Climate Action Teams Thematic Booklet

CATs THEMATIC BOOKLET (1) The CATs thematic training booklet is a compilation of several training resources delivered by CAPSAY and other training partners.

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CATs THEMATIC BOOKLET (1)

The CATs thematic training booklet is a compilation of several training resources delivered by CAPSAY and other training partners, during the training workshop held in 2012.

Training partners included: o o o o o o o o o

MINISTRY OF YOUTHS AND SPORTS - MOYAS MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE - MOA MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT - MOL MINISTRY OF FISHERIES - MOF KENYA FOREST SERVICE - KFS STUDENTS IN FREE ENTERPRISE - SIFE THE VILLAGE AFRICA GREEN TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES IN KENYA – ALGAK

The materials contained in this booklet are for use by the CAT groups as resource references. They aim to achieve the following objectives: 1.

To introduce the concepts of Climate Change (CC), Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR).

2.

Take the youths through the Climate Action Awareness Programme (CAAPs) process.

3.

To enable youths to understand Green Business innovations with connections to CCA/DRR. 4.

To equip them with skills that will enable them create an impact in their communities and engage in decision making, governance and policy formation – how to do advocacy 5.

To help them understand basic aspects of leadership and management.

6.

To initiate the process of themed 'Changemaker’s University.

7.

To help the youths understand how to run their green projects as business.

8.

To help the youths grow their green businesses, brand their products and market them.

Climate Action Programme for Schools and Youth 80 Muthithi Road, Westlands P.O. Box 11349 -00100 Nairobi Tel: +254 20 2153231, Cell: +254 720 433769 Email: icc@ermisafrica.org c climate.actionteams@capsay.org. www.capsay.org

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Contents

Page

1.0

Introduction To Climate Change……………………………………… ………..... 3

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Causes Of Climate Change...................................................................................3 Effects Of Climate Change....................................................................................4 What Can We Do? ................................................................................................6 Green Energy ……………………………………………………………………………..7

2.0 2.1 2.2

The CATs Project Overview………………………………………………………….. 8 Project Aims and Objectives……………………………………………………………. 8 Community connections ………………………………………………………………... 10

3.0 3.1 3.2

Green Business ……………………………………………………………………….... 12 Characteristics Of Green Business …………………………………………………….. 12 Taking Home The Green Business …………………………………………………….. 13

4.0 4.1

Business Development ………………………………………………………………. 14 Business Plans ……………………………………………………………...................... 15

5.0 5.1 6.0 6.1 6.2 7.0 7.1 8.0 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4

Green House Farming …………………………………………………………………

Farmers Kit ………………………………………………………………………………..

Horticulture farming …………………………………………………………………..

How to Make natural Pesticide …………………………………………………………

Gross Income Guidelines For Horticultural Enterprise Crops …………………….

Urban farming + Agri- Business …………………………………………………….

Urban Farming Techniques ……………………………………………………………..

How To Make Compost Manure on Your Farm. ……………………………......

Poultry Production ……………………………………………………………………..

Production Systems ……………………………………………………………………...

Brooding and Chick Quality…………………………………………………………….

Feeds + Feeding ……………………………………………………………………........

Diseases and Parasites In Poultry ……………………………………………………..

20 21 26 26 29 31 32 33 35 37 38 40 45

10.0 10.1 10.2 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0

Rabbit Production ……………………………………………………………………..

Breeds ……………………………………………………………………………………

Disease Incidences, Conditions + Treatment in Rabbits ………………………….

Fish Farming …………………………………………………………………………..

Bee Keeping ………………………………………………………………………......

Tree Nursery Management ………………………………………………………….

Renewable Energy …………………………………………………………………….

Simple Technology That Can Adapt To Climate Change …………………….

Guide To Proposal Writing + Concept Note ……………………………………..

Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………..

49 50 53 55 57 60 63 64 65 72

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Introduction To Climate Change A Climate Action Teams project guide to understanding climate change Source: History of Cliamte Change: encyclopedia Wikipedia.org/wiki/climate change.

Youth Climate Change Handbook; Norwegian Church Aid pgs 9-25.

Introduction Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It might be a change in average weather conditions or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (i.e. more or fewer extreme weather events).

Causes of Climate Change

You have probably heard about ‘greenhouse gases’ as the main contributor to climate change. This is because the earth’s atmosphere acts much like a giant greenhouse. The gases allow solar radiation (heat) to pass through the atmosphere but, after it is absorbed and re-radiated by the earth, the gases prevent this heat from escaping back into space.

Under natural circumstances this is what keeps the earth warm enough to support life. But current conditions are far from natural. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, when humans began burning fossil fuels on an unprecedented scale, greenhouse gases have steadily been piling up in the atmosphere. Many of these gases last far longer than a century.

As a result, current carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are now 35.4% higher than pre-industrial levels and growing rapidly. They are now far above any level in the past 650,000 years. Likewise, methane (CH4) concentrations have more than doubled to far above anything seen in the past 650,000 years.

Global emissions of all greenhouse gases have increased by 70% between 1970 and 2004. The consequence of all this is that more and more heat is being trapped in our atmosphere, leading to an ‘enhanced greenhouse effect.’

The world is warming incredibly fast. Global temperatures have risen by 0.76˚C since 1850; with the rate of warming for the past 50 years double that for the past century. Eleven of the past twelve years rank among the twelve warmest years since records began in 1850.

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Effects of Climate Change An increase in temperature means an increase in evaporation rate, drying up of land and water bodies, withering and eventual drying up of vegetation whose result is drought. Increased temperature leads to altered wind currents; this coupled with increased evaporation means altered patterns of perception.

Heavy clouds blown to land will definitely cause heavy rains that lead to flooding.

As always floods will lead to influx of water born diseases. As the earth becomes warmer, the masses of water stored in the form of ice at the North and South poles melt, thereby increasing the volume of the water in the oceans. The sea levels rise causing the coastal lands to be submerged. Some islands may be altogether submerged into oblivion. Global warming comes with a myriad of health problems. Some disease causing parasites are known to flourish in warm conditions. Diseases such as malaria thrive in these warm conditions.

Effect of climate change in Kenya

Kenya has witnessed an alarming upsurge in the incidence and severity of extreme weather events. The glaring evidence of climate change in the country is visible in the changing picture of natural disasters such as floods, drought, and landslide and lightning. The effects of drought became more pronounced in the 1991/92, 1995/96 and 1999/00. During these droughts, hundreds of animals died, millions of Kenyans became destitute and dependent on relief food, while many cases of malnutrition among children were reported. This was then followed with flash floods leading to onset of El Nino especially in the arid and semi arid regions in the country. These regions are; Makueni, Kitui, Mbeere, Garissa, Turkana, samburu among many others.

Agriculture and Livestock The country has in recent years reported successive seasons of crop failure, greatly affecting food security. Millions of Kenyans have been forced to rely on relief food for survival, all because of frequent and prolonged droughts resulting from climate change that have hit the country in the last two decades. Coastal agriculture is also at great risk due to the increased rate of sea level rise. Livestock – a vital source of livelihood for many communities living in the arid and semi-arid area will suffer a great from prolonged droughts and diseases such as Rift Valley Fever, all linked to climate change. For instance the droughts of the 1990s saw losses in livestock herds of up to 70%.

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Water and Human health The country’s water towers have largely been threatened by deforestation, rivers have dried up as a result and the water levels in the Lakes have also decided impacting negatively on aquatic life. In late 2006, experts at NASA detected weather patterns that forecast an outbreak in East Africa, of Rift Valley Fever and a host of other maladies and insectborn diseases, such as malaria and yellow fever. Such diseases are spread via insects that thrive in warm temperatures and moisture.

Tourism, Wildlife and Forestry Climate change has destroyed some of our best-loved tourist’s attractions, including the snow-caps on Mounts Kenya and Kilimanjaro, the coastal rainforests, and the fragile marine ecosystems. The Kenya’s coral reefs are already seeing the impact of the global phenomenon known as ‘coral bleaching’, which occurs when coral is stressed by temperature increases, high or low levels of salinity, lower water quality and an increase in sediments. Climate change has led to loss of biodiversity hence extinction of some animal and plant species.

Energy The country’s hydropower potential has been dramatically reduced over the past 20 years due to low water levels in the dams, lakes and rivers.

Without major investment in alternative forms of energy, we can safely assume that blackouts will become a more regular feature in our lives as we anticipate longer and more frequent droughts brought about by global warming. Besides the use hydroelectric power, we need to find cleaner sources of energy such as solar and wind that will help us achieve economic growth without emitting greenhouse gases.

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What Can We Do? Vulnerable sectors

Reactive adaptation

Water -Protection of ground water resources.

-Protect water catchment areas.

-Improve water supply.

-Improve management and maintenance of the existing water supply scheme.

Food -Erosion control.

-Dam construction for irrigation.

-Use of organic and farmyard fertilizers.

-Soil fertility maintenance.

-Introduction of new crops.

-Improved farming methods.

-Educative and outreach programmes.

Health -Public health management reforms.

-Improved housing and living conditions.

-Improved emergency response.

Energy -Protect water catchment areas.

-Treating the hazardous gasses before emission into the atmosphere.

-Improved logging system.

-Use of renewable environmental friendly energy such as wind and solar

Anticipatory adaptation -Better use of recycled water.

-Water policy reform.

-Development of flood controls and drought monitoring.

-Development of tolerant crops.

-Research and development.

-Soil water management.

-Diversification of crop production.

-Development of early warning systems.

-Improved disease surveillance and monitoring.

-Improvement of environmental quality.

-Changes in urban and housing design.

-Sustainable use of wood fuel and resources.

-Water catchment and resource management.

-Adapting to the use of renewable energy.

Carbon trading in Kenya

Carbon Trading Carbon trading is a form of emissions trading that specifically targets carbon dioxide (circulated in tones of carbon dioxide equivalent) and it currently constitute the bulk of emissions trading. Carbon farming initiative (CFI) allows farmers and land managers to earn carbon credits by storing carbon or by reducing greenhouse gas emissions on the land through development of projects such reforestation and agro forestry. Tree act as carbon sinks by taking atmospheric carbon and storing it in their trunks. Through this system, the international carbons traders purchase the amount of carbon farmers have helped produce.

These credits can then be sold to people and businesses wishing to offset their emissions. The CFI also help the environment by encouraging sustainable farming and providing sources of funding for landscape restoration projects.

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Mount Kenya For Consolata Wanjugu, the 55-years old treasurer of a community water group, planting trees in her small farm is more than a passon.

She recalls when the peak of the mountain was covered with snow and the run off provided plenty of water for the communities, the situation now is different. “The mountain forest was thick, the rivers ran deep with clean water and the climate around here was cooler, this is no more” Wanjugu laments.

