Modern use of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

feeding through knowledge

Modern use of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

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Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

Contents Introduction ����������������������������������������� 5 Modern use of feed raw materials in poultry feeding ������� 6 Characteristics of poultry feed materials ����������������������������������������������� 7 Cereals ���������������������������������������������������������� 7 Corn (maize) Barley Wheat Rye Oat Triticale Sorghum Millet

Alcohol industry by-products ������������ 18 Malt germs Spirit yeast, barm (beer yeast) By-products of starch factory ���������� 19 CGF (Corn Gluten Feed) Corn gluten Corn germ By-products of bio fuel production �������������������������������� 20 By-products of biodiesel production Rapeseed cake Sunflower cake Glycerol By-products of bioethanol production �������������������������� 21 DDGS

Leguminous seeds �������������������������������������� 11 Pea Sweet lupine Broad bean

Green pl ant flour ������������������������������������ 21

Oilseeds �������������������������������������������������������� 12 Soy-bean Sunflower Linseed (flaxseed) Rapeseed Hemp seed

Meat industry by-products ������������������ 22 Meat meal Poultry slaughterhouse protein meal Hydrolyzed poultry protein Blood and blood meal Hemoglobin

Rooted feeds| ���������������������������������������������� 14 Potato flakes, dried potato chips Cassava

Fish and fish processing by-products ������������������������ 23 Fish meal

Sugar industry by-products ���������������� 15

Feed fats, oils �������������������������������������������� 23

Milling industry by-products �������������� 15 Wheat bran Other bran type products Feed flours Germ of cereals

Alternative sources of protein ���������� 24 Algae meals Insect meals Single Cell Proteins (SCP)

Animal origin feed ������������������������������������ 22

Agrofeed Feeding Experience ����� 25

Bakery by-products ���������������������������������� 16 By-products of vegetable oil industry ���������������������������� 16 Extracted sunflower Extracted soybean meal Extracted rapeseed meal Extracted cotton seed meal Linseed meal, linseed cake Extracted peanut meal The pumpkin seeds

Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

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Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

Introduction

Introduction Determining factor of intensive livestock and efficient meat production is the modernity, professional and economic efficiency of feeding. By recognizing importance of this, integrations, larger businesses are based on their own compound feed production, thus providing professional flexibility, knowledge of raw materials, and the highest possible cost-effectiveness.

For this, of course, appropriate scale and production volumes are needed to have more favorable purchase prices in the raw material market. For smaller businesses and farms compound feed is supplied by larger feed mills, typically based on their formulas. Naturally, other examples of this occurs, but they do not break the professional and economical concentration trend on the international market.

In this publication we share the “Modern use of raw materials in poultry feeding” which is the priority tool to reduce direct cost of feeding, that is vital in efficient poultry production, as feeding cost is 60-70% of total production expenses. As feed mills can purchase large variety and ever-expanding of feed raw materials we support them to decide which can be the most optimal for them nutritional, production and direct cost wise, hoping to share more knowledge we can contribute better to our customers’ more efficient and effective work. The use of feed additives makes more efficient of production of today's compound feeds, which requires the knowledge of the anti-nutritive materials of feed components and the effect of feeding on poultry meat products.

Agrofeed Ltd. is significant premix, concentrate and prestarter feed manufacturer and supplier of Hungarian, Central-Eastern European and MiddleEast animal breeding industry is seeking to fully serve the professional demands of production of feed industry and compound feed production. As we have two premix factories, one in Hungary, the other one in Russia, we can support our customers with upto-date knowledge, publications, feeding programs, detailing the elements of modern poultry feed, modern feed management, highlighting the cornerstones of raw material management. We provide all necessary professional information, data and extensive service for our customers to support their feeding which taking into account poultry nutritional requirements and the optimization of the compound feed formulation, based to poultry production objectives and management level.

We support our customers to achieve the possible most efficient production result with special services covering poultry health, management, technology in broiler, layer, breeder, turkey and waterfowl poultry sectors.

We are committed to cooperate with our feed manufacturing partners to work on the cost-effective implementation of feeding concept tailored to the production level and expectations. One of the cornerstones is the better knowledge of the raw materials required for the production of compound feed and their prudent purchasing, and the wider use of alternative raw materials and by-products.

We hope that this publication will also contribute to your information and to your more successful work.

