of this grade, while not usually carried in stock in large quantities, may be ordered when the ultimate in fine appearance of knotty material is required. This grade includes all sound, tight-knotted stock with the size and character of the knot the determining factor of the grade. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions are: Checks — Four small surface seasoning checks in a 1” x 8” x 12’. Knots — Sound, tight knots and smooth red knots are limited as follows:

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Face Width

Knot Size

2” 5/8” 3” 7/8” 4” 1-1/4” 6” 1-3/4” 8” 2-1/4” 10” 2-1/2” 12” 2-3/4” 14” and wider 3” The knot sizes listed above will generally be the maximum size found in this grade. However, there may be pieces of otherwise exceptional quality which may contain slightly larger knots than those shown. Black knots must be smooth, sound, tight and small. An occasional piece may have one angling 3/8” hole on the edge, extending into the wide face not more than 1/2” and into not more than 1/2 the thickness. Pitch — Light pitch over not more than 1/8 the area. Pith — Firm heart pith, 1/4” wide, 1/6 the length. Pockets — Two very small dry pockets in a 1” x 8” x 12’. Skip — Three very light skips on one edge or two light on back in a 1” x 8” x 12’. Split — Very short splits, limited to one on each end. 4-7

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Stain — Light stain over not more than 1/3 of face. Torn or Raised Grain — Very light. Wane — On back, 1/2 the thickness, 1/8 the width, 1/4 the length in occasional pieces. Warp — Crook — As shown in para. 752.0. Cup — Very light. Twist — 7/4 and thinner, very light. 8/4 and thicker, 1/2 of very light. See para. 752.0.

there may be pieces of exceptional quality otherwise, which may contain slightly larger knots than those shown.

An occasional piece may have two small fixed knots or one angling 3/4” hole on the edge extending into the wide face not more than 1” and not over 1/2 the thickness of the piece.

Black knots of maximum size in this grade are accepted in pieces of high quality and limited to one in the 16’ and longer lengths, and proportionately smaller in the shorter lengths.

7.2.2 2 Common (30.12 WWPA) Lumber of this grade is intended primarily for use in housing and light construction where it is exposed such as in paneling, shelving and other uses where a knotty type of lumber with fine appearance is required. Since knots can easily be sealed off for painting, this also is an excellent grade for siding, cornice, soffits, fascia and other exterior uses. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions are: Checks — Two medium seasoning checks or equivalent smaller in a 1” x 8” x 12’. Light roller checks on back, not more than 1/4 the length. Knots — Knots are limited as follows:

Face Red Knots Black Knots Width Sound & Tight Sound & Tight 2” 1” 3/8” 3” 1-1/4” 1/2” 4” 2” 3/4” 6” 2-1/2” 1” 8” 3” 1-1/4” 10 3-1/4” 1-3/8” 12” 3-3/4” 1-1/2” 14” and wider 4” 1-3/4”

The knot sizes listed above will generally be the maximum size found in this grade. However, 9-1

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Pieces containing numerous smaller black knots shall be of quality in keeping with the requirements of this grade.

Pin Holes — A dozen scattered pin holes in a 1” x 8” x 12’. Pitch — Streaks and patches of light to medium pitch covering 1/2 of face or two very small streaks of heavy pitch. Pith — Firm heart pith, not more than 1/2” wide, 1/2 the length. Pockets — Three small, dry well scattered pockets or equivalent smaller in a 1” x 8” x 12’. Shake — Light shake, not over 1/6 the length. Skip — Medium skip on back limited to 1/4 of length, medium on edge limited to 1/3 of length. Split — Short splits, limited to one on each end. Stain — Medium stained wood over entire face on pieces of otherwise high quality. Torn or Raised Grain — Light. Wane — On back, 1/2 the thickness, 1/6 the width, 1/3 the length or equivalent in an occasional piece. Warp — Crook — As shown in para. 752.0. Cup — Light. Twist — 7/4 and thinner, very light. 4-9 9-1

8/4 and thicker, 1/2 of very light. See para. 752.0.

7.2.3 3 Common (30.13 WWPA)

Lumber of this grade is widely used for a large range of building purposes where appearance and strength are both important. With characteristics limited to assure a high degree of serviceability, this grade is often used for shelving, paneling and siding and is especially suited for fences, boxes, crating, sheathing and many industrial uses. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions are: Checks — Medium seasoning checks. Roller checks (see Shake). Knots — Knots are limited as follows: Unsound Knot Face Red Knots Loose Knot Width Sound & Tight Knot Hole 2” 1-3/16” 3/8” 3” 1-1/2” 5/8” 4” 2-1/2” 3/4” 6” 3” 1-1/4” 8” 3-1/2” 1-1/2” 10” 4” 1-3/4” 12” 4-1/2” 2-1/4” 14” and wider 5” 2-1/2” The knot sizes listed above will generally be the maximum size found in this grade. However, there may be pieces of exceptional quality otherwise, which may contain slightly larger knots than those shown. Black knots may be 2/3 size of allowable red knots, two maximum in each 12’ length or equivalent smaller tight black knots. Fixed knots may be equal to knot hole in size and are limited to two per 12’ of length when not in 4-10

serious combinations with other characteristics. Only one maximum size knot hole is permitted in any one piece, but two equivalent smaller knot holes may be permitted if well spaced and the piece is otherwise of high quality. Pin Holes — 30 per square foot or four small holes in a 1” x 8” x 12’. Pitch — Heavy pitch over 1/2 the area or two small streaks of massed pitch. Pockets — Medium, well scattered. Shake — Light to medium shake, scattered full length in otherwise 2 Common type or one 3’ light roller check on face, light to medium roller check 2/3 length on back. Skip — One medium skip on face, hit and miss skips on back for 2/3 the length. One edge may have 1/8” skip for 1/2 the length or 1/16” skip full length. Split — 1/6 the length. Stain — Medium to heavy stained wood over the entire face. Torn Grain — Medium. Unsound Wood — Similar to firm white speck, limited to 1/8 the area. Wane — On back, 2/3 the thickness, 1/4 the width, 1/2 the length or equivalent in an occasional piece. Warp — Crook — As shown in para. 752.0. Cup — Medium. Twist — 7/4 and thinner, light. 8/4 and thicker, 1/2 of light. See para. 752.0.

7.2.4 4 Common (30.14 WWPA) Lumber of this grade is more widely used than other grades for general construction purposes. Boards of this grade are used for sub-floors, roof and wall sheathing, concrete forms, low cost fencing, crating and

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similar types of construction. It is a popular grade in general construction and industry use. Although appearance is given consideration, pieces are graded chiefly for serviceability, as they are seldom used in exposed construction.

Characteristics and Limiting Provisions are: Checks — Large seasoning checks. Medium to heavy roller checks full length on back, light to medium 2/3 length on face. Knots — Knots are limited as follows: Fixed Knots Face Firm & Loose Knots Width Tight Knots Knot Hole 2” 1-5/16” 3/4” 3” 1-3/4” 1” 4” 3” 1-1/2” 6” 3-1/2” 2” 8” 2/3 Width 2-1/2” 10” 2/3 Width 3” 12” 2/3 Width 3-1/2” 14” and wider 2/3 Width 4” Knot holes and/or loose knots of maximum size are limited to three for each 12’ of length. Pin Holes — Pin holes or small holes not limited. Pitch — Heavy streaks and patches of massed pitch over 1/2 area in otherwise high quality pieces. Pockets — Large. Shake — Medium to heavy shake full length. Skip — Hit and miss skip on face, 1/16” skip full length if surfaced one side. One edge may have 1/4” skip for 1/2 the length or 1/8” skip full length. Split — 1/3 the length. Stain — Heavy stained wood. Torn Grain — Heavy. Unsound Wood — Scattered spots of unsound wood or not firm honeycomb over 1/4 the face. Wane — 1/2 the thickness, 1/8 the width, 1/6 the length on face. Heavy wane on back, but equivalent to knot holes if through thickness. 4-12

Warp — Crook — As shown in para. 752.0. Cup — Heavy. Twist — 7/4 and thinner, medium. 8/4 and thicker, 1/2 of medium. See para. 752.0. White Speck and Honeycomb — Firm. 7.2.5 5 Common (30.15 WWPA) Lumber of this grade is intended for use in construction where lumber of a higher grade is not needed. This grade permits characteristics such as stain, large knots, very large holes, unsound wood, massed pitch, heavy shake, splits and wane in varying stages or degrees singly or in combinations. Many pieces in this grade are only slightly lower than the 4 Common grade while others will be at the opposite end of the grade level. Although 5 Common is the lowest Common Board grade, it is suitable for uses in economical construction where appearance and strength are not basic requirements.

8.0 SPECIAL BOARD GRADES The Northeastern mills produce a number of special board grades either for fine appearance uses or as cut up stock for finished products. These grades apply to all softwood species and aspen, except in the case of the Eastern White Pine Furniture grades. 8.1 EASTERN WHITE PINE FURNITURE GRADES 4/4 to 12/4 thick. 4” and wider. 4’ to 16’ lengths including not over 5% of 4’ & 5’. There are two furniture grades of Eastern White Pine: NELMA No. 1A Furniture and NELMA No. 2A Furniture. Furniture grade pine is selected stock having well distributed, sound, completely intergrown, red knots that will provide sound cuttings on a fixed percentage of the good face. 4-13

CUTTINGS — Characteristics and Limiting Provisions: Face: 1. One sound, completely intergrown red knot is required per cutting with a minimum of one for each 3 linear feet. 2. One sound, tight, black knot up to 1/4” in diameter or equivalent smaller is allowed in cuttings 6 feet or over in length. 3. Not permitted: any other black knots, pith, checks, shake, splits, warp, wane, pitch pockets, worm holes, rot, stain or other defects that seriously weaken the cutting. Back: Sound, allowing no rot, shake, wane, unsound knots, or other defects that seriously weaken the cutting. 8.1.1 NELMA No. 1A Furniture

Surface Measure 2’—3’ 4’—5’ 6’—7’ 8’—9’ 10’—11’ 12’—13’ 14’ and over

Minimum sizes of cutting are 4” x 2’ or 3” x 3’. The allowable number of cuttings is calculated by adding 1 to the surface measure of the piece, dividing by 3, and dropping any fraction:

Surface Measure 2’—4’ 5’—7’ 8’—10’ 11’—13’ 14’ and over

Number of Cuttings 1 2 3 4 5

This grade requires sound cuttings of 66-2/3% or better on face and 33-1/3% or better on the back of any piece. Pieces producing 75% or better sound face cuttings are allowed one additional cutting. 8.1.2 NELMA No. 2A Furniture Minimum size of cuttings is 3” x 2’. The allowable number of cuttings is calculated by dividing the surface measure of the piece by 2 and dropping any fraction.

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Number of Cuttings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

This grade requires sound cuttings of 50% or better on the face. Pieces producing 66-2/3% or better on the sound face cuttings are allowed one additional cutting. 8.2 MERCHANTABLE — All Northeastern Softwood Species and Aspen (Merch. — Abbreviation) 4/4 - 8/4 - 6/16 in length.

Characteristics and Limiting Provisions are: Checks — Medium seasoning checks. Roller checks (see Shake). Knots — Knots are limited as follows: Unsound Knot Face Red Knots Loose Knot Width Sound & Tight Knot Hole 2” 1-3/16” 3/8” 3” 1-1/2” 5/8” 4” 2-1/2” 3/4” 6” 3” 1-1/4” 8” 3-1/2” 1-1/2” 10” 4” 1-3/4” 12” 4-1/2” 2-1/4” 14” and wider 5” 2-1/2” 4-15

The knot sizes listed above will generally be the maximum size found in this grade. However, there may be pieces of exceptional quality otherwise, which may contain slightly larger knots than those shown. Black knots may be 2/3 size of allowable red knots, two maximum in each 12’ length or equivalent smaller tight black knots. Fixed knots may be equal to knot hole in size and are limited to two per 12’ of length when not in serious combinations with other characteristics. Only one maximum size knot hole is permitted in any one piece, but two equivalent smaller knot holes may be permitted if well spaced and the piece is otherwise of high quality. Pin Holes — 30 per square foot or four small holes in a 1” x 8” x 12’. Pitch — Heavy pitch over 1/2 the area or two small streaks of massed pitch. Pockets — Medium, well scattered. Shake — Light to medium shake, scattered full length in otherwise 2 Common type or one 3’ light roller check on face, light to medium roller check 2/3 length on back. Skip — One medium skip on face, hit and miss skips on back for 2/3 the length. One edge may have 1/8” skip for 1/2 the length or 1/16” skip full length. Split — 1/6 the length. Stain — Medium to heavy stained wood over the entire face. Torn Grain — Medium. Unsound Wood — Similar to firm white speck, limited to 1/8 the area. Wane — On back, 2/3 the thickness, 1/4 the width, 1/2 the length or equivalent in an occasional piece. Warp — Crook — As shown in para. 752.0. Cup — Medium. Twist — 7/4 and thinner, light. 8/4 and thicker, 1/2 of light. See para. 752.0. 4-16

8.3 CUT AND SHOP RULES 8.3.1 N o. 1 Cuts — All Softwood Species and Aspen All thicknesses. Widths — 6” and wider. Lengths — 6’ to 16’. A No. 1 Cut (Shop) will produce 66-2/3% or better CLEAR on the poorer face except that medium stain is permitted. A cutting must be at least 4” in width and 1 sq. foot in area. The maximum number of cuttings permitted is: 2 cuttings in pieces up to 7 surface feet. 3 cuttings in pieces of 7 to 12 surface feet. 4 cuttings in pieces of 12 or more surface feet. 8.3.2 No. 2 Cuts — All Northeastern Softwood Species and Aspen All thicknesses. Widths — 3” and wider. Lengths — 4’ to 16’. A No. 2 Cut will produce 40% or better CLEAR on the poorer face except that heavy stain is permitted. A cutting must be at least 3” in width and 1 sq. foot in area. One additional cutting is permitted. 8.3.3 Knotty — All Northeastern Softwood Species and Aspen This material is selected from the common grades which contain only red knots well distributed over the length of the pieces. The knot types may vary from different size round knots to all kinds, sizes and shapes of branch or spike knots. Other than red knots, this is a C Select piece. Characteristics and Limiting Provisions are: Knots — Red. Shakes/Checks — Barely perceptible. 4-17

Stain — Light (blue or coffee), not to exceed 1/3 the face.

8.3.4 S tained Selects — All Northeastern Softwood Species and Aspen This grade takes the limiting provisions of the D Select & Btr. Select, with the exception that any degree of blue and coffee stain is permitted.

8.3.5 Short Select — All Northeastern Softwood Species and Aspen (S. Sel. — Abbrev.) All thicknesses. Widths — 3” and wider. Length — 8’ and shorter. Any board which meets the requirements of D Select other than length. No cutting defect allowed. 8.3.6 Short — All Northeastern Softwood Species and Aspen All thicknesses. Widths — 3” and wider. Lengths — 8’ and shorter. Any board which meets the requirements of Eastern White Pine, paragraph 6.2.3, “Standard” or “Other Northeastern Species,” paragraph 7.2.3, 3 Common, other than length. 8.4 ALTERNATE SHOP GRADES FOR EASTERN WHITE PINE AND RED PINE (WWPA 94.00) Shop lumber is graded with reference to its use for sash and doors, or on the basis of characteristics affecting its use for general cut-up purposes, or on the basis of size of cutting. The grade of shop lumber is determined by the percentage of the area of each piece available in cuttings of specified or of given minimum sizes and qualities. Slope of grain is limited to 1 in 4 in all Shop grades. 4-18

Massed pitch, shake, unsound wood and wane may render a portion of a piece unusable as millwork. If these characteristics create a total loss of 5% or more of the area of the piece, the excess unusable portion shall be scaled off to the nearest square foot, and the scale-off shall be marked on the piece. Pieces containing less than 5% waste shall not be scaled off to raise the grade. Pieces requiring more than 50% scaleoff are not permitted. In determining the percentage of door cuttings in 5/4 and thicker Shop lumber, consideration must be given to the fact that usually pieces are to be ripped full length before cross cutting in such a manner as will yield the highest grade and largest percentage of door cuttings, subject to the following exceptions: (1) In such cases where pieces will yield a higher value by first being cross-cut for rails, and some of the stock so obtained contains stiles or muntins or top rails which can be obtained by ripping this cross-cut stock, the door cuttings so obtained shall be figured in when determining percentages. (2) Pieces in which stiles only are computed for the required percentage may be cross-cut first. In 4/4 Shop, each cutting is figured without regard to whether the lumber will be ripped before cross-cutting.

STANDARD SHOP THICKNESSES Nominal Surfaced Thickness Thickness S2S 4/4 3/4” 5/4 1-5/32” 6/4 1-13/32” 7/4 1-19/32” 8/4 1-13/16” 9/4 2-3/32” 10/4 2-3/8” 11/4 2-9/16” 12/4 2-3/4” 16/4 3-3/4” 4-19

Surfaced Shop lumber may be up to 1/64” full in thickness and still be considered on size. No minus tolerance in thickness is allowed. 5/4 and THICKER SHOP

8.4.1 Factory Select (No. 3 Clear) (WWPA 94.10) Each piece of Factory Select contains 70% or more of No. 1 Door Cuttings, except that pieces containing one No. 1 stile, or two or more No. 1 Door Cuttings, will admit one No. 2 stile. Not over two muntins are included in any piece. No piece contains muntins only. 8.4.2 No. 1 Shop (WWPA 94.11) Each piece of No.1 Shop contains from 50% to 70% of No. 1 Door Cuttings, except those pieces containing one or more No. 1 Door cuttings will admit one No. 2 stile. Not over two muntins are included in any piece. 8.4.3 No. 2 Shop (WWPA 94.12) Each piece of No. 2 Shop contains one of the following percentages of Door Cuttings: 25% No. 1 cuttings; 33 1/3% mixed No. 1 and No. 2 cuttings; 40% No. 2 cuttings. 8.4.4 No. 3 Shop (WWPA 94.13)

The backs of jamb and sill cuttings may contain pin knots, seasoning checks, medium pitch pockets, light stain, medium pitch, skips in dressing and other characteristics of equivalent nature. No consideration is given to edge or end characteristics that will be removed in milling. Not more than 5% of stock narrower than 5” is admissible in any shipment of No. 3 Shop. 4/4 SHOP 8.4.5 Factory Select (No. 3 Clear) (WWPA 94.20) The grade of 4/4 Factory Select is determined by the percentage in each piece of cuttings suitable for general millwork in the sizes and qualities hereinafter specified. Cuttings are 9-1/4” wide or wider and 18” long or longer; or 5” wide or wider and 3’ long or longer. Cuttings 9-1/4” wide or wider and less than 3’ in length are free from characteristics on both sides. Cuttings 5” wide or wider and 3’ long or longer will grade C Select or better. Each piece of 4/4 Factory Select contains 70% or more of any one cutting or combinations of cuttings described in the foregoing rules. 8.4.6 No. 1 Shop (WWPA 94.21)

The grade of No. 3 Shop 5/4 and thicker is Factory lumber type admitting all pieces below the grade of No. 2 Shop that contain not less than 30% of the area of any combination of the following cuttings: No. 1 and No. 2 door cuttings, sash cuttings, moulding rips, jamb and sill cuttings. Sash cuttings are of No. 1 quality. Moulding rips are 2” and wider and 10’ and longer. Jambs and sills are 5” and wider and 3’ and longer and of No. 1 cutting quality on one face except that barely perceptible light brown stain is admitted.

The grade of 4/4 No. 1 Shop is determined by the percentage in each piece of cuttings suitable for general millwork in the sizes and qualities hereinafter specified. Cuttings are 9-1/4” wide or wider and 18” long or longer; or 4” wide or wider and 3’ long or longer. Cuttings 9-1/4” wide or wider and less than 3’ in length are free from characteristics on both sides. Cuttings 4” wide or wider and 3’ long or longer will grade C Select or better.

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The grade of 4/4 No. 1 Shop may be 4” and wider. Each piece contains from 50% to 70% of any one cutting or combination of cuttings of the quality described in the foregoing rules. 8.4.7 No. 2 Shop (WWPA 94.22)

SASH CUTTINGS (WWPA 95.10) 8.5.1 No. 1 Sash Cuttings (WWPA 95.11) are free from characteristics on both sides, except that light brown stain or one barely perceptible bark or pitch blemish is admissible.

The grade of 4/4 No. 2 Shop consists of Shop type pieces which do not have the required percentage of cuttings necessary for 4/4 No. 1 Shop. This grade contains not less than 33-1/3% of cuttings of the size and quality permissible in 4/4 No. 1 Shop.

8.5.2 No. 2 Sash Cuttings (WWPA 95.12) proportional to their size, will admit the same characteristics permitted in No. 2 cuttings of door stock.

8.5 CUT SASH AND DOOR STOCK (WWPA 95.00)

8.5.3 No. 1 Cuttings (WWPA 95.21) are free from characteristics on both sides, except that light brown stain or one barely perceptible bark or pitch blemish is admissible.

All sash and door cuttings are graded from the poorer side of the piece. Cut Sash and Door Stock shall be graded as completely useable. However, on reinspections, para. 5.6 of the grading rules applies. Less consideration is given to edge or end characteristics that will surface off in milling than to defects elsewhere in the piece. A deviation of bow or crook is permissible as shown for the following basic lengths: Length 28” to 48” 60” 70” 80” and longer

Bow or Crook 1/32” 1/16” 3/32” 1/8”

Lengths falling between these basic lengths may have a proportionate amount of bow and crook on the same curvature. Surfaced stock may be up to 1/64” full in thickness, but no minus tolerance is allowed. Width variation may be 1/8” over or 1/32” under the specified width. Sash cuttings are 2-1/2” and over in width by 28” and over in length.