When Michael Ntindiri a 60-yearrs old farmer on the Eastern slopes of Mt. Kenya, was introduced to the carbon trading, he had no ideas to what it was. He was astonished when field officers from International Small Group on Tree Planting (TIST), explained that they would pay him for planting and caring for trees. The idea was to provide incentive for farmers around Mt. Kenya to increase tree cover. The NGO could then market carbon emits online, finding buyers in the developed world to purchase the carbon the Kenya farmers store in the trees they grow. Like Ntindiri, hundreds of other farmers in the region have started growing trees for a living at the same time mitigating the impacts of climate change.

Green Energy Green energy is the renewable energy that is environmentally friendly and is free from emitting hazardous gases into the atmosphere. Renewable energy could be the technological key to economically and socially sustainable societies. Green energy includes; wind, solar, biomass, hydropower and geothermal.

Biomass derived from plant materials –purpose grown or waste- can be burned or fermented, and used to generate electricity or heat. The CO2 released is the same amount as was removed from the atmosphere during the plant’s lifetime, so biomass is considered carbon neutral.

Geothermal electricity is generated from geothermal energy. Technology in use include dry steam power plants, flash steam power plants and binary cycle power plants.

Geothermal power is considered to be sustainable because the heat extraction is small compared with the earth’s heat content.

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Solar photovoltaic panels convert the sun’s radiation into electricity. Thermal panels convert the sun’s radiation into heat which can then be used for cooking and lighting.

Hydropower systems generate electricity from the running water which can be harnessed for useful purposes e.g. operation of various mechanical devices such as watermills, sawmills, textile mills, dock cranes lighting and domestic lifts.

Wind turbines of varying sizes are used to generate electricity, for the national grid or for isolated communities. Wind does not get depleted hence can be used continuously.

The CATs Project Overview

Climate Action Teams (CATs) is a project under the Climate Action Programme for Schools and Youth (CAPSAY) that works with youth to stimulate greater awareness and more action on climate change for local communities.

The Climate Action Teams are youth groups geared towards creating awareness and promoting action on climate change adaptation and mitigation.

Climate Action Teams (CATs) is a project under the Climate Action Programme for Schools and Youth (CAPSAY) that works with youth to stimulate greater awareness and more action on climate change for local communities.

The Climate Action Teams are youth groups geared towards creating awareness and promoting action on climate change adaptation and mitigation.

The CAT project targets out of school youth (ages between18-24 yrs) to form Climate Action Teams (CATs) with 25-35 members.

There will be a CAT group in about 20 localities in Kenya by 2015. These ‘CATs’ operate as ‘green business’ self help groups, linking directly to the local community, to promote adaptation and mitigation mechanisms and impact on local and national policies.

The main aim of the project is to increase capacity of Kenyan youth to tackle impacts of Climate Change through outreach and entrepreneurship, inspiring community action and influencing LGA responses and uptake of the ‘National Climate Change Response Strategy’.

The Climate Action Teams – or CATs – Currently, we have CAT groups based in project has become the operating name for the project initially proposed Mobilising Mombasa, Nairobi, Meru, as Naivasha, Nakuru, Kenyan Youth for Action on Climate Change (MKYACC).

Prior to the official start date on still Kericho, Embu, Thika and Matuu and are August 1st 2011, CATs had been in pilot form since January more 2010,across with the formation establishing country. of the Nairobi Eco-Gen group, by young people from International Climate Challenge (ICC) project groups, in Nairobi schools. (ICC founded and run by InterClimate Network (ICN), UK). .

This initiative was taken by the ICC project in response to students from the ICC groups asking if any forum was available for them to continue their commitment to working on critical environmental issues, after they finished secondary school. The idea was born - to develop a project that could provide an effective forum for ex-ICC youths which would build on the work they had begun in their schools.

Thus alongside the concept note and subsequent proposal that was submitted to DFID, pilot youth groups started, first in Nairobi, then Nanyuki and lastly Naivasha, to begin to test the theory that was proposed in the written proposal. Each of the groups formed with leaders and office bearers and each began trial micro-projects to generate income and raise awareness.

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An additional fore-runner to CATs was the Young Change Makers Action Workshop (YCMAW), which took place at Elsamere Study Centre, in September 2010, sponsored jointly by ICC and the African Fund for Endangered Wildlife (AFEW). This brought 50 youth leaders from ICC schools together and provided intensive training on a range of relevant issues.

YCMAW thus provided the template for CATs project training events (the proceedings of which are now published in booklet and DVD form (‘Young Change Makers Take Action’, November 2011).

The pilot groups with, minimal funding and limited guidance, demonstrated that the youth involved were serious and committed to supporting themselves and to helping bring greater awareness and positive change to Kenyan society. Their micro-project were small, but they showed the possibilities for much greater action, should funding become a reality that enabled significant support.

The project began in August 2011 first working to the following overall aim and outcomes: PRIORITY AREAS

AIM

To increase capacity of Kenyan youth to tackle impacts of CC through outreach and entrepreneurship, inspiring community action and influencing LGA responses and uptake of the ‘National Climate Change Response Strategy’;

Sustainable profitgenerating green business micro enterprises Community outreach to groups and individuals to create awareness and promote action Influence on local decision making and impact on policy

EXPECTED OUTCOMES

Youth coming from schools in 20 localities are mobilised to build their knowledge and skills to become valued stakeholders on CCA, DRR and SD; Youth-led ‘green’ business enterprises are catalysts for community action to improve livelihoods, enhance SD and reduce poverty; youth and CBOs and individuals advocate to prioritise this focus.

Benefits for young people in CATs Project Aims and Objectives  Promotes skills development and empowerment such as entrepreneurship, financial management, project management, proposal writing, fundraising and communication.  Facilitates leadership development amongst the youth in that the “The CATs” will be youth led and committees will be formed and led by youth themselves. They will propose and spearhead activities in the group, select their own leadership and manage their projects.  Builds “Green” careers; through promoting consideration of environmental ethics in application of new knowledge and management of micro-projects  Promotes shared learning through networking, peer learning, interactions and communications amongst the youth and across the rest of the community  Facilitates young people to become change makers and catalysts for action at community level influencing other levels.  Advocates for citizenship and ownership of development processes by the youth at local levels mobilizing them to support and seek ethical governance in climate change adaptation and mitigation debate

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Community Connections

How the CAT Connects To The Communitty Social Committes

Environmental

Women Groups

Secondary Schools

Committees

Local Authorities

CAT

Youth Groups

Primary Schools Government ministries

Faith groups

Process of creating and managing Community Awareness Action Programmes (CAAPs) The Aim The goal of the Community Awareness Action Programmes is to give knowledge and ideas to the community through different formal groups on how to adapt to climate change as well as spread the idea of creating green businesses as a way of adapting to climate change and at the same time securing their livelihoods.

Why is it important?

CAAPs is important because; 1. This is one of the most effective ways of making the CATs spread their impact in the community.

2. Through CAAPs we can ensure sustainability of the CATs project goals by involving more people than just the members of the Climate Action Teams.

3. This is one of the most effective ways of making the CATs spread their impact in the community.

4. Through CAAPs we can ensure sustainability of the CATs project goals by involving more people than just the members of the Climate Action Teams.

Targets -

-

Each CAT should be able to outreach to 650 people in their locality through faith-based groups, youth groups, secondary and primary schools, Local Government Agencies, NGOs women and children groups. In their outreach, they are supposed to create awareness to the group about climate change adaptation and/or mentor them so that they can be able to start their very own green business.

Out of these groups that the CATs approach, they should be able to mentor at least 3 of such groups to be a CAAP group and track their progress from when they start the group to when they achieve their aim of starting the green business.

In total, by the 31st of March 2013, we should have 27 CAAPs from 9 CATs in the country and by 31st March 2014 we should have 45 CAAPs from 15 CATs.

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How can we do this?

Understand CC issues and CCA as well as have knowledge on Green Business.

Understand the local environmental issues in their locality

Plan on how to approach the project

Implementation of the plan

Following up with the groups and monitor their progress.

Report on the progress of the project

The CAT members who will be doing the outreach need to understand what Climate Change adaptation is and how it can be implemented. They should also be able to train any other person on how they can start and manage a green business.YOU MUST BE RUNNING A GREEN BUSINESS Talk to other members in the community and find out what are their deepest concerns in regard to environment in their area. Collect this information through conducting surveys and conducting focus group discussions on the same. The aim in this step is to particularly understand how climate change has affected the community.

What are the issues they will address through the programme?

What groups to approach to join the programme? They should plan to approach at least 6 groups so that if 3 fall out they shall remain with 3.

What is the content of their trainings and what is it that they want to achieve at the end of the training?How often will they do the trainings?

Who in the CAT shall be involved in the process? Preferably a team in the CAT. Create a Gantt chart plan of the activities

They shall be under the guidance of the team leader and will get advice from their respective project officer every step of the way.

This will also include constantly supporting them with advice and ensuring that they get all the advice they need through other organizations that are specialists and the respective project officer of the CAT.

Monthly report on the entire process Include names of the participants of the CAAPs and their details as well as photos of the progress.

Submit report to the respective project officer

Additional notes:  In each group involved in the CAAPs, there must be a 50/50 gender balance.  Each group should have at least 20 people.  Advocacy is a key catalyst to this programme. The CAT can enter into partnerships with different LGAs that have knowledge on CAAPs and this can help them be more effective in their work. They also have contacts of groups that the CAT can approach.

Skills and knowledge needed  Knowledge on how to create partnerships with LGAs.  How to create and mentor CAAPs.  How to structure and conduct a training  Knowledge on climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction  Knowledge on business management with a bias on green business  Knowledge on pertinent environmental issues faced in their locality.  Report writing skills.

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Green Business “Green Business is the capability of changing a resource into an enterprising opportunity in a sustainable manner. The main thematic areas for CATs are: Energy, Health, Food and Waste” Resource Mobilization What is a Resource?

Something that improves the physical, Psychological, Emotional and Economical status of an Individual or a Nation.

Mobilization is action or the process of influencing change by ejecting a new concept or idea.