Dr. Péter Zoltán Export Business Director Hungary, January, 2018

Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

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Modern use of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

Modern use of feed raw materials in poultry feeding Potential production performance of the modern poultry breeds is getting better year by year, due to the unbroken genetic progress, which is accompanied by a change of nutritional demand. This should involve the constant adjustment of the compound feed formulation and manufacturing to the economical fulfillment of these growing demands.

On the other side, however, it is a general disadvantage that these substances contain antinutritive factors.

Several studies have been carried out on the mixing ratio of these ingredients without production decreasing.

Many new types of additives (enzymes, plant extracts, etc.) have been developed that can significantly reduce antinutritive effects.

Modern feeding can only be achieved onhigh level, with the required nutrients in a sufficient quantity of compound feed and, in the right quality of the animal’s age, for optimum production and maximized profit.

In order to reduce the cost of poultry feed, a wider range of by-products can also help to achieve better utilization of nutrients. Better utilization and FCR (feed conversion ratio) can only be expected if we improve the digestibility of traditional feed materials (maize, wheat, soy, etc.) and by-products. Digestibility can be improved by physical (e.g., hydrothermal treatment), chemical (alkaline or acidic) digestion and the addition of enzymes.

The procurement and logistics management of raw materials is determined by market opportunities and the company’s purchasing policy, but it is inevitable to know and to control of these materials before purchasing (specification, water content, physical condition), nutritional value, microbiological status and potential toxin or other harmful content (feed test aspects), that we can provide the raw materials needed for the production of compound feed in an adequate quality. To do this, a strict quality assurance system must be in place, which also provides conditions for traceability.

Approximately 65% to 70% of the production costs of poultry production is related to feed cost, so it is clear that feeding is a determining factor for the economy of production.

When making compound feed formulas, the use of raw materials is determined by price, availability and quality. The raw material content indicators may differ in the same raw material, so it is important to monitor the quality and content of the product.

Identifying “ideal” poultry feed materials is not an easy task. In fact, based to corn-soybean raw materials, with the appropriate additions (oil, amino acids, minerals, vitamins and other active ingredients) can be produced proper compound feed .

At the same time, some parts of the world prefer wheat and barley based feed, due to climate conditions.

There is also a tendency to shift the world’s poultry feed to alternative feedstocks, thereby supporting the reduction of production costs needed to partially eliminate the price pressure on the poultry industry. The use of these alternative raw materials is basically depends on their price and availability.

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Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

Characteristics of poultry feed materials

Characteristics of poultry feed materials Cereals Grain seeds contain 6-14% crude protein, 2-5% crude fat, 2-10% crude fiber, 65-70% N-free extractable material (mainly starch), and 1-2% crude ash. Their energy content is high, which is due to starch stored in the endosperm inside the seed and fat (oil) in the germ. Their crude fiber content is small, barley does not exceed 6% and reaches 8-10% only in millet and oats. Their protein is low in biological terms, mainly due to their low lysine content. The digestibility of their amino acids varies between amino acids and grains. The amino acid digestibility is best of corn, while the weakest the rice’s amino-acids digestion of broiler chicken.

Cereal Barley (spring) Barley (autumn) Oat Sorghum Corn Rice Rye Triticale Wheat

Crude Protein 105 109 110 95 80 80 95 115 120

Average nutrient content of cereals (g/kg) Crude fat Crude fiber Ash 20 46 24 24 50 24 47 102 29 30 21 16 40 23 15 20 96 57 16 24 18 16 25 19 18 23 17

Corn is less, however, coarse grains contain significant amount of water-soluble non-starch compounded carbohydrates (NSP-Non-Starch Polysacharides). These compounds, the glucans and the xylans increase the viscosity of the intestinal contents, fluidize the intestinal contents, and effects the amount of intestinal mucosa, thus impairing the digestibility of nutrients,

Cereal Barley Oat Rye Triticale Wheat Corn

NDF 153 184 266 92 92 172 136 118 107

Glucose 21 16 14 10 17 60 35 29

especially the fats. In addition, they negatively affect the intestinal microflora and lower the quality of the litter through suppression of the larger water faeces, and increase the risk of footpad lesion. The above negative effects can be reduced by the addition of glucanase and xylanase enzyme (NSP enzymes) when fed with higher barley, wheat, rye, oats or triticale contents.