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Door Cuttings (WWPA 95.20)

8.5.4 No. 2 Cuttings (WWPA 95.22) will admit any one of the following characteristics: Checks — One or more small seasoning checks, the combined length not exceeding 8”. Knot — A small knot of sound character not exceeding 5/8” in diameter. Pitch or Pitch Streaks — Light pitch or pitch streaks that do not form a pronounced defect. Pocket — One bark pocket 1/8” x 1” in size or several when proportionately smaller or less pronounced. One very small pitch pocket, showing on one side only. Skip — Very light skip or torn grain. Stain — Light blue stain and/or medium brown stain. Torn Grain — See Skip.

4-23

8.5.5 Cutting Sizes (WWPA 95.30)

Stiles are 5” and 6” wide by from 6’8” to 7’6” long. They may be either No. 1 or No. 2 in quality. Bottom rails are 9” and 10” wide by from 2’4” to 3’ long. They may be either No. 1 or No. 2 quality. Muntins are 5” and 6” wide by from 3’6” to 4’ long. They may be either No. 1 or No. 2 in quality. Top rails are 5” and 6” wide by from 2’4” to 3’ long. They must be of No. 1 quality, but are considered as No. 2 cuttings. In computing the area of door cuttings in Factory lumber 5/4 inches and thicker, the following sizes shall be used:

}

STILES 5”x6’8” - 2.78 5”x6’10” - 2.85 5”x7’0” - 2.92 3 5”x7’2” - 2.99 5”x7’4” - 3.06 5”x7’6” - 3.13 6”x6’8” - 3.33 — 3-1/4 6”x6’10” - 3.42 3-1/2 6”x7’0” - 3.50 6”x7’2” - 3.58 6”x7’4” - 3.67 3-3/4 6”x7’6” - 3.75 MUNTINS 5”x3’6” - 1.46 5”x3’8” - 1.53 1-1/2 5”x3’10” - 1.60 5”x4’0” - 1.67 6”x3’6” - 1.75 1-3/4 6”x3’8” - 1.83 6”x3’10” - 1.92 2 6”x4’0” - 2.00

} }

} } }

BOTTOM RAILS 9”x2’4” - 1.75 1-3/4 9”x2’6” - 1.875 9”x2’8” - 2.00 2 9”x2’10” - 2.125 9”x3’0” - 2.25 —2-1/4 10”x2’4” - 1.94 2 10”x2’6” - 2.08 10”x2’8” - 2.22 2-1/4 10”x2’10” - 2.36 10”x3’0” - 2.50 — 2-1/2 TOP RAILS 5”x2’4” - 0.97 5”x2’6” - 1.04 1 5”x2’8” - 1.11 5”x2’10” - 1.18 5”x3’0” - 1.25 6”x2’4” - 1.17 1-1/4 6”x2’6” - 1.25 6”x2’8” - 1.33 6”x2’10” - 1.42 1-1/2 6”x3’0” - 1.50

} } } }

}

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8.6 MOULDING STOCK (WWPA 92.00) All Thicknesses and Widths, All Species Moulding Stock is stock of a type suitable for ripping into strips 1" and wider, 10' and longer. At least 2/3 of the area contains such rips of the grade permissible in standard Mouldings. In 4/4 and 8/4 and thicker Moulding Stock the grade of each rip is determined from the best face. In 5/4, 6/4 and 7/4 Moulding Stock the grade of each rip is determined from the poorest face. Slope of grain is limited to 1 in 4 in 4/4 and 8/4 and thicker stock and 1in 6 in 5/4, 6/4 and 7/4 stock. Crook, regardless of the width of a piece, is limited to 1" in 10' and shorter pieces and 1 1/2" in 11' and longer pieces. Up to 10% of the footage of any item may be 6' to 9' in length, provided each piece contains 2/3 or more of full-length moulding rips. Wane, stain, skips in dressing or other characteristics that will surface off in making mouldings of standard size are admissible in computing the percentage of rips. In Rough 4/4 Moulding Stock, up to 10% of the material may be less than 7/8" thick, provided 5/8" mouldings can be manufactured from the thinner stock. Rough 5/4, 6/4 and 7/4 Moulding Stock shall be the same thickness as other grades of Selects. Rough 8/4 Moulding Stock shall be the same thickness as other grades of Selects, except that 5% of the material may contain a minimum thickness of 1 7/8". Moulding Stock thinner than these minimums shall be included and tallied as of the next lower thickness. Massed pitch, shake, unsound wood and wane may render a portion of a piece unusable as Moulding Stock. If these characteristics create a total loss of 10% or more of the area of the piece, the excess unusable portion shall be scaled off to the nearest square foot, and the scale-off shall be marked on the piece. Pieces containing less than 10% waste shall not be scaled off to raise the grade. Pieces requiring more than 50% scale-off are not permitted. 4-25

8.6.1 MOULDINGS (WWPA 92.10) Standard Mouldings permit such characteristics as are acceptable in both interior and exterior trim. These may be light seasoning checks, very small pockets, light torn grain, pin-size and small knots, medium stain or a small amount of medium pitch. A serious combination of these is not admissible in any one piece. The number and extent of characteristics permitted varies as the area of the piece increases or diminishes. On the basis of a 1"x2"x12', this grade will admit the following characteristics or the equivalent: Checks — One small seasoning check and a light snipe at one end, or K nots — Two pin knots or one small knot (knots may be increased in number on an equivalent basis as the size of the moulding increases, but may not be increased in size), or Pitch — See Torn Grain. Pocket — One pocket 1/8"x2" or equivalent, or Skip — See Torn Grain. S tain — Medium stain covering 1/3 the face in an occaisional piece, or a greater area of lighter stain when not in combination with other characteristics, or T orn Grain — A small spot of torn grain and 1' of medium pitch, light skip in dressing on back. Characteristics that will not show when the piece is laid are not given the same consideration as characteristics elsewhere. In random length Mouldings, pieces requiring one cut not to exceed 4" of waste to eliminate a characteristic too serious to go in the grade are allowed in otherwise high line pieces. The cut must be more than 36" from each end of the piece. Not more than 10% of the cutting type is admissible in any one item. Lengths shall be 3' to 20' in multiples of 1'. When random length shipments are ordered, no more than 15% under 8' in any one item and bundled separately 4-26

shall be shipped. When shipments are ordered to be 6' and longer, no more than 10% under 8' is allowable in any one item. (1) Casing and Stop patterns 7' in length are considered long lengths when figuring percentage of shorts. (2) Cut to length window and door trim are graded as completely usable. However, on reinspections Section 5.60 of the grading rules applies. The above paragraphs also apply to all fingerjointed mouldings with the additional provision that medium stain is allowed. Patching and filling are allowed in fingerjoint mouldings, providing a good paintable surface results.

9.0 FINGER JOINT SHOP COMMON (99.00 WWPA)

All Thicknesses and Widths All Species This grade is intended to provide cuttings 2-1/2” wide or wider by 9” long or longer used for stock to be finger-jointed for moulding and millwork items. It is considered Factory lumber for cutting value and no comparison with any Yard grade is intended. The grade is determined by the percentage of the area of each piece available in the specified cuttings. Each piece of finger-jointing stock must contain 50% or more of cuttings which are of the quality described below. Consideration must be given to the fact that pieces are to be ripped full length before the ripped stock may be cross cut. Severe grain distortion such as may be caused by cutting too close to a large knot is not permitted in cuttings. Severe compression wood is not permitted in cuttings. Characteristics and limiting provisions in cuttings are: Birds Eye — See Pockets. Checks — Cuttings must be free from seasoning checks. 4-27

Pitch or Pitch Streaks — Light pitch or pitch streaks. Pockets — Barely perceptible bark pockets or very light birds eye. Skip — Light skip, light raised grain or light torn grain. Slope of Grain — Not to exceed 1 in 6. Stain — Light to medium. Torn or Raised Grain — See Skip.

A serious combination of the above characteristics not permitted in any cutting. Massed pitch, shake, unsound wood and wane may render a portion of a piece unusable as millwork. If these characteristics create a total loss of 5% or more of the area of the piece, the excess unusable portion shall be scaled off to the nearest square foot, and the scale-off shall be marked on the piece. Pieces containing less than 5% waste shall not be scaled off to raise the grade. Pieces requiring more than 50% scale-off are not permitted. Unless otherwise agreed between the buyer and seller of this grade, moisture content provisions shall be those provided for dry Shop lumber.

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NATIONAL GRADING RULES, FRAMING & DECKING

5-1

NATIONAL GRADING RULE FOR SOFTWOOD DIMENSION LUMBER1 INTRODUCTION Product Standard 20 (American Softwood Lumber Standard), published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, stipulates that a National Grading Rule Committee composed of members competent in the field of lumber technology shall “establish, maintain and make fully and fairly available nomenclature and descriptions of grades for dimension lumber.” It provides further that “grading rules of an agency shall not be certified as conforming to the American Softwood Lumber Standard if the Board of Review determines that the dimension lumber rules therein fail to conform to the provisions of the National Grading Rule for Dimension Lumber” established pursuant to Section 11 of PS 20. The National Grading Rule applies to all species of softwood lumber1 which are covered by grading rules developed and approved under PS 20.

SCOPE For purposes of the National Grading Rule for Dimension Lumber, “dimension” is limited to surfaced softwood lumber of nominal thicknesses from 2 through 4 inches and nominal widths 2 inches and wider; and which is designed for use as framing members such as joists, planks, rafters and studs. It does not apply to those grades that are segregated for special uses, but which are sometimes manufactured to the “dimension” sizes provided that descriptions for such special grades are included in the applicable agency grading rules. The following are examples of special products excluded from the National Grading Rule for Dimension Lumber: Crossarms Foundation Lumber Factory & Shop Lumber Industrial Clears 1Hardwood lumber shall not be graded under provisions of this

rule unless included in rules certified by the Board. 5-2

5-3

Finish (Selects) Laminating Stock Railroad Stock Rough Lumber Scaffold Planks

Ladder Stock Ship Decking & Plank Stock Stadium Plank Worked Lumber

CLASSIFICATION The National Grading Rule for Dimension Lumber classifies dimension into 3 width categories and 4 use categories. Dimension up to 4 inches wide is classified as “Structural Light Framing” and “Light Framing” Dimension 2 inches and wider is classified as “Studs.” Dimension 5 inches and wider is classified as “Structural Joists and Planks.”

STRUCTURAL LIGHT FRAMING 2-4” Thick, 2-4” Wide Grade Name (and Abbreviation) Select Structural (Sel Str) 1 2 3 LIGHT FRAMING 2-4” Thick, 2-4” Wide Grade Name (and Abbreviation) Construction (Const) Standard (Stand) Utility (Util) STUDS 2-4” Thick, 2” and Wider Grade Name Stud STRUCTURAL JOISTS & PLANKS 2-4” Thick, 5” and Wider Grade Name (and Abbreviation) Select Structural (Sel Str) 1 2 3 5-4 5-1

APPEARANCE Grade Name (and Abbreviation) NGR grade name plus Appearance (NGR grade name plus APP) Applicable to all NGR grades GENERAL The major characteristics encountered in grading of softwood lumber are listed for each grade herein. Not all the listed characteristics will occur in lumber of any particular grade. When characteristics unique to a single species are encountered which are not included in the grade description, the characteristics shall be assessed in comparison to the most similar characteristic listed and permitted to the same degree. All grade descriptions set forth the major limiting characteristics that occur in lumber in each grade. Hence, the rules describe the poorest pieces permitted in a grade. All or nearly all of the permissible characteristics of a grade are rarely present in maximum size or number in any one piece. Any piece with a combination of characteristics which are judged to be more severe than the maximum characteristics permitted in the grade, even though each if taken individually is permitted, shall be excluded from the grade. The grading of lumber cannot be considered an exact science because it is based on a visual inspection of each piece and the judgment of the grader and/or on the results of a method of mechanically determining the strength characteristics of structural lumber. The National Grading Rule for Dimension Lumber establishes a maximum of 5 percent below grade as the tolerance allowed between graders. Knots, checks, shakes and slope of grain in visually graded lumber shall be measured in accordance with the provisions of ASTM D245 except that no increase in slope of grain or size of knots is permitted outside the middle one third of the length. Except as otherwise provided herein, knots appearing

5-5 5-1

on narrow faces are limited to the same displacement as knots specified at edges of wide faces. The limitations on knot sizes and other characteristics governing strength shall not be exceeded. Compression wood shall be limited in effect to other appearance or strength reducing characteristics permitted in the grade.

Machine Stress Rated Lumber (MSR) A basic description for machine stress rated lumber is included for those certified rules writing agencies which possess the necessary technical information on their species to include detailed MSR provisions in their grading rules. This method for mechanical testing and marking of MSR lumber shall be included in certified agency rules if they provide for MSR lumber. Grade descriptions and grade marking privileges shall be provided by the certified rules writing agencies for MSR lumber when lumber is evaluated by mechanical means. See para. 16.0.

All Species 2” to 4” Thick 2” to 4” Wide

10.1 Construction 2” to 4” thick, 2” to 4” wide. Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: Checks — Surface seasoning checks, not limited. Through checks at ends are limited as splits. Knots — Sound, firm, encased and pith, must be tight and are permitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement:

2” 3” 4”

Unsound or Loose Knots & Holes (any cause)

3/4” 1-1/4” 1-1/2”

5/8” 3/4” 1” 5-6 5-1

}

10.2 Standard 2” to 4” thick, 2” to 4” wide. Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: Checks — Surface seasoning checks, not limited. Through checks at ends are limited as splits. Knots — Not restricted as to quality and are permitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement:

10.0 LIGHT FRAMING

Anywhere on Nom. Width Wide Face

Manufacture — Standard “E.” See para. 722.0(e). Pitch and pitch streaks — Not limited. Pockets — Pitch or bark — Not limited. Shake — If through at ends, limited as splits. Surface shakes up to 2’ long. Skips — Hit and miss skips in a maximum of 10% of the pieces. See para. 720.0 (f). Slope of grain — 1 in 6. Splits — Equal in length to the width of the piece. Stain — Stained sapwood. Firm heart stain or firm red heart. Wane — 1/4 the thickness and 1/4 the width full length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 1/2 the thickness or 1/3 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. Warp — 1/2 of medium. See para. 752.0.

One hole or equivalent smaller holes per 3 lin. ft.

Anywhere on Nom. Width Wide Face

Unsound or Loose Knots & Holes (any cause)

1” 1-1/2” 2”

3/4” 1” 1-1/4”

}

One hole or equivalent smaller holes per 2 lin. ft.

2” 3” 4”

Skips — Hit and miss with a maximum of 5% of the pieces containing hit or miss or heavy skip 2’ or less in length. See para. 720.0 (e), (f) and (g). Slope of grain — 1 in 4. Splits — Equal in length to 1-1/2 times the width of the piece. Stain — Stained sapwood. Firm heart stain or firm red heart. Not limited. Unsound wood — Small spots or streaks of firm honeycomb or peck are limited to 1/6 the width. In 2” lumber, any other unsound wood is limited to a spot 1/12 the width and 2” in length or equivalent smaller. Wane — 1/3 the thickness and 1/3 the width full length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 2/3 the thickness or 1/2 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. Warp — Light. See para. 752.0. White speck — Firm, 1/3 the face or equivalent.

10.3 Utility 2” to 4” thick, 2” to 4” wide. Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: Checks — Seasoning checks, not limited. Through checks at ends are limited as splits. Knots — Not restricted as to quality and are permitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement: Nom. Width

Anywhere on Wide Face

Holes (any cause)

1-1/4” 2” 2-1/2”

1” 1-1/4” 1-1/2”

}

One hole or equivalent smaller holes per 1 lin. ft.

2” 3” 4”

Skips — Hit or miss, with a maximum of 10% of the pieces containing heavy skips. See para. 720.0 (e) and (g). Slope of grain — 1 in 4. Splits — Equal to 1/6 the length of the piece. Stain — Stained wood, not limited. Unsound wood — Must not destroy the nailing edge. See para. 710.0(e). Spots or streaks limited to 1/3 the cross section at any point along the length. Wane — 1/2 the thickness and 1/2 the width full length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 7/8 the thickness or 3/4 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. Warp — Medium. See para. 752.0. White speck and honeycomb — Firm.

11.0 STUDS

All Species 2” to 4” Thick 2” and Wider

Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: Checks — Seasoning checks, not limited. Through checks at ends are limited as splits. Knots — Not restricted as to quality, but are well spaced and are permitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement: At Edge Centerline Nom. Width Wide Face Wide Face

2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14”

3/4” 3/4” 1-1/4” 1-1/4” 1-3/4” 2-1/2” 2-1/4” 3” 2-3/4” 3-3/4” 3-1/2” 4-1/2” 4-1/2” 5-1/2” 5-1/2” 6-1/2” 6” 7”

Holes (any cause)

}

3/4” 1-1/4” 1-1/2” 1-3/4” 2” 2-1/2” 3” 3-1/2” 4”

One hole or equivalent smaller holes per 1 lin. ft.

Manufacture — Standard “F.” See para. 722.0(f). Pitch and pitch streaks — Not limited. 5-9 5-1

Pockets — Pitch or bark — Not limited. Shake — If through at ends, limited as splits. Elsewhere through shakes 1/3 the length. Skips — Hit or miss on any face, with a maximum of 10% of the pieces containing heavy skips on wide faces only. See para. 720.0(e) and (g). Slope of grain — 1 in 4. Splits — Equal in length to twice the width of the piece. Stain — Stained sapwood. Firm heart stain or firm red heart. Unsound wood — Must not destroy nailing edge. See para. 710.0(e). In spots or streaks limited to 1/3 the cross section at any point along the length. Wane — 1/3 the thickness and 1/2 the width full length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 1/2 the thickness and 3/4 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. Warp — 1/2 medium. See para. 752.0. White speck and honeycomb — Firm.

12.0 STRUCTURAL LIGHT FRAMING STRUCTURAL JOISTS AND PLANKS All Species 2” to 4” Thick 2” and Wider

12.1 Select Structural 2” to 4” thick, 2” and wider. Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: Checks — Surface seasoning checks, not limited. Through checks at ends are limited as splits. Knots — Sound, firm, encased, and pitch knots, if tight and well spaced, are permitted in sizes not to exceed the following, or equivalent displacement:

5-10

At Edge Centerline Nom. Width Wide Face Wide Face

2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14”

3/8” 3/8” 1/2” 1/2” 3/4” 7/8” 1” 1-1/2” 1-1/8” 1-7/8” 1-1/2” 2-1/4” 1-7/8” 2-5/8” 2-1/4” 3” 2-3/8” 3-1/4”

Unsound or Loose Knots & Holes (any cause)

}

3/8” 1/2” 3/4” 7/8” 1” 1-1/4” 1-1/4” 1-1/4” 1-1/4”

One hole or equivalent smaller holes per 4 lin. ft.

Manufacture — Standard “E.” See para. 722.0(e). Pitch and pitch streaks — Not limited. Pockets — Pitch or bark — Not limited. Shake — If through at ends, limited as splits. Surface shakes up to 2’ long. Skips — Hit and miss in a maximum of 10% of the pieces. See para. 720.0(f). Slope of grain — 1 in 12. Splits — Equal in length to the width of the piece. Stain — Stained sapwood. Firm heart stain or firm red heart limited to 10% of the piece. Wane — 1/4 the thickness and 1/4 the width full length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 1/2 the thickness or 1/3 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. Warp — 1/2 medium. See para. 752.0.

12.2 No. 1 2” to 4” thick, 2” and wider. Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: Checks — Surface seasoning checks, not limited. Through checks at ends are limited as splits.

5-11

Knots — Sound, firm, encased, and pitch knots, if tight and well spaced, are permitted in sizes not to exceed the following, or equivalent displacement:

At Edge Centerline Nom. Width Wide Face Wide Face

2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14”

Unsound or Loose Knots & Holes (any cause)

}

1/2” 1/2” 1/2” 3/4” 3/4” 3/4” 1” 1-1/2” 1” 1-1/4” 1-7/8” 1-1/8” 1-1/2” 2-1/4” 1-1/4” 2” 2-3/4” 1-1/2” 2-1/2” 3-1/4” 1-1/2” 3” 3-3/4” 1-1/2” 3-1/8” 4” 1-1/2”

One hole or equivalent smaller holes per 3 lin. ft.

Manufacture — Standard “E.” See para. 722.0(e). Pitch and pitch streaks — Not limited. Pockets — Pitch or bark — Not limited. Shake — If through at ends, limited as splits. Surface shakes up to 2’ long. Skips — Hit and miss in a maximum of 10% of the pieces. See para. 720.0(f). Slope of grain — 1 in 10. Splits — Equal in length to width of the piece. Stain — Stained sapwood. Firm heart stain or firm red heart. Wane — 1/4 the thickness and 1/4 the width full length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 1/2 the thickness or 1/3 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. Warp — 1/2 of medium. See para. 752.0.

12.3 NO. 2 2” to 4” thick, 2” and wider. Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: Checks — Seasoning checks not limited. Through checks at ends are limited as splits.

5-12

Knots — Well spaced knots of any quality are permitted in sizes not to exceed the following, or equivalent displacement:

At Edge Centerline Nom. Width Wide Face Wide Face

2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14”

}

Holes (any cause)

5/8” 5/8” 5/8” 7/8” 7/8” 7/8” 1-1/4” 2” 1-1/4” 1-5/8” 2-3/8” 1-3/8” 1-7/8” 2-7/8” 1-1/2” 2-1/2” 3-1/2” 2” 3-1/4” 4-1/4” 2-1/2” 3-3/4” 4-3/4” 3” 4-1/8” 5-1/4” 3-1/2”

One hole or equivalent smaller holes per 2 lin. ft.

