August 2015
Nelson County Beekeepers
What’s The Buzz
Volume 1, Issue 4
August
Officers President-Doug Brink Vice PresidentSecretary-Helen Fenske Treasurer-Susan Zhunga
Robbie Smith County Extension Agent for Horticulture
Inside this issue: Indiana Beekeeper Stops
3
Solar wax melter made
4
Forest-based Beekeeping
5
Honey-and-Soy-Lacquered Ribs
6
House Bill 400
8
Honey-Roasted Carrots
10
Reminders
11
What’s Happening Inside The Hive? This month is much like July. The bees are still rearing brood, but storing little honey. And they still need water. Late summer is the time for bees to try to rob honey from other hives. This is because of the dearth of nectar. If you have more than one hive, don’t open a hive for more than a few minutes. Unguarded honey leads to a “robbing frenzy”. Even if you then close the hive, the robbing bees remain in the same frame of mind. Stronger hives will do their best to fight their way into the weaker hives. Watch for fighting bees at the entrances of the hives. August is a serious month for varroa mites. The mites have been reproducing rapidly in the brood cells since spring. Their numbers can build up without any apparent signs of trouble and then suddenly destroy a hive within a few weeks. Beekeeper Chores If you haven’t looked for varroa this summer, do so now (as described for July). August is the month to begin thinking about winter. A weak hive should be de-queened and united with a stronger hive. levels. Observations and Ideas Kentucky beekeepers work together at the honey booth at the state fair each August in Louisville. The fair is a good opportunity to sell your honey and to meet with other beekeepers. This (Continued on page 2)
Page 2 (Continued from page 1)
activity is planned by the Kentucky State Beekeeping Association. By this time of year, you and your beekeeping friends nearby know whether you have had a good year. Compare notes on honey production, queens, mite problems and other concerns. Note the sources of the best queens purchased by other beekeepers. Word of mouth is often the best way to find good queen and package bee producers.
September What’s Happening Inside the Hive? Brood rearing begins to taper off and drone brood has disappeared. Often, a second honey flow comes in September. Goldenrod and aster bloom at this time. With a good location and good weather conditions, the beekeeper can make a significant crop. Have an empty super on the hive to take advantage of this possibility. Your experience from previous years will tell you whether bees can make
a late season crop in your area. Beekeeper Chores Put those mite treatments on! Hot September weather may keep you from putting the Apicure gel packs (for varroa) or menthol (for tracheal mites) on. Wait until daytime temperatures are regularly below 85o. Beekeepers often face a September dilemma. If they put their Apistan on in early September, they will not be able to harvest the honey made in that time. If they wait until late September, the varroa mites may be out of control and the hive lost. The best approach is to monitor your varroa numbers through late summer. That information will allow you to make an informed decision. The last weeks of warm weather are the time to assess which hives are ready for winter. There is still time to feed syrup to those without sufficient stored honey and to unite the weakest hives with stronger hives. Observations and Ideas Late summer and early fall
is yellow jacket season. These wasps are often confused with honey bees by nonbeekeepers. If your neighbors have yellow jackets disrupting their picnics, they may blame you. Show them the differences : yellow jackets have less hair than the fuzzy bees, are slightly smaller, live underground, and are interested in many foods like meat that bees don’t care for. Yellow jacket nests die when winter comes. Only the queens survive,
Doug Brink has NCB TShirts ($11) and Hooded Sweatshirts ($23) for sale.
Janet Brown is selling NCB Hats and Visors for $10.00. The club gets $2.00 from each sales. Darrell Hester is selling his stainless 2 frame extractor for $100.00. or best offer. If interested contact him at the meeting or call 502-648 -2044.