Average Arabinoxylan and β -glucane (g/kg) Arabinoxylan 1-3,1-4 – β-glucane Total Soluble Total Soluble 65 9 37 24 102 9 36 27 86 29 18 111 14 59 14 6 37 8 1 -

In their small crude ash, they contain many phosphorus, a significant fraction of which, 50-80% in organic binding, is present as phytophosphoric acid and is sold only in the presence of the phytase enzyme. Phytase is mostly found in rye but wheat and triticale also contain more than corn. This explains that the recoverable phosphorus content of wheat and rye is 50-55% versus 20-25% of maize. However, current phytase activity can be reduced by the drying of grains and the heat treatment processes applied in the feed industry. In addition, the phytase enzyme supplementation is a routine in the poultry feed which significantly improves the

Starch 532 527 398 637 611 565 556 563 583

Seed viscosity (mPa·s) 4,8 12,3 5,3 2,4 1,0

digestibility of phosphorus in the phytinbond. The effect of phytase is greater in corn than in wheat-based feeds. Cereals have potassium and magnesium content moderate but contain only a small amount of calcium.

The microelement content of the cereals is largely different, which is due to the fact that soils have different microelements. Apart from their absolute amount, there are also great differences in their utilization, as the phyticacids also bind to microelements beside calcium and magnesium.

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Characteristics of poultry feed materials Especially the high oil content of maize and oats is rich especially in vitamin E and vitamin K. A small amount of vitamin A can be formed from the carotenoids of maize in the body of birds. In their husks, all members of the vitamin B group can be found, except for

vitamin B12. The digestibility of vitamins is also variable.

When comparing feed formulas, due to their variability, the content of vitamins and micro-nutrients of the ingredients is not counted only with the levels in the premix.

Corn (maize)

(Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium), and their toxins (aflatoxin, zearalenone, T2 toxin, DON, ochratoxin, Fumonisin) found on maize seeds largely determine their use. Aflatoxins and aflatoxin B1 should be mentioned specifically because it is the most dangerous carcinogenic toxin that affects not only the health and production results of livestock, but is also excreted with animal products such as milk and, also poses a risk to food safety.

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he usability and mixability of maize beyond mycotoxins is not limited by other antinutritive.

Barley

The highest energy content cereal. The bulk of its energy content is accounted for by the accumulation of starch and the crude oil content of 3-4%. Among the most recent maize hybrids, there are some with higher oil content, which metabolic energy content can exceed 15 MJ/kg (compared to conventional 14 MJ/kg). Its germinal-oil contains a large amount of flavor material and linoleic acid, which is why it is highly preferred by livestock. The content of crude protein in the other cereals is approx. 10-15% less, depending on the species and the soil’s nitrogen content, on average 8-10%. Much of the protein content of maize is given by zein, with little lysine, but tryptophan content is also small.

The crude fiber contain of corn is 2-3% smaller than the other cereal grains. Yellow-red color of the corn kernel is given by carotenoid substances (kryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin). Corn is the only cereal in which kryptoxanthin, even more oxycarotinoid dyes have a small amount of A-provitamin activity. Maize germ oil contains 25-40 mg/kg of vitamin E. B vitamins contain is slightly less than the other cereals. The desired bright yellowish color of the egg yolk and processed broiler’s skin can be favorably influenced by the feed’s corn content.

The feed value of corn is significantly affected by the degree of contamination with mycotoxins. Molds 8

Feed barley has excellent flavor and good dietary effect. Crude protein content is greater than corn’s (1012%), it has a more favorable amino acid composition (more lysine, leucine and arginine) and therefore has a better bioavailability. Its crude fiber content is greater (4-5%) than corn, wheat and rye. Crude fat content is small (1.5-2.5%), but its fatty acid composition is favorable. It contains a large amount of water-soluble NSP materials, of which β-glucans dominate in barley.

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arley due to its bigger fiber and NSP contentis recommended to use in the feed of older-flocks, and using over 15-20% glucanase enzyme supplementation is recommended.

Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

Characteristics of poultry feed materials Wheat

Rye

The crude protein content of wheat (10-14%) is higher than that of other cereals, but its biological value is almost the same, since low level of lysine, methionine and threonine in it limits the utilization of the protein contained therein. Similarly, has moderate leucine and isoleucine content.

Its chemical composition is similar to wheat.

Rawprotein content is somewhat smaller, 10-11%, but lysine content is more than wheat and less methionine are found in rye. Its crude fiber and its lignin content are both larger than the wheat. It contains more water-soluble NSP materials than arabinoxylan. Crude fat content is somewhat smaller (1-2%) than wheat, crudefiber content varies between 2-3%.