Characteristicts Of Green Business • Eco-Friendly • Local development • National /Global Development (MDGs) • Enterprising ( small and medium ) • Sustainability • Replication • Adapting and Mitigating • Path of success

• Innovation (complete value chain of production) • Technology • Skills • Education (theory) • Approach (Entry and Exit) • Creating; Market, Demand and Supply • Efficiency and Consistency • Time bound (action plan) • Means of Verification (statement of account etc) • Networking

1. Ethics, as a basic principle.

2. Integrity.

3. Responsibility.

4. Respect to the laws & rules of the business.

5. Respect to the rights of other partners.

6. Work loving.

7. Strive for saving & investment.

8. Will of super action.

9. Punctuality. Meeting targets and demand

PPPM - Product Line, Processing, Packaging and Marketing Production line Processing

-Strategic survey of your product -Design and Innovation -Consultation or mentorship (helps in risk management)

-Value addition -Preservation

Case of Briquette making Value chain of briquette machine • Production • Packaging • Marketing • Consumer education or utilization • Monitoring and evaluation Advantages of Briquettes  Renewable energy source  New product in the market  Easy to make  Ready available resources  Good shape and packaging

Packaging -Design -Branding

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• Bee keeping • Tree nursery • Low cost Green house • Rabbit keeping • Organic Farming (value addition) • Poultry keeping • Briquette making

Marketing -Market approach -Demand& supplies

Taking Home The Green Business

Start your own ‘Green Business The activity The country has various businesses but very few of them have embraced the concept of ‘going green’.

As a CAT group develop a green business based on an opportunity that you can tap into around local area.      

Criteria It MUST be developed based on a ‘green concept’.

It has to be a very new idea; nothing seen before in Kenya!

It has to be profitable It has to address a cause/issue affecting the country or population.

It has to be able to reach the community and create awareness on climate change It has to involve young people between ages(18-35

    

What you need to do Develop the green business idea new ( be innovative) Develop the business proposal for it.(Type and print it out) Develop the budget for it(type and attach to proposal)Develop a brochure for marketing your products/services and show link it to DRR/CCA. SELL the idea to the community and see the reaction

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Business Development “Business Development is about having the right product, in the right place, at the right time, at the right price” Aspects

Success Factors

Its more than just selling and marketing, it’s about being creative and understanding : Your Business organization or company  Your Products or Services  Market and Customers of your products and services  The competitors and their products

 Endeavour to solve and satisfy a certain available customer problems or need  Understand the supply and value chain of your offer (product or service)  Understand your market  Know your competitors

Did You Know?

A need is a basic requirement that an individual wishes to satisfy.

Pepole have basic needs for food, shelter, affection, esteem and self-development.

Many of these needs are created from human biology and the nature of social relationships.

Customer needs are, therefore, very broad.

A want is a desire for a specific product or service to satisfy the underlying need

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The Business Development Drivers Product - Brand, Quality, design Features Price - Product cost, Price, discounts, margins, trading terms Promotion - Advertising, promotions, Public Relations, exhibitions, internet Place - Distribution channels, locations, market coverage Other support – People, Process and Physical evidence

Business Plans

Types of Plans Plan Strategic Plan Annual Plan Operational plan

Definition Long term Medium term Short term

The Components of a good plan 1. Planning 2. Implementation 3. Evaluation

Timing 5-10 yrs 2-3 yrs Monthly/Quarterly The Planning Cycle What and How

Planning

Evaluation

Learn & Improve

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Implementation

Action

What are the steps in the planning process?

There are five steps in the planning process:Identifying the goal

Setting objective

Creating action plans

Identifying resources Devising strategies

Focus On Product and Promotion

Product

Promotion

What is a product?

A product is an idea, a good, a service or a combination of these.

Product Classification  Products are classified according to whether they are”  Durable Goods: These are the tangibles that serve many uses  Non durable goods: they are consumed in one or a few uses  Services: Intangibles, which represent activities, benefits or satisfaction offered for sale  Industrial goods: They are used to aid in producing other new products; they are used in production (materials. supplies, capital).

What is product positioning?  This is the act of designing a company or organizations offering an image to occupy a distinctive place in the mind of the target market  Its end result is the successful creation of customer focused value proposition and a justification on why the target market should buy your product How do we position products in the market?  Positioning should be unique and appealing to the customers better than competing products  Positioning is therefore about differentiation differentiating our offers from competitors in a given category Market positioning Based on the choice of the market  High end  In the middle  Low end Requirements for successful positioning  Demonstrating uniqueness/superiority of the product  Positioning claim must be believable  Develop a single positioning claim  Positioning should focus on a few key benefits

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More On Promotion

BRANDING-IN-A-BOX

Brand Box What?

A brand is defined as a name or symbol or trademark or a logo or a combination of the above features used by organizations to differentiate their offerings from those of other compete ting firms.

A brand can therefore be a product, a person, organization etc.

Eight Primary Ways to Differentiate Your Brand/Product 1. Be a specialist 2. Be preferred 3. Own a capability 4. Be the latest 5. Be the first 6. Own an attribute 7. Be number one 8. Have a heritage

Why? Branding creates a competitive advantage and leads to more sales and profits.

How? Branding is mainly concerned with creating a unique difference in a particular target market.

Brand’s position is the benefit that you want the consumers to think of when they think of your brands that is different from the benefit of your competitors can offer.

Why do people use a particular brand?

1. Image 2. Quality 3. Packaging 4. Price 5. Availability

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SUCCESSFUL GLOBAL BRANDS 1.

2.

3.

4.

COCA COLA IBM MICROSOFT DELL COMPUTERS

SUCCESSFUL LOCAL BRANDS 1.

2.

3.

4.

KCB KQ OMO BIDCO 5. MUMIAS

Art Of Selling

Selling is the act of persuading or influencing a customer to buy (actually exchange something of value for) a product or service

It’s all we do        

Selling is everything we do - We live by selling.

Everyone is a sales person.

Selling is an old field/profession.

Selling is not restricted to specific items.

Selling is a learnt skill.

Nothing happens in business until someone sells something.

An organization that cannot sell enough of its wares is soon out of business.

Selling is the mainstream of any businessevery business must sell something to survive.

What does selling involve?      

Prospecting for new clients Making sales presentations Negotiating the deal Handling objections Closing the sale Providing after sale service (Customer service)

Did You Know?

What happens when our customers perceive a gap between the service they expect and the service they receive?  96% of dissatisfied customers DO NOT complain directly  90% will not return  1 unhappy customer will tell 9 others  13% will tell at least 20 other people

Selling is a battle for the customers… only the best will win

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E-Marketing / Online Marketing or Internet Marketing

Why EMarketing  Online marketing is equally powerful and effective as offline marketing.

Many companies have successfully adopted e-marketing and are running their campaigns the internet.  Online marketing is efficient, direct and very cost effective  E-marketing is supported by Websites, email, face book, and other online support media Strategic Capabilities of E – Marketing  Overcomes geographical barriers  Overcomes time barriers  Overcomes cost barriers  Overcomes structural barriers Business value of E-marketing  Generates new revenue  Reduces the cost of reaching the consumers  Enables the development of new web based products  Increases customer loyalty and retention  Attracts new customers Nature of E - Business transactions  Business to Business (B2B) – Business marketing to other businesses  Business to Customer (B2C) – Business marketing directly to individual customers  Mobile Commerce – M- Commerce – Business marketing using available wireless networks. Mpesa is a good example  E – Learning Online delivery of information for training and education purpose FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT THE VILLAGE AFRICA

+254 719593900

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Green House Farming Greenhouse Farming In-A-Box

Advantages of green house technology:  Protection from adverse climatic conditions  Increase yield 4-5 times than traditional planting  Harvesting time can be adjusted  Off-season crop produce may be obtained  Disease free plants may be obtained  More profit due to continuous supply of produce throughout the year  Water saving as use of drip/sprinkle system  Barren and uncultivable land may be brought under use  Get more foreign exchange due to export  Useful technology for hybrid seed production  Employment generating technology

• • • • • • • • • • •

Field Activities Training/ trellising Mulching (Plastic/ organic)?

Weeding.

Desuckering.

Harvesting.

Deflowering.

Defoliation.

Thigmogenesis/ Pollination Cleaning.

Disease & Pest controls

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Green House Type of greenhouse-Based on cost It is a framed structure covered with of installation transparent or Translucent Material and large enough to grow crops 1. Low cost polyhouse/greenhouse under partially or fully controlled 2. -It is also called zero energy environment to get maximum chambers, polythene sheet is of 700 productivity and quality produce. gauge thickness and supported on bamboo ropes and nails.

The Green house Concept?

Temperature increase inside It is also known as greenhouse effect. greenhouse 6-100C than outside.

Greenhouse is generally covered Solar radiations entering inside are with transparent material such as 30-40% less as reaching outside. polythene or glass. Major fraction of sunlight is absorbed by plants and 3. Medium cost Greenhouse other objects. These objects in turn 4. -It has High cost than low tech emit long wave thermal radiations for greenhouse. In quonset shaped which cladding material has low polyhouses frame-GI pipes are used. transparency. With the result solar Thickness of single layered UV energy is trapped and raises the stabilized polythene is 800 gauges. temperature inside polyhouse. This is Exhaust fan- are there which are called greenhouse effect. This rise in thermostatically controlled. Frames temperature is responsible for and glazing material has life span of growing crops in cold climate.

20 years and 2 years respectively.

During summer months, temperature is brought down by providing cooling device.

5. High Tech Greenhouse -Frame is made up of Iron or Principle of a Greenhouse Aluminum. Designs are dome shaped  Crop yields are a function of or cone shaped. these are Highly several factors surrounding durable, 5-6 times costlier, growing growing. medium used in these type of  Crops grow well in a relatively greenhouses are Peat, Perlite, controlled environment. Factors Solarite, Vermiculite, Rock wool. In that determine successful growing India coco- fiber and rice husk are include: used as growing media as these • Temperatures, materials are cheaper. Fertigation • Humidity, and pesticide are sprayed by • Air circulation, fogging machine.

• Sunlight diffusion, • Elimination of foliage wetting Process:  Growth is consistent and there is The soil of the site is removed up to uniform production of all crops.

18", mixed with sieved F.Y.M. and  Crops grow at the same rate, flower small quantity of BHC or Endrex is and fruit almost same time. added. The soil surface is sterilized,  This helps in market planning refilled with mixture, drains are because one knows when his crop prepared, erection of green house will be exactly ready for sale and structure with LD Polythene sheet is therefore market planning erected. Seedlings are transplanted; becomes easy. regular drip irrigation, fogging or misting and maintaining humidity etc. are attended.

The Farmers Kit

What is the Farmers Kit? This is tailor made kit composed of unique modern farming techniques.

Control of insect pests from accessing the crop – part of Integrated Pests Management strategy. Keeping off Butterflies, Grasshoppers, Crickets, Whiteflies, Beetles etc

What’s in a Farmer’s Kit ?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Air filter into the crops (Dust, environmental wastes) Restriction of unwanted in-out movements.

The Greenhouse The Greenhouse consists of the netted sides, plastic cover and steel structures

Farmers Greenhouse Drip irrigation (500m).