Manufacture — Standard “F.” See para. 722.0(f). Pitch and pitch streaks — Not limited. Pockets — Pitch or bark — Not limited. Shake — If through at ends, limited as splits. Away from ends through shakes up to 2’ long, well separated. If not through, single shakes shall not exceed 3’ long or 1/4 the length, whichever is greater. Skips — Hit and miss, with a maximum of 5% of the pieces containing hit or miss or heavy skip 2’ or less in length. See para. 720.0(e), (f) and (g). Slope of grain — 1 in 8. Splits — Equal in length to 1-1/2 times the width of the piece. Stain — Stained sapwood. Firm heart stain or firm red heart. Not limited. Unsound wood — Not permitted in thicknesses over 2”. In 2” lumber, small spots or streaks of firm honeycomb or peck are limited to 1/6 the width. Any other unsound wood is limited to a spot 1/12 the width and 2” in length or equivalent smaller. Wane — 1/3 the thickness and 1/3 the width full length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 2/3 the thickness or 1/2 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. Warp — Light. See para. 752.0. White speck — Firm, 1/3 the face or equivalent. 5-13

12.4 NO. 3 2” to 4” thick, 2” and wider. Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: Checks — Seasoning checks not limited. Through checks are limited as splits. Knots — Well spaced knots of any quality are permitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement: At Edge Centerline Nom. Width Wide Face Wide Face

Holes (any cause)

}

2” 3/4” 3/4” 3/4” 3” 1-1/4” 1-1/4” 1-1/4” 4” 1-3/4” 2-1/2” 1-3/4” One hole or 5” 2-1/4” 3” 1-7/8” equivalent 6” 2-3/4” 3-3/4” 2” smaller holes 8” 3-1/2” 4-1/2” 2-1/2” per 1 lin. ft. 10” 4-1/2” 5-1/2” 3” 12” 5-1/2” 6-1/2” 3-1/2” 14” 6” 7” 4”

Manufacture — Standard “F.” See para. 722.0(f). Pitch and pitch streaks — Not limited. Pockets — Pitch or bark — Not limited. Shake — Surface shakes permitted. If through at edges or ends, limited as splits. Elsewhere through shakes 1/3 the length, scattered along the length. Skips — Hit or miss, with a maximum of 10% of the pieces containing heavy skips. See para. 720.0(e) and (g). Slope of grain — 1 in 4. Splits — Equal to 1/6 the length of the piece. Stain — Stained wood, not limited. Unsound wood — Must not destroy the nailing edge. See para. 710.0(e). Spots or streaks limited to 1/3 the cross section at any point along the length. Wane — 1/2 the thickness and 1/2 the width full length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 7/8 the thickness or 3/4 the 5-14

width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. Warp — Medium. See para. 752.0. White speck and honeycomb — Firm.

12.5 APPEARANCE All species, 2” to 4” thick, 2” and wider. The grade specifications in the National Grading Rule for Dimension Lumber are based primarily on structural performance. Lumber graded as Appearance conforms to the applicable NGR grade and additional limitations in appearance characteristics. In addition to all provisions of the applicable NGR grade, the following limiting provisions shall apply: Manufacture — Standard “E.” See para. 722.0(e). Skip — Hit and miss skips in a maximum of 10% of pieces. See para. 720.0(f). Wane — 1/4 the thickness and 1/6 the width by 1/4 the length. Omit para. 750.0. Warp — 1/2 of medium. See para. 752.0.

13.0 SPECIAL PRODUCT RULES

FOR NO. 1 PRIME AND NO. 2 PRIME DIMENSION (Adopted from SPIB) FOREWORD Manufacturers, specifiers, and users of Northeastern Lumber traditionally used the NELMA Standard Grading rules for the sale and purchase of Northeastern Lumber for general use. As new and special end-use products have been developed, these have been incorporated as supplements to the NELMA Rules or issued as a special standard for the product. These standards for nominal 2” to 4” thickness and 2” to 12” width are intended for use where appearance and strength are a consideration. .

5-15

13.1 General rules 1. In the absence of special contract, exception or specification, Northeastern lumber sold or bought under this Special Product Rule shall be subject to provisions included herein and to applicable provisions of NELMA Standard Grading Rules. Northeastern lumber conforming to this standard is eligible for grade-marking.

2. The grading of Special Dimension involves limitation of wane and other characteristics that affect appearance. Knots and other characteristics are limited to meet the published design values. Knots are measured and limited by size or equivalent displacement. Compression wood is prohibited in all grades if present in readily identifiable and damaging form based on an ordinary visual inspection.

5. [Moisture content of No. 1 Prime and No. 2 Prime of 2”, 3” and 4” nominal thickness if over 19% shall be marked S-GRN. Moisture content of 19% or less shall be marked S-DRY or KD. Moisture content of 15% or less may be marked MC-15 or KD 15.] 6. Lengths — In specifications for assorted lengths, random lengths, standard stock lengths, and for lengths unspecified or indefinite as to range or assortment, standard practice shall be to furnish a fair assortment of standard stock lengths of 10’ to 16’, 18’ or 20’ except percentages or total board-foot quantities in lengths under 10’ shall be permitted as follows: GRADE

No. 1 Prime No. 2 Prime

4’ and/or 5’

6’ and/or 7’

8’ and/or 9’

0% 0%

5% 6%

7%(1) 8%(1)

(1)

3. The rounding or easing of edges in S4S working is a requirement under this Standard unless particularly prohibited. The rounding for the 2” to 4” thickness covered by this Standard may be rounded to a radius of no more than 1/8” for 2”, 3/16” for 3”, and 1/4” for 4” thickness. Other rounding or nosed edge, when desired, must be specified. 4. Nominal and standard sizes of S4S are:

THICKNESS (Inches)

Nominal

WIDTH (Inches)

Standard ALSC Min. Dressed Nominal DRY GREEN

Standard ALSC Min. Dressed DRY GREEN

2 1-1/2 [1-9/16] 2 1-1/2 [1-9/16] 2-1/2 2 2-1/16 3 2-1/2 2-9/16 3 2-1/2 2-9/16 4 3-1/2 3-9/16 3-1/2 3 3-1/16 5 4-1/2 4-5/8 4 3-1/2 3-9/16 6 5-1/2 5-5/8 8 7-1/4 7-1/2 10 9-1/4 9-1/2 12 11-1/4 11-1/2 5-16

Any unfilled portion of 6’ and/or 7’ may be filled in 8’ and/or 9’.

13.2 No. 1 Prime Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: Checks — Surface seasoning checks not limited. Through checks at ends are limited as splits. Knots — Sound, firm, encased, and pith knots, if tight and well spaced, are permitted in sizes not to exceed the following, or equivalent displacement: Nom. Width

At Edge Wide Face

2” 1/2” 3” 3/4” 4” 1” 5” 1-1/4” 6” 1-1/2” 8” 2” 10” 2-1/2” 12” 3”

5-17

Centerline Wide Face

Unsound Knots

1/2” 3/4” 1-1/2” 1-7/8” 2-1/4” 2-3/4” 3-1/4” 3-3/4”

1/2” 3/4” 1” 1-1/8” 1-1/4” 1-1/2” 1-1/2” 1-1/2”

Manufacture — Standard “E.” Pitch and pitch streaks — Not limited. Pockets — Pitch or bark — Not limited. Shake — If through at edges or ends, limited as splits; surface shakes up to 2’ long. Skips — Light on 10% of wide face, hit and miss on edge. Slope of grain — 1 in 10. Splits — Equal in length to width of the piece. Stain — Stained sapwood; firm heart stain or firm red heart. Wane — 1/4” deep or 1/4” wide except occasional piece may have wane on one edge up to 3/8” deep by 3/8” wide for 12”. Warp — 1/2 of medium.

13.3 No. 2 Prime

Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: Checks — Seasoning checks not limited. Through checks at ends are limited as splits. Knots — Well spaced knots of any quality are permitted in the sizes not to exceed the following or equivalent displacement: Nominal Width

At Edge Centerline Holes Wide Face Wide Face (Any Cause)

2” 5/8” 5/8” 3” 7/8” 7/8” 4” 1-1/4” 2” 5” 1-5/8” 2-3/8” 6” 1-7/8” 2-7/8” 8” 2-1/2” 3-1/2” 10” 3-1/4” 4-1/4” 12” 3-3/4” 4-3/4”

1/4” 1/4” 1/4” 1/4” 1/4” 1/4” 1/4” 1/4”

}

One hole or equivalent smaller holes per 2 lin. ft.

Manufacture — Standard “E.” Pitch and pitch streaks — Not limited. Pockets — Pitch or bark — Not limited. Shake — If through at ends, limited as splits; away from ends through shakes up to 2’ long, well separated; if not through single shakes shall not 5-18

exceed 3’ long or 1/4 the length, whichever is greater. Skips — Hit and miss dressing. Slope of grain — 1 in 8. Splits — Equal in length to 1-1/2 times the width of the piece. Stain — Stained sapwood; firm heart stain or firm red heart. Not limited. Unsound wood — Not permitted in thicknesses over 2”. (In 2” lumber, small spots or streaks of firm honeycomb or peck are limited to 1/6 the width. Any other unsound wood is limited to a spot 1/12 the width and 2” in length or equivalent smaller.) Wane — 1/4” deep or 1/4” wide except occasional piece may have wane on one edge up to 3/8” deep by 3/8” wide for 12”. Warp — Light.

13.4 Design Values No. 1 Prime and No. 2 Prime shall be graded as noted earlier in this publication. The design values are as provided for No. 1 and No. 2 Dimension grades as found in the current NELMA Standard Grading Rules.

14.0 ECONOMY (NOT NGR) All Species 2” to 4” Thick 2” and Wider

Dimension lumber of this grade is not intended for use where strength and appearance are factors. Economy is suitable for bracing, crating, cribbing, blocking and other similar uses. Economy is generally shipped Mixed Species. Single species orders must specifically exclude other species.

5-19

Characteristics permitted and limiting provisions shall be: Knots — Knots of any quality and holes are permitted if their displacement does not exceed 3/4 of the cross section. Skips — Heavy skips are permitted, and in addition 20% of the pieces may be 1/4” scant full length. Splits — 1/3 the length. Unsound wood — Not to exceed 3/4 of the cross section at any point. Wane — 2/3 the thickness, 2/3 the width. Wane full width or thickness is permitted in an occasional piece; scantness must not exceed 1/4”. All characteristics which do not interfere with full length use are permitted. Pieces 9’ and shorter must be usable full length. Pieces 10' and longer may contain an undesirable characteristic requiring removal by cutting the piece into shorter sections. When the undesirable characteristic is eliminated, the waste cannot exceed 1/4 the length and not be located within 2' of either end.

15.0 DECKING (55.00 WWPA) 2” to 4” Thick 4” and Wider

SPF(s) EASTERN HEMLOCK / TAMARACK NORTHERN WHITE CEDAR EASTERN WHITE PINE There are two grades of Decking: SELECTED DECKING and COMMERCIAL DECKING. Design values for these grades are shown in the table following the grade descriptions. Both grades are selected so that the face or better side will present the qualities desired for exposed view, such as in a paneled ceiling. The side with the pattern shall be considered the face. Decking is widely used for roofing and flooring and is valued for insulating and fire resistive qualities. In the thicker sizes, 5-20

the wider spacing allowed between supporting members is especially suited for economical construction. The moisture content of Decking is limited to a maximum of 19%. Square end trim pieces are trimmed square across the face with 1/64” tolerance permitted on a 6” face. Backbeveling the ends from the face to reverse side is permitted to ensure a close fit. Decking is usually surfaced to a single T & G in 2” thickness and may be ordered with V or rounded edges, striated, grooved or in other patterns. Standard lengths are 6’ and longer in multiples of 1’. 15.1 Selected Decking (55.11 WWPA) Decking of this grade is widely used where the selected face will be used to show wood at its natural best, such as in a paneled ceiling. Characteristics and limiting provisions on the face are: Checks — Medium seasoning checks, scattered. Holes — Pin to small in size, equivalent to chipped knots. Knots — Sound and tight, on exposed face except as noted below. Knots — Well spaced, are limited to the following sizes on both wide faces:

Nominal Width

4” 5” 6” 8” 10” 12”

Face Width

Knot Size

3” 1-1/2” 4” 1-7/8” 5” 2-3/8” 6-3/4” 3-1/4” 8-3/4” 4” 10-3/4” 5”

In occasional pieces, unsound and fixed knots not exceeding 1-1/2” in diameter are permitted if not through the piece and not exceeding two knots or equivalent smaller in 12’ in length. Narrow face and spike knots are allowed when their effect is judged to be no greater than other knots allowed. 5-21

Knots may contain chipped out areas no larger than approximately 3/4” in diameter, if not through the piece and not exceeding two knots or equivalent smaller in 12’ in length. Pitch — Light pitch or equivalent very small streak. Pockets — Medium bark pockets. Very small dry pitch pockets. Slope of grain — 1 in 10. Splits — Occasional short splits. Stain — Light sap stain, medium heart stain. Tongue — 1/16” narrow in occasional pieces. Torn or raised grain — Light torn or raised grain or a spot of medium. Warp — Light as shown in para. 752.0.

Characteristics and limiting provisions on the back and unexposed edges are: Peck — Natural peck in Cedar admitted on the back and exposed edges if narrow, well scattered and not occupying more of the cross section than allowable knots. Skip — Hit and miss skips. Wane — 1/3 the width. Other characteristics not interfering with the intended use of the grade. 15.2 Commercial Decking (55.12 WWPA) Lumber of this grade is recommended and customarily used for the same purposes served by higher grade when appearance is not of primary importance. Characteristics and limiting provisions on the face are: Checks — Seasoning checks. Holes — Small knot holes. Knots — Well spaced, are limited to the following sizes on both wide faces:

Nominal Width

4” 5” 6” 8” 10” 12”

Face Width

Narrow face and spike knots are allowed when their effect is judged to be no greater than other knots allowed. Chipped knots and broken out knots, not larger than approximately 1-1/2” in diameter, are permitted if not through the piece. Pitch streaks. Pockets — Pitch or bark. Shake — Not serious. Skip — Hit and miss skips. Slope of grain — 1 in 8. Splits — Approximately 1/6 the length. Stain — Stained wood. Tongue — 1/16” narrow. Torn grain. Unsound wood — Unsound wood and peck in small spots or streaks up to 1” wide may be accepted on any face. In Cedar species only, spots or streaks may be accepted up to 1/3 the width. Wane — Approximately 1/6 the face width. Warp — 1/4” less than medium as shown in para. 752.0. White speck — Firm white specks, narrow streak.

Characteristics and limiting provisions on the back and unexposed edges are: Wane — Approximately 1/3 of face. Other characteristics not interfering with the intended use are permitted on unexposed back and edges except as noted. Any piece with an unusual combination of characteristics which seriously affects normal serviceability is excluded from the grade.

Knot Size

3” 1-3/4” 4” 2-3/8” 5” 2-7/8” 6-3/4” 3-7/8” 8-3/4” 4-7/8” 10-3/4” 6” 5-22

5-23

DECKING 2” to 4” thick, 4” to 12” wide. Design values in pounds per square inch. For flatwise only — Maximum moisture content 19%. Extreme Fiber In Bending “Fb” Repetitive Modulus Member of Species Grade Uses Elasticity “E” SPFs

Selected Commercial Eastern Hemlock/ Selected Tamarack Commercial Northern White Selected Cedar Commercial Eastern White Selected Pine Commercial

1350 1100 1700 1450 1100 950 1300 1100

1,400,000 1,200,000 1,300,000 1,100,000 800,000 700,000 1,200,000 1,100,000

See para. 31.0 to 37.0 for information. 15.3 Radius Edge Decking Grade — Red Pine (Abbreviation R.E. Decking) Red Pine decking grade is available as a dry product only (max. 19%). The rounded (eased) edge is on 1/4” radius. Thickness - Nominal 1-1/4” dressed to 1”. Widths - 4”, 5” and 6”. Dressed - 3-1/2”, 4-1/2” and 5-1/2”. Lengths - 6’ to 16’. Characteristics and limiting provisions: Knots — wide face — sound, firm, encased and pith knots, if tight and well-spaced, are permitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement: Nominal Width

Sound & Tight

4” 1-1/2” 5” 1-3/4” 6” 2-1/2”

5-24

Unsound knots, loose knots and holes are limited to 3/4”, one of maximum size or two equivalent smaller per 12’ of length. Knots measured across the width between lines enclosing the knot parallel to the edge and averaged on both faces. The sum of all knots in the same cross section shall not exceed the size or displacement of the knot specified. Checks — Medium checks permitted on face and back. If through, permitted on ends only equivalent to splits. Splits — Short, one on each end. Slope of grain — 1 in 8. Decay — None. Compression wood — Not permitted if present in readily identifiable and damaging form. Pitch — Medium. One medium streak of heavy pitch permitted for each 12’ of length. Pockets, pitch or bark — Medium, well scattered. Shake — Light shake permitted on face and back. If through, permitted on ends only equivalent to splits. Skip — Light on face for 1’ for each 12’ of length. Light on edges, medium on back limited to 1/4 the length. Stain — Medium over entire face. Wane — 1/3 the thickness, 1/3 the width for 1/4 the length on reverse face. Warp — Medium — see para. 752.0. Reverse face — Sound. Red Pine Decking design values in pounds per square inch for flatwise use only — maximum moisture 19%. Fb 1,450 psi Ft 750 psi Fv 70 psi Fc// 1000 psi F⊥ 410 psi E 1,400,000 psi To adjust these values to wet conditions of use, the following adjustment factors apply.

5-25

Fb multiply by 0.80 Ft multiply by 0.80 Fv multiply by 0.93 Fc// multiply by 0.67 F⊥ multiply by 0.67 E multiply by 0.88 These values are already adjusted for flatwise use and are not intended for edgewise use. 15.4 S PF(s) Radius Edge and Square Edge Decking (Abbreviation RE Decking, SqE Decking)

SPF(s) Decking Grade is available as a dry product only (maximum 19%). The rounded (eased) edge is on 1/4” radius. Thickness - Nominal 1-1/4” dressed to 1”. Widths - 4”, 5” and 6”. Dressed - 3-1/2”, 4-1/2” and 5-1/2”. Lengths - 6’ to 16’. Characteristics and limiting provisions: Knots — wide face — sound, firm, encased and pith knots, if tight and well-spaced, are permitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement:

Nominal Width

Sound & Tight

4” 1-1/2” 5” 1-3/4” 6” 2-1/2” Unsound knots, loose knots and holes are limited to 3/4”, one of maximum size or two equivalent smaller per 12’ of length. Knots are measured across the width between lines enclosing the knot parallel to the edge and averaged on both faces. The sum of all knots in the same cross section shall not exceed the size or displacement of the knot specified. Checks — Medium checks permitted on face and back. If through, permitted on ends only equivalent to splits. Splits — Short, one on each end. Slope of grain — 1 in 8. 5-26

Decay — None. Compression wood — Not permitted if present in readily identifiable and damaging form. Pitch — Medium. One medium streak of heavy pitch permitted for each 12’ of length. Pockets, pitch or bark — Medium, well scattered. Shake — Light shake permitted on face and back. If through, permitted on ends only equivalent to splits. Skip — Light on face for 1’ for each 12’ of length. Light on edges, medium on back limited to 1/4 the length. Stain — Medium over entire face. Wane — 1/3 the thickness, 1/3 the width for 1/4 the length on reverse face. Warp — Medium — see para. 752.0. Reverse face — Sound. SPFs Decking Radius Edge or Square Edge Design values in pounds per square inch for flatwise use only — maximum moisture 19%. Fb 1,250 psi Ft 650 psi Fv 70 psi Fc// 800 psi F⊥ 335 psi E 1,200,000 psi To adjust these values to wet conditions of use, the following adjustment factors apply. Fb multiply by 0.80 Ft multiply by 0.80 Fv multiply by 0.93 Fc// multiply by 0.67 F⊥ multiply by 0.67 E multiply by 0.88 These values are already adjusted for flatwise use and are not intended for edgewise use.

5-27

16.0 MACHINE STRESS-RATED LUMBER (WWPA 52.00) All Species 2” and Less in Thickness 2” and Wider

Machine Stress-Rated (MSR) lumber is lumber that has been evaluated by mechanical stress-rating equipment. MSR lumber is distinguished from visually stress graded lumber in that each piece is nondestructively tested and marked to indicate the modulus of elasticity (E). The stress-rating machine sorts the material into various modulus of elasticity classes. MSR lumber is also required to meet certain visual requirements as set forth herein.

STANDARD SIZES FOR MACHINE STRESS-RATED LUMBER 2” thick, 2” and wider Thicknesses Surfaced Surfaced Nominal Dry Unseasoned Inch mm(1) Inch mm(1) 2” 1-1/2” 38 1-9/16” 40 Widths 2” 1-1/2” 38 1-9/16” 40 3” 2-1/2” 64 2-9/16” 65 4” 3-1/2” 89 3-9/16” 90 5” 4-1/2” 114 4-5/8” 117 6” 5-1/2” 140 5-5/8” 143 8” and 3/4” off 19 off 1/2” off 13 off wider nominal nominal nominal nominal (1)See

para. 723.0.

Standard lengths are 6’ and longer in multiples of 1’. A grade stamp on Machine Stress-Rated lumber indicates that the stress-rating system used meets requirements of the grading agency’s certification and quality control procedures. The grade stamp will show the agency trademark, the mill name or number, will 5-28

include the phrase “Machine Rated” or “MSR,” the species identification, the (E) rating for the grade and the fiber stress in bending value (Fb). The stamp will also include the design value for tensile stress parallel to grain (Ft), and the specific gravity (SG) value when any of these properties are specifically qualified. When mechanically stress-rated lumber is visually graded for optional wane limitations as described in these rules, the grade stamp will include the mark "1W". [See Section 1 for sample grade marks for MSR Lumber.] The (E) rating is the rated modulus of elasticity for the grade in millions of pounds per square inch when measured on edge. Stress-rating machines are adjusted so that the output will average the (E) level shown on the grade stamp. (Fb) indicates the fiber stress in bending applicable to lumber loaded on edge. Fiber stress in bending design values are based on the correlation of the modulus of rupture to (E). Machine output is controlled by testing pieces and adjusting machines so that the minimum assigned fiber stress in bending value, derived from a 5% exclusion level of modulus of rupture, is met after applying the same reduction factors as are applied to visually graded lumber in accordance with ASTM D 245. Design values appearing in the table for compression parallel to grain (Fc//) and (Ft) are based on tests of Machine StressRated Lumber. (Fc⊥) and (Fv) values are the same as assigned by ASTM methods to visually graded No. 2 lumber of the appropriate species, except as noted below. To meet the structural needs for a broad range of engineered construction, the (E), (Fb) grade combinations which can be qualified are not restricted to those combinations shown in the table. For any given (Fb) value, the (E) and (Ft) value may vary depending on species, timber source and other variables. The values shown in the design value table are those usually associated with each (Fb) level. Grade stamps may show higher or lower values if qualification procedures and subsequent quality control verification indicates the assignment is appropriate. If the (Ft) value is different for the MSR grade than that shown in the table for the same (Fb) level, then the assigned (Ft) value shall be included on the stamp. The remaining three assigned design values (Fc//, Fc⊥, Fv) for a grade shall be those listed in 5-29

the table for the equivalent (Fb) level. Higher values for (Fc⊥) and (Fv) may be assigned as described below. When the specific gravity for the grade (based on oven dry weight and volume) exceeds the value for the species average shown in the table below and is controlled as part of the daily quality control program, the design values for (Fc⊥) and (Fv) may be calculated using the equations given at the end of this rule. When qualified, the specific gravity (SG) value must be included on the grade stamp. For the Spruce-Pine-Fir (South) species group, daily quality control for specific gravity is required for the 2.0E grade if the 2.0E grade is run in combination with a higher E grade(s).