High energy content is provided by the starch contained therein. It contains a small amount of soluble carbohydrates, but – like barley – there is a significant amount of water-soluble NSP. In the case of wheat, this carbohydrate is predominantly arabinoxylan. The wheat seed is chaff free; therefore, its crude fiber content is small (2-3%). The crude fat content is around 2%.

Wheat germ oil contains a lot of vitamin E, and in its shell, there is a significant amount of vitamins B, especially niacin (vitamin B3). Like other cereal grains, it is poor in calcium, magnesium, and contains little of manganese, copper and cobalt.

Its use improves pellet quality. In order to promote the function of gizzard, whole wheat feeding is spreading. Based on the results of experiments with broilers and turkeys, feeding 10 to 15% whole wheat in growing and finishing phase improves gizzard activity, stimulating pancreatic secretion of digestive enzymes and increasing production results.

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The digestibility of rye nutrients, especially N-free extractable materials, is good. It is advisable to grind the rye for larger grain size because the smaller, floury particles are gelatinizing. Feeding rye infected with ergot is risk for both breeding and for growing flocks.

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ye mixing can be recommended up to 5-10% in older age groups.

Oat

n the case of wheat mixing rates above 20-25%, it is advisable to use a xylanase enzyme supplement.

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Characteristics of poultry feed materials Oat has delicious taste and has a positive dietary effect. Crude protein content (10-12%) contains lysine, methionine and threonine at higher ratio than wheat. Its chaff may take between 20% and 40% of the total seed weight, therefore its crude fiber content is higher (11-12%) than other cereals. Like barley, there is a significant amount of Ă&#x;-glucan. Oat fiber contains 3-4% lignin. Its crude fat content (4-5%) is also higher than corn and contains many valuable unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid and oleic acid).

Its mucous membranes protect the intestinal mucosa from mechanical injuries and toxic substances and delay the absorption of toxins. Lecithin content stimulates sexual activity and improves weight gain. The vitamin E content of oats is also significant, twice as much as other cereals. Carotene is not included, but vitamins B1 and B3 in Vitamin B contain more than the other grains. Due to its lower energy concentration, it is suitable for preventing obesity in breeding animals. The shell of oat, similar to whole wheat feeding, to a level also stimulates the function of the gizzard and has a positive effect on digestion processes.

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ue to its significant fiber content, it is only 5-10% recommended to use, however, peeled can be used in larger quantities.

Triticale

Sorghum

It is grown in bigger areas in America and Africa, but in Europe is growing in more and more countries because of its good drought tolerance. The energy content of the sorghum is lower, but its crude protein content is higher (11-13%) than corn. The digestibility of its organic materials is good (80%) and its feed value is between barley and oats. The starch content is 60-66% of the dry matter. Its dry matter contains about 3% oil, two thirds of which are in the germ, the remainder is in the endosperm. Tannins accumulate in the shell of the sorghum and have antinutritive effect, reducing the digestibility of the protein. As a result of the plant breeding, the tannin content of the new sorghum hybrids decreased significantly, varying between 0.8 and 1.2% depending on the hybrid. Small tannins containing hybrids can also be successfully used for feeding poultry species.

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n compound feed, the corn can be replaced by 2050% sorghum, its ratio depending on the age of poultry.

Millet

Hybrid of wheat and rye. It also produces good yields, even on weaker soils. The energy content is between wheat and rye. Methionine is richer, tryptophan is poorer than other cereals. The level of crude protein and its biological value are equal to wheat.

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ver 15-20% mixing ratio of triticale, use of NSP enzyme is required.

The energy content and nutrients have a lower digestibility, but the fiber content is higher (8-9%) than the other cereal grains. It is a hard and thick shell of small seed, which is why it is fed in grinded form with all the animal species, otherwise it is excreted with the faeces undigested.

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ome of the corn can be replaced by grinded millet, which has a good dietary effect.

Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

Characteristics of poultry feed materials Leguminous seeds The protein content of leguminous seeds (2040%) is twice or three times greater than that of cereals.

Their protein content is less affected by the N-supply of the soil than the cereals. Sweet lupinecontains considerably more fiber and fat than peas or shoots. However, starch in the lupine is minimal. Their energy content is roughly equal to grain seed.