Knapsack Seeds Collapsible tank Fertilizers Nursery Set PPE Agrochemicals Training Renewable annual Agro – support package

• • • • •

21

Woven not plain nylon paper.

Not easily UV degradable (Guarantee of 3years) Not easily torn and can be repaired (Needle & thread or patch) Diffusion/spread of light uniform.

Rain and airborne water exclusion from crop.

(Rain borne diseases kept out).

Season Extension (While others crumble on external pressures

The netted sides + Plastic Cover

Steel structure

• • •

Very strong and portable steel material.

Peaked roof to allow for maximum growing space.

Fast drainage from roof.

Drip Irrigation

Why Irrigation system?

• • • • • • •

Easily manageable and accessories provided (e.g. the blind caps, connectors etc) The system is suitable for all types of soils, climates and water.

It’s suitable for use in flat land or slight slopes.

Water source should be close to the plot.

Brings water directly to the plant roots. No wastage through off-target applications.

Plant uses its energy to develop production and not searching for water.

Fertilizers (plant food) can be brought directly to the roots

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Operating a Drip Irrigation System

Points to Note • To cover 500m2 • Heavy duty lines and high quality drippers • with wide water passage.

• Simple installation.

• Easily filled and drained.

• Gravity fed – 0.5-0.6lit/hr.

Maintenance • Keep off fire and hot objects.

• Keep off sharp objects.

• Regularly clean the plastic.

• Avoid leaning, hitting, mishandling.

• Keep entry closed always.

First irrigation (once system is installed)  Clean water tank of all sediments and residues. Fill it up to the top.  Connect the system and leave distribution pipe and lateral’s ends open!

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Advantages of drip irrigation?  Even water distribution throughout the field  Prevention of evaporation from surface.  No water leaching below root zone.  No wind effect on water application.  Good soil aeration  No wetting of foliage  Reduced weed control expenses  Prevention of run-off

    • • • • • • •

Flush the filter’s screen with water (from the tank) and return to place.

Open the main valve to flush distribution pipe for 5-10 minutes (until clear water flows out!).

Fold pipe’s end and tie it up.

Flush dirt out of the drip lines for a few minutes then fold drip lines ends, starting with those closest to the water tank, and then tie them up one after the other as soon as clean water flows out.

Clean the filter daily (Demonstrate).

Flush the drip lines on weekly basis (Demonstrate) In case they are clogged in the course of use; treat drips lines with Supalink – (Available at Amiran).

Farmer’s Sprayer Portable, held pressure sprayer operated by a lever.

Materials resistant to all treatment products.

Machine reversible either for right or left handed people Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Observe safety when handling pesticides.

Human beings just like insects and mites have a central nervous system.

Wear correct PPE (Personal protectve equipment



Starting UpNursery - Coco peat

     



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Open the Nursery Set carton and confirm that you have a necessary items i.e. The treated cocopeat.The starter fer Seedling trays.

Open the treated coco peat and empty it into a bucket.

Add 20 liters of clean and pure water into the coco peat contai the bucket.

Scoop the wet coco peat from the bucket with hands and fill seedling trays Keep the seedlings under shade and do not apply fertilizer unti they germinate.

Make sure that the seedlings are well watered and kep throughout. The coco peat should never be left to dry.

After germination of the seedlings, begin fertilizer applicati mix 10grams into 16Liters of water (Knapsack).

This should be drenched at the base of the plants in the coco Avoid applying on the leaves as it may scotch seedlings leaves.

Reduce the amount of shading materials for the leaves seedlings to begin getting sunlight which is important for prod of food for the plant (Photosynthesis).

Avoid exposing them to hot dry sun/ desiccating them and m moisture in the coco peat closely to avoid the seedlings from up.

Nursery – Without Cocopeat

 In the ratio of 1:1:1 mix a media of Sand, Red soil and well composited manure.  Irrigate the media well.  Sow the seeds singly in rows on the nursery.  This could be done on any nursery of any length but width remains not more than 1m wide.  After germination, apply Polyfeed starter fertilizer 10gm in 16lits water  Weekly apply the same feed.

Fumigation (Optional) Soil borne disease  Could be through Natural sunlight or fumigation chemicals such as Metham Sodium and Basamid.  This controls Fusarium wilt, Bacterial wilt?, Nematodes, Weeds etc.  Dangerous process and application procedure must be followed Before planting soil must be cultivated as follows: – Ploughing – Rotavating – Bed shaping For better water dispersion we recommend to compact the beds.

• • • • •

Transplanting Transfer of the plants from the nursery bed into the main filed.

Done between 21 to 32 days – pencil thickness.

Hardening off – reduce irrigation intervals gradually before transplanting.

Spacing in the main field depends on the type of crop.

Close spacing yields smaller sized fruit compared to wider spacing.

Crop Spacing Crop

Spacing

Tomato

30cm-60cm x 60cm

Onion

8cm -12cm x 20cm

Courgettes

50cm x 50cm

Cucumber

30 - 60cm x 50cm-60cm

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Warning

Warning

Crop Nutrition Too Much fertilizer can burn the crop.

Do not apply fertilizers close to the plant stem.

Incorporate into the soil

• • •

PHI

Pre- Harvest interval

• Too much animal manure can burn the crop.

• Too Much water can starve the plants of oxygen. Root airs die and nutrients uptake strained.

MRL

1. Once spray is done, the harvesting 1. should not be done until the period that is shown on the label elapses.

2. Harvesting before the PHI is over is a risk and 2. can cause food poisoning

Maximum Residue level

This is the amount of pesticide traces that are allowed present in harvested fresh produce.

Above certain levels they may pose danger to consumers.

Horticulture Farming Preferable crops for a green house -

Melons:Tomatoes: Onions: Passion fruits: Sweet Melons,Thorn melons,Seedless melons,Sugar baby melons.

The production capacity of the sweet melon is 2-6kg. When growing the sweet melon, the crops need to have spacing of 1 square meter and needs to be grown in well drained loam soil. The maturity period is 70-90 days.

How to make natural Pesticide Instructions Liquid soap is a great alternative to toxic chemicals for both indoor and outdoor plants.

Botanical pesticides  Mix 2 tablespoons of liquid soap or dishwashing liquid with 1 quart water, and pour into a spray bottle. Most indoor Neem leaves and household plants tolerate this natural pesticide well. Spray Seeds – spider leaves, stem and topsoil to deter insects from coming back.

Mites and Aphids, mealy bugs, whiteflies and mites are all affected by this nematodes. soap remedy.

If you need a stronger soap formula, try this: 4 garlic cloves (segments) finely chopped 1 small onion finely chopped 1 tblsp. cayenne (red) pepper 2 tblsps. liquid soap 1 quart water Mix well and let set 1 hour. Strain and pour into a spray bottle or other container.

26 Refrigerated, this natural insecticide will last up to two weeks.

–

Turmeric

diamond black moth and army worms.

Marigold

–

control of white flies

Garlic

-

Insectcide and repellant

Tobacc

-

Thrips and Cartapillar

Chili pepper

– control of aphids

Custard apple

insecticides

Site seeing • Which are the Predominant constraints in my farm?

• Which crop fit into my actual cropping plan?

• Which appropriate material and tool are available in my farm?

• What to produce for the market? Local export

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• • • •

When to produce and at what price?

How to form producer and marketing groups How much labour and cost?

Why do farmers grow what they do? And the reasons?

Main exports from Kenya Fruits Avocado Mango Passion Pineaplle Strawberries melons

Vegetables French beans Snow peas Runner beans Okra chillies aubergine Garden peas Asian vegetables Capsicum

Amarathus Amaranth is low in saturated fats and sodium and does not contain cholesterol. It is a good source of calcium, iron, magnesium,phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper and manganese. It is a very good source of high quality protein with well-balanced amino acids and many vitamins in high levels.

Soil improvement function Nitrogen -Increase growth and development -Improves quality of leafy vegetation

• •

Phosphorus Root development Seed and fruit development

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Deficiency -Stunted growth -Appear light green to pale yellow -Reduced flowering • •

Deficiency Leaves have a dark blue green coloration Delayed maturity and fruit development

•

Stimulate flowering

The flow sheet of site and field operations in Hortifculture Farming;

Installation of Green House

Selection of Site

Cover roof with 50% shading

Plantation of Seedlings net

 Soil & Water Analysis

 Drip Irrigation & Misting

Removal of Surface Soil

Harvesting

Mixing with F.Y.M. + HC.  Refilling soil + F.Y.M. + BHC.  Preparing drains & beds  Extension of Power

Grading

Challenges Of Horticulture Farming Include;  Current economic conditions globally  Increased protectionism  Competitive pricing  Quality  Urbanization  GMO’s  Health promotions

Packing Transportation through cooling chain.

Gross Income Guideline For Horticultural Enterprise ARROW ROOT VARIETY: POTENTIAL YIELDS: GROSS INCOME: TECHNOLOGY:

LOCAL 0.5 KG/PLA 50 KSH. /PLANT

KENKUNDE 1.5 KG/PLANT 120 KSH / PLANT DRIP IRRIGATION

MOISTBED

LEAFY AMARANTHUS VARIETY: DOBIAS POTENTIAL YIELDS: 72 KG/GUNNY BAG GROSS INCOME: 2880 KSH/GUNNY BAG TECHNOLOGY: MULTI-STOREY GARDEN

SPINACH VARIETY: POTENTIAL YIELD: GROSS INCOME: TECHNOLOGY:

COWPEAS VARIETY: POTENTIAL YIELDS: GROSS INCOME: TECHNOLOGY:

GIANT FOLD HOOK 4 KG/PLANT 280 KSH/PLANT FERTILITY BEDS

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KALES VARIETY: POTENTIAL YIELDS: GROSS INCOME: TECHNOLOGY:

1000 HEADS 3 KG/PLANT 180 KSH /PLANT ZAI PITS

TOMATO VARIETY: CAL J POTENTIAL YIELDS: 200 SEEDLINGS GROSS INCOME: 5 KSH /SEEDLING TECHNOLOGY: RAISED SEED BED

EM COMPOSIT DECOMPOSITION PERIOD: 3 WEEKS GROSS INCOME: KSH. 200/DEBE TECHNOLOGY: FARM REFUSE/

LIQUID MANURE DECOMPOSITION PERIOD: 2 WEEKS GROSS INCOME: 50 KSH /LITRE TECHNOLOGY: LIQUID / EXTRACTION

DECOMPOSITION

LOCAL VEGETABLES POTENTIAL YIELDS: 20 BUNCHES / GARDEN GROSS INCOME: 20 KSH BUNCH TECHNOLOGY: MICRO GARDEN

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: THE NEAREST LOCAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OFFICES OR The Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF) OR

+254

Amiran Kenya Ltd

719 095000/ pr@amirankenya.com

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Urbarn Farming And Agri-Bussinness

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Characteristics of Urban Communities Have limited/no space /land to do farming Have limited time to do farming.