Machine Stress-Related Lumber 2” and Less in Thickness 2” and Wider Design values in pounds per square inch (2) Normal Duration of Load Extreme Fiber Stress in Bending “Fb” (1) Single 2850 2700 2550 2400 2250 2100 1950 1800 1650 1500 1450 1350 1200 900

Modulus Tension Compression of Parallel Parallel Elasticity To Grain To Grain “E” “Ft” “Fc//” 2,300,000 2300 2150 2,200,000 2150 2100 2,100,000 2050 2025 2,000,000 1925 1975 1,900,000 1750 1925 1,800,000 1575 1875 1,700,000 1375 1800 1,600,000 1175 1750 1,500,000 1020 1700 1,400,000 900 1650 1,300,000 800 1625 1,300,000 750 1600 1,200,000 600 1400 1,000,000 350 1050

Horizontal Shear (Fv) for all stress levels (3) Spruce-Pine-Fir (South) = 135 Compression Perpendicular to Grain (Fc⊥)(3) Spruce-Pine-Fir (South) = 335 5-30

Specific Gravity* Spruce-Pine-Fir (South) 2.0E and higher = 0.50 1.8E to 1.9E = 0.46 1.2E to 1.7E = 0.42 *Oven dry weight and volume. (1)“Fb” design values are applicable to lumber loaded on edge. When loaded flatwise, the values may be increased by multiplying by the following factors: Nominal 3” & 10” & Width (in.) less 4” 5” 6” 8” wider Factor 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.20 (2)Design Values

for grades intermediate between grades shown in the table may be interpolated. Values interpolated shall be rounded to the nearest increment as indicated below:

Modulus of Elasticity (E) Fiber Stress in Bending (Fb) Tensile Stress Parallel to Grain (Ft) Compression Parallel to Grain (Ft//)

100,000 psi 50 psi at 1000 psi and above 25 psi below 1000 psi 25 psi 25 psi

(3)Compression

perpendicular to grain (Fc⊥) and horizontal shear (Fv) values are the same as assigned by ASTM methods to visually graded No. 2 lumber of the appropriate species unless qualified by specific gravity tests. [See Section 31.0 through 37.0 for additional information about the use of these values.]

(4)With the equations given at the end of this rule, the assigned Specific Gravity may be used to calculate higher Fv and Fc⊥ values than those listed in the tables for Horizontal Shear and Compression Perpendicular to Grain values.

When a grade is qualified by test and quality controlled for specific gravity, the horizontal shear design value may be calculated from the following formula: Fv = 40 + (266 x SG) Note: Assigned values shall be rounded to the nearest 5 psi. 5-31

When a grade is qualified by test and quality controlled for specific gravity, the compression perpendicular to grain design value may be calculated from the following formula: Fc⊥ = (2252.4 x SG) - 480 Note: Assigned values shall be rounded to the nearest 5 psi. Compression perpendicular to grain values determined from the equation above are based on a 0.04 inch deformation limit and are for standard design of most structures. Values at 0.02 inch deformation can be obtained with the following equations: Fc⊥ (0.02) = 14.6 + (0.71 x Fc⊥ 0.04) Fc⊥ (0.02) = (1605.5 x SG) - 327.5

VISUAL GRADING REQUIREMENTS (MSR) Mechanically stress-rated lumber must be well manufactured and visually graded to limit certain characteristics even though the actual strength is not affected. All pieces shall be visually graded to assure that the characteristics affecting strength are no more serious than the following limiting characteristics. Checks — Seasoning checks not limited. Through checks at ends limited as splits. Manufacture — Standard “F.” See para 722.0 (f). Shake — If through at ends limited as splits. Away from ends through shakes up to 2’ long, well separated. If not through, single shakes shall not exceed 3’ long or 1/4 the length, whichever is greater. Skips — Hit and miss, with a maximum of 5% of the pieces containing hit or miss or heavy skip 2’ or less in length. See para. 720.0 (e), (f) and (g). Slope of Grain — For stress machines not evaluating slope of grain during machine rating, slope of grain shall not exceed: Slope Fb Class 1 in 8 0 to 1450 1 in 10 1500 to 2050 1 in 12 2100 and over

5-32

Splits — Equal in length to 1-1/2 times the width of the piece. Wane — 1/3 the thickness and 1/3 the width full length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 2/3 the thickness or 1/2 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.0. Warp — Light. See para. 752.0. In addition to the visual limitations listed, knots, knot holes, burls, distorted grain or decay partially or wholly at edges of wide faces, must not occupy more of the net cross section than:

1/2 1/3 1/4 1/6

Fb Class for 0 to 900 for 950 to 1450 for 1500 to 2050 for 2100 and over

The ends of the lumber not tested by the stressrating equipment shall be limited as follows: Edge Knots — As limited above. Knots other than Edge Knots — Equal to the largest knot in the tested portion of the piece, or the edge knot in the next lower Fb class, whichever is greater. Cross Section Knots — Sizes or displacement of all knots in the same cross section shall not exceed the size of the permitted largest knot, as described above. Slope of Grain — General slope of grain shall not exceed: Slope Fb Class 1 in 8 0 to 1450 1 in 10 1500 to 2050 1 in 12 2100 and over Other strength-reducing characteristics, such as knot holes, burls, distorted grain or decay, shall be considered the same as knots.

5-33

Optional 1W Wane Limitations Wane - 1/4 the thickness and 1/4 the width full length, or equivalent on each face, provided that wane not exceed 1/2 the thickness or 1/3 the width for up to 1/4 the length. See para. 750.00.

17.0 STRESS RATED BOARDS

REINSPECTION Any complaint on Machine Stress-Rated lumber involving visual grade, species, size, moisture, tally or assigned values shall be governed by applicable provisions of para. 5.0 of the Standard Grading Rules for Northeastern Lumber of the Northeastern Lumber Manufacturing Association in effect on the date of purchase of the product in dispute. In the case of disputes over conformance to assigned values, a sample of 80 pieces of the item complained of shall be selected by a NELMA Lumber Inspector. The sample pieces shall be tested on edge by NELMA, or by an agency chosen by NELMA, to determine conformance with assigned (E) values. An item shall be considered to be in conformance if (1) the mean (average E) value of the sample equals or exceeds 0.97 times the assigned grade (E) value, and (2) no more than six pieces are less than 0.82 times the assigned grade (E) value. When tests indicate an item is in nonconformance, all reinspection and testing costs shall be borne by the seller and the entire item shall be the property of the seller. When tests indicate an item is in conformance, all reinspection and testing costs shall be borne by the buyer and the entire item shall be accepted as invoiced. If more than one item is complained of, the reinspection and testing costs shall be prorated between buyer and seller, for that portion of the shipment upon which the complaint was registered, based on the ratio of the invoiced footage of the items found not in conformance to that found in conformance.

Stress rated boards are graded under the provisions of Structural Light Framing and Structural Joists and Planks (para. 12.0-12.3). The recommended design values shown in Tables 1 and 2 in Section 8 apply to stress rated boards. When stress rated boards are grade stamped, the grade name or number shown for the dimension grades will be shown on grade stamps along with “SRB” designating “Stress Rated Boards.”

5-34

5-35

All Species 1”, 1-1/4”, 1-1/2” Thick 2” and Wider 6 ‘ to 16’ in Length

TIMBERS — BEAMS & STRINGERS, POSTS & TIMBERS

6-1

TIMBERS

ASPEN SPRUCE—PINE—FIR(s) EASTERN SPRUCE *RED MAPLE EASTERN HEMLOCK— *MIXED MAPLE TAMARACK *BEECH—BIRCH— BALSAM FIR HICKORY NORTHERN WHITE CEDAR *MIXED OAK NORTHERN PINE *RED OAK EASTERN WHITE PINE *NORTHERN RED OAK EASTERN SOFTWOODS *WHITE OAK * For these species groupings, the grade description presented in para. 25.1, 25.2, 25.3, 26.1, 26.2 and 26.3 apply with the following addition. [Unsound knots up to 1/2 the size of allowable sound knot sizes are allowed provided the unsoundness does not penetrate more than 1-1/2” into the member and any associated decay is limited to the knot itself and is not present in any of the wood surrounding the knot.]

25.0 BEAMS AND STRINGERS (70.00 WWPA) 5” and Thicker Width More Than 2” Greater Than Thickness

Grades of Beams and Stringers are designed for construction uses where material larger than Joists and Planks is required. The various grades are used in all types of building — home, industrial, farm and in special engineered construction such as bridges, auditoriums, stadiums and the like. Some grades are selected for appearance and strength. Other grades are designed for serviceability with strength and appearance qualities available in graduated increments to provide reliable and economical construction. [There are three grade choices: SELECT STRUCTURAL , NO. 1 and NO. 2 with assigned design values as shown in Table 3, Section 8. Refer to para. 25.4 for adjustment factors.] All are graded full length. Knots appearing on narrow faces are limited to the same displacement as knots specified at the edges of wide faces. 6-2

6-3

STANDARD SIZES FOR BEAMS AND STRINGERS Thicknesses and Widths Nominal

Surfaced Dry

Surfaced Unseasoned

Slope of Grain — 1 in 14 Splits — Splits equal in length to 1/2 the width of the piece or equivalent of end checks. Stain — Stained sapwood. Firm heart stain, 10% of width or equivalent. Torn Grain — Heavy. Wane — 1/8 of any face, or equivalent slightly more for a short distance.

5"&6" 1/2"off 1/2"off 7"-15" 3/4"off 1/2" off 16" and larger 1"off nominal 1/2" off nominal

Standard lengths are 6’ and longer in multiples of 1’.

25.2 No. 1 (70.11 WWPA)

25.1 Select Structural (70.10 WWPA) Select Structural Beams and Stringers are graded primarily for strength properties, but most pieces of this grade are suitable for exposed uses where both strength and good appearance are desired.

Characteristics and limiting provisions are: Checks – Seasoning checks, single or opposite each other with a sum total equal to 1/4 the thickness. Knots – Sound, tight and well-spaced, are permitted in sizes not to exceed the following or equivalent displacement:

Nominal Width

8” 10" 12" 14" 16" 18" 20" 22" 24"

At Edge Wide Face

1-7/8” 2" 2-1/8" 2-3/8" 2-1/2" 2-3/4" 2-7/8" 3" 3-1/8"

Centerline Wide Faces

2" 2-5/8" 3-1/8" 3-3/8" 3-5/8" 3-5/8" 3-7/8" 4" 4-1/4"

The size of knots on wide faces may be increased proportionately from the size permitted at the edge to the size permitted at the centerline. Pin Holes — Limited. Pitch Streaks. Pockets — Medium pitch pockets. Shake — 1/6 the thickness on end. Skips — Occasional skips 1/16” deep, 2’ in length. 6-4 6-1

No. 1 Beams and Stringers, like the Select Structural grade, consists of many pieces of fine appearance suitable for exposed uses. The strength qualities of this grade make it desirable for use in almost all classes of heavy construction. Characteristics and limiting provisions are: Checks – Seasoning checks, single or opposite each other with a sum total equal to 1/4 the thickness. Holes – In Cedar species, holes from any cause 1/2 the size of allowable knots are permitted. Knots – Sound, tight and well-spaced, are permitted in sizes not to exceed the following or equivalent displacement:

Nominal Width

8” 10" 12" 14" 16" 18" 20" 22" 24"

At Edge Wide Face

2-5/8” 2-7/8" 3-1/4" 3-1/2" 3-3/4" 3-7/8" 4-1/8" 4-3/8" 4-1/2"

6-5 6-1

Centerline Wide Faces

3" 3-3/4" 4-1/2" 5" 5-1/4" 5-5/8" 5-7/8" 6-1/4" 6-1/2"

The size of knots on wide faces may increase proportionately from the size permitted at the edge to the size permitted at the centerline. Pin Holes — Limited. Pitch Streaks. Pockets — Pitch pockets. Shake – 1/6 the thickness on end. Skip – Occasional skips 1/8" deep, 2' in length. Slope of Grain – 1 in 10. Splits – Equal in length to the width of the piece or equivalent of end checks. Stain – Stained sapwood. Firm stained heartwood. Torn Grain—Heavy. Wane – 1/4 of any face, or equivalent slightly more for a short distance. 25.3 No. 2 (70.12 WWPA)

No. 2 Beams and Stringers are used in all general construction. The grade is designed for the many uses where higher strength properties are not needed and where serviceability is important. Characteristics and limiting provisions are: Checks – Seasoning checks. Knots – Sound, not firmly fixed or holes, well spaced, are permitted in sizes not to exceed the following or equivalent displacement:

Nominal Width

8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 22” 24”

Anywhere on Wide Face

4-1/2” 5-5/8” 6-7/8” 7-1/2” 8-1/8” 8-5/8” 9-1/8” 9-1/2” 10”

6-6 6-1

Unsound knots are limited to 1/2 the size of other knots. The size of knots on wide faces may be increased proportionately from the size permitted at the edge to the size permitted at the centerline. Pitch Streaks. Pockets – Pitch or bark pockets. Shake – 1/2 length, 1/2 thickness. If through at ends, limited as splits. Skips – 1/8" deep, 2' in length, or 1/16" skip full length. Slope of Grain – 1 in 6. Splits – Medium or equivalent end checks. Stain – Stained wood. Torn Grain. Unsound Wood – Small spots of unsound wood, well scattered, 1/6 the face width. Wane – 1/3 of any face, or equivalent slightly more for a short distance. White Specks – Firm, 1/3 width, or equivalent. 25.4 Design Values — Adjustment Factors In structural design for loads applied on the wide face, the fiber stress in bending and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) values in Table 3, Section 8 should be multiplied by the factors shown in the following table. Adjustment Factors* for Beams and Stringers Subjected to Loads Applied on the Wide Face Extreme Fiber Stress in Bending Grade “Fb” Select Structural 0.86 No. 1 0.74 No. 2 1.00

Modulus of Elasticity "E" 1.00 0.90 1.00

Other Properties 1.00 1.00 1.00

* Posts and Timbers graded to para. 25.1, 25.2 and 25.3 may use the design values in Table 3, Section 8 without the above flat use adjustment factors. 6-7 6-1

26.0 POSTS AND TIMBERS -

(WWPA 80.00) 5” X 5” and Larger Width Not More Than 2” Greater Than Thickness

Grades of Posts and Timbers are designed for construction uses where material larger than Joists, Planks and Studs is required. The various grades are used in all types of building – home, industrial, farm and special engineered construction, such as bridges, auditoriums, stadiums, and the like. Some grades are selected for appearance and strength. Other grades are designed for serviceability with strength and appearance qualities available in graduated increments to provide reliable, but economical construction. [There are three grade choices: SELECT STRUCTURAL, NO. 1 and NO. 2.] All are graded full length. Except as provided in the grade descriptions, knots appearing on narrow faces are limited to the same displacement as knots specified for the wide face. The Select Structural, No. 1 and No. 2 grades are assigned design values as shown in Table 4. These grades are designed to provide high compression values. STANDARD SIZES FOR POSTS AND TIMBERS Thicknesses and Widths Nominal

5"&6" 7"-15" 16" and larger

Surfaced Dry

Surfaced Unseasoned

1/2"off 3/4"off 1"off nominal

1/2"off 1/2" off 1/2" off nominal

Standard lengths are 6’ and longer in multiples of 1’. 26.1 Select Structural (80.10 WWPA) Select Structural Posts and Timbers are graded primarily for strength properties, but most pieces of this grade are suitable for exposed uses where both strength and good appearance are desired. 6-8 6-1

Characteristics and limiting provisions are: Checks – Seasoning checks, single or opposite each other with a sum total equal to 1/2 the thickness of the piece. Knots – Sound, tight and well spaced. Knot size limitations are permitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement:

Wide Face Width

Anywhere on Wide Face

5” 1” 6” 1-1/4” 8” 1-5/8” 10” 2” 12” 2-3/8” 14” 2-1/2” 16” 2-3/4” 18” 3” Pin Holes – Limited. Pitch Streaks. Pockets – Medium pitch pockets. Shake – 1/3 the thickness on end. Skip – Occasional skips 1/16" deep, 2' in length. Slope of Grain – 1 in 12. Splits – Splits equal in length to 3/4 the thickness of the piece or equivalent of end checks. Stain – Stained sapwood. Firm heart stain, 10% of width or equivalent. Torn Grain – Heavy. Wane – 1/8 of any face, or equivalent slightly more for a short distance. 26.2 No. 1 (80.11 WWPA) No. 1 Posts and Timbers, like the Select Structural grade, consist of many pieces of fine appearance suitable for exposed uses. The strength qualities of this grade make it desirable for use in almost all classes of heavy construction. Characteristics and limiting provisions are: Checks – Seasoning checks, single or opposite each other with a sum total equal to 1/2 the thickness. 6-9 6-1

Holes – In Cedar species, holes from any cause 1/2 the allowable knot size are permitted. Knots – Sound, tight and well spaced. Knot size limitations are permitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement:

Wide Face Width

Anywhere on Wide Face

5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18”

1-1/2” 1-7/8” 2-1/2” 3-1/8” 3-3/4” 4” 4-1/4” 4-1/2”

Pin Holes — Limited. Pitch Streaks. Pockets — Pitch pockets. Shake — 1/3 the thickness on end. Skips — Occasional skips 1/8” deep, 2’ in length. Slope of Grain – 1 in 10. Split – Splits equal in length to width of the piece or equivalent of end checks. Stain – Stained sapwood. Firm stained heartwood. Torn Grain – Heavy. Wane – 1/4 of any face or equivalent slightly more for a short distance. 26.3 No. 2 (80.12 WWPA)

Wide Face Width

Anywhere on Wide Face

5” 2-1/2” 6” 3” 8” 3-3/4” 10” 5” 12” 6” 14” 6-1/2” 16” 7” 18” 7-1/2”

Unsound knots are limited to 1/2 the size of other knots. Pitch Streaks. Pockets – Pitch or bark pockets. Shake – 1/2 length, 1/2 thickness. If through at ends, limited as splits. Skips – 1/8" deep, 2' in length, or 1/16" skip full length. Slope of Grain – 1 in 6. Splits – Medium or equivalent end checks. Stain – Stained wood. Torn Grain. Unsound Wood – Small spots of unsound wood, well scattered, 1/6 the face width. Wane – 1/3 of any face, or equivalent slightly more for a short distance. White Speck – Firm white specks, 1/3 width or equivalent.

27.0 PROFILE BEAMS AND STRINGERS 5” and Thicker

No. 2 Posts and Timbers are used in all general construction. The grade is designed for the many uses where heavy material is needed and where serviceability is important. Characteristics and limiting provisions are: Checks – Seasoning checks. Knots – Sound, not firmly fixed, or holes, well spaced. Knot size limitations are permitted in the following sizes or their equivalent displacement: 6-10

Width more than 2” greater than thickness excluding profile (measurement is of width excluding profile; profile may be one or both edges). There is no limitation as to style of profile except it must be convex, not concave. Grades of Profile Beams and Stringers are designed for construction uses in log type structures where a log cabin or rustic effect is desired outside or inside. 6-11

There are three grade choices: SELECT STRUCTURAL, No. 1 and No. 2. Grades are assigned design values as shown in Table 3, Section 8. STANDARD SIZES FOR PROFILE BEAMS AND STRINGERS Thicknesses and Widths (Excluding Profile) Nominal

Surfaced Dry

Surfaced Unseasoned

5"&6" 1/2"off 1/2"off 7"-15" 3/4"off 1/2" off 16" and larger 1"off nominal 1/2" off nominal Standard lengths are 6’ and longer in multiples of 1’.

27.1 SELECT STRUCTURAL Select Structural Profile Beams and Stringers are graded primarily for strength properties, also most pieces of this grade are suitable for exposed uses where both strength and good appearance are desired. Characteristics and limiting provisions are the same as those for Select Structural Beams and Stringers. See para. 25.1. 27.2 No. 1 No. 1 Profile Beams and Stringers like the Select Structural grade consists of many pieces of fine appearance suitable for exposed uses. The strength qualities of this grade make it especially desirable where headers and spans are needed with a profile. Characteristics and limiting provisions are the same as those for No. 1 Beams and Stringers. See para. 25.2. 27.3 No. 2

28.0 PROFILE POSTS AND TIMBERS 5” x 5” and Larger

Width not more than 2” greater than thickness excluding profile (measurement is of width excluding profile: profile may be on one or both edges). There is no limitation as to the style of profile except it must be convex not concave. Grades of Profile Posts and Timbers are designed for construction used in log type structures where a log cabin or rustic effect is desired outside or inside. There are three grade choices: SELECT STRUCTURAL, No. 1 and No. 2 grades that are assigned design values as shown in Table 4, Section 8. These grades are designed to provide high compression values. If the higher fiber stress in bending values applicable to Profile Beams and Stringers are desired, the SELECT STRUCTURAL, No. 1 and No. 2 grades may be graded under para. 25.1, 25.2 and 25.3 if all faces are considered narrow faces. If so graded and grade stamped, the grade stamp must show the appropriate para. number (25.1, 25.2 or 25.3). STANDARD SIZES FOR PROFILE POSTS AND TIMBERS Thicknesses and Widths (Excluding Profile) Nominal

Surfaced Dry

Surfaced Unseasoned

5"&6" 1/2"off 1/2"off 7"-15" 3/4"off 1/2" off 16" and larger 1"off nominal 1/2" off nominal Standard lengths are 6’ and longer in multiples of 1’.