Pea

The ratio of their essential amino acids is significantly different from the cereals. The protein content of leguminous seeds is rich in lysine, but in the case of methionine and cystine significantly less, and the tryptophan content of the peas is specifically poor. Preferably, cereal grains and legumes complement each other’s amino acid set. The digestibility of their amino acids is lower than that of cereals and shows greater differences between different poultry species. For example, turkeys digest better the amino acids of the leguminous seedsthan the broilers.

Like cereals, they are rich in phosphorus and have a higher calcium content than cereals. 60-70% of their phosphorus content is phytin phosphor and their phytase activity is lower compared to wheat. Leguminous seeds characterized by the fact that they contain antinutritive substances to a lesser extent, and there is also legume that cannot be fed without the inactivation of these harmful compounds. Inactivation of these antinutritive substances usually can be achieved by heat treatment. Leguminous seeds may also include tannin, alkaloids and glycosides.

The protein content is 21-23% on average. Raw fiber content is moderate (5-6%), fat content is less than 2%.

Among the varieties there are significant differences in trypsin inhibitory activity (TIU), which affects the digestibility of amino acids.

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ea may be used at 5-10% ratio in the feed of poultry species, depending on the age group.

Sweet lupine

Anti-nutritive materials of legumes and their physiological effects Antinutritive factor

Incidence

Physiological effect

Protease inhibitors

Most legumes Decreased growth, pancreatic hypertrophy

Tannins

Most legumes

Protein and starch digestibility decreases

Lectins

Most legumes

Growth depression, mortality

Amylase inhibitors

Most legumes

Starch digestibility decreases

Oligosaccharides

Most legumes

Gas formation, bloating

Saponins

Most legumes

Changes in intestinal mucous membrane permeability

Horse bean

Hemolytic anemia

Most legumes

It affects the utilization of minerals

Lupine

Feed intake and growth depression

Most legumes

Reduction of protein, fat and starch digestibility

Glycosides

Vicin/konvicin Phytate Lupinin, lupinin, etc.

NSP materials

Its yellow blossom version is better for feeding purposes, but it does produce less than white lupine. Its importance is due to soil demand (it has yield on lime-poor sand), higher protein (30-40%) and methionine content

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Characteristics of poultry feed materials than peas. The total amount of alkaloids in the lupine must not exceed 0,05%, as above this, depression affects the production results. It is a concern that the alkaloid content (lupinin, lupanine, lupinidine, etc.) in the „sweet� varieties will rise again year after year and keeping acceptable level can only be leveled with expensive plant breeding activity.

T

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road beans can be used in poultry feed, depending on the age group, 10 to 20% (higher tannin content species at the lower, tannin low species at the higher ratio).

he sweet lupine in poultry feeds can be used for 10-15% depending on the age group.

Broad bean In the broad bean, as well as in the legume seeds, there are antinutritive substances (vicin, konvicin), but the amount of them in the new hybrids is so low that they can be fed without heat treatment. The tannin content of the seed may also limit the feeding rate of the bean. The feeding value is most similar to peas.

Oilseeds Their composition is primarily characterized by the high oil content of 30-40%. Their specialty is that, in addition to their high energy content, they also contain valuable amounts of crude protein. The quality of the protein is different from seed. Similarly, to other pulse Oilseed Linseed Rape seed (00) Soya beans (heat-treated) Sunflower seeds (low-shell varieties) Sunflower seeds (husked, low-shell varieties)

Soy-bean

crops soybean is lysine-rich, which contains the most balanced amino acid set among plant protein sources.

Its limiting amino acids are methionine and cystine.

The other oily seeds contain less lysine, however having higher ratio of sulfur-containing amino acids.

Average nutrient content and metabolizable energy content of oil seeds (g/kg) Crude protein Crude fat Crude fiber Crude ash NDF Starch 216 356 64 41 n. a.

0 200 400 70 40 144 0 350 180 55 48 136 50

Glucose 30 46 71

AMEn (MJ/kg) 17,6 18,5 14,5

170

440

170

33

n. a.

0

-

19

210

520

30

34

n. a.

0

-

19,5

Although, soy-bean is a leguminous seed, its oil content of 15-20% fundamentally differentiate it from pulse crops. Rough soy-bean, without heat treatment, the anti-nutritive substances block the effect of trypsin, hereby the digestibility of the protein. The soy trypsin inhibitor is heat-labile, with different heat treatments (extrusion, extrusion, flocculation, extraction) can be inactivated. The thermal effect must not, of course, be greater than the still necessary because excessive heat treatment will cause protein quality to deteriorate. In addition to direct measurements, in practice a number of methods are available providing indirect information on the heat treatment of soybean meal.