Grow crops and rear animals in small scale Have challenges of waste disposal-no mandate over their own health hazards.

Challenges of water scarcity.

Get their food from shops.

Poverty levels – in many cases poverty levels are higher than rural communities Contamination/Pollution Middlemen issues Council by-laws Competition for market and space Market glut Limited market information Limited/Lack of water High cost of inputs Limited land/space Despite the above – It is the right of every person to access food at all times. Also people have to generate some income to sustain their day today living.

Classification of Urban Farming  Intra-urban-inside urban  Peri-urban  Either on-plot/off plot Why Urban Farming  Life has become more expensive but wages remain constant  Urban food security issues  Need for fresh food supply  Reduces seasonal gaps  Urban greening

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Examples of Urban Farming Techniques Moist Bed The depth of soil and manure added is approximately 2 feet. There is adequate allowance of the polythene sheeting above the surface of soil bed to prevent any spillage of water from the bed when watering. Mulching is also important to control evaporation of water from the soil bed. The moist bed is supported by piece of wood/timber to prevent it from falling off. -suitable for crops which need a lot of moisture.eg nduma,dania etc

Fertility Bed

Dig a bed of 1 meter by any length by 2 feet deep.

Dry grass is filled in the bed and pressed to about ½ ft.

Top soil and manure are mixed ratio 1:1 then put in the bed. Suitable for all types of vegetablesspinarch,kales,dania ,mchicha etc Zai Pits 2ft by 2fit by 2ft dept pits are made-separate the top soil Leave a space of about 2 ft then dig the second one Mix the top soil with manure and put it back to the bed, Plant 5bplants of kales or spinach per pit Apropriate technology for water conservation Drip Kit Irrigation Ensures continuous supply of vegetables throughout the year.

The water storage tank capacity can vary.

Multi-story Garden Crops are planted on gunny bag/polythen sheet, Top soil and manure are mixed at ratio 1: 1.

Small stones are arranged at the middle to make a pillar,the irrigation area of the guny bag Apropriate for limmited space and it uses less water No weeding

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Micro-Gardens -Appropriate for limited space -makes use of broken basins, buckets and polythene bags

Hanging Gardens The mjcro gardens are made and hanged in the air.

Appropriate for people who have no space to do farming.

Appropriate for mixed farming Appropriate for places with problem of gabage disposal,

•

Integrated fish and poultry Farming Fish and poultry are kept together

How To Make Compost Manure On Your Farm Composting requires no money and is easy to make. One can use wastes from plants, the kitchen and from animal waste such as cow dung.

PROCESS

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1. Identify a shaded place and dig a pit about 30cm deep 1.5m wide and 2-3 m long.

2. Put a layer of dried plant material at the bottom of the pit 3. Add a layer of wet green leaves.

4. Cover with cow dung and other kitchen waste and then sprinkle with ash from jiko.

5. Cover with soil and sprinkle water.

6. Add more layers in this sequence (dry leaves-green leaves-cow dung-ash- soil water) 7. Continue until heap rises to about 60cm (2ft).

8. The last layer of soil should be about 10cm thick.

9. Finally cover with grass or leafy layer to prevent moisture loss.

10. To test progress- a stick is put into the compost if it’s hot and dump then progress is good.

11. The heap should be watered every three days – unless it’s raining.

12. The pile should be turned after every 3 weeks twice (putting the bottom layer on top) to allow for quick decomposing.

13. It should be ready for use in 6 weeks.

Benefits of Compost    

It supplies plants with important nutrients for fast growth such as nitrogen.

Supplies other plant nutrients such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium and sulphur.

It improves soil structure helping it to retain water and moisture.

It reduces soil erosion as increases the amount of water getting into the soil.

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT THE LOCAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OFFICES OR CLIMATE ACTION PROGRAMME FOR SCHOOLS AND YOUTH (CAPSAY) +254 (020)2718870 inquiry@kilimo.go.ke

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Poultry Production What is Poultry?

•

Poultry refers to all domesticated /assisted birds They include; chicken, turkeys, geese, pigeons, quails, Ostrich, ducks

Uses of poultry

Food - Source of protein Manure Ornamentals –feathers used to make hats, bracelets Industrial uses- manufacture of cosmetics i.e. shampoo, lipstick, vaccines  Recreation – cock fighting    

Types Of Poutry Local poultry/indigenous chicken

-Role-important in the livelihoods of rural house hold -Farming as backyard rearing, rural, or scavenging systems.

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In order - Indigenous cocks, Frizzled feathered chicken, feathered shank hen, Kuchi game bird, Normal feathered indigenous chicken

Commercial poultry

-Layers and Broilers - Layers are often kept in deep litter house, but individual battery cages can be used.

- kept in towns where markets available.

- Broilers- heavy breeds & reared in deep litter floor - Young chicks are bought from hatcheries as day old.

- Note-slatted floor expose broilers to breast blister & leg problems leading to lower quality - Broilers are kept for meat as well as hybrids birds - Fast growing & use comm. Feeds - Kept for 6-8 weeks

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In order- white leghorn, Brown leghorn, Black Minorca, Rhodes Island, New Hampshire, Light Sussex chicken

Points To Note Before Starting

• • • • • • • • • •

Know the market requirements for either layers, broilers or local, markets can be –contract, processor, leading farmers, retailer (Supermarkets, Restaurants) or local market/farm gate.

Investment costs Running costs Expected revenue Distance to the market outlets for eggs and broiler meat/ live birds Quality feed availability at affordable price ( feed is a major input contributing about 70% of the operation cost) Availability of information on basic management practices Availability of animal health service providers especially for vaccines and drugs Seasonal fluctuation in demands for poultry & poultry products Optimum flock sizes so that the farmer can break even

Major Production Systems - Indigenous chicken -76% of Kenyan Chicken -Broilers-13.2 %-6-8 wks -Hybrid Layers-8.6% -1-2yrs production -Specialized production.-Hybrid cockerels-2.2%

NB: Each systems has its risks & Returns Investment is Rapid than other enterprise Commercial Production- Utilizes hybrids of broilers & Layers. Feed is major challenge coupled with low quality feeds & high prices

Commercial Poultry-Consider

• • • • •

Distance to markets for finished products-cost, perishability Availability of qty feeds-Accts 70% of production. cost, affordable price Info-basic management & animal health services- vaccines & drugs Seasonality in demand for poultry-Demand Driven - High in April/Dec., tourist, festive Seasons.

Optimum flock sizes to break even. Low flock size high production cost.

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Brooding + Chick Quality

• • • • •

It is important to buy sexed chicks so that no males are bought for layers Order chicks well in advance 5 months before disposal of the old flocks Should be uniform size of at least 35g.

Avoid public transport Deliver the chicks to the farm as soon as possible to reduce stress and dehydration Caution: Avoid buying Day old chicks from unknown agents like hawkers and in market

Chick quality: • Ensure that the day old chicks are vaccinated against marecks disease • Check for physical deformity • The chicks should be active and lively Before the chicks from the hatchery arrive on the farm, the farmer must have the following ready: 1. Litter for the floor which should be about 5 cm layer preferably;  wood shavings  chopped straw  hay can also be used NB: wire mesh floor litter is not necessary 2. A brooder( confined space by use of hard board and heat source provided by either paraffin lamps, electricity lamps, gas , or charcoal jikos) 3. Proper cleaning and disinfection of the house and the brooding equipment must done Brooding Capacity • One paraffin lamp is enough for about 50 chicks • One charcoal jiko is enough for up to 500 chicks

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Broody hens can be a law unto themselves, and they can go broody with or without fertilised eggs to sit on. If you have a broody you will probably already recognize the signs. When broody, hens are very single minded and will want to sit on the eggs almost constantly, taking only brief breaks for food and the toilet (sometimes they forget to even do that).

She may pull out some of the feathers from her belly to feather her nest and allow her to feel the eggs directly on her skin. She could get aggressive screeching and even pecking at anyone who gets close. She will also probably have 'broody poos' (the not very nice result of keeping everything held in for hours on end!).

This is all very well if you want her to hatch chicks, but if you don't (or it's not possible) long periods of broodiness can take their toll on her health and so it is sometimes necessary to take action to stop her being broody.

Dunk her in a pail of cool (but not really cold) water which will bring her brooding temperature down and perhaps make her indignant enough to give up on being broody altogether.

Housing

NB. Use baskets for nights and days for small chicks (indigenous breeds)

-use locally available materials to reduce costs -permanent/semi –use slatted, raised floors to ease cleaning -use chicken wire where possible to put off predators -provide perches & nests -provide adequate drainage -ensure adequate ventilation -provide clean water adlib -Layers- either deep litter system or slatted floor.

Ideal house should ;

provide the birds with a comfortable environment Protect them from the extremes of the prevailing weather. provide adequate space for the flock to be kept in houses, the ideal stocking rate should be: Feeds+ Feeding 2 square ft per bird – layer  1 square ft per bird – Broiler Proper hygiene should be observed • • •

39

 Energy feeds-Cereals-maize, sorghum, wheat, roots(cassava, sweet potatoes)  Protein feeds-beans, peas, cowpeas, sunflower, fish meal  Minerals-crushed egg shells, bone meal, blood meal  Vitamins-green grasses, vegetables, enough light  Water-fresh & clean Feed formulationExample for Layers  Maize-26.5kgs -------- 45%  Sorghum-6kgs---------- 20%  Green grams-5kgs----- 10%  Cowpeas-10kgs----------20%  Bone meal-2.5kgs------- 5% Total=50kgs

Feeding practices • Provide fresh feeds daily and let the birds feed and drink water adlib • Avoid abrupt change of feed from one type to another • Feeds should be stored in rodent proof, rain proof and well ventilated areas.

• Always buy feeds from reputable feed stockiest or manufacturers. And do not store for long periods

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There 3 types of feeds used in layers production namely: 1. Chick feed (chick mash) - either in form of mash or pellets • Recommended from day old to 8 weeks of age.

• Each chick will consume 2kg during this period (30-40g/day) 2. A growing diet (growers mash) • offered from 8 weeks to 20 weeks of age • Each grower will consume about 8kg during this period (6090g/day) 3. Layer feed (layers mash) • Offered from 21 to 75 weeks of age giving 90-120g of feed per day.

• The bird will have consumed about 45kg of feed

There two types of feed used in broiler production namely: 1. A starter diet (broiler starter) - in form of mash or crumbs • Recommended from day old to 3 weeks of age.