No. 2 Profile Beams and Stringers may be used in areas where higher strength properties are not needed where serviceability and a rustic look are important. Characteristics and limiting provisions are the same as those for No. 2 Beams and Stringers. See para. 25.3.

28.1 SELECT STRUCTURAL Select Structural Profile Posts and Timbers are graded primarily for strength properties, but most pieces of this grade are suitable for exposed uses where both strength and good appearance are desired. Characteristics and limiting provisions are the same as those for Select Structural Posts and Timbers, para. 26.1.

6-12

6-13

28.2 No. 1 No. 1 Profile Posts and Timbers like the Select Structural, consist of many pieces of fine appearance suitable for exposed uses. The strength qualities of this grade make it especially desirable where weight bearing members with a profile are desired. Characteristics and limiting provisions are the same as those for No. 1 Posts and Timbers, para. 26.2. 28.3 No. 2 No. 2 Profile Posts and Timbers are used in all general construction areas where heavy material is needed with a rustic effect. Characteristics and limiting provisions are the same as those for No. 2 Posts and Timbers, para. 26.3.

6-14

DESIGN VALUES

7-1

30.0 INFORMATION The following paragraphs, 31.0 to 37.0, have been adopted from WWPA. Minor modifications were made to make these paragraphs apply to the Northeast. This information is intended to assist in the proper utilization of lumber.

31.0 Lumber Design Values (WWPA 100.00) The design values listed in these rules are for lumber of species manufactured and shipped by mills in the nine northeastern states. Except as otherwise noted, the values are computed in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards based upon clear wood tests or an ASTM standard based upon tests of full size pieces of specific grades. The applicable standards are ASTM D2555, D245, and D1990, published by the ASTM. Both the clear wood tests and the full size tests were performed in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.

The ASTM methods result in stiffness values that are expected to be an average for the grades listed. Test results for other properties are statistically evaluated by ASTM standards so that the strength levels listed herein are expected to be exceeded by 95% of the pieces in the various grades and sizes. The strength levels are also listed in the “National Design Specification for Wood Construction,” published by the American Forest and Paper Association, 1111 19th Street N.W., Suite 800, Washington, D.C. 20036. Standard ASTM reductions have been made to values to account for safety and duration of load. Strength Properties Lumber strength values are assigned to five basic properties: fiber stress in bending (Fb), tension parallel to grain (Ft), horizontal shear (Fv), compression parallel to grain (Fc//), and compression perpendicular to grain (Fc⊥). 7-2

7-3

Fiber stress in bending values are calculated for pieces loaded on either the narrow face or on the wide face with the following exceptions:

1. Bending stress calculations for Beams and Stringers are for pieces loaded on the narrow face. 2. Bending stress calculations for Decking are for pieces loaded on the wide face. Bending stresses for Decking less than 4" in thickness and for Stress Rated Boards and Dimension when used flatwise may be adjusted in accordance with ASTM standards as shown in para. 34.0. Fiber stress in bending (Fb) values for the various grade classifications of Machine StressRated lumber are based on the correlation of the modulus of rupture (MOR) to (E). Machine output is controlled by testing pieces and adjusting the machines so that the minimum assigned Fb value (derived from a 5% exclusion level of MOR) is met after applying the same reduction factors for safety and duration of load as are applied to visually stress graded lumber in accordance with ASTM D245. Compression perpendicular to grain (Fcâ&#x160;Ľ) and horizontal shear (Fv) values are assigned as a function of the species clear wood values in accordance with ASTM D245. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY The modulus of elasticity (E) is a ratio of the amount a material will deflect in proportion to an applied load. It is a measure of stiffness and not a strength property. It is not related to safety except in column designs where (E) values are reduced nearly three times. The tabulated (E) values are average values and individual pieces having values both above and below the listed average occur in all lumber grades. For all normal construction, use of average (E) values provides 7-4 7-1

a conservative prediction of deflections which occur in wall, floor and roof assemblies. Tests by government, university and private research organizations show that deflections occurring when loads are applied are less than predicted with use of average (E) values. Modulus of Elasticity for Machine Stress-Rated Lumber The (E) value for Machine Stress-Rated (MSR) lumber is determined by nondestructively testing individual pieces. The (E) values shown herein and on grade stamps are average values. Machines are adjusted so that the entire output of the machines at any indicated (E) level will average to the (E) value shown on the stamp.

32.0 SINGLE MEMBER DESIGN VALUES (WWPA 110.00) The bending (Fb), tension (Ft), compression parallel to grain (Fc//) and modulus of elasticity (E) design values shown in Tables 1 and 2 in Section 8 have been calculated in accordance with ASTM Standard D1990. The remaining design values in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 in section 8 and para. 15.0 have been calculated in accordance with ASTMâ&#x20AC;&#x2C6;Standards D2555 and D245. Adjustment factors shown in para. 34.0 through 36.0 are also derived from ASTM Standards. By the use of ASTM standards, it is assumed that 95% of the pieces of lumber in each grade should possess the bending strength values tabulated for the grade times a factor of 2.1. These design values are intended for use with existing design methods. Users or specifiers who have need for more technically precise values for any particular single member design may specify Machine Stress-Rated lumber. See para. 16.0.

7-5 7-1

33.0 REPETITIVE MEMBER DESIGN VALUES (WWPA 120.00)

In many structures where 2” and 4” thick lumber is used, the pieces are used repetitively. Joists, studs and rafters are examples of uses where a number of pieces side by side share the load and the strength of the entire assembly is enhanced. This is called repetitive member use. Where three or more members are adjacent or are not more than 24” apart and are joined by floor, roof or other load distributing elements, the bending values (Fb) listed in Table 1 and 2, Section 8 may be increased 15% to adjust for the load sharing influence in design. Tests have confirmed that structures designed with repetitive member values sustain loads substantially greater than required by design criteria.

34.0 EFFECT OF DEPTH ON DESIGN VALUES (WWPA 130.00) ASTM standards provide means to adjust fiber stress in bending values depending on lumber sizes and how a piece of lumber is used (on edge or flatwise). For Stress-Rated Boards and Dimension 2” to 4” in thickness when used flatwise, the design values for fiber stress in bending shown in Tables 1 and 2, Section 8 may be multiplied by the factors shown in the following table: ADJUSTMENT FACTORS FOR DIMENSION LUMBER USED FLAT

Nominal Thickness

Nominal Width

3” & Less

4”

2” & 3” 4” 5” 6” & 8” 10” & Wider

1.00 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.20

— 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.10

7-6 7-1

Decking bending design values may be adjusted for thickness as shown in the following table because bending values shown in para. 15.0, 15.1 and 15.2 are based on a 4” thick member loaded flatwise. ADJUSTMENT FACTORS FOR DEPTH EFFECT for all Widths of Decking Nominal Thickness

2” 3” 4” 1.10 1.04 1.00 [See adjustment factors for beams and stringers in para. 25.4.]

35.0 EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON DESIGN VALUES (WWPA 140.00) The design values shown in Tables 1 through 4, Section 8 are calculated for lumber that will be used under dry conditions such as in most covered structures.The section properties of lumber for use in design should be based on the surfaced sizes shown in these rules. For 2” to 4” thick lumber the DRY surfaced size should be used. In calculating design values, the natural gain in strength and stiffness that occurs as lumber dries has been taken into consideration as well as the reduction in size that occurs when unseasoned lumber shrinks. For 5” and thicker lumber, the surfaced sizes also may be used because design values have been adjusted to compensate for any loss in size by shrinkage which may occur. Machine Stress-Rated lumber may be produced in either the seasoned or unseasoned condition. However, design values for Machine Stress-Rated lumber are based on DRY surfaced sizes and a condition of use where moisture content will not exceed 19%. There are two situations where the tabulated design values should be adjusted: 7-7 7-1

1. Adjustment Factors for Nominal 2” to 4” Thick Lumber

36.0 NOTES ON HORIZONTAL SHEAR (Fv) (WWPA 150.00)

When 2” to 4” thick lumber is designed for exposed uses where the moisture content will exceed 19% for an extended period of time, the design values shown in Table 1 and 2, Section 8 as well as tables shown in para. 15.0 and 16.0 should be multiplied by the following adjustment factors: (Note that these factors apply to value for Dry lumber.)

All horizontal shear values are assigned in accordance with ASTM Standards. A reduction is made to compensate for any degree of shake, check, or split that might develop in a piece.

Extreme Tension Compression Compression Modulus Fiber Stress Parallel Horizontal Perpendicular Parallel of in Bending to Grain

Shear

“Fb” “Ft” “Fv” 0.85* 1.00 0.97

to Grain

“Fc⊥” 0.67

“Fc//” “E” 0.80** 0.90

Elasticity

* Where the size-adjusted single member bending value does not exceed 1150 psi a factor of 1.0 may be used. ** Where the size-adjusted compression parallel to grain value does not exceed 750 psi a factor of 1.0 may be used. 2. Adjustment Factors for 5” and Thicker Lumber

When lumber 5” and thicker is designed for exposed uses where the moisture content will exceed 19% for an extended period of time, the design values shown in Table 3 and 4, Section 8 should be multiplied by the following adjustment factors:

Extreme Tension Fiber Stress Parallel

in Bending to Grain

Compression Compression Modulus Horizontal Perpendicular Parallel of Shear

“Fb” “Ft” “Fv” 1.00 1.00 1.00

to Grain

“Fc⊥” 0.67

“Fc//” 0.91

Elasticity

“E” 1.00

37.0 Notes on Compression Perpendicular to Grain (Fc⊥) (WWPA 151.00) Design values for compression perpendicular to grain (Fc⊥) are established in accordance with the procedures set forth in ASTM Standards D2555 and D245. ASTM procedures consider deformation under bearing loads as a serviceability limit state comparable to bending deflection because bearing loads rarely cause structural failures. Therefore, ASTM procedures for determining compression perpendicular to grain values are based on a deformation of 0.04” and are considered adequate for most classes of structures. Where more stringent measures need be taken in design, the following formula permits the designer to adjust design values to a more conservative deformation basis of 0.02”. Y02 = 0.73Y04 + 5.60 EXAMPLE: SPFs Y04 = 335 Y02 = 0.73(335) + 5.60 = 250Psi

38.0 EFFECT OF HOLES ON DESIGN VALUES (WWPA 160.00) Many grades permit not firmly fixed knots or knot-holes. Holes and knots not firmly fixed do not reduce strength more than intergrown knots so no

7-8 7-1

7-9 7-1

distinction need be made between knots and holes. For the sake of appearance, holes in certain grades are frequently restricted more severely than knots.

39.0 LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) (WWPA 180.00) The design values shown in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4, (Section 8) as well as the design values for Machine Stress-Rated Lumber (para. 16.0) and Decking, (para. 15.2, 15.3, and 15.4) are for use with Allowable Stress Design (ASD). Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) is an alternative engineering method. The design values for LRFD, called reference resistance values, can be computed by multiplying the ASD design values by the conversion factors shown in the following table: Conversion Factors for LRFD Use*

Extreme Compres- Compres- Fiber Tension sion Per- sion Modulus Stress in Parallel Horizontal pendicular Parallel of Bending to Grain Shear to Grain to Grain Elasticity “Fb” “Ft” “Fv” “Fc “ “Fc//” “E” 2.54

2.70

2.88

2.08

2.40

1.00

*These factors have been established in accordance with the procedures set forth in ASTM Standard D5457.

7-10

DESIGN VALUE TABLES

8-1

BASE VALUE EQUATIONS*

REPETITIVE MEMBER FACTOR (Cr)

BASE VALUE EQUATIONS

Apply to Size-adjusted Fb

Apply to Dimension Lumber Base Values Size Routine Base x Adjustment x Adjustment x Special Use Factors = Design Value Factor Factors Value Fb x CF x CD x Cr x CM x CR x C1 x Cfu = F’b Ft x CF x CD x CM x CR x C1 = F’t Fv x CD x Cv x CM x CR x C1 = F’v Fc⊥ x CM x CR x C1 = F’c⊥ Fc// x CF x CD x CM x CR x C1 = F’c// E x CM x CR x C1 = E’

For FC⊥ value of 0.02* deformation basis, see Table F. Note: CF = Size Factor CM = Wet Use Factor Cr = Repetitive Member CR = Fire Retardant Factor, Factor refer to the National Design Cv = Horizontal Shear Specification Ct = Temperature Factor, refer CD = Duration of Load Cfu = Flat Use Factor to the National Design Specification * These equations are for the use of the Adjustment Factors A through G. Adjustment Factor Tables A through G are for use with the Base Values in Tables 1 and 2.

DIMENSION LUMBER ADJUSTMENT FACTORS SIZE FACTORS (CF)

TABLE A

Apply to Dimension Lumber Base Values

Fb Grades Nominal 2”& 3” 4” thick Ft Fc// Other Width thick nominal Properties (depth) nominal Select Structural, No. 1, No. 2 & No. 3 Construction & Standard Utility Stud

4” & less 5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” & wider 4” & less

1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0

1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0

1.5 1.15 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.05 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0

2” & 3” 4” 4” & less 5” & 6” 8” & wider

0.4 1.0 1.1 1.0

— 1.0 1.1 1.0

0.4 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.05 1.0 1.0

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 use No. 3 grade Base Values and Size Factors

8-2

TABLE B

Where 2” to 4” thick lumber is used Repetitive repetitively, such as for joists, studs, member use rafters and decking, the pieces side by side share the load and the strength of th entire assembly is enhanced. Therefore, where three Fb x 1.15 or more members are adjacent or are not more than 24” apart and are joined by floor, roof or other load distributing elements, the Fb value can be increased 1.15 for repetitive member use. DURATION OF LOAD ADJUSTMENT (CD)

TABLE C

Apply to Size-adjusted Values

Wood has the property of carrying substantially greater maximum loads for short durations than for long durations of loading. Tabulated design values apply to normal load duration. (Factors do not apply to MOE or Fc⊥). LOAD DURATION

FACTOR

Permanent 0.9 Ten Years (Normal Load) 1.0 Two Months (Snow Load) 1.15 Seven Day 1.25 One Day 1.33 Ten Minutes (Wind and Earthquake Loads) 1.6 Impact 2.0 Conform load requirements with local codes. Refer to Model Building Codes or the National Design Specification for high-temperature or fire-retardant treated adjustment factors.

10-1 8-3

HORIZONTAL SHEAR ADJUSTMENT (Cv)

TABLE D

Horizontal shear values published in Table 1 and 2 are based upon the maximum degree of shake, check or split that might develop in a piece. When the actual size of these characteristics is known, the following adjustments may be taken. 3” and THICKER LUMBER Horizontal shear values for 3” and thicker lumber also are established as if a piece were split full length. When specific lengths of splits are known and any increase in them is not anticipated, the following adjustments may be applied:

When length of Multiply When length of split on Tabulated split on wide face is: Fv value by: wide face is: No split 2.00 /2 x wide face 1 1.67 3/4 x wide face 1.50 1 x wide face 1.00 or more

No split 1/2 x narrow face 1 x narrow face 11/2 x narrow or more

FLAT USE FACTORS (Cfu) Apply to Size-adjusted Fb

NOMINAL WIDTH

2” & 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 10” & wider

TABLE F

for Deformation Basis of 0.02” Apply to Fc⊥ Values

Apply to Fv Values

2” THICK LUMBER For convenience, the tables below may be used to determine horizontal shear values for any grade of 2” thick lumber in any species when the length of split or check is known:

ADJUSTMENTS FOR COMPRESSION PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN (Cc⊥)

Multiply Tabulated Fv value by: 2.00 1.67 1.33 1.00

TABLE E

NOMINAL THICKNESS 2” & 3” 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.20

10-1 8-4

4” – 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.10

Design values for compression perpendicular to grain (Fc⊥) are established in accordance with the procedures set forth in ASTM Standards D2555 and D245. ASTM procedures consider deformation under bearing loads as a serviceability limit state comparable to bending deflection because bearing loads rarely cause structural failures. Therefore, ASTM procedures for determining compression perpendicular to grain values are based on a deformation of 0.04” and are considered adequate for most classes of structures. Where most stringent measures need to be taken in design, the following formula permits the designer to adjust design values to a more conservative deformation basis of 0.02”.

Y02 = 0.73 Y04 + 5.60 EXAMPLE: SPFs Y04 = 335 Y02 = 0.73 (335) + 5.60 = 250 Psi WET USE FACTORS (CM) Apply to Size-adjusted Values

TABLE G

The recommended design values shown in the accompanying tables are for applications where the moisture content of the wood does not exceed 19%. For use conditions where the moisture content of dimension lumber will exceed 19%, the Wet Use Adjustment Factors below are recommended: PROPERTY Fb Ft Fc// Fv Fc⊥ E

ADJUSTMENT FACTOR

Extreme Fiber Stress in Bending Tension Parallel to Grain Compression Parallel to Grain Horizontal Shear Compression Perpendicular to Grain Modulus of Elasticity

0.85* 1.0* 0.8** 0.97 0.67 0.9

* Fiber Stress in Bending Wet Use Factor 1.0 for sizeadjusted Fb not exceeding 1150 psi. ** Compression Parallel to Grain in Wet Use Factor 1.0 for size-adjusted Fc not exceeding 750 psi.

10-1 8-5

10-1 8-6

1250 775 575 350 675 375 175 450

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud

EASTERN WHITE PINE NORTHERN WHITE CEDAR

775 575 550 325 625 350 175 425

1300 875 775 450 875 500 225 600

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud

SPF(s)** (Eastern Spruce Red Pine Jack Pine Balsam Fir)

450 120 370 750 800,000 325 120 370 600 700,000 325 120 370 475 700,000 175 120 370 275 600,000 375 120 370 625 700,000 200 120 370 475 600,000 100 120 370 325 600,000 250 120 370 300 600,000

575 135 350 1200 1,200,000 350 135 350 1000 1,100,000 275 135 350 825 1,100,000 150 135 350 475 900,000 300 135 350 1050 1,000,000 175 135 350 850 900,000 75 135 350 550 800,000 200 135 350 525 900,000

575 135 335 1200 1,300,000 400 135 335 1050 1,200,000 350 135 335 1000 1,100,000 200 135 335 575 1,000,000 400 135 335 1200 1,000,000 225 135 335 1000 900,000 100 135 335 675 900,000 275 135 335 625 1,000,000

Tension Hori- Compression Parallel zontal Perpen- Parallel Modulus to Grain Shear dicular to Grain Elasticity “Ft” “Fv” “Fc⊥” “Fc//” “E”

Also Stress Rated Boards, See para. 17.0

DIMENSION LUMBER BASE VALUES — SOFTWOODS 2” to 4” thick by 2” and WIDER USE WITH ADJUSTMENT TABLES A THROUGH G Design Values in Pounds Per Square Inch

Extreme Fiber Stress Species in Bending “Fb” or Group Grade Single Members

Grades Described in para. 10.0-12.4

TABLE 1

10-1 8-7

10-1 8-8 10-1 8-9

1250 775 575 350 675 375 175 450 1250 775 575 350 675 375 175 450

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud

E. HEMLOCK - BALSAM FIR - TAMARACK EASTERN*** SOFTWOODS

575 140 335 1200 1,200,000 350 140 335 1000 1,100,000 275 140 335 825 1,100,000 150 140 335 475 900,000 300 140 335 1050 1,000,000 175 140 335 850 900,000 75 140 335 550 800,000 200 140 335 525 900,000

575 170 555 1200 1,200,000 350 170 555 1000 1,100,000 275 170 555 825 1,100,000 150 170 555 475 900,000 300 170 555 1050 1,000,000 175 170 555 850 900,000 75 170 555 550 800,000 200 170 555 525 900,000

Tension Hori- Compression Parallel zontal Perpen- Parallel Modulus to Grain Shear dicular to Grain Elasticity “Ft” “Fv” “Fc⊥” “Fc//” “E”

* See para. 31.0 through 37.0 for additional information on these values. ** The same values apply to each species if stamped individually. *** Eastern Softwoods species grouping = Any combination of the above species, excluding Northern White Cedar.