One such option is the determination of the activity of soy urea, the magnitude of which provides information on whether the heat treatment has been

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Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

Characteristics of poultry feed materials performed properly. Urease measurement is simple, and rapid tests have been carried out. To determine the excess heat treatment of the soybean meal, the urease activity values a​​ re less suitable. In this case, a widely used measurement is the determination of the ratio of KOH-soluble protein. Protein solubility decreases because of the formation of amino acid carbohydrate complexes due to the overheating. The activity of crude soy urea in the course of heat treatment results in the initial average of 2.5 being below 0.2. The KOH-soluble protein is found to be ideal between 78-84%. As a result of the breeding work, soybean varieties have a significantly lower (TIU = 10-15 mg/g protein) trypsin inhibitor compared to traditional varieties (TIU = 25-30 mg/g protein) and can be fed even without heat treatment. Feeding whole fat („full fat”) soybean also means a significant source of energy.

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he use of properly heat-treated soy products is maximized by 32%, using protease enzyme at 36-38%.

Sunflower

Linseed (flaxseed)

The biological value of 20-24% crude protein content of linseed is decreased by its little lysine and methionine level. In its crude fat there is a significant amount of linolenic acid (60%). Out of the plant origin feeds most n-3 fatty acids are contained in linseed. Therefore, it can be used to modify the fatty acid composition of poultry products, to increase the n-3 fatty acid content of animal products. It has an excellent dietary effect because it contains 5-6%, water-swelling mucous material, which involves the mucous membrane, thus alleviating symptoms of gastrointestinal and inflammatory bowel syndrome. Since it is a small seed it is essential to grind it.

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laxseed has a maximum usability of almost 5-10%.

Rapeseed

Its crude fiber content is 24-26%, because of its thick shell; its crude fat content is 32-34% and its protein content is 17-18%. Lysine is poorer, methionine richer than legume seeds. Different shredding technologies for shell removal are available to the feed industry and livestock holders. Grinded sunflower meal is quickly becoming rancid, which should be taken into account when using it.

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eeledand finely milled sunflower with smaller shell content may be used in the feed of broilers and layer hens 5-15%.

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Characteristics of poultry feed materials The so-called “double-zero varieties” produced by breeding work contain not only a small amount of erucic acid, but also less glycoside, so they can be fed with less risk. Nowadays tannin-poor “000 varieties” are also widely cultivated. The digestibility of its nutrients is greatly improved by grinding. In a shredded form, however, like sunflower, it is quickly becoming rancid.

Oil contains many vitamin E and contains more linolenic acid than sunflower.

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Hemp seed

he maximum utilization of rape seed is almost 5-8%.

It is also good for poultry when it is molting, as father development will be faster and brighter too.

Rooted feeds By-products produced during the drying and processing of different tubers and roots are not specifically for poultry feeds. Their protein content is relatively low, the make-up of majority of their nutrients carbohydrates, sugars and starch. Due to their composition, they are primarily used as a source of energy to partially replace grain seeds.

Potato flakes, dried potato chips

However, their high potassium content may cause diarrhea at higher mixing levels. Their use positively influences the quality of the pellet.

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otato flakes can be fed up to 15-20% in poultry feed, and dried potato chips up to 5-10%

Cassava

The potato flakes are heat treated by steam simmering, potato-chips with hot air drying. In both cases antinutritive substances in the potato, protease inhibitors and solanine, are decomposed. Of the two products, however, the starch of the chips has a lower digestibility and hence its energy content. Their protein quality is better than cereals due to their higher lysine content.

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Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

Characteristics of poultry feed materials Food and feed produced by drying and milling the cassava root, widely used in different parts of the world (Africa, South East Asia, South America), and also known as Manioc and Tapioca. It contains predominantly starch, so it is primarily an energy source.

Almost 50% of its limited protein is amide. When using it, it should be taken into account that it may contain

cytochrome glycosides blocking the cellular respiration and mycotoxins depending on the conditions of drying.

T

he use of manioc in poultry feeds is recommended for up to 10%, while protein raw material ratio must be raised when it is fed.