• Each broiler will consume 1.5 kg during this period (40-75g/day) • • • •

2. A finisher diet (broiler finisher) Offered from 3 to 7 weeks of age.

Each broiler will consume about 3.5 kg during this period (75-150g/day NOTE Feed should bePalatable, Digestible and free from toxins.

It should also meet the recommended nutritive values for each growing and production stages

Eggs

Production per bird • A hen will lay her first egg at 18 weeks.

• Each hen will lay on average 280 to 300 eggs for a period of 1 year.

Handling Eggs: • Collect eggs 2 to 3 times a day.

• Separate broken and dirty eggs from whole eggs • Place eggs with the broad end up in the egg tray.

• Store eggs in a cool dry place • Do not stack more than six trays

Culling Birds

• • • •

Flock disposal for all birds is done at the end of the laying period All the birds can also be disposed after they have proved uneconomical to keep i.e. laying % of below 60.

Cull all sick birds and the non- productive ones; this will help reduce production cost.

A non layer can be recognized- not more than 1 finger can fit between the pelvic bones, dull eyes and dull comb, have yellow pigmentation on Vent, legs and beak .

41

Indigenous Poultry Production

Indigenous chicken farming has been described variously as backyard poultry rearing, rural poultry production or scavenging.

For our purpose, any flock of chicken that are kept under free-range management and on which no selection of breeds or improvement by crossbreeding has been done is considered as a flock of indigenous chicken. Indigenous chicken lay between 8 and 15 eggs per clutch depending on availability of feed. They are broody and hatch about 80% of the eggs they sit on.

They attain 2-3 clutches in a year.

Supplementary feeding simply means extra feeding of free range/scavenging poultry. It can increase the average quantity of eggs laid per brood by up to 100%.

Birds need feeds that give the necessary elements for body functions, including growth egg and meat production. This is a requirement that the free-range production system does not meet adequately. To attain a balanced diet, it is recommended that in addition to scavenging, a farmer should include protein supplements from one of the recommended cheap but quality sources. This can be provided either as a premix or given through cafeteria system.

There is a range of feed available in the market for different chicken (broilers, layers) eg Unga feeds Separate Birds at Feeding Time - Chicks below 6 weeks old should be kept away from other chicken and fed alone -To avoid competition feed the chicken in this orderChicks first followed by Hens and finally Cocks.

This is because cocks are better at scavenging than the others and if fed together they might overfeed leaving nothing for rest of the flock.

42

When and How To Feed



Supplement feeding should be given in the morning and evening when the birds come back for the night. the amount of extra feed should given Record Keeping should be about 30-50% of the birds daily needs. Approximately 30-40g for chicks aged 6weeks.  The amount of supplementary feeding should be reduced gradually until its abour 40% of the bird’s daily needs.

How to Reduce Diseases

1. Vaccinate the birds as suggested by the vet 2. Provide enough clean water and food especially to young chicks.

3. On regular basis clean the houses and disinfect the walls and floor 4. Change dry litter more often 5. .Separate chicks from adult hens except from mother hen 6. Separate and treat sick birds. If medication is not available kill the sick birds.

7. Burn or burry the killed sick birds (do not eat sick birds that have been killed because disease can be passed to people.

People Hygiene

  



Good hygiene practice by the people reduces the chances of the chicken getting sick.

Foot bath – should be placed in the door way of the chicken house for all people entering.

Dust coats- dust coats should be hanged at the doorway for people to wear when going inside the chicken houses and should never be removed from there.

Hand wash – wash your hands before going into the chicken house using a hand wash gel.

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Water

Clean water should be placed in shaded areas during the day at all times.

Parasites

Dudu dust is usually used for parasite control on the chicken. Dusting should be done under the wings of the chicken (wear protective clothing when dusting).

Recommended dusts are Sevin powder, Malathion dust or Actelic dust.

Application should be done every week until there are no parasites left.

Housing

Protective housing should be used in free-range poultry farming system to protect chicks from predators and bad weather. Several housing structures including the dome-shaped stick basket popular in western Kenya variably known as Lisera, Liuli or Osero which is ideal for daytime housing are found. Other alternatives include the stick-built Kiduli and standard poultry houses. A good housing structure should be spacious, well lit, airy and dry, easy to clean, have perches for chicken to roost and protected from predators. (Check pg 39) Breeding

Avoid inbreeding by introducing one cock for every 10 hens every 2 years.

Selection of eggs for setting

Improved nutrition can raise the average number of eggs laid per clutch by 100%.Fertilised eggs are live and successful hatching depends on how they are taken care of from laying till setting. The broad end of an egg has an air sac through which the egg breathes.

Eggs should be stored with the broad end facing upwards. The egg shell is porous (has little holes which if blocked may suffocate the embryo [baby chick]). To prevent rotting, eggs must be stored in a clean and dry place. Since fertile eggs grow slowly, eggs that are more than 14 days old should not be used for hatching.

Shortening the reproductive cycle Table 1 compares normal and shortened reproductive cycles.

Hens lay eggs earlier, doubling the number of clutches per hen per year while the improved management increases survival rates from 2-6.

Normal and Shortened Reproductive Cycle

Normal Laying 15-20 days 15 eggs

Setting 21 days 10 eggs

Brooding 60 days 8 chicks

Resting 0

Total 101 2 growers

21 days 10 eggs

0 8 chicks

10

61 days 6 growers

Shortened Cycle 15-20 days 15 eggs

Serial hatching

Hens or ducks can be used to sit on eggs continuously for 2 or more times by removing chicks every time they hatch and replacing them with new eggs. If this is coupled with synchronization, then a farmer could hatch more chicks without using an incubator. Ducks can sit on 30-35 eggs and can be used for up to 6 consecutive times.

Synchronized hatching

When hens that started laying within the same week reach broodiness, the 1st hen to reach this stage can be delayed by being given one egg to sit on. This can be repeated for the 2nd and 3rd hens so that finally all the hens are set on one day (Fig. 4). On the day of setting, all the dummy eggs should be destroyed. Chicks that hatch on the same day fit in well with feeding and vaccination programmes. The time between the 1st hen and the last should not be more than one week

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How to tell a sick bird.

Management of chicks

To prevent high mortality, chicks must be kept in a safe, warm and clean environment and must have easy-to-digest feed at all times. Chicks may be removed from the hatching hen or duck and kept separate using the following brooding methods:  In a carton box with ventilation holes drilled around the upper side with wood shavings as bedding and warmed by either a lantern or by covering the top with a blanket or a clean sisal sack at night.  In ‘Liuli’ on a sisal sack or wood shavings and warmed as above. Do not use a lantern under the basket. The basket or Liuli can be taken out when the sun shines. However, the birds should be protected from veryhot sun and rain.  Hens that do not discriminate chicks can be trained as foster hens. Up to 65 chicks of different ages can be brooded by such a hen.

•

Diseases And Parasites In Poultry Differences between healthy and unhealthy birds Healthy birds

Unhealthy birds

Alert and on guard

Breaths quietly

Bright eyes and comb

Tired and lifeless

Walk, run and scratch continuously

Dull eyes and combs

Eat and drinks normally

Sit and lie down

Lays eggs normally

Lays less egg

Smooth and neat feathers

Rough and loose feathers

Soft compact dropping

Wet droppings with blood & worms

Breaths quietly

Cough, sneeze & breath noisily

Modes of disease transmission in birds Live birds- Sick birds spread diseases through air-coughing and breathing, through droppings and nasal and eye discharges

45

• • •

Carcasses of birds- dead birds Feed and water- Contaminated Equipment and houses- Dirty Man- Man carries disease germs on foot, hands or clothing Diseases and Parasites Disease

Signs & symptoms

Newcastle disease- Viral disease affecting all species of birds characterized by respiratory,nervous syndromes and diarrhoea.

- It has an incubation period of 3-5 days

Fowl pox- Viral disease of all birds transmitted through air, contaminated water, equipment and cock fight wounds Chronic Respiratory Disease(CRD) An infectious and contagious disease transmitted from bird to bird, air, contamination and via the egg (egg-borne) Infectious coryza- A bacterial disease characterized by catarrhal infection of the URT mucosa.

46

Dullness coughing, rales, anorexia and general dullness - Egg production drops - Greenish diarrhoea paralysis of wings and hind limbs or both and twisting of legs Kills up to 90-100% of the flock

-Raised wart- like lesions on comb,wattle,beak, eyelids and other cutaneous areas -Affected birds are unthrifty, mild drop in egg production, eyes closed, wings held on the body, head drooping -Sticky serous exudates from the nostrils, lacrimation, swelling of peri -orbital sinuses and rales, -Birds are unthrifty, weight loss mouth breathing and decrease in egg production -Mortality is 5-10% -Nasal discharge with typical rotten egg smell -Frequent swelling and oedema of the face - Sneezing, laboured breathing Sinuses are swollen - Eyelids gum together -Oedema of the wattle and subcutaneous areas of the face

Treatment/control

Regular vaccination (every 2-3 months) beside

observing general disease control techniques Broilers and layers – vaccinate at 2-3 weeks of age.

Later at 3 months and at intervals of 6 months

Regular vaccination

Tylosin, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, Nitrofurans

S-dime

Gumboro (Infectious bursitis) – An acute viral disease of young chicks usually 2-3 weeks characterized by mild respiratory signs, white watery droppings, severe depression followed by death.

Transmission is direct bird to bird contact Pullorum/ Fowl typhoid - Affects all birds and is caused by bacteria - Transmission is by egg, contamination and mechanical

-Reduced feed and water consumption - Chicks are lethargic, sleepy and depressed, white watery dropping, birds peck the vent -On PM, the bursa is swollen, yellowish with haemorrhage and prominent striations and contains calceous yellowish materials

-Treatment is supportive only -Control- Hygiene and vaccination

-High mortality in the second after hatching -White diarrhea, depressed, chirping, wings held together, looks chilled, gaping, Pasted vents Adults-Restless and goes offfeed, whitish diarrhea with wet vents and death in 4-5 days Birds are dull, lethargic, goes off-feed, decreased egg production, folding of wings and diarrhea (yellow to bloody

-Chloramphenicol, Nitrfurans, Fuzol -Control- Dispose infected birds - Hygiene - Vaccination

Infectious synovitis- A disease of the upper respiratory system which localizes in the joints

Swelling of joints and footpads, weight loss, slight greenish diarrhoea and breast blisters with yellowish creamy exudates

Tylosin, chloramphenicol etc

External Parasites - Lice, fleas, ticks and mites Suck blood and lead to loss of body condition and drop in egg production

Use sprays and dusts- Ectomin, sevin dudu dust, Acaricide etc.

Disinfection of poultry house before new flock - Regular spray/dusting

Coccidiosis A protozoan disease caused

by Almeria sp.