1250 775 575 350 675 375 175 450

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud

EASTERN HEMLOCK- TAMARACK**

Extreme Fiber Stress Species in Bending “Fb” or Group Grade Single Member

Also Stress Rated Boards, See para. 17.0

DIMENSION LUMBER BASE VALUES — SOFTWOODS 2” to 4” thick by 2” and WIDER USE WITH ADJUSTMENT TABLES A THROUGH G Design Values in Pounds Per Square Inch

Grades Described in para. 10.0-12.4

TABLE 1 (Continued)

8 8

10-1 8-10

750 210 615 1100 1,700,000 550 210 615 900 1,600,000 525 210 615 700 1,500,000 300 210 615 400 1,300,000 600 210 615 925 1,400,000 325 210 615 725 1,300,000 150 210 615 475 1,200,000 425 210 615 450 1,300,000

600 195 620 875 1,300,000 425 195 620 700 1,200,000 425 195 620 550 1,100,000 250 195 620 325 1,000,000 475 195 620 725 1,100,000 275 195 620 575 1,000,000 125 195 620 375 900,000 325 195 620 350 1,000,000 850 195 715 1200 1,700,000 600 195 715 950 1,600,000 600 195 715 750 1,500,000 350 195 715 425 1,300,000 675 195 715 1000 1,400,000 375 195 715 775 1,300,000 175 195 715 500 1,200,000 450 195 715 475 1,300,000

Sel. Str. 1300 No. 1 925 No. 2 900 No. 3 525 Construction 1050 Standard 575 Utility 275 Stud 700

Sel. Str. 1000 No. 1 725 No. 2 700 No. 3 400 Construction 800 Standard 450 Utility 225 Stud 550 Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud

RED MAPLE

MIXED MAPLE BEECH-BIRCH- HICKORY

1450 1050 1000 575 1150 650 300 775

Tension Hori- Compression Parallel zontal Perpen- Parallel Modulus to Grain Shear dicular to Grain Elasticity “Ft” “Fv” “Fc⊥” “Fc//” “E”

Extreme Fiber Stress Species in Bending “Fb” or Group Grade Single Member

Also Stress Rated Boards, See para. 17.0

DIMENSION LUMBER BASE VALUES — HARDWOODS 2” to 4” thick by 2” and WIDER USE WITH ADJUSTMENT TABLES A THROUGH G Design Values in Pounds Per Square Inch

Grades Described in para.10.0-12.4

TABLE 2

10-1 8-11

Tension Hori- Compression Parallel zontal Perpen- Parallel Modulus to Grain Shear dicular to Grain Elasticity “Ft” “Fv” “Fc⊥” “Fc//” “E” 675 170 800 1000 1,100,000 500 170 800 825 1,000,000 475 170 800 625 900,000 275 170 800 375 800,000 550 170 800 850 900,000 300 170 800 650 800,000 150 170 800 425 800,000 375 170 800 400 800,000

675 170 820 1000 1,400,000 500 170 820 825 1,300,000 475 170 820 625 1,200,000 275 170 820 375 1,100,000 550 170 820 850 1,200,000 300 170 820 650 1,100,000 150 170 820 425 1,000,000 375 170 820 400 1,100,000 800 220 885 1150 1,400,000 575 220 885 925 1,400,000 575 220 885 725 1,300,000 325 220 885 425 1,200,000 650 220 885 975 1,200,000 350 220 885 750 1,100,000 175 220 885 500 1,000,000 450 220 885 450 1,200,000

Extreme Fiber Stress Species in Bending “Fb” or Group Grade Single Member Sel. Str. 1150 No. 1 825 No. 2 800 No. 3 475 Construction 925 Standard 525 Utility 250 Stud 625

Sel. Str. 1150 No. 1 825 No. 2 800 No. 3 475 Construction 925 Standard 525 Utility 250 Stud 625 Sel. Str. 1400 No. 1 1000 No. 2 975 No. 3 550 Construction 1100 Standard 625 Utility 300 Stud 750

MIXED OAK

RED OAK NORTHERN RED OAK

Also Stress Rated Boards, See para. 17.0

DIMENSION LUMBER BASE VALUES — HARDWOODS 2” to 4” thick by 2” and WIDER USE WITH ADJUSTMENT TABLES A THROUGH G Design Values in Pounds Per Square Inch

Grades Described in para. 10.0-12.4

TABLE 2 (Continued)

10-1 8-12 10-1 8-13

10-1 8-14 8-15 10-1

See para. 31.0 through 37.0 for additional information on these values.

1000 725 700 400 800 450 200 550

575 425 400 225 475 250 125 325

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud

145 145 145 145 145 145 145 145

420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420

900 1,500,000 725 1,400,000 575 1,300,000 325 1,200,000 750 1,300,000 575 1,100,000 375 1,100,000 350 1,200,000

725 1,100,000 600 1,100,000 450 1,000,000 275 900,000 625 900,000 475 900,000 300 800,000 300 900,000

YELLOW POPLAR

265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265

500 375 350 200 400 225 100 275

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Construction Standard Utility Stud

ASPEN

120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120

700 220 800 1100 1,100,000 500 220 800 900 1,000,000 500 220 800 700 900,000 275 220 800 400 800,000 550 220 800 925 900,000 325 220 800 725 800,000 150 220 800 475 800,000 375 220 800 450 800,000

Sel. Str. 1200 No. 1 875 No. 2 850 No. 3 475 Construction 950 Standard 525 Utility 250 Stud 650

WHITE OAK

875 625 600 350 700 375 175 475

Tension Hori- Compression Parallel zontal Perpen- Parallel Modulus to Grain Shear dicular to Grain Elasticity “Ft” “Fv” “Fc⊥” “Fc//” “E”

Extreme Fiber Stress Species in Bending “Fb” or Group Grade Single Member

Also Stress Rated Boards, See para. 17.0

DIMENSION LUMBER BASE VALUES — HARDWOODS 2” to 4” thick by 2” and WIDER USE WITH ADJUSTMENT TABLES A THROUGH G Design Values in Pounds Per Square Inch

Grades Described in para. 10.0-12.4

TABLE 2 (Continued)

8 8

10-1 8-16

1050 900 575 1400 1150 750

1350 1150 750 1250 1050 675 1350 1100 725 900 750 500 1050 900 575

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

Eastern Sel. Str. Hemlock - No. 1 Tamarack No. 2

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

Northern Sel. Str. Pine No. 1 No. 2 Balsam Fir Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2 Northern Sel. Str. White Cedar No. 1 No. 2

10-1 8-17

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

SPF(s) (Eastern Spruce Red Pine Jack Pine Balsam Fir)

Eastern Hemlock

Eastern Spruce

1050 875 575

Eastern White Sel. Str. Pine No. 1 No. 2

Extreme Fiber Stress Species in Bending “Fb” or Group Grade Single Member

625 125 335 675 1,200,000 450 125 335 550 1,200,000 300 125 335 375 1,000,000

600 115 370 600 700,000 500 115 370 500 700,000 250 115 370 325 600,000

900 125 305 950 1,400,000 750 125 305 800 1,400,000 350 125 305 500 1,100,000

850 135 435 850 1,300,000 700 135 435 725 1,300,000 350 135 435 450 1,000,000

925 155 550 950 1,200,000 775 155 550 800 1,100,000 375 155 550 550 900,000

925 155 555 950 1,200,000 775 155 555 800 1,200,000 375 155 555 500 900,000

625 125 390 750 1,400,000 425 125 390 625 1,400,000 275 125 390 375 1,000,000

625 125 350 675 1,100,000 425 125 350 575 1,100,000 275 125 350 400 900,000

Tension Hori- Compression Parallel zontal Perpen- Parallel Modulus to Grain Shear dicular to Grain Elasticity “Ft” “Fv” “Fc⊥” “Fc//” “E”

BEAMS and STRINGERS (5” and THICKER) WIDTH MORE THAN 2” GREATER THAN THICKNESS Design Values in Pounds Per Square Inch

Grades Described in para. 25.0-25.4

TABLE 3

8 8

10-1 8-18

1350 1150 725 1600 1350 875 1400 1200 750

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

Northern Red Sel. Str. Oak No. 1 No. 2 White Oak Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

Red Oak

1350 1150 725

Mixed Oak Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

1550 1250 725

1100 875 500

Mixed Maple Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

1400 1150 650

Red Maple Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

Beech-Birch- Hickory

1150 925 525

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

Red Pine

Extreme Fiber Stress Species in Bending “Fb” or Group Grade Single Member

10-1 8-19

825 205 800 900 1,000,000 575 205 800 775 1,000,000 375 205 800 475 800,000

950 205 885 950 1,300,000 675 205 885 800 1,300,000 425 205 885 500 1,000,000

800 155 820 825 1,200,000 550 155 820 700 1,200,000 375 155 820 450 1,000,000

800 155 800 825 1,000,000 550 155 800 700 1,000,000 375 155 800 450 800,000

1050 180 715 1050 1,500,000 850 180 715 900 1,500,000 475 180 715 425 1,200,000

725 180 620 750 1,100,000 600 180 620 650 1,100,000 350 180 620 300 900,000

925 195 615 950 1,500,000 750 195 615 825 1,500,000 425 195 615 375 1,200,000

775 125 410 875 1,400,000 625 125 410 775 1,400,000 350 125 410 350 1,100,000

Tension Hori- Compression Parallel zontal Perpen- Parallel Modulus to Grain Shear dicular to Grain Elasticity “Ft” “Fv” “Fc⊥” “Fc//” “E”

BEAMS and STRINGERS (5” and THICKER) WIDTH MORE THAN 2” GREATER THAN THICKNESS Design Values in Pounds Per Square Inch

Grades Described in para. 25.0-25.4

TABLE 3 (Continued)

8 8

10-1 8-20

975 800 450

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

10-1 8-21

1000 800 475

SPF(s) (Eastern Spruce Sel. Str. Red Pine No. 1 Jack Pine No. 2 Balsam Fir)

1250 1000 575 850 675 400

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

Northern Sel. Str. White Cedar No. 1 No. 2

Balsam Fir

Northern Sel. Str. Pine No. 1 No. 2

1150 950 550

1250 1050 600

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

Eastern Hemlock

1300 1050 600

Eastern Sel. Str. Hemlock - No. 1 Tamarack No. 2

Eastern Spruce

975 800 450

Eastern White Sel. Str. Pine No. 1 No. 2

Extreme Fiber Stress Species in Bending “Fb” or Group Grade Single Member

675 125 335 700 1,200,000 550 125 335 625 1,200,000 325 125 335 425 1,000,000

575 115 370 650 700,000 450 115 370 550 700,000 250 115 370 250 600,000

825 125 305 1000 1,400,000 675 125 305 875 1,400,000 375 125 305 400 1,100,000

800 135 435 900 1,300,000 650 135 435 800 1,300,000 375 135 435 375 1,000,000

850 155 550 1000 1,200,000 700 155 550 875 1,200,000 400 155 550 400 900,000

875 155 555 1000 1,200,000 700 155 555 875 1,200,000 400 155 555 400 900,000

675 135 390 775 1,400,000 550 135 390 675 1,400,000 300 135 390 300 1,000,000

650 125 350 725 1,100,000 525 125 350 625 1,100,000 300 125 350 325 900,000

Tension Hori- Compression Parallel zontal Perpen- Parallel Modulus to Grain Shear dicular to Grain Elasticity “Ft” “Fv” “Fc⊥” “Fc//” “E”

POSTS and TIMBERS (5” X 5” and LARGER) WIDTH NOT MORE THAN 2” GREATER THAN THICKNESS Design Values in Pounds Per Square Inch

Grades Described in para. 26.0-26.3

TABLE 4

8 8

10-1 8-22 10-1 8-23

1500 1200 700

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

Northern Red Oak

1300 1050 600

1250 1000 575

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

Red Oak

White Oak Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

1250 1000 575

Mixed Oak Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

1550 1250 725

1100 875 500

Mixed Maple Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

1400 1150 650

Red Maple Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

Beech-Birch- Hickory

1150 925 525

Sel. Str. No. 1 No. 2

Red Pine

Extreme Fiber Stress Species in Bending “Fb” or Group Grade Single Member

875 205 800 950 1,000,000 700 205 800 825 1,000,000 400 205 800 400 800,000

1000 205 885 1000 1,300,000 800 205 885 875 1,300,000 475 205 885 400 1,000,000

850 155 820 875 1,200,000 675 155 820 775 1,200,000 400 155 820 350 1,000,000

850 155 800 875 1,000,000 675 155 800 775 1,000,000 400 155 800 350 800,000

1050 180 715 1050 1,500,000 850 180 715 900 1,500,000 475 180 715 425 1,200,000

725 180 620 750 1,100,000 600 180 620 650 1,100,000 350 180 620 300 900,000

925 195 615 950 1,500,000 750 195 615 825 1,500,000 425 195 615 375 1,200,000

775 125 410 875 1,400,000 625 125 410 775 1,400,000 350 125 410 350 1,100,000

Tension Hori- Compression Parallel zontal Perpen- Parallel Modulus to Grain Shear dicular to Grain Elasticity “Ft” “Fv” “Fc⊥” “Fc//” “E”

POSTS and TIMBERS (5” X 5” and LARGER) WIDTH NOT MORE THAN 2” GREATER THAN THICKNESS Design Values in Pounds Per Square Inch

Grades Described in para. 26.0-26.3

TABLE 4 (Continued)

8 8

8-24 10-1

MEASUREMENTS OF CHARACTERISTIC

9-1

40.0 MEASUREMENTS OF CHARACTERISTICS 41.0 KNOTS (WWPA 210.00) In all Framing lumber 4" and less in thickness, Beams and Stringers and Posts and Timbers, knots appearing on wide faces are measured between lines enclosing the knot drawn parallel to the edge. Knot size is equal to the average of the two wide face measurements. The size of knots on wide faces may be increased proportionately from the size permitted at the edge to the size permitted at the centerline. Knots appearing on narrow faces are limited to the same displacement as knots specified at edges of wide faces. Examples of these measurement methods are shown in Section 41.1. 41.1 Wide Face Knots (WWPA 211.00) 2” and Thicker Lumber

A d c+d = A 2

“A” equals allowable knot size.

9-2

9-3

42.0 SHAKES, CHECKS AND SPLITS (WWPA 220.00) In all grades of Beams and Stringers, these characteristics are measured only in the middle half of the width. Restrictions on checks apply for a distance from the ends equal to three times the width of the wide face. Shake is measured at the end between lines enclosing the shake and parallel to the wide face. Illustrations of how these characteristics are measured are as follows:

ure

kes

sha

W/2

s Mea

ure

k ec

n sa

Whichever is the least dimension

plit

s an

ck che

42.1 Shakes in Posts and Timbers are measured at the ends of pieces, between lines parallel with the two faces that give the least dimension. (WWPA 221.00)

42.2 Checks are measured as an average of the penetration perpendicular to the wide face. Where two or more checks appear on the same face, only the deepest one is measured. Where two checks are directly opposite each other, the sum of their depths is considered. (WWPA 222.00) ge re avera Measu on ati penetr

Measure shake

42.3 Splits are measured as the penetration of a split from the end of the piece and parallel to the edges of the piece. (WWPA 223.00)

9 tion etra pen e r u s Mea the end from

9-4 1-1

9-5 1-1

43.0 SLOPE OF GRAIN (WWPA 230.00) Slope of grain is the deviation of the wood fiber from a line parallel to the edges of a piece. The deviation is expressed as a ratio such as a slope of grain of 1 in 8, etc. In the lumber 2” nominal and thicker and 4” nominal and wider, slope of grain is measured over a sufficient length and area to be representative of the general slope of fibers. Local deviations around knots and elsewhere are disregarded in the general slope measurement. In thinner or narrower lumber, areas of local slope of grain exceeding the slope of grain provisions of the grade shall be graded like knots. Such areas are limited to the permitted knot displacement for the grade. In lumber less than 1” net in thickness, the average slope of grain anywhere in the length shall not pass completely through the thickness of the piece in a length less than the allowable slope. X = the horizontal ratio

Average line of the direction of fibers

44.0 STRESSES ILLUSTRATED (WWPA 240.00)

44.1 Extreme Fiber in Bending — (Fb) and Horizontal Shear — (Fv) (WWPA 241.00) Structural members may carry loads on spans between supports and the lumber is stressed internally to the extent required to resist the external load. The loads cause pieces to bend, producing tension in the extreme fibers along the face farthest from the applied load and compression in the extreme fibers along the face nearest to the applied load. At the same time, over each support, there is a stress that tends to slide the 1-1 9-6

N SSIO PRE COM TAL ION IZON HOR EAR TENS SH s fiber reme and t x e top The t the of are a bottom e e at th c ie the p

fibers over each other horizontally. This action is similar to the way the ends of playing cards slide over each other when a deck is sharply bent. The internal force that resists this action is the horizontal shear value of the wood. The shearing stress is maximum at the center of the depth of the piece. 44.2 Modulus of Elasticity — (E) (WWPA 242.00) The relationship between the amount a piece deflects and the load causing the deflection determines its stiffness. This is called the modulus of elasticity of the species. A piece may deflect slightly or a lot depending on its size, the span, the load and the modulus of elasticity for the particular species. A large deflection is not necessarily a sign of insufficient strength. For example: the floors of a residence are usually limited to a deflection l/360 of the span, or less.

tio of a ness ra The stiff termines the de s ie load spec n from a deflectio

9-7 1-1

44.3 Compression Perpendicular to Grain â&#x20AC;&#x201D; (FC ) (WWPA 243.00) Where a joist, beam or similar piece of lumber bears on supports, the loads tend to compress the fibers. It is therefore necessary that the bearing area is sufficient to prevent side grain crushing.

Sid

lue

in va

g gra

rin e bea

44.4 Compression Parallel to Grain â&#x20AC;&#x201D; (Fc//) (WWPA 244.00) In many parts of a structure, stress-grades are used with the loads supported on the ends of the pieces. Such uses are as studs, posts, columns and struts. The internal stress induced by this kind of loading is the same across the whole cross section and the fibers are uniformly stressed parallel to and along the full length of the piece.

1-1 9-8

9-9 1-1

GLOSSARY & ABBREVIATIONS

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700.0 GLOSSARY Throughout these rules various words and terms are used with meanings specifically applicable to lumber. In the use of these rules a full understanding of the words and terms in this Glossary is essential. An index to the Glossary follows: Paragraph BURL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702.0 CHECKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704.0 COMBINATION GRADES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754.0 COMPRESSION WOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706.0 DECAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708.0 EDGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710.0 GRAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712.0 HEART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714.0 HOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716.0 KNOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718.0 MANUFACTURING IMPERFECTIONS . . . . . . . . 720.0 MANUFACTURING IMPERFECTIONS CLASSIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722.0 METRIC CONVERSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723.0 MOISTURE CONTENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724.0 OCCASIONAL PIECES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726.0 PITCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728.0 PITCH STREAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730.0 PITH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732.0 PLUGS AND FILLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736.0 POCKETS (including Pitch Pockets and Bark Pockets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734.0 SAPWOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738.0 SHAKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740.0 SPLITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742.0 STAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744.0 STRESS GRADES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746.0 TRIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748.0 WANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750.0 WARP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752.0

10-2

10-3

DEFINITIONS 702.0 BURL — A distortion of grain, usually caused by abnormal growth due to injury of the tree. The effect of burls is assessed in relation to knots. 704.0 CHECKS — A separation of the wood normally occurring across or through the rings of annual growth and usually as a result of seasoning. (a) A surface check occurs on a face of a piece. (b) A through check extends from one surface of a piece to the opposite or adjoining surface. (c) Small checks are not over 1/32” wide and not over 4” long. (d) Medium checks are not over 1/32” wide and not over 10” long. (e) Large checks are more than 1/32” wide or longer than 10” or both. (f) A roller check is a crack in the wood structure caused by a piece of cupped lumber being flattened in passing between the machine rollers. A light roller check is a perceptible opening not over 2’ long. A medium roller check is a perceptible opening over 2’ long, but not exceeding 4’ in length. A heavy roller check is over 4’ in length.

706.0 COMPRESSION WOOD — Abnormal wood that forms on the underside of leaning and crooked coniferous trees. It is characterized, aside from its distinguishing color, by being hard and brittle and by its relatively lifeless appearance. Compression wood shall be limited in effect to other appearance or strength reducing characteristics permitted in the grade. 708.0 DECAY (UNSOUND WOOD) — A disintegration of the wood substance due to action of wood-destroying fungi, and is also known as dote or rote. Some examples are as follows: (a) Heart center decay is localized decay developing along the pith in some species and is detected by visual inspection. The limitation for heart 10-4 9-1

center decay applies to Southern Pine. Heart center decay develops in the living tree and does not progress further after the tree is cut. (b) White specks are small white or brown pits or spots in wood caused by the fungus “Fomes pini.” It develops in the living tree and does not develop further in wood in service. Where permitted in these rules it is so limited that it has no more effect on the intended use of the pieces than other characteristics permitted in the same grade. Pieces containing white speck are no more subject to decay than pieces which do not contain it. NOTE: “Firm” in relation to white speck infers that it will not crumble readily under thumb pressure and cannot be easily picked out. (c) Honeycomb is similar to white speck but the pockets are larger. Where permitted in the rules it is so limited that it has no more effect on the intended use of the piece than other characteristics permitted in the same grade. Pieces containing honeycomb are no more subject to decay than pieces which do not contain it. NOTE: “Firm” in relation to honeycomb infers that it will not crumble readily under thumb pressure and cannot be easily picked out. (d) Incipient decay is an early stage of decay in which disintegration of the wood fibers has not proceeded far enough to soften or otherwise change the hardness of the wood perceptibly. It is usually accompanied by a slight discoloration or bleaching of the wood. (e) Peck is channeled or pitted areas or pockets found in cedar and cypress. Wood tissue between pecky areas remains unaffected in appearance and strength. All further growth of the fungus causing peckiness ceases after the trees are felled. 710.0 EDGE — There are three meanings for edge (1) The narrow face of rectangular-shaped pieces. (2) The corner of a piece at the intersection of two longitudinal faces. (3) In stress grades that part of the wide face nearest the corner of the piece. (a) Eased edges means slightly rounded surfacing on pieces of lumber to remove sharp corners. The 10-5 9-1

standard radius for 1”, 2”, 3” and 4” nominal thickness lumber shall not exceed 1/16”, 1/8”, 3/16” and 1/4” respectively. Note: Lumber 4” or less in thickness is frequently shipped with eased edges unless otherwise specified. (b) Square edged means free from wane and without eased edges. (c) Free of wane means without wane, but has either eased or square edges. (See WANE definition.) (d) Square corners means without eased edges, but has an allowance for wane in certain grades. (e) To “destroy the nailing edge” shall mean (1) the decay occupies more of the narrow face than the allowable maximum wane in thickness when in streak form, or (2) the decay occupies more than twice the length of the allowable knot hole when a spot occurs completely through the narrow face.

712.0 GRAIN — The fibers in wood and their direction, size, arrangement, appearance or quality. (a) Slope of grain is the deviation of the line of fibers from a straight line parallel to the sides of the piece. For method of measurement, see Para. 43.0. (b) Summerwood is the portion of the annual growth ring formed during the latter part of the yearly growth ring. It is darker in color, more dense, and stronger mechanically than springwood. (c) Springwood is the portion of the annual growth ring formed during the early part of the yearly growth period. It is lighter in color, less dense, and not as strong mechanically as summerwood. (d) Vertical grain (VG) (Edge grain EG) (Rift grain) lumber is a piece or pieces sawn at approximately right angles to the annual growth rings so that the rings form an angle of 45 degrees or more with the surface of the piece. (e) Flat grain (FG) (Slash grain SG) lumber is a piece or pieces sawn approximately parallel to the annual growth rings so that all or some of the rings form an angle of less than 45 degrees with the surface of the piece. (f) Mixed grain (MG) lumber includes either or both vertical and flat grained pieces. 10-6 9-1

(g) Spiral grain is a deviation in the slope of grain caused when the fibers in a tree take a spiral course around the trunk of the tree, instead of the normal vertical course. (h) Diagonal grain is a deviation in the slope of grain caused by sawing at an angle with the bark of the tree. See slope of grain. 714.0 HEART — (Heartwood) Inner core of the tree trunk comprising the annual rings containing nonliving elements. In some species, heartwood has a prominent color different from sapwood. (a) Boxed heart means with the pith enclosed in the piece. (b) Heart center is the pith or center core of the log. (c) Free of heart centers (FOHC) means without pith (side cut). An occasional piece (see para. 726.0) when showing pith for not more than 1/4 the length on the surface shall be accepted. (d) Firm red heart is a stage of incipient decay characterized by a reddish color in the heartwood, which does not render the wood unfit for the majority of yard purposes. (e) Heartwood and sapwood of equivalent character are of equal strength. No requirement of heartwood is made when strength alone is the governing factor. (f) Heartwood is more durable than sapwood. When wood is to be exposed to decay-producing conditions without preservative treatment, it shall be permitted to specify the minimum percentage of heartwood to be present in all pieces in a shipment. (g) Sapwood takes preservative treatment more readily than heartwood. 716.0 HOLES — Holes either extend partially or wholly through the piece. An alternate designation for holes which extend only partially through the piece is surface pits. Unless otherwise specified holes are measured the same as knots. Holes are classified by size as follows: (a) A pin hole is not over 1/16” in diameter. (b) A medium (small) hole is not over 1/4” in diameter. 10-7 9-1

718.0 KNOTS — A portion of a branch or limb that has become incorporated in a piece of lumber. In lumber, knots are classified as to form, size, quality and occurrence. (a) A red knot is one that results from a live branch growth in the tree and is intergrown with the surrounding wood. (b) A black knot is one that results from a dead branch which the wood growth of the tree has surrounded. (c) A round knot is produced when the limb is cut at approximately a right angle to its long axis. (d) An oval knot is produced when the limb is cut at slightly more than a right angle to the long axis. (e) A spike knot is produced when the limb is cut either lengthwise or diagonally. (f) A pin knot is not over 1/2”. (g) A small knot is not over 3/4”. (h) A medium knot is not over 1-1/2”. (i) A large knot is over 1-1/2”. (j) A sound knot contains no decay. (k) A pith knot is sound in all respects except it contains a pith hole not over 1/4” in diameter. (l) A hollow knot is a sound knot containing a hole greater than 1/4” in diameter. Through opening of a hollow knot is limited to the size of other holes permitted. (m) An unsound knot contains decay. (n) A firm knot is solid across its face, but contains incipient decay. (o) A tight knot is so fixed by growth, shape or position that it retains its place in the piece. (p) An intergrown knot is one whose growth rings are partially or completely intergrown on one or more faces with the growth rings of the surrounding wood. (q) A watertight knot has its annual rings completely intergrown with those of the surrounding wood on one surface of the piece, and it is sound on that surface. 10-8 9-1

(r) An encased knot is one which is not intergrown with the growth rings of the surrounding wood. (s) A loose or not firmly fixed knot is one not held tightly in place by growth, shape or position. (t) A fixed knot will retain its place in dry lumber under ordinary conditions, but is movable under pressure though not easily pushed out. (u) A knot cluster is two or more knots grouped together as a unit with the fibers of the wood deflected around the entire unit. A group of single knots is not a knot cluster. (v) A star-checked knot has radial checks. (w) Well-scattered knots are not in clusters and each knot is separated from any other by a distance at least equal to the diameter of the smaller of the two. (x) Well-spaced knots means that the sum of the sizes of all knots in any 6” of length of a piece must not exceed twice the size of the largest knot permitted. More than one knot of maximum permissible size must not be in same 6” of length and the combination of knots must not be serious. 720.0 MANUFACTURING IMPERFECTIONS — Means all imperfections or blemishes which are the result of surfacing, such as the following: (a) Chipped grain is a barely perceptible irregularity in the surface of a piece caused when particles of wood are chipped or broken below the line of cut. It is too small to be classed as torn grain and is not considered unless in the excess of 25% of the surface involved. (b) Torn grain is an irregularity in the surface of a piece where wood has been torn or broken out by surfacing. Torn grain is described as follows: Very light torn grain — not over 1/64” deep. Light torn grain — not over 1/32” deep. Medium torn grain — not over 1/16” deep. Heavy torn grain — not over 1/8” deep. Very heavy torn grain — over 1/8” deep. (c) Raised grain is a roughened condition of the surface of dressed lumber in which the hard summerwood is raised above the softer springwood, but not torn loose from it. 10-9 9-1

Very light raised grain is not over 1/64”. Light raised grain is not over 1/32”. Medium raised grain is not over 1/16”. Heavy raised grain is not over 1/8”. (d) Loosened grain is a grain separation or loosening between springwood and summerwood without displacement. Very light loosened grain is not over 1/64” separation. Light loosened grain is not over 1/32” separation. Medium loosened grain is not over 1/16” separation. Heavy loosened grain is not over 1/8” separation. Very heavy loosened grain is over 1/8” separation. (e) Skips are areas on a piece that failed to surface clean. Skips are described as follows: Very light skip is not over 1/64” deep. Light skip is not over 1/32” deep. Medium skip is not over 1/16” deep. Heavy skip is not over 1/8” deep. (f) Hit and miss is a series of skips not over 1/16” deep with surfaced areas between. (g) Hit or miss means completely or partly surfaced or entirely rough. Scantness may be 1/16”. (h) Mismatch is an uneven fit in worked lumber when adjoining pieces do not meet tightly at all points of contact or when the surface of adjoining pieces are not in the same plane. Slight mismatch is a barely evident trace of mismatch. Very light mismatch is not over 1/64”. Light mismatch is not over 1/32”. Medium mismatch is not over 1/16”. Heavy mismatch is not over 1/8”. (i) Machine burn is a darkening of the wood due to overheating by machine knives or rolls when pieces are stopped in machine. (j) Machine bite is a depressed cut of the machine knives at the end of the piece.

Very light machine bite is not over 1/64” deep. Light machine bite is not over 1/32” deep. Medium machine bite is not over 1/16” deep. Heavy machine bite is not over 1/8” deep. Very heavy machine bite is over 1/8” deep. (k) Machine gouge is a groove cut by the machine below the desired line. Very light machine gouge is not over 1/64” deep. Light machine gouge is not over 1/32” deep. Medium machine gouge is not over 1/16” deep. Heavy machine gouge is not over 1/8” deep. Very heavy machine gouge is over 1/8” deep. (l) A machine offset is an abrupt dressing variation in the edge surface which usually occurs near the end of the piece and without reducing the width or without changing the plane of the wide surface. Very light machine offset is a variation not over 1/64”. Light machine offset is a variation not over 1/32”. Medium machine offset is a variation not over 1/16”. Heavy machine offset is a variation not over 1/8”. Very heavy machine offset is a variation over 1/8”. (m) Chip marks are shallow depressions or indentations on or in the surface of dressed lumber caused by shavings or chips getting embedded in the surface during dressing. Very light chip marks are not over 1/64” deep. Light chip marks are not over 1/32” deep. Medium chip marks are not over 1/16” deep. Heavy chip marks are not over 1/8” deep. (n) Knife marks are the imprints or markings of the machine knives on the surface of dressed lumber. Very slight knife marks are visible only from a favorable angle and are perfectly smooth to the touch. Slight knife marks are readily visible, but evidence no unevenness to the touch. (o) Wavy dressing involves more uneven dressing than knife marks. Very light wavy dressing is not over 1/64” deep.

10-10

10-11

Light wavy dressing is not over 1/32” deep. Medium wavy dressing is not over 1/16” deep. Heavy wavy dressing is not over 1/8” deep. Very heavy wavy dressing is over 1/8” deep.

722.0 CLASSIFICATION OF MANUFACTURING IMPERFECTIONS — (a) Standard “A” Manufacture admits: Very light torn grain; occasional very light chip marks; very slight knife marks. (b) Standard “B” Manufacture admits: Very light torn grain; very light raised grain; very light loosened grain; very light chip marks; average of one very light chip mark per lineal foot, but not more than two in any lineal foot; very slight knife marks; slight mismatch. (c) Standard “C” Manufacture admits: Medium torn grain; light raised grain; light loosened grain; very light machine bite; very light machine gouge; very light machine offset; light chip marks if well-scattered; occasional medium chip marks; very slight knife marks; slight mismatch. (d) Standard “D” Manufacture admits: Heavy torn grain; medium raised grain; very heavy loosened grain; light machine bite; light machine gouge; light machine offset; medium chip marks; slight knife marks; very light mismatch. (e) Standard “E” Manufacture admits: Very heavy torn grain; raised grain; very heavy loosened grain; medium machine bite; machine gouge; medium machine offset; chip marks; knife marks; light wavy dressing; light mismatch. (f) Standard “F” Manufacture admits: Very heavy torn grain; raised grain; very heavy loosened grain; heavy machine bite; machine gouge; heavy machine offset; chip marks; knife marks; medium wavy dressing; medium mismatch. 723.0 METRIC CONVERSION — Metric dimensions listed in these rules are calculated at 25.4 millimeters (mm) times the actual dimension in inches, rounded to the nearest millimeter. In case of a dispute on size measurements, the conventional (inch) method of measurement shall take precedence. 10-12

(a) To round to the nearest millimeter: If the digit in the tenths of mm position (the digit after the decimal point) is less than 5, drop all fractional mm digits; if greater than 5 or it is 5 followed by at least one non-zero digit, round one mm higher; if 5 followed by only zeroes, retain the digit in the unit position (the digit before the decimal point) if it is even or increase it one mm if it is odd. 724.0 MOISTURE CONTENT — The weight of the water in wood expressed in percentage of the weight of the oven-dry wood. 726.0 OCCASIONAL PIECES — Means not more than 10% of the pieces in a parcel or shipment. 728.0 PITCH — Is an accumulation of resinous material. (a) Light pitch is the light, but evident presence of pitch. (b) Medium pitch is a somewhat more evident presence of pitch than is the light. (c) Heavy pitch is a very evident accumulation of pitch showing by its color and consistency. (d) Massed pitch is a clearly defined accumulation of solid pitch in a body by itself. 730.0 PITCH STREAK — Is a well-defined accumulation of pitch in the wood cells in a streak. Pitch streaks are described as follows, with equivalent areas being permissible: (a) A very small pitch streak is 3/8” in width and 15” in length. (b) A small pitch streak is 1/12 the width and 1/6 the length of the piece. (c) A medium pitch streak is 1/6 the width and 1/3 the length of the piece. (d) A large pitch streak is not over 1/4 the width by 1/2 the length of the surface. (e) A very large pitch streak is over 1/4 the width by 1/2 the length of the surface. (f) A pitch seam is a shake or check which contains pitch. 732.0 PITH — Pith is the small soft core in the structural center of a log. 10-13

(a) A very small pith is not over 1/8” wide and occupies on face surface not over 1/4 square inch (1/8” wide by 2” long or 1/16” by 4”). (b) Small pith occupies not over 3/4 square inch (1/4” by 3”, 3/16” by 4”, 1/8” by 6”, or 1/16” by 12”). (c) Free of pith means that pith on or within the body of the piece is prohibited. 734.0 POCKET — A well-defined opening between the rings of annual growth which develops during the growth of the tree. It usually contains pitch or bark. Pockets are described as follows with equivalent areas being permissible: a) A very small pocket is 1/16” in width and 3” in length, or 1/8” in width and 2” in length. (b) A small pocket is 1/16” in width and 6” in length, or 1/8” in width and 4” in length, or 1/4” in width and 2” in length. (c) A medium pocket is 1/16” in width and 12” in length, or 1/8” in width and 8” in length, or 3/8” in width and 4” in length. (d) A large pocket is not over 4 square inches in area. (e) A very large pocket is over 4 square inches in area. (f) A closed pocket has an opening on one surface only. (g) A through or open pocket has an opening on opposite surfaces, and the through opening is considered the same as a through hole of equal size.

736.0 PLUGS AND FILLERS — Wood plugs and fillers are inserted into pieces of lumber to improve their appearance and usefulness. Lumber containing plugs and fillers shall only be shipped when the order, acknowledgement and invoice carry reference to the inserts. Quality of the inserts and workmanship must be in keeping with the quality of the grade. In dimension and other lumber graded for strength, inserts are limited to the same size and location as knots. 738.0 SAPWOOD — Outer layers of growth between the bark and the heartwood which contain the sap. 10-14

(a) Bright sapwood shows no stain and is not limited in any grade unless specifically stated in the grade description. (b) Sapwood restrictions waived means that any restrictions in a rule on the amount of sapwood permitted in pieces graded under that rule are not to apply. (c) Bright sapwood no defect (BSND) means that bright sapwood is permitted in each piece in any amount. 740.0 SHAKE — A lengthwise separation of the wood which occurs between or through the rings of annual growth. (a) A light shake is not over 1/32” wide. (b) A medium shake is not over 1/8” wide. (c) A surface shake occurs on only one surface of a piece. (d) A through shake extends from one surface of a piece to the opposite or to an adjoining surface. (e) A pith shake (or heart shake or heart check) extends through the growth rings from or through the pith towards the surface of a piece, and is distinguished from a seasoning check by the fact that its greatest width is nearest the pith, whereas the greatest width of a season check in a pith-centered piece is farthest from the pith. (f) A ring shake occurs between the growth rings to partially or wholly encircle the pith. 742.0 SPLITS —A separation of the wood through the piece to the opposite surface or to an adjoining surface due to the tearing apart of the wood cells. (a) A very short split is equal in length to 1/2 the width of the piece. (b) A short split is equal in length to the width of the piece and in no case exceeds 1/6 the length. (c) A medium split is equal in length to twice the width of the piece and in no case exceeds 1/6 the length. (d) A long split is longer than a medium split.

10-15

744.0 STAINED WOOD (a) Stained Heartwood and Firm Red Heart — Stained Heartwood or Firm Red Heart is a marked variation from the natural color. NOTE: It ranges from pink to brown. It is not to be confused with natural red heart. Natural color is usually uniformly distributed through certain annual rings, whereas stains are usually in irregular patches. In grades where it is permitted, it has no more effect on the intended use of the piece than other characteristics permitted in the grade. (b) Stained Sapwood — Stained Sapwood similarly has no effect on the intended use of the pieces in which it is permitted, but affects appearance in varying degrees. (1) Light stained sapwood is so slightly discolored that is does not affect natural finishes. (2) Medium stained sapwood has a pronounced difference in coloring. NOTE: Sometimes the usefulness for natural finishes, but not for paint finishes, is affected. (3) Heavy stained sapwood has so pronounced a difference as to obscure the grain of the wood, but the lumber containing it is acceptable for paint finishes. (c) Discoloration through exposure to the elements is admitted in all grades of framing and sheathing lumber.

750.0 WANE — Bark or lack of wood from any cause, except eased edges, on the edge or corner of a piece of lumber. Wane away from ends extending partially or completely across any face is permitted for one foot if no more serious than skips in dressing allowed or across a narrow face if no more damaging than the knot hole allowed (not to exceed in length twice the diameter of the maximum knot hole allowed in the grade) and is limited to one occurrence in each piece. These variations shall not be allowed in more than 5% of the pieces. (This provision applies only to the National Grading Rule for Dimension Lumber).

748.0 TRIM — (a) Trimming of lumber is the act of cross-cutting a piece to a given length. (b) Double end trimmed (DET) NOTE: It is intended that DET lumber be trimmed square on both ends. Tolerances are found in certified grading rules. (c) Precision end trimmed (PET) lumber is trimmed square on both ends to uniform lengths with a manufacturing tolerance of 1/16” over or under in length in 20% of the pieces.

752.0 WARP — Any deviation from a true or plane surface, including bow, crook, cup and twist or any combination thereof. Warp restrictions are based on the average form of warp as it occurs normally, and any variation from this average form, such as short kinks, shall be appraised according to its equivalent effect. Pieces containing two or more forms shall be appraised according to the combined effect in determining the amount permissible. In these rules warp is classified as very light, light, medium, and heavy, and applied to each width and length as set forth in the various grades in accordance with the following provisions and tables: (a) Bow is a deviation flatwise from a straight line drawn from end to end of a piece. It is measured at the point of greatest distance from the straight line. The maximum amount of bow allowed in a grade is as follows: If under 2” thick, three times as much as crook for 2” faces. If 2” thick and under 3”, twice as much crook for 2” faces. If 3” thick and over, the same as the amount of crook for that thickness. (b) Crook is a deviation edgewise from a straight line drawn from end to end of a piece. It is measured at the point of greatest distance from the straight line. The maximum amount of crook allowed shall be that shown in the crook tables published within this section.

10-16

10-17

746.0 STRESS GRADES — Lumber grades having assigned working stress and modulus of elasticity values in accordance with accepted basic principles of strength grading, and the provisions of sections 6.3.2.1 and 6.3.2.2 of Voluntary Product Standard 20.

(d) Square end trimmed lumber is trimmed square having a manufacturing tolerance of 1/64” for each nominal 2” of thickness or width.

(c) Cup is a deviation in the face of a piece from a straight line drawn from edge to edge of a piece. It is measured at the point of greatest distance from the straight line. The maximum amount of cup allowed shall be that shown in the following table: CUP TABLE Cup Face Width 2” & 3” 4” 5”& 6” 8” 10” 12” Very light 1/32” 1/32” 1/32” 1/16” 3/32” 1/8” Light 1/32” 1/32” 1/16” 1/8” 3/16” 1/4” Medium 1/32” 1/16” 1/8” 3/16” 1/4” 3/8” Heavy 1/16” 1/8” 3/16” 1/4” 3/8” 1/2” 14” and Wider proportionately more. (d) Twist is a deviation flatwise, or a combination of flatwise and edgewise, in the form of a curl or spiral, and the amount is the distance an edge of a piece at one end is raised above a flat surface against which both edges at the opposite end are resting snugly. The maximum amount of twist allowed shall be that shown in the Twist table published within this section. 754.0 COMBINATION GRADES — Product Standard PS 20 permits grouping the highest two grades in a grade category, and grade marking the combination as an “& Better” grade. The combined grade is assigned the allowable property values of the lower grade unless allowable property values have been assigned to the combination.

10-18

CROOK TABLE FOR FRAMING

Length Width in Ft Crook 2” 3” 4” 5” & 6” 8” 10” 12” 4 Very Light 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/16 1/16 1/16 & Light 1/4 1/4 1/4 3/16 1/8 1/16 1/16 6 Medium 3/8 3/8 3/8 1/4 3/16 1/8 1/8 Heavy 1/2 1/2 1/2 3/8 1/4 3/16 3/16 8 Very Light 1/4 1/4 3/16 1/8 1/8 1/16 1/16 Light 3/8 3/8 3/8 5/16 1/4 3/16 1/8 Medium 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 3/8 1/4 3/16 Heavy 3/4 3/4 3/4 5/8 1/2 3/8 1/4 10 Very Light 3/8 5/16 1/4 3/16 3/16 1/8 1/8 Light 3/4 5/8 1/2 7/16 3/8 1/4 3/16 Medium 1-3/8 1 3/4 5/8 1/2 7/16 3/8 Heavy 1-3/4 1-1/4 1-1/8 1 7/8 3/4 5/8 12 Very Light 1/2 3/8 3/8 5/16 1/4 1/4 3/16 Light 1 3/4 11/16 5/8 1/2 7/16 3/8 Medium 1-1/2 1-1/8 1 7/8 13/16 3/4 9/16 Heavy 2 1-1/2 1-3/8 1-1/4 1-1/8 1 13/16 14 Very Light 5/8 1/2 7/16 3/8 5/16 1/4 3/16 Light 1-1/4 1 7/8 3/4 5/8 1/2 3/8 Medium 2 1-1/2 1-1/4 1-1/8 1 7/8 3/4 Heavy 2-3/4 2 1-3/4 1-1/2 1-1/4 1-1/8 1 16 Very Light 3/4 5/8 1/2 7/16 3/8 5/16 1/4 Light 1-5/8 1-1/4 1 7/8 3/4 5/8 1/2 Medium 2-1/2 1-7/8 1-1/2 1-3/8 1-1/8 1 7/8 Heavy 3-1/4 2-1/2 2 1-3/4 1-1/2 1-1/4 1-1/8 18 Very Light 1 3/4 5/8 1/2 7/16 3/8 5/16 Light 2 1-3/8 1-1/8 1 7/8 3/4 5/8 Medium 3 2-1/16 1-5/8 1-1/2 1-1/4 1-1/8 1 Heavy 4 2-3/4 2-1/4 2 1-3/4 1-1/2 1-1/4 20 Very Light 1-1/8 7/8 3/4 5/8 1/2 7/16 3/8 Light 2-1/4 1-1/2 1-3/8 1-1/4 1 7/8 3/4 Medium 3-3/8 2-1/4 2-1/16 1-7/8 1-1/2 1-5/16 1-1/8 Heavy 4-1/2 3 2-3/4 2-1/2 2 1-3/4 1-1/2 22 Very Light 1-1/4 1 7/8 3/4 5/8 1/2 7/16 Light 2-1/2 1-3/4 1-5/8 1-1/2 1-1/4 1 7/8 Medium 3-3/4 2-5/8 2-7/16 2-1/4 1-7/8 1-1/2 1-1/4 Heavy 5 3-1/2 3-1/4 3 2-1/2 2 1-3/4 24 Very Light 1-1/2 1-1/8 1 7/8 3/4 5/8 1/2 Light 3 2 1-7/8 1-3/4 1-1/2 1-1/4 1 Medium 4-1/2 3 2-3/4 2-5/8 2-1/4 1-7/8 1-5/8 Heavy 6 4 3-3/4 3-1/2 3 2-1/2 2-1/4 10-19

CROOK TABLE FOR NELMA EASTERN WHITE PINE BOARD GRADES

Length

3” 4”

CROOK TABLE for SELECTS (WWPA RULES)

Face Width 6” 8” 10” 12”

6 Feet C&D Sel. Fin. Prem. Stand.

1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2

1/8 1/16 3/16 1/8 1/4 3/16 3/8 1/4

1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16 1/8 1/8 3/16 3/16

8 Feet C&D Sel. Fin. Prem. Stand.

1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4

3/16 3/8 1/2 3/4

1/8 5/16 1/2 5/8

1/16 1/16 3/16 1/8 1/4 3/16 3/8 1/4

1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2

10 Feet C&D Sel. 5/16 1/4 3/16 3/16 Fin. 5/8 1/2 7/16 3/8 Prem. 1 3/4 5/8 1/2 Stand. 1-1/4 1-1/8 1 7/8

1/8 1/8 1/4 3/16 7/16 3/8 3/4 5/8

12 Feet C&D Sel. 3/8 3/8 5/16 1/4 1/4 3/16 Fin. 3/4 11/16 5/8 1/2 7/16 3/8 Prem. 1-1/8 1 7/8 13/16 3/4 9/16 Stand. 1-1/2 1-3/8 1-1/4 1-1/8 1 13/16

14 Feet C&D Sel. 1/2 7/16 3/8 5/16 1/4 3/16 Fin. 1 7/8 3/4 5/8 1/2 3/8 Prem. 1-1/2 1-1/4 1-1/8 1 7/8 3/4 Stand. 2 1-3/4 1-1/2 1-1/4 1-1/8 1 16 Feet C&D Sel. 5/8 1/2 7/16 3/8 5/16 Fin. 1-1/4 1 7/8 3/4 5/8 Prem. 1-7/8 1-1/2 1-3/8 1-1/8 1 Stand. 2-1/2 2 1-3/4 1-1/2 1-1/4 9-23 10-20 9-1

Length 4” 8 Feet C Select 1/4 D Select 3/8

Face Width 6” 8” 10” 12” 1/4 3/8

3/16 5/16

1/8 1/4

10 Feet C Select D Select

3/8 9/16

5/16 9/16

5/16 1/2

1/4 7/16

3/16 3/8

12 Feet C Select D Select

9/16 7/8

1/2 3/4

7/16 11/16

3/8 5/8

5/16 9/16

14 Feet C Select D Select

3/4 1-1/8

11/16 1-1/16

9/16 15/16

1/2 7/8

3/8 3/4

16 Feet C Select D Select

1 1-1/2

7/8 1-3/8

3/4 1-1/4

5/8 1-1/8

1/2 1

In the grades of Selects, maximum crook is limited to the amount shown in the above table for the appropriate length, width and grade. Pieces differing in length and width from these basic sizes may have crook in proportion to the amount shown. Maximum crook is limited to occasional pieces of any item.

1/4 1/2 7/8 1-1/8 10-21 9-1

TWIST TABLE

CROOK TABLE for COMMON BOARDS (WWPA RULES) Length 4” 8 Feet 2 & Btr. Common 1/2 3 Common 13/16 4 Common 1

Face Width 6” 8” 10” 12” 7/16 3/4 15/16

3/8 11/16 7/8

5/16 5/8 13/16

1/4 1/2 3/4

10 Feet 2 & Btr. Common 13/16 11/16 9/16 3 Common 1-1/4 1-3/16 1-1/16 4 Common 1-9/16 1-7/16 1-3/8

1/2 1 1-1/4

3/8 13/16 1-3/16

12 Feet 2 & Btr. Common 1-1/8 1 1-7/8 11/16 9/16 3 Common 1-13/16 1-11/16 1-9/16 1-7/16 1-1//8 4 Common 2-1/4 2-1/8 2 1-13/16 1-11/16 14 Feet 2 & Btr. Common 1-9/16 1-5/16 1-1/8 15/16 3/4 3 Common 2-1/2 2-5/16 2-1/8 1-15/16 1-9/16 4 Common 3-1/16 2-7/8 2-11/16 2-1/2 2-5/16 16 Feet 2 & Btr. Common 2 3 Common 3-1/4 4 Common 4

1-3/4 3 3-3/4

1-1/2 2-3/4 3-1/2

1-1/4 2-1/2 3-1/4

1 2 3

Maximum crook is limited to the amount shown in the above table for the appropriate length, width and grade. Pieces differing in length and width from these basic sizes may have crook in proportion to the amounts shown. Maximum crook is limited to occasional pieces of any item.

10-22 9-1

Length Face Width In Feet Twist 2” 3” & 4” 5 ” & 6” 8” 10” 12” 4 Very Light 1/16 1/8 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 Light 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 Medium 3/16 3/8 1/2 3/4 7/8 1-1/8 Heavy 1/4 1/2 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 6 Very Light 3/32 3/16 5/16 3/8 7/16 9/16 Light 3/16 3/8 1/2 3/4 7/8 1-1/8 Medium 9/32 1/2 3/4 1-1/8 1-3/8 1-5/8 Heavy 3/8 3/4 1-1/8 1-1/2 1-7/8 2-1/4 8 Very Light 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 Light 1/4 1/2 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 Medium 3/8 3/4 1-1/8 1-1/2 1-7/8 2-1/4 Heavy 1/2 1 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 10 Very Light 5/32 5/16 7/16 5/8 3/4 15/16 Light 5/16 5/8 7/8 1-1/4 1-1/2 1-7/8 Medium 1/2 7/8 1-3/8 1-7/8 2-3/8 2-3/4 Heavy 5/8 1-1/4 1-7/8 2-1/2 3-1/8 3-3/4 12 Very Light 3/16 3/8 9/16 3/4 15/16 1-1/8 Light 3/8 3/4 1-1/8 1-1/2 1-7/8 2-1/4 Medium 9/16 1-1/8 1-5/8 2-1/4 2-3/4 3-3/8 Heavy 3/4 1-1/2 2-1/4 3 3-3/4 4-1/2 14 Very Light 7/32 7/16 5/8 7/8 1-1/16 1-5/16 Light 7/16 7/8 1-1/4 1-3/4 2-1/8 2-5/8 Medium 5/8 1-1/4 1-7/8 2-5/8 3-1/4 3-7/8 Heavy 7/8 1-3/4 2-5/8 3-1/2 4-3/8 5-1/4 16 Very Light 1/4 1/2 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 Light 1/2 1 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 Medium 3/4 1-1/2 2-1/4 3 3-3/4 4-1/2 Heavy 1 2 3 4 5 6 18 Very Light 5/16 9/16 13/16 1-1/8 1 -7/16 1-11/16 Light 9/16 1-1/8 1-5/8 2-1/4 2-3/4 3-3/8 Medium 7/8 1-5/8 2-1/2 3-3/8 4-1/4 5 Heavy 1-1/8 2-1/4 3-3/8 4-1/2 5-5/8 6-3/4 20 Very Light 5/16 5/8 15/16 1-1/4 1-9/16 1-7/8 and Light 5/8 1-1/4 1-7/8 2-1/2 3-1/8 3-3/4 Longer Medium 1 1-7/8 2-3/4 3-3/4 4-5/8 5-5/8 Heavy 1-1/4 2-1/2 3-3/4 5 6-1/4 7-1/2

10-23 9-1

LUMBER ABBREVIATIONS

AAR — AD — ADF — ALS — AVG — AW&L — BD — BD. FT — BDL — BEV — BH — B/L, BL — BM — B&S — BSND — BTR — CB — CF — CIF – CIFE — C/L — CLG — CLR — CM — CS — CSG — CV — DET — DIM — DKG — D/S, DS — D&M — E — EASTERN WP-NP — EB1S — EB2S — E&CB2S — EV1S —

Association American Railroads Air-dried After deduction freight American Lumber Standard Average All widths and lengths Board Board Feet Bundle Bevel Boxed heart Bill of lading Board measure Beams and Stringers Bright Sapwood no defect Better Center beaded Cost and freight Cost, insurance and freight Cost, insurance, freight, exchange Carload Ceiling Clear Center matched Caulking Seam Casing Center V Double end trimmed Dimension Decking Drop siding Dressed and matched Edge or modulus of elasticity Eastern White Pine and Norway Pine Edge bead one side Edge bead two sides Edge & center bead two sides Edge vee one side 10-24

EV2S — E&CV1S — E&CV2S — EE — EG — EM — Fb — FG — FLG — FOB — FOHC — FRT — Ft — FBM — FT.SM — HB — H&M — H or M — IN — IND — J&P — KD — LBR — LCL — LF — LFVC — LGR — LGTH — LIN — LNG — M — MBM — MC — MG — MLDG — MOE — MOR — MSR — NBM — NELMA — NIE —

Edge vee two sides Edge & center vee one side Edge & center vee two sides Eased edged Edge (vertical) grain End matched Allowable fiber stress in bending (also f) Flat or slash grain Flooring Free on board (named point) Free of heart center Freight Foot Feet board measure (also FT.BM) Feet surface measure Hollow back Hit and miss Hit or miss Inch or inches Industrial Joists and Planks Kiln-dried Lumber Less than carload Light framing Loaded full visible capacity Longer Length Lineal Lining Thousand Thousand (ft.) board measure Moisture content Mixed grain Moulding Modulus of elasticity or “E” Modulus of Rupture Machine Stress Rated Net board measure Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association, Inc. Nose one edge 10-25 9-1

NSLB — Northern Softwood Lumber Bureau PAD — Partly air-dried PARA — Paragraph PART — Partition PAT — Pattern PET — Precision end trimmed P&T — Posts and Timbers RDM — Random REG — Regular RGH — Rough R/L, RL — Random lengths R/S — Resawn R/W, or RW — Random widths RW/L — Random width, random length SBIS — Single bead one side SDG — Siding SEL — Select SG — Slash or flat grain S/L or SL — Shiplap STD. M — Standard matched SM — Surface measure SPIB — Southern Pine Inspection Bureau SQ — Square STK — Stock STPG — Stepping STR — Structural S&E — Side and edge S1E — Surfaced one edge S2E — Surfaced two edges S1S — Surfaced one side S2S — Surfaced two sides S4S — Surfaced four sides S1S&CM — Surfaced one side and center matched S2S&CM — Surfaced two sides and center matched S4S&CS — Surfaced four sides and caulking seam S1S1E — Surfaced one side, one edge S1S2E — Surfaced one side, two edges S2S1E — Surfaced two sides, one edge TBR — Timber T&G — Tongued and grooved VG — Vertical (edge) grain 10-26 9-1

WCLIB — WDR — WT — WTH — WWPA —

West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau Wider Weight Width Western Wood Products Association

SYMBOLS “ — Inch or inches ‘ — Foot or feet x — by, as 4 x 4 4/4, 5/4, 6/4, etc. — Nominal thickness expressed in fractions

10-27 9-1

EASTERN PATTERN CHARTS

11-1

STANDARD EASTERN PATTERNS

11-2

11-1 11-3

E.W.P.-18 & 4

11-4 11-1

11-1 11-5

11 11

11-6 11-1 11-1 11-7

E.W.P.- 4& 4

E.W.P.-E & CB & 4

E.W.P.-DOLLY VARDEN

11-8 11-1

11-1 11-9

11-10 11-1

11-11 11-1

11-12 11-1

11-13 11-1

11-14 11-1

INDEX

12 12-1

12-2

6.0 - 6.3.1 6.3 6.2 - 6.2.4 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.3.1 6.1 - 6.1.2 6.1.1 6.1.2 7.0 - 7.2.5 7.1 - 7.1.2

12.5

Page Paragraph Number Number

Abbreviations — Lumber Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-24 Adjustment Factors for Dimension Lumber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 Appearance Grade — Dimension Lumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15. . . . . . . . Base Value Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 Board Rules Eastern White Pine Board Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3. . . . . . . . . Appearance Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11. . . . . . . . Commons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6. . . . . . . . . Finish (Fin.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6. . . . . . . . . Premium (Prem.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7. . . . . . . . . Standard (Stand.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9. . . . . . . . . Industrial (Ind.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10. . . . . . . . Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12. . . . . . . . Selects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3. . . . . . . . . C Select (C Sel.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3. . . . . . . . . D Select (D Sel.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4. . . . . . . . . Other Northeastern Species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3. . . . . . . . . Selects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3. . . . . . . . .

Subject

12 12-1 12-3

12-4 12-1

7.2 - 7.2.5 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 8.0 - 8.5.5 8.1 - 8.1.2 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.2 8.3 - 8.3.6 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3

Subject Page Paragraph Number Number (Board Rules/Special Board Grades/Cut and Shop Rules Continued) Stained Selects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18. . . . . . . . 8.3.4 Short Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18. . . . . . . . 8.3.5 Short. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18. . . . . . . . 8.3.6 Alternate Shop Grades for Eastern White Pine and Red Pine. . . . . . . . . . . 4-18. . . . . . . . 8.4 - 8.4.7 5/4 and Thicker Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20. . . . . . . . 8.4.1 - 8.4.4 Factory Select (No. 3 Clear). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20. . . . . . . . 8.4.1 No. 1 Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20. . . . . . . . 8.4.2 No. 2 Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20. . . . . . . . 8.4.3 No. 3 Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20. . . . . . . . 8.4.4 4/4 Shop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21. . . . . . . . 8.4.5 - 8.4.7 Factory Select (No. 3 Clear). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21. . . . . . . . 8.4.5 No. 1 Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21. . . . . . . . 8.4.6 No. 2 Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22. . . . . . . . 8.4.7 Cut Sash and Door Stock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22. . . . . . . . 8.5 - 8.5.5 Sash Cuttings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23. . . . . . . . 8.5.1 - 8.5.2 No. 1 Sash Cuttings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23. . . . . . . . 8.5.1 No. 2 Sash Cuttings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23. . . . . . . . 8.5.2

Commons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5. . . . . . . . . 1 Common. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7. . . . . . . . . 2 Common. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8. . . . . . . . . 3 Common. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10. . . . . . . . 4 Common. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11. . . . . . . . 5 Common. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13. . . . . . . . Special Board Grades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13. . . . . . . . Eastern White Pine Furniture Grades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13. . . . . . . . NELMA No. 1A Furniture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14. . . . . . . . NELMA No. 2A Furniture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14. . . . . . . . Merchantable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15. . . . . . . . Cut and Shop Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17. . . . . . . . No. 1 Cuts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17. . . . . . . . No. 2 Cuts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17. . . . . . . . Knotty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17. . . . . . . .

Subject Page Paragraph Number Number (Board Rules/Other Northeastern Species Continued) C Select (C Sel.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3. . . . . . . . . 7.1.1 D Select (D Sel.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4. . . . . . . . . 7.1.2

12 12-1 12-5

12-1 12-6 12-1 12-7

1.0 - 1.8 712.0 714.0

14.0 710.0 700.0 - 754.0 1.9

15.2 15.3 15.4 30.0 - 39.0

Page Paragraph Number Number

(Decking Continued) Commercial Decking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-22. . . . . . . . Radius Edge Decking — Red Pine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-24. . . . . . . . Radius Edge & Square Edge Decking — SPF(s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26. . . . . . . . Design Values — Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3. . . . . . . . . Design Values — Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6 Dimension Lumber Base Values — Softwoods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6 Dimension Lumber Base Values — Hardwoods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10 Beams and Stringers — Softwoods and Hardwoods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16 Posts and Timbers — Softwoods and Hardwoods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-20 Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19. . . . . . . . Edge — Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5 . . . . . . . . Glossary of Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3 . . . . . . . . Glued Products Rule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11. . . . . . . . Grade Mark Format — Sample Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6 Grading Rules — General Instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10. . . . . . . . Grain — Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6 . . . . . . . . Heart — Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7 . . . . . . . .

Subject

Subject Page Paragraph Number Number (Board Rules/Special Board Grades/Cust Sash and Door Stock Continued) Door Cuttings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23. . . . . . . . 8.5.3 - 8.5.5 No. 1 Door Cuttings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23. . . . . . . . 8.5.3 No. 2 Door Cuttings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23. . . . . . . . 8.5.4 Cutting Sizes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24. . . . . . . . 8.5.5 Moulding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25. . . . . . . . 8.6 - 8.6.1 Finger Joint Shop Common . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27. . . . . . . . 9.0 Burl — Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4 . . . . . . . . 702.0 Checks (also see Measurements of Characteristics). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4 . . . . . . . . 704.0 Combination Grades — Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-18 . . . . . . . 754.0 Compression Wood — Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4 . . . . . . . . 706.0 Crook Tables For Framing Lumber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-19 For NELMA Eastern White Pine Board Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-20 For Selects (WWPA Rules). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21 For Common Boards (WWPA Rules) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-22 Decay — Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4 . . . . . . . . 708.0 Decking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20. . . . . . . . 15.0 - 15.4 Selected Decking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21. . . . . . . . 15.1

12 12

12-1 12-8

Subject

Page Number

(Measurement of Characteristics/Shakes, Checks, and Splits Continued) Shakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5. . . . . . . . . Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5. . . . . . . . . Splits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5. . . . . . . . . Slope of Grain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6. . . . . . . . . Stresses Illustrated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6. . . . . . . . . Extreme Fiber in Bending & Horizontal Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6. . . . . . . . . Modulus of Elasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7. . . . . . . . . Compression Perpendicular to Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8. . . . . . . . . Compression Parallel to Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9. . . . . . . . . Metric Conversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12 . . . . . . . Moisture Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3. . . . . . . . . Moisture Content — Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13 . . . . . . . National Grading Rule (NGR) for Softwood Dimension Lumber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3 Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 General Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5 Introduction and Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3 Non-Standard Sizes .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-19 . . . . . . . .

12-1 12-9

3.9

42.1 42.2 42.3 43.0 44.0 - 44.4 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 723.0 4.0 - 4.5 724.0

Paragraph Number

4.5 716.0 5.0 - 5.6 718.0 10.0 - 10.3 10.1 10.2 10.3 16.0 720.0 722.0 40.0 - 44.4 41.0 41.1 42.0 - 42.3

Page Paragraph Number Number

Heat Treated Lumber (HT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3. . . . . . . . . Holes — Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7 . . . . . . . . Inspection Provisions (Re-Inspection). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4. . . . . . . . . Knots (also see Measurements of Characteristics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8 . . . . . . . . Light Framing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6. . . . . . . . . Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6. . . . . . . . . Standard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7. . . . . . . . . Utility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8. . . . . . . . . Machine Stress Rated Lumber (MSR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28. . . . . . . . Manufacturing Imperfections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9 . . . . . . . . Manufacturing Imperfections — Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12 . . . . . . . Measurements of Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3. . . . . . . . . Knots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3. . . . . . . . . Wide Face Knots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3. . . . . . . . . Shakes, Checks, and Splits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4. . . . . . . . .

Subject

12 12

12-10 12-1

742.0 744.0 3.0 - 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.1 3.3 3.6 3.2 746.0 17.0 12.0 - 12.4 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4

Page Paragraph Number Number

Splits (also see Measurements of Characteristics). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15 . . . . . . . Stains — Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-16 . . . . . . . Standard Sizes for Dressed Lumber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15. . . . . . . . Boards and Dimension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18. . . . . . . . Decking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17. . . . . . . . Lengths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18. . . . . . . . Rough Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19. . . . . . . . S4S / S2S / S2E-S-Dry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15. . . . . . . . Shiplap — 1/2” Lap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16. . . . . . . . Timbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18. . . . . . . . Tongue & Groove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16. . . . . . . . Stress Grades — Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-16 . . . . . . . Stress Rated Boards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35. . . . . . . . Structural Light Framing & Structural Joists and Planks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10. . . . . . . . Select Structural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10. . . . . . . . No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11. . . . . . . . No. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12. . . . . . . . No. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14. . . . . . . .

Subject

728.0 730.0 732.0 736.0 734.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 - 1.8 738.0 740.0 13.0 - 13.4 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4

726.0

Page Paragraph Number Number

Occasional Pieces — Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13 . . . . . . . Pattern Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3 Pitch — Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13 . . . . . . . Pitch Streak — Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13 . . . . . . . Pith — Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13 . . . . . . . Plugs & Fillers — Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14 . . . . . . . Pocket — Definition (excluding Pitch and Bark Pockets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14 . . . . . . . Product of Pattern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11 . . . . . . . . Product of Ripped. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11 . . . . . . . . Product of Re-sawn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11 . . . . . . . . Sapwood — Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14 . . . . . . . Shake (also see Measurements of Characteristics). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15 . . . . . . . Special Product Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15. . . . . . . . General Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16. . . . . . . . No. 1 Prime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17. . . . . . . . No. 2 Prime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18. . . . . . . . Design Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19. . . . . . . . Species Groupings (Scientific Names). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

Subject

12 12-11 12-1

12-12 12-1

- 28.3

- 27.3

- 26.3

- 25.4

750.0 752.0

28.2 28.3 748.0

Page Paragraph Number Number

(Timbers/Profile Posts and Timbers Continued) No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14 . . . . . . . No. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14 . . . . . . . Trim — Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-16 . . . . . . . Twist Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-23 Wane — Definition. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17 . . . . . . . Warp — Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17 . . . . . . .

Subject

25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 28.0 28.1

11.0 2.0 - 2.5

Page Paragraph Number Number

Studs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9 . . . . . . . . . Tally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13 . . . . . . . . Timbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 Beams and Stringers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 . . . . . . . . . Select Structural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4 . . . . . . . . . No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5 . . . . . . . . . No. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6 . . . . . . . . . Design Values — Adjustment Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7 . . . . . . . . . Posts and Timbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8 . . . . . . . . . Select Structural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8 . . . . . . . . . No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9 . . . . . . . . . No. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10 . . . . . . . . Profile Beams and Stringers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11 . . . . . . . . Select Structural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12 . . . . . . . . No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12 . . . . . . . . No. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12 . . . . . . . . Profile Posts and Timbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13 . . . . . . . . Select Structural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13 . . . . . . . .

Subject

12 12-13 12-1