Sugar industry by-products Dried beet slice, molasses and feed grade sugar can also be considered as energy sources. The raw protein content of molasses can reach 10%, but most of it is amide (glutamic acid, glutamine, betain), so that poultry species can not be utilized as a protein source. Especially contains a considerable amount of potassium, which may cause diarrhea when fed at a higher dose. In addition, there are plenty of sodium, manganese, zinc and copper.

M

olasses are generally used as pellet-bounder, but it’s not advisable to raise their proportion above 3%. Dried beet slice and feed grade sugar can be used up to 5-8% ratio.

Milling industry by-products The quality of the bran is largely influenced by the amount of aleuron which is in the bran from seed shaving and the amount of endosperm. The content of raw protein and essential amino acids also varies accordingly. As a result of the grinding, the protein, ash and fiber content of the products increases compared to the original seed, while the starch and, consequently, the metabolic energy content are reduced. In their crude ash, phosphorus and potassium occur at the highest concentrations.

Wheat bran

D

ue to the high fiber content of the wheat bran, it can only be used in older birds’ feed and in lower energy need layer feeds in 5-10%.

Other bran type products

Wheat bran is richer in crude fiber, protein and phosphorus than the whole wheat. If the milling is higher degree, and contains less „flour” (starch), it contains more protein and less energy. The composition of the wheat bran significantly fluctuates, so it is advisable to subject each lot to chemical and microbiological studies for proper use. It a is rich source of vitamins B, and the germoil contains plenty of vitamin E. It contains a lot of phosphorus, but 50% of it is present in the form of phytophosphoric acid. High content of copper and potassium. It may have a mild laxative effect, and it may contain concentrations of mycotoxins.

Because of the less favorable dietary effect of rye bran, it is generally fed in lower quantity, although their digestibility is slightly better than wheat bran. It may contain ergot. Barley, maize, rye and oat bran all contain less protein as the wheat bran and are marketed much less frequently. Before their use, their nutritional content

Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

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Characteristics of poultry feed materials should be checked by laboratory testing, because due to their variable chemical composition their average values given in the tables are not sufficient for the correct formulation of the recipes.

Feed flours

The composition of the feed flours is characterized by the fact that containing less shell and aleurones (stored protein particle) than bran, but contain flourier endosperm (core protein), thus having an energy value greater than the bran. Wheat feed flour can be used as wheat bran with a larger amount of floury part. Almoust the same caracteristic can be said with minor modifications of barley, rye and maize feed flour. Pea flour is a very valuable feed because it is obtained by further processing of the already peeled peas.

T

he use of feed flour in poultry feed can be 10-20%.

Germ of cereals

Wheat germ is valuable raw protein (26-29%) and crude fat (6-8%) content feed. The content of lysine and methionine is favorable. Their raw fiber content is minimal. Fresh germ contains a lot of vitamin E and there are plenty of phosphorus and magnesium. It is recommended to check the level of rancidity (oxidation) before feeding.

I

t is advisable to mix the grain germs in poultry feed to 5%.

Bakery by-products Unused, dried products from the baking industry, bread, cakes, buns and various salty cakes can also be used to feed various poultry species. Any molding during storage is an important qualifying parameter, since mold parts and products are difficult to reliably separate. Their energy and protein content are close to the grains. The quality of the protein will deteriorate due to baking, primarily due to decraising of the digestibility and utilization of lysine.

Depending on the amount of added salt, their sodium and chlorine content can show high variance values. It is also important for these products to determine the current nutrient content before feeding.

By-products of vegetable oil industry The oil content of the oil seeds can be extracted by cold- or hot-pressing process. The by-product of oil extraction with the hydraulic press is the oil cake. If the oil seeds are pressed through a perforated cylinder with a narrowing hole, we get expellers. The oil cake has a fat content of 10%, the expeller is about 5%. Both are very valuable but easily becoming rancid (oxidation). In the vegetable oil industry, cold pressing is also followed by extraction with some fat diluent. In this case, the extracted pellets are obtained as by-products. These by-products contain a lot (35-50%) of protein, but less than 1-2% of crude fat. They do not tend to be “tasty feeds�, since loosing lots of flavor substances during extraction procedure, and having similar fats the fat-soluble, valuable active substances. Their raw fiber content depends not only on the raw material, but also on the manufacturing process, and is most often significant. The amount and ratio of other NSP materials vary by product, for example, rapeseed contains lignin at about 10 times the concentration relative to soybean meal. Their starch content is minimal and their sugar content ranges from 4 to 10%. They contain more calcium than the grains (3.0-7.0 g/ kg) and their phosphorus content is also remarkable (6.5-12.0 g/kg). Phosphorus is also present in these formulations in the form of 50-75% phytic acid. However, oily seeds do not have their own phytase activity unlike cereals. There are also significant differences in their protein quality. Soya bean meal contains, for example, many lysines, but little of the sulfur-containing amino acids. Rape and sunflower are richer in methionine and cystine than the modest lysine content.