Characterized by diarrhoea of various nature ranging from yellowish –red (bloody) and is foamy -Transmission is by ingestion of contaminated feed, water etc

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Sulphonamides, nitrofurans-coccid, amodiostat, S-dime, ESB3

•

Internal parasites Mainly worms

Poultry Vaccination - Methods of vaccine administration 1. Through drinking water- NCD, CRD, IB 2. Through nostrils or eyes- NCD, Gumboro, CRD, IB 3. Injection- Fowl typhoid 4. Spray – Common in hatcheries and large scale commercial production 5. Wing stab- Fowl pox Suggested Vaccination Regimes Age

Vaccine

Method

Within the 1st wk

NCD/IB

Eye drop/intranasal

Within the 2nd wk

Gumboro

Drinking water

Week 6-8

Fowl typhoid

Injection I/M

Week 10-12

Fowl pox

Wing stab

Every 3 months

NCD

Drinking water

Every year

Gumboro, Fowl typhoid and fowl pox

As per vaccine

FOR MORE INFORMATION CAONTACT: NEAREST MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK OFFICES OR KENCHIC Email: info@kenchic.com OR UNGA LTD Email: information@unga.com

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Rabbit Production The Challenges of Rabbits rearing include wrong perceptions and stereotypes surrounding consumption of rabbit meat and lack of regular markets for upcoming entrepreneurs.

Opportunities that exist as changing human nutritional behaviors and awareness that will see more people opt for white meat for which rabbit meat is outstanding. He observed that the rabbit meat market has also not been fully exploited, the production process requires minimal capital hence easy to start and additionally, other meat sources are becoming scarce and costly. He added that rabbits are also quick and prolific growers.

The quick facts provided about Rabbit meat as follows:         

Low cholesterol levels Low fat percentage Unsaturated fatty acids Highest in protein levels 795 calories per pound, as compared to chicken’s 810, Turkey’s 1190, Lamp 1420, Beef 1440 and Pork 2050 Its white meat.

Raised off the ground hence cleanest.

Suitable for special diets e.g. heart diseases, diets for the age etc.

Rabbits will play a more increasing role in the supply of food with the increasing population.

Naivasha CAT Rabbit project

The different breeds were identified and their characteristic given as follows  Newzealand White  Chincilla  Carlifornian white  French Earl lopped  Kenya white  Flemish Giant  Dutch

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Breed New Zealand white

Characteristics White in color Pink eye Big in size, 5kg

Chinchilla

2 colors-grayish and brownish Big-approximately 5-6kgs Dark prominent eyes, white ring

White-Black mark on the nose Approximately 5Kgs Good “motherly� ability Carlifornian White

Grayish and white or brownish and white Dropping ears A big head Between 5-6 kgs

French Ear lopped

Kenya White

The smallest in size White in color Black eyes

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Between 3-4 kgs Resistance to diseases

Flemish giant

Big in size Brown in color/Some are grayish Approximately 6kgs Disadvantage: Doesn’t give birth to many kindling’s (6-8 births) High growth rate

Dutch

Black/gray Prominent eyes

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NB. During mating, one takes the female to the male and not the other way round.

S  

basic facts during breeding:

  

Gestation period lasts 30-32 days Heat signs-Restless, nervous during mating period Need to avoid in-breeding for bucks A doe produces 4-5 litters/year Does and bucks should be kept for 3-4 years then replaced In terms of Housing Management of young rabbits, it is advisable that :



Brooding-Provide heat if place is cold



Housing-At least 30 inches above ground

o -Doe-2 by 3 by 3 ft o -Buck 3 by 3 by 3 ft For Feeding best practices,: 

Use locally available feeds-Vegetables, Sweet potatoes  Commercial-Pellets, Bram and Pollard-Should be dry •  Hung/Use feed troughs/Small containers •  Forage should be available throughout  Avoid wet bedding •  May also feed grains  Feeding concentrates o -On 16th week after weaning-65-100g/day o -Pregnant doe-225g/day o -Active Buck-90-100g/day



Use locally available materials



Size 12cm*60*60cms

Market prices Estimates for the different rabbit: Mature doe-4000-5000 shillings Mature buck-3500-4000 shillings Young one female-2500 shillings A small group can start with 20 does and 5 bucks

The biggest challenge for rabbit keeping is the inability for entrepreneurs to meet demand, but the market is available.

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Disease incidences and conditions in Rabbits • • • • • • •

Sudden death Pneumonia Bloat Diarrhoea Mange Oral and Paw ulcerations Ear canker Unthriftness Hind limb paralysis Dullness Other conditions Eye discharges Coccidiosis Helminths Red urine Coughing and sneezing Discharges from eyes or nose or ears, panting

Disease

Cause

Symptoms

Prevention

Treatment

Snuffles(Pasteurell osis)

Bacteria-Pasteurella multocida

Sneezing and coloured discharge from the nose and eyes with matting of front paws

Proper ventilation Strict sanitation

Use antibiotic

Coccidiosis

-Protozoan parasite -Affect young rabbits

-Lack of appetite -Rough coat -Loss of weight -Pot belly -Diarrhoea

Avoid faecal contamination of feed or water

Sulfaquinoxyline in drinking water for 5 days on, 5 days off then 5 days on again

Ear Canker

Ear mite

-Scabs or crust at the base of inner ear -Rabbit shake its head & try to scratch ears

-Do not let unaffected rabbits in contact with rabbits that have ear canker

Apply mineral oil to visible crust

Diarrhoea

Bacteria-Salmonella spp

Diarrhoea, Loss of weight, conjunctivitis and rapid breathing

-Cleanliness -Quarantine new rabbits

Tetracycline feed

Skin mange

Mite infestation

Loss of hair. scaly -Quarantine skin intense infected

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good

in

Dust with insecticide(Rep

itching scratching

Pneumonia

Heat stress

Red urine

Hutch burn

and rabbits and eat treatment in treat 7 days -Disinfect the premise

Bacteria or virus -stress factors-Damp, draffy unsanitary hutches/cages and

-Elevated temperature, Laboured breathing , -Nasal discharge -Loss of appetite Bluish lips, tongue and ears Hot weather Wet around the face Breathing hard Too much protein in Rancid or orange diet discoloured urine that does not contain clots Associated with wet and dirty hutches.

Urine faecal material cause the skin to become irritated and infected

Brownish crust covers the infected area & a bleeding exudates may be seen

Prevent heat Broad spectrum stress antibiotics Eliminate drafts and wet conditions

Dip the rabbit in a bucket of cold water Feed quality pellet. Do not feed hay too much to rabbit with red urine Do not allow faecal material to accumulate in the hutch/cage

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: NEAREST MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK OFFICES OR RABKA (RABBIT KEEPERS ASSOCIATION OF KENYA

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Maintenance

Clean affected skin and keep area clean

Fish Farming

Fish farming is a slowly becoming a popular agribusiness in Kenya. This is after the Ministry of Fisheries ran a project to install fish ponds in various institutions in Kenya.

What to consider when starting a fish farm

-

-

The market for the fish -The venue for the fish pond. It should be in a place that is not hilly and the soil in the area shall preferably be clay soil or can import soil from another place.

-Accessibility of fish fingerlings -Temperature of the area -Vegetation around the fish pond There are two types of warm water fish;

-

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-Tilapia -Cat fish

Steps in creating a fish pond

  

1. Survey of the area where the fish pond shall be put. It should not be surrounded by roots of trees.

2. Topography of the area. The area where the pond is should be flat.

3. Restoration of water. There should be a constant supply of fresh water somewhere close to the pond.

Most hotels and regular customers require that fish should mature for 12 months for it to be sold and should be at least 3.5kg.

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: NEAREST MINISTRY OF FISHERIES OR MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK

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Bee Keeping Importance of bee keeping and methods 1. To get honey, this is a source of food.

2. Bee stings are used as medicinal injections

By products of honey include: -

Pollen Royal jelly Bee venom Bees wax There are various types of bees within a colony 1. The Queen Bee 2. The Drones 3.The Workers Types Of Hives Kenya Top Bar hive The deficiencies are: (i) Its corrugated iron roof is not insulated, causing excessive heat, which disturbs the bees so that they easily abscond; (ii) Its general management is difficult as the floor cannot be detached and can therefore not be cleaned; (iii) The queen excluder is not very effective, resulting in honeycombs containing brood1 and pollen, thus lowering the quality of the honey; (iv) The combs are not evenly made on the bars, causing Difficulties in harvesting when combs break and the bees become excessively aggressive; (v) As the combs are broken and extracted, the bees have to start comb formation all over again, meaning they cannot put this energy into honey production.

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Longstroth hive

Like most common designs of hives, the Langstroth hive uses frames. These frames are often filled with some form of foundation to give the bees a proper starting position and template for building comb.

These frames are then installed in hive bodies. The Langstroth hive is known to impose artificial segregation of the colony by physically dividing honey from brood by use of the brood chambers, for brood development and bee residence, and the honey supers, for excess honey collection. These separate chambers are stacked onto a bottom board and capped off with some form of cover, most often a inner cover and an outside fitting telescopic cover.Other parts, such as feeders, entrance reducers, hive stands, queen excluders, or similar items may also be used in conjunction with Langstroth style hives

Advantages

Disadvantages

Interchangeable parts: Langstroth hives use standard sized hive parts to allow for interchangeability with other hives. This feature of non-unique hive parts allows for mass production, and therefore cheaper prices.

Complext Design: Langstroth hives require exact measurements and must conform to rather precise standards. These standards ensure that parts are actually interchangeable between hives. Attention must also be taken to consider bee space. If bee space is not properly observed it is not uncommon to have parts glued together with propolis or connected with burr comb.

Availability: Langstroth hives are the most common design of retailed hives. Because of this, it is relatively easy to acquire the proper parts to fit them.

Increased Honey Harvesting: Because honey is often extracted from reusable comb only small amounts of wax is lost during honey production.

This means that the same comb, when properly stored, may be used season after season, not needing to be replaced by the bees, and is therefore more efficient.

Expansion and Contraction: Because of their modular design, Langstroth hives are perfect for expansion and contraction of particular hives.

Hives can be made larger to fit more bees, or smaller to fit fewer depending on seasonal population

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Decreased Wax Harvesting: Though wax may be harvested from Langstroth hives, especially in the form of old comb, generally the only wax collected is that in the from of wax capping during honey harvesting and that of burr comb. Most beekeepers prefer to preserve their wax comb so that it may be reused for as many seasons as possible. If wax production is desired a top bar hive may better suited than a Langstroth hive.

Heavy Lifting: Langstroth hives are known for heavy lifting when it comes time to harvest honey especially when filled with ripe honey.

Difficult management: Langstroth hives may be more difficult to manage compared to other hive designs, such as the top bar hive, as the entire hive must be opened in order to do even minor management. This difficulty of management is most easily expressed with having to remove the cover, and alerting the entire hive by way of a suddenly well-lit hive where it was once quite dark.

Why venture into bee keeping? the demand for honey an honey products is too high while the supply is low.

Conclusion

There is a huge demand for good quality honey in Kenya but unfortunately, we do not have the capacity to satisfy our market.

Right now, 80 per cent of the honey sold in Kenya comes from Tanzanian and even Sudanese log hives, from which it is extracted using antiquated methods.

This results in low quality that is disguised by using additives. Som of the honey is even falsely labeled to dupe Kenyans that it is produced in the country.

Examples can be found in the major supermarket chains in the country. However, even in Tanzania, the same environmental problems are on the rise, and the same solutions apply.

World market prices of bulk honey are usually US$ 1 per kilogramme,which is lower than the local offer(US$ 2 per kilogram meaning that: Exporting Kenyan honey does not make economic sense at the moment; Beekeeping can be a very lucrative business; cheap imports of honey will find their way into the Kenyan market, diminishing the market share of local producers

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: NEAREST MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK OFFICES

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Tree Nursery Management 1. Trees are important for various reasons; 2. Provide shade against the sun 3. The pull rain that is necessary for farming and other purposes 4. Some trees are medicinal hence provide us with remedies 5. They act as wind breakers; they reduce the force of the wind and hence avoid soil erosion.

6. Factors to consider when starting a tree nursery; 7. Market. Is there a ready market for the trees you are about to grow?

8. Nursery site as well as finding the history of the land and the soil of the site.

9. The source and quality of water 10. Nursery design and space requirements 11. Labour requirements 12. Capital requirements

Equipment requirements - The basic requirements for a nursery operation include: -Irrigation equipment -Field equipment such as tractors, trailers and cropping equipment -Sprayers for control of weeds, insects and diseases Office equipment Production systems – Nurseries use field production or container production systems. In a field production system, plants may be dug, have the soil removed from their roots and marketed as a bare root product. An alternative is to dig the plants with a soil ball around the roots, which can be either wrapped in burlap (known as balled and bur lapped or b&b) or potted for sale as potted stock.

Container grown nursery stock is grown entirely in containers. Container nursery stock is widely accepted by nursery growers as it allows more plants to be grown in a given area and provides a higher percentage of marketable plants than field culture.

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Container grown or potted stock can be planted over a longer season, thus providing the operator with a longer sales season and greater sales volumes.

Consumers generally have fewer losses and better results with containerized stock, as compared to other types. A trend today is to grow the majority of ornamental plants in containers. It is estimated that over 80 per cent of plant stock is container grown.

The main limitations to container grown stock are that containers limit the size of the nursery stock that can be produced.

Plants may also become root bound in the container. Unsold stock at the end of the growing/sales season requires significant protection from winter injury.

Kericho CAT tree nursery

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Crop selection – The decision as to which crop to grow is based on market research and production capabilities. The specific market being targeted determines what crops to produce and crop specifications such as caliper or container stock.

Each nursery crop requires specific growing practices to improve the quality of the plant. These practices include pruning, as well as control of weeds, insects and diseases.

Nursery operators can either produce their own plants from seed and vegetative propagation, or purchase seedlings and cuttings from other growers. Purchasing nursery stock allows operators to produce saleable plants more quickly. However, nursery operators who produce their own stock are assured of a reliable supply.

Key production requirements in producing nursery crops from seed include the following: A good source of seed from a hardy location Proper storage conditions for each crop species to maintain seed viability (key requirements are moisture content, storage temperature and relative humidity). Seed treatments to break the dormancy of the seeds.

Germination requirements Vegetative propagation refers to reproduction through the regeneration of tissues and plant parts. There are different methods of vegetative propagation that can be used, depending on the specific plant species.

Irrigation – These practices have an effect on plant growth and timing. Plants require an adequate supply of water at all stages of growth. Factors such as type of crop (container or field crop), stage of development, temperature, sunlight, air movement, soil or media, and drainage all influence the water requirements for nursery crops.

Growers need to determine the best irrigation system and irrigation practices for their particular situation.

Fertilization – This is a critical element in nursery crop production. For each crop, growers must determine the desired growth rate and how fertilizer rates and formulation will be adjusted to each stage of development.

The critical production management issues for nursery crop producers are: Knowing the growing requirements for the nursery crops being produced Developing an effective production process for each nursery crop Continually seeking out research information and production practices that contributes to improved yields and quality Effectively managing labor requirements

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CATs field training

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT; THE NEAREST KENYA FOREST SERVICE OFFICES

Renewable Energy Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are naturally replenished).

About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewable, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity.

What is renewable energy?

Examples of renewable energy  Wind  Solar  Hydro power  Geothermal  Biomass  Others – tidal power

Naivasha CAT Briquetteproject

Non – renewable energy • Non-renewable energy is energy that comes from the ground and is not replaced in a relatively short amount of time.

• Fossil fuels are the main category of non-renewable energy. include; coal, oil and natural gas.

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: SOLAR AID KENYA +254 717379632 OR CAPSAY

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Simple Technology That Can Adopt To Climate Change

Simple solar drier

Grinder

Banana ripener

Water Coolant

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Guide To Proposal Writing+ Concept Note.

Guidelines To Proposal Writing

General Information       

Name of Organisation Project Title Project Location Contact Person Contact Information: Physical Address, Postal Address, Phone Number and Email Address Project Timeline – duration of project could be 1yr, 2yrs, 3 yrs Amount Requested – total amount

Executive Summary:

Provide a brief overview and summary of the project. It should provide a credible statement that describes your organization and establish the significance of the project

Problem Statement:

State the challenges identified, the rationale/need to address these challenges and the conditions to be changed by the project

Project Objectives:

The objectives should describe the intended outcome of the project and should be SMART (Simple, Measurable, Accurate, Realistic and Time Bound) Indicate how the objectives will contribute to the achievement of the project, what difference the project will make and the time frame during which this will happen .

Project Implementation and Management Plan:

Describe the project activities indicating how the objectives will be accomplished, what will be done, who will do it, who are the implementers, partners and beneficiaries and when it will be done. Describe how the project will be sustainable after the funding period.

Project Monitoring and Evaluation:

Describe how you are going to monitor and evaluate the project so as to assess progress during implementation and improve the project efficiency as the project moves along.

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Project Budget:

Indicate the total cost of the project and also provide a detailed budget for these costs.

Documentation and Sharing Results:

Describe how you are going to document the progress of your project during and after Implementation. State how you will document and share your results and let others know of your purpose, methods and achievements.

Any Additional Information:

Provide any additional information in support of this proposal application

Some Tips on Proposal Writing Understand the Problem



Helps define activities needed to solve the cause of the problem



Make sure it is a problem the donor wants to solve

Define specific activities



66

Eg. Organize for a training of the local advocates in advocacy techniques

Keep it short and simple - KISS

Simple language, understandable and friendly to read

Build a good budget

   

Follow donor requirements Be cost effective but don’t be cheap Use proper currency Mention other funding

Let others read the proposal document before submitting

Concept Note What is a Concept Note?

A Concept Note is perhaps the shortest expression your project idea given on paper to a potential donor/ funder. It is usually requested by the donor in situations where no proposals have been solicited.Most of the donor agencies prefer to understand the project through a Concept Note rather than a full-fledged proposal.

What should be the size of the Concept Note?

This actually depends upon the donor requesting the Concept Note. However, we need to remember that it is the shortest possible text for our project idea. So, the shorter the better.

Most donor agencies request a minimum of one page to a maximum of three pages .

Is there a specific format for writing the Concept Note?

Usually donors do not have a format for a Concept Note as they have for a full proposal.

But, there are some agencies, which issue solicitation for Concept Notes based upon a basic format given in the guidelines.

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Is the Concept Note useful for the Applicant as well?

Concept Note has many advantages for applicants seeking funds. It practically gives a framework for ideas when they are organized on paper. It is also the first expression of the project and gives the flexibility for the applicant to work and rework on idea before presenting it to the donor.

What are the contents of the Concept Note?

While there is no standard format for a Concept Note, generally the following information is given: 1. Name of the Organization 2. Title of the Proposed Project 3. Potential Donor – 4. Context (not more than 300 words) 5. Rationale for the Proposed Project 6. Project Goals and Objectives 7. Project Strategy/ Listing of Project Activities 8. Expected Results 9. Innovation: How different it is from other projects?

10. Organizational Background, including the expertise and experience.

12. Budget Estimate 13. Complete Contact Information of the applicant along with the name of the Contact Person

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CATS ACTION PROJECTS

CAT group

KEY PROJECT ACTIVITIES Poultry and Rabbit

THIKA

Solar lamps, Video production Fruit Tree nursery

YATTA

Solar lamps, Landscaping Garden farming

EMBU

Recycled ornaments & mats Solar lamps, Green House

NAIROBI

Ornaments & basketry Urban frming/ gardening Landscaping Solar lamps

MOMBASA

Green house (planned)

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Advocacy Rabbit keeping NAIVASHA

Lamp shades, Briquettes Plastic brooms Mats and basketry

NAKURU

Recycled ornements

c

Juice parlour

KERICHO

Tree nursery Solar lamps Vegetable garden

y

70

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS o

o

o

Training partners and Resources from: Ministry Of Youths And Sports (MOYAS),Ministry Of Agriculture (MOA), Ministry Of Livestock Development (MOL),Ministry Of Fisheries, Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Students In Free Enterprise SIFE), The Village Africa,Green Technology,Association Of Local Government Authorities In Kenya ( ALGAK) CAPSAY Management and staff with special contributions from Habil Olembo,Greig Whitehead, Kevin Ochieng, Willis Okwacho, Ann Kirori and Beth Njoki.

Production costs; design, printing and publication of the final document is facilitated by ERMIS Africa and funded by DFID through InterClimate Network Ltd (ICN).

All rights reserved. Dissemination and re-use of the content is encouraged, but please do also give credit to CATs Project.

Comments and questions related to this booklet can be forwarded to: Climate Action Programme for Schools and Youth 80 Muthithi Road, Westlands P.O. Box 11349 -00100 Nairobi Tel: +254 20 2153231, Cell: +254 720 433769 Email: icc@ermisafrica.org / clmate.actionteams@capsay.org www.capsay.org

Cover Design by Snapcode.

Compiled and edited by Habil Olembo Jesse assisted by Kevin Ochieng Printed in Nairobi, Kenya.

Copyright Climate Action Programme for Schools and Youth (CAPSAY).

First Printed in 2013.

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MOA, MOL, MOYAS, KFS,

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