Page 3 Indiana Beekeeper Stops Herbicide Use on RoW Land Deborah and John Donk, Life members of Indiana Beekeepers Association live on twenty-five beautiful acres in southeastern Indiana. They are surrounded by farms, neighbors with gardens, and a creek that is the kids’ summer swimming spot. In late July, Deborah and her neighbors received letters from Hoosier Electric that the Right-of-Way (RoW) under the utility lines near their properties was going to be sprayed with herbicides. Deborah learned the herbicide that was going to be used was a product containing Imazapyr, Aminocyclopyrachlor, Metsulfuron, and 38% “other ingredients.” Grave concerns were raised as the product label states clearly crops and non-target plants will be harmed if this product is applied within the root-zone of non-target plants. If the herbicide drifted to crop land or pollinator habitat the land could not be used for a year after exposure to this herbicide. Neighbors were concerned about the run-off of this herbicide into the near-by creek where children swim. This entire action by the utility company appeared to be
tree contact with a transmission line. These RoWs can be cost-effectively managed to offer prime pollinator habitat of lowgrowing grasses, forbs, and shrubs, using techniques such as Integrated Vegetation Management (IVM). A number of major public and private utilities have become “Working with the Edison exemplars of IVM practices to Electric Institute (EEI) and encourage pollinators. Federal Electric Utilities on agencies (EPA, USDA, DOI, Transmission Line RoW DOE) are revising the existing Habitat: The North American Memorandum of Electric Reliability Understanding with EEI to Corporation (NERC) has further these beneficial delegated responsibility to pollinator practices.” develop and enforce standards to ensure the How did Deborah, John and reliability of the bulk power her neighbors make a difference? They knew they system, including the needed information, and Reliability Standard that addresses vegetation support of others, so they contacted the Pollinator management covering tree Stewardship Council. Starting trimming on high voltage transmission RoWs (FACon Saturday, July 25th, 003-2; residential power line Deborah contacted the Program Director, and maintenance is under the together we worked out a plan purview of state and local authorities). The of action. Pollinator Stewardship Council compiled transmission line information on the herbicides requirements place strict responsibilities on operators proposed to be used, we analyzed the label, and that trees and other created a document based on vegetation growing in or adjacent to a power line that analysis pointing out the RoW be trimmed to prevent (Continued on page 6) power outages caused by in direct contradiction to the recently published National Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey bees and Other Pollinators. The following pertains to RoW lands for electric utilities, and is directly quoted from the National Strategy:
Page 4 Solar wax melter made even easier… Written By: Karen Rennich It is hot, oppressively hot. At this time of year in Maryland, no one wants to work in the colonies and the bees don’t really want you in there either – they make that perfectly clear. Most beekeepers have extracted some honey by now and may have a stockpile of wax lying about. It is on these hot sunny days that solar wax melting season begins at our home. My background and training is in engineering so I’m not likely to go out and buy a solar wax melter – I’d rather reuse something I have and make it work with very little work from me.
Melted wax in pot under glass cover Engineers learn from experience that the best design is often the simplest and the most elegant. Over the years, and after trying all kinds of melting and filtering methods, I think I’ve
developed the easiest way to melt and clean wax. You only need 3 things to melt the wax and they are all something that you likely have around the house: an old cooler, a sheet of glass (or plexiglass) and an a stock pot. Melted Wax in Styrofoam cups -still hot I use an old soup pot that I bought for cheap at a thrift store. It wobbles but that doesn’t matter as long as it is dark and fits inside the cooler with the glass on top. I put my wax cappings in the pot, put the pot in the cooler and put the glass on top. In a matter of hours outside in direct sun on a hot, summer day, the wax is melted and ready for the next step.
is melted, carefully remove the very hot pot, using those oven pads, and slowly pour the melted combination of wax, honey, propolis, bee parts, etc. into the Styrofoam cups. Clean wax, ready for use Wait a few hours, and the wax will cool, shrink and rise above all the other remaining honey and slumgum. Once completely cooled, everything will slide out of the cup and you can cut the slumgum part off and are then left with beautiful golden, clean wax – no messy filtering required!
I save these chunks of clean wax throughout the Cooled wax/slumgum out of summer and fall and use them for candles, recup I have tried several different containers to pour waxing some foundation and other great uses. the hot mixture into, but large Styrofoam cups (we https:// wash out the ones given to beeinformed.org/2013/07 us after dining at carryout /solar-wax-melter-maderestaurants) are even-easier/ undoubtedly the best. It is also essential to have some oven pads on hand – the soup pot will be hot. I would finally recommend putting some newspaper down under the cups where you are pouring. Once your wax
Page 5 Forest-based Beekeeping Tammy Horn, Ph.D., Kentucky State Apiarist Horn describes the bee industry as an economic tiger with five tails: honey production; wax production; queen bee production; pollination; and extension work. The demand for honey, wax, and bees far outweighs the supply, especially of local product. Horn believes Kentucky has the potential to fill the national honey supply disparity as well as gaps in other U.S. food production that are directly or indirectly affected by honey bees. Dr. Horn has three top priorities for her position as state apiarist: 1. hive health 2. economic development 3. extension and outreach The public thinks of honey in a jar; not on the flowers that provide it. One hive needs 252 million flowers. A recent study by Penn State of agricultural chemicals in beeswax found that every bee is bringing in at least six different chemicals. U.S. agriculture operations are spraying fifteen times more Roundup than was applied ten years ago. In addition, many beekeepers are trying
to avoid orchards as nectar sources for their bees because of the chemicals sprayed on the fruit trees. As native wildflower habitats decrease and agricultural crops become a greater risk to bee health because of chemical applications, forest flowers are increasingly a vital source of nectar for bees. In Kentucky, forests have the flower potential needed to support a vibrant and healthy bee population. Indeed, Horn thinks that forests are the only way Kentucky can have sufficient forage for bees. Get your bees to the trees Early beekeepers kept bees in hollowed out gum trees. Now outlawed in the rest of the US, this method of beekeeping is still allowed in Kentucky. However, it is difficult to inspect hives and harvest honey. Dr. Horn recommended planting trees, such as sourwood, that bloom (July/ August) when others aren’t. Sourwoods are Appalachian natives. Although they do not like to be transplanted, they multiply easily from runners. Witch hazel is another valuable nectar source because it blooms in November when most other flowers are gone. It is an
under canopy plant that can thrive in a woodland setting. Horn thinks the “new normal” for beekeepers will be to provide overlapping seasonal blooms as well as nectaries that produce at consecutive times of the day. Farmers should avoid spraying insecticides around nectar-producing plants between 9 a.m. and 3p.m. In addition, bees will require supplemental feeding of both carbs and protein. Tammy emphasized the importance of queen bee production and health. A queen needs to mate with males from 20 different hives to maintain genetic diversity. Neonics and bee health There has been considerable portrayal in the media lately about the potentially harmful role of neonicotinoid insecticides on bee health. Applied to soil or as a seed treatment, neonics were introduced in the late 1990s as a less toxic replacement for the mass spraying of pyrethroids and organophosphates which are highly toxic to bees. (Editor’s note: Neonics incorporate into plant tissues, making them lethal to (Continued on page 7)
Page 6 General Manager of Southeastern Indiana Rural Electric. We provided research and support materials for Ms. Donk to take with her to a personal meeting with the G.M. of the Rural Electric Co-op. We notified local media about
the issue and the concerns of Indiana residents. We also notified the leadership concerns to beekeepers, in Indiana’s beekeeping farmers, and the neighbors community to mobilize along the RoW. We wrote support for this Indiana letters to Hoosier Electric’s beekeeper. Debbie Seib CEO, and Director of Public sent an email seeking Affairs, as well as to the support of other beekeepers at a meeting Deborah and John Donk had scheduled Honey-and-Soy-Lacquered Ribs Ingredients with the herbicide 2 (2- to 2 1/2-lb.) slabs St. Louis-style pork ribs applicator. Jim Orem of the 1 tablespoon kosher salt Southern Indiana 2 teaspoons freshly ground pepper Beekeepers Assn. supported 1/2 cup honey Deborah’s efforts, and 2 tablespoons soy sauce attended the meeting with 2 tablespoons Asian chili-garlic sauce the forester from Hoosier 1 tablespoon fresh lime juice Electric, and State 1 tablespoon butter Chemists. Deborah called 1 teaspoon dry mustard the Pollinator Stewardship Council Thursday, July 30th 1 teaspoon ground ginger with an update: they Preparation won! The utility company 1. Preheat oven to 325°. Rinse slabs, and pat dry. Remove would not spray herbicide thin membrane from back of slabs by slicing into it and pulling along the RoW land near her it off. (This will make the ribs more tender.) Sprinkle salt and property, her neighbors’ pepper over slabs; wrap each slab tightly in aluminum foil. property, or near crop land. Place slabs on a jelly-roll pan, and bake 2 to 2 1/2 hours or The utility company was until tender and meat pulls away from bone. surveying the land from the 2. Bring honey and next 6 ingredients to a boil in a saucepan air, and based their original over high heat, stirring occasionally. Reduce heat to mediumdecision to spray on aerial low; simmer 5 minutes or until reduced by half. Transfer to a surveys instead of a ground bowl. level survey. Ms. Donk and 3. Remove slabs from oven. Increase oven temperature to her neighbors spoke of the broil on high. Carefully remove slabs from foil; place on a foilwildflowers and blackberry lined baking sheet. Brush each slab with 3 Tbsp. honey mixbushes, not tree saplings on ture. the RoW. “There are 4. Broil 5 to 7 minutes or until browned and sticky. Brush with alternatives to herbicide remaining honey mixture. spraying. The neighbors are Recipes from www.myrecipes.com/recipe even happy to mow the RoW (Continued from page 3)
Page 7 land adjoining their own lands.” Ms. Donk told Hoosier Electric. “I have never done anything like this, but I had to protect my bees, and the native pollinators I see all over that land. In the end, it turned out well. The utility company did listen to us. They heard our concerns, we listened to them, and a solution was created. My bees will be safer. I can use my land to plant pollinator forage without fear of the plants getting contaminated. And the parents can feel safe about their kids swimming in the creek.” Deborah exclaimed, still elated days after this “win.”
(Continued from page 5)
insects that bore into or feed on them. However, two recent studies have not found neonics expressed in plant pollen or nectar at levels potentially harmful to bees.) Horn noted that neonicotinoids have been banned in Europe. Since the two-year moratorium went into place the end of 2013, farmers have returned to older aerial sprayed chemicals. She noted that a new neonic formulated for bee safety has recently been released. About Tammy Horn and the apiarist office Dr. Horn joined the Kentucky Pollinator Stewardship Department of Agriculture as Council is here to help Kentucky’s new state beekeepers protect their apiarist on June 1, 2014. honey bees, and native Her duties include pollinators from the impact identifying and eradicating of pesticides (insecticides, infectious diseases in herbicides, fungicides). We Kentucky honey bee will support you in your local colonies, educating the nonactions, provide information, beekeeping public about the and help mobilize support importance of honey bees, from within and outside of and offering advice to the beekeeping community. beekeepers. She inspects Beekeepers can take action, hives by appointment, and be successful. Working provides health certificates together, we can protect our for the transport of Kentucky honey bees. bees out of state, and speaks at beekeeping meetings and various other functions. The 2014 Farm Bill directs
the USDA to encourage farmers to protect pollinator habitat as part of voluntary conservation plans. Horn has partnered with the Appalachian Regional Reforestation Initiative (ARRI) with support from other state agencies and universities to create a viable forest-based bee industry. Horn is the author of Bees in America: How the Honey Bee Shaped a Nation and Beeconomy: What Women and Bees Can Teach Us About Local Trade and Global Markets. Contact: tammy.horn@ky.gov; http:// www.kyagr. com/statevet/ honeybees.html; 502-7825909
The last meeting or field trip to Pat Swartz's home was great fun and very informative. We got to look into some hives and see good progress and some problems. Pizza is always enjoyed. But WOW, Ice Cream with different topping, what fun. Thanks again Pat, great job!!!
Page 8 House Bill 400 House Bill (HB) 400, signed into law and effective beginning on July 16, 2002 contains specific exemptions for some honey producers. Specifically, the law states that if a person sells less than one hundred fifty (150) gallons of honey in a year off the farm, the person is not required to process the honey in a certified honey house or food processing establishment. This exemption is equivalent to less than 1800 pounds of honey per year. Apiaries meeting this exemption would still need to comply with Kentucky’s labeling requirements and operate in a safe and sanitary manner. They should also submit their labels to Annhall Norris. Honey Labels Labels for honey containers, as for all foods in Kentucky, are also regulated by the Department for Public Health, Food Safety Branch. The requirements for honey are labels listed below. Identity of the product:
HONEY Net Quantity: For honey this is customarily stat-ed in weight - ounces and grams, not volume.
A one pound jar label should state Net Wt. 1 lb (454 g).
A two pound jar should say Net Wt. 2 lb (908 g).
A one pint jar should say Net Wt. 22 ounces (624 g) or Net Wt. 1.37 lb (624g).
A one quart jar should say Net Wt. 44 ounces (1.2 kg) or Net Wt. 2.75 lb (1.2kg).
Name of manufacturer: This is your name or your company’s name. If you are bottling honey purchased from another producer, the words “Bottled by”, “Distributed by”, or “Manufactured for” are also required with your name. Address of Manufacturer: Your complete ad-dress including the street address, city, state, and zip code are required.
Members of Congress Dining on Food Contaminated with Bird- and Bee-Killing Insecticides Chemicals Found in Dining Hall Food Have Been Restricted by the European Union due to Deadly Impacts on Pollinators http://abcbirds.org/article/ members-of-congress-diningon-food-contaminated-withbird-and-bee-killinginsecticides/ (Reprinted with permission of American Bird Conservancy) (Washington, D.C., July 29, 2015) A new study by American Bird Conservancy (ABC) and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health has found bird- and bee-killing insecticides in nearly every food eaten by the nation's Senators, Representatives, and others who dine in the cafeterias of the United States Congress. These pesticides, called neonicotinoids, are the nation's most widely used insecticides and persist in soils for months to years. The insecticides were banned by the European Union in 2013 and restricted by Ontario, Canada in 2015 because of their connection to the large-scale disappearance of pollinators. As an earlier ABC study reported, the pesticides are
lethal to birds and to many of the invertebrates on which they feed. Based on these findings, ABC is urging Representatives to cosponsor the Saving America's Pollinators Act of 2015, suspending the use of neonicotinoids pending an independent review of the products' effects on birds, terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates, bats, and other wildlife. Most Foods Contained Multiple Neonicotinoids In two rounds of testing—the first in January and the second in May of 2015—nearly all Congressional cafeteria food tested positive for one or more neonicotinoid insecticide residues. Sixty out of a total of 66 food samples, or 91%, tested positive for the chemicals. Forty-seven (or 71%) of the foods had two or more neonicotinoids. “These pesticides infiltrate the produce itself and cannot be removed by washing or peeling,” said Cynthia Palmer, Director of Pesticides Science and Regulation for ABC. “We were surprised to find that most foods contained multiple neonicotinoids, with as many as five in samples of fresh-squeezed orange juice and green bell pepper,” she added. All of the 38 food samples collected in January con-
tained neonicotinoid residues. In addition to the five neonicotinoids found in the orange juice, 10 food samples (26%) contained four distinct neonicotinoid insecticides, nine (24%) had three neonicotinoids, and eight (21%) had two neonicotinoids. The remaining 10 foods (26%) each had a single neonicotinoid detection. The May round of testing revealed neonicotinoids in 22 out of 28 food samples (79%), including the five types in bell pepper. Four foods (14%) had four, six foods (21%) had three, eight foods (29%) had two neonicotinoids, and three foods (11%) had one. “It is almost impossible to avoid eating foods that are contaminated with neonicotinoids in the cafeterias on Capitol Hill. We can reasonably assume that the likelihood for humans to be exposed to neonicotinoids through dietary intakes is the same as for birds, bees, and other pollinators in the environment,” said Chensheng Alex Lu, Associate Professor at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Neonicotinoids Ubiquitous in Food Supply
Page 9 Cherry tomatoes, yellow squash, and golden delicious apples stood out as the samples with the highest levels of neonicotinoid residues. This result is consistent with the USDA Pesticide Data Program 2013 Annual Summary that showed high residues associated with apple juice and summer squash. “The neonicotinoid story is one of marketing success overruling common sense, to the detriment of our ecosystems,” said Palmer. “Today's report brings the neonicotinoids' persistence and ubiquity home to Congress—those with the power to fix pesticide regulations.” Neonicotinoids are used as sprays and soil drenches on fruit and vegetable crops, but their presence on fresh produce represents only a small fraction of the total pounds applied in the U.S. Neonicotinoids also are used as seed coatings on hundreds of millions of acres of commodity crops such as corn, soybeans, cotton, canola, and sunflowers, even though many scientists question their capacity to increase yields. Neonicotinoids as a Driver in Pollinator Declines There is mounting evidence that neonicotinoids are a primary driver in the bee population declines of the past decade. As for birds, as ABC reported in 2013, a single seed
Page 10 Honey-Roasted Carrots Ingredients 2 pounds baby carrots with tops 2 teaspoons olive oil 3 tablespoons butter, divided 1/2 teaspoon kosher salt 1/4 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper 1 shallot, finely chopped 2 tablespoons bourbon 2 tablespoons honey 1 tablespoon chicken broth or water 1/2 teaspoon chopped fresh thyme Preparation 1. Place a small roasting pan in oven. Preheat oven and pan to 500°. 2. Cut tops from carrots, leaving 1 inch of greenery on each carrot. 3. Stir together olive oil and 1 Tbsp. butter in preheated pan. Add carrots, salt, and pepper; toss to coat. Bake 10 minutes. 4. Meanwhile, melt remaining 2 Tbsp. butter in a small saucepan over medium-high heat. Add shallot; sauté 1 minute. Remove from heat, and stir in bourbon and next 2 ingredients. Return to heat, and bring to a boil, stirring occasionally. Reduce heat to medium, and cook 5 minutes or until mixture is syrupy. 5. Drizzle syrup over carrots; toss to coat. Bake 5 to 7 more minutes or until carrots are crisp-tender. Transfer to a serving dish, and sprinkle with thyme. Recipes from www.myrecipes.com/recipe
M e e t i n g
August 20th @ 6:30 p.m. Our speaker for this month is Tavia Cathcart. Tavia is the executive director of the Creasy Mahan Nature Preserve, a 170-acre public charity that is a family-friendly destination in Goshen, KY. Tavia is an accomplished actress (Mrs. Doubtfire) and author (Wildflowers Of Tennessee: The Ohio Valley and the Southern Appalachians). Her talk for the evening will provide insight in the reasons why different flowers attract insects, including the Honey bee, in different ways. The title of the presentation is “How flowers flirt and flourish” and is a highly energetic discussion on the interaction of insects and plants. I know you will enjoy Tavia’s talk; it will change the way you look.
Page 11 treated with neonicotinoids is enough to kill a songbird. And the elevated levels of these chemicals in many surface waters are already high enough to kill the aquatic invertebrate life on which so many birds, bats, and other pollinators depend. Beneficial terrestrial invertebrates such as earthworms are also killed by the neonicotinoids at extremely low doses. The insecticides are killing the diverse wildlife that pollinates our crops and controls our pests for free. Implications for Human Health The human health impacts of neonicotinoid pesticides need further research. While none of the levels of neonicotinoid residues in the foods sampled in this study exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency's current “reference dose” (the dose EPA considers acceptable based on laboratory studies), clinical research from Japan indicates that adverse effects may be observed at doses lower than EPA's reference doses. According to the EPA, neonicotinoids can be damaging to the nervous systems of mammals and are also associated with liver, kidney, thyroid, testicular, and immune system effects. Thia-
cloprid, one common neonicotinoid, has been designated as “likely to be carcinogenic to humans,” with thyroid tumors observed in male rats, uterine tumors in rats, and ovarian tumors in mice. Study Design ABC teamed with scientists at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health to test 66 food samples from Congressional dining halls. The researchers evaluated 38 food samples in January 2015 and 28 in May 2015. Roughly half of the samples were purchased from the House Longworth Cafeteria and half from Senate Dirksen Cafeteria, in addition to samples of strawberry topping from the Dirksen frozen yogurt bar. Food samples were analyzed for seven distinct neonicotinoid insecticides: acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam. Sample analysis took place at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health located in Boston, Massachusetts, under the direction of Dr. Chensheng Alex Lu and Dr. Lin Tao.
WANNA BEE A MEMBER Annual Dues $12.00 Send your name, address, city & zip, Phone & email to : Susan E. Zhunga 555 King Road Coxs Creek, KY 40013
KY State Fair Aug. 20-30, 2015 Louisville, KY We will get details on participation in Honey Competition and working honey booths when available. Road Clean up October more information to follow. Christmas Parade—Date to be determined. We will be looking for volunteers to decorate and ride the wagon. Will need you to wear bee suits, carry smokers and have a good time. All are welcome. Contact Henry Wilkerson.
DON’T FORGET TO JOIN US ON FACE BOOK!!
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Nelson County 317 S Third Street Bardstown, KY 40004
University of Kentucky
Cooperative Extension Service
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