16

Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

Characteristics of poultry feed materials

Oilindustry by-products Cotton seed meal (peeled) Cotton seed meal (partially peeled) Peanut meal (peeled) Flaxen cake Rapeseed meal Rapeseed cake Soybean meal Soybean meal (peeled) Sunflower meal (peeled) Sunflower meal (partially shelled) Sunflower cake (partially shelled)

Average nutrient content of oilindustry by-products (g/kg) Crude ash Crude protein Crude fat Crude Fiber 61 441 21 84 61 363 19 163 57 500 12 50 57 329 55 94 68 351 22 116 66 326 89 112 59 449 13 59 59 483 12 35 70 386 17 119 62 333 22 197 59 347 55 183

Extracted sunflower

Extracted sunflower’s protein content is 30-38%, fiber content usually is between 15-25%. Its protein is poor in lysine and is relatively rich in sulfur-containing amino acids. Its phosphorus content is high. The digestibility of its organic materials is influenced by the fiber content. When it comes to feeding, the biggest problem is the remaining or remixed considerable amount of seed coat, which losing elasticity and fat content during the oiling process, while crushing needle-like, rigid fragments that irritate and damage the mucous membrane of the digestive tract. This is a disadvantage if it is to a lesser extent, with the latest thinseed coat varieties. It is therefore advisable to fine grind the extracted sunflower seeds and seed coat fragments.

NDF n. a. n. a.

176 230 265 233 132 n. a. n. a.

347 n. a.

Starch 0 0 86 0 0 0 61 60 0 0 0

Sugar 66 49 102 38 70 108 95 101 91 60 75

amino acids do not reach the ratio required of the young animals relative to lysine, so grain seeds suitably complement each other’s amino acid set. Crude fat content is around 1-2%. The content of crude fiber compared to the other extracted meals is low, 5-6%. However, it contains large amounts of antinutritive substances (galactans, mannas) which can only be broken down by the livestocks with the support of the intestinal microbes. The fiber content of soybeans is also affected by the fact that the seed has been peeled before oil extraction or not. The so-called HiPro soybeans are made of peeled seeds, so their protein content is higher (48-49%), but the fiber is smaller (3-4%) than traditional meals. The content of tripsin inhibitor and lectin degrades due to heat treatment during extraction. Extracted soybean meal is liked to eat by all poultry species and also utilize it well. As mentioned at the full fat soy, it is also important to check the levels of trypsin inhibitor in extracted meals.

Extracted rapeseed meal

T

he small fiber content (10-12%) extracted sunflower meals can be included in the layer, broiler and turkey feeds up to 5-15% ratio. Recommended mixing ratio with conventional species is 5-8%, at older birds it can be used up to 15% inclusion rate, using enzyme supplementation.

Extracted soybean meal

The extracted soybean meal contains many protein (42-48%) and rich in lysine. The sulfur-containing

The use of extracted rapeseeds is mainly influenced by glycoside, erucic acid and tannins as described in full-fat rapeseed. In the “00” and “000” varieties the glucosinolate content is constantly decreasing (6-10 mmol/ kg) and is below the European Union limit (25 mmol/ kg). Breeding programs generally do not affect the synapine concentration (3.5-8 g/kg), which had previously caused egg quality problems in hens with brown skin.

Most of layer hybrids today produce enough trimethyl­ amine oxidase enzyme, which is responsible for the destruction of harmful flavors. Its protein content is remarkable (33-38%). It is less lysine, but more sulfur-con-

Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

17

Characteristics of poultry feed materials taining amino acids in its protein. Its crude fiber content is 12-15%, within which lignin represents a significant proportion. Phosphorus-rich (8-9 g/kg) supplementation with phytase enzyme improves its utilization.

D diet.

ue to the fiber content of the extracted rapeseed meal, it could not be fed over 3-8% in poultry

Extracted peanut meal Its feed rate depends on the mode and degree of peeling. The extracted peanut meal left after the degreasing of the peeled core is a valuable protein carrier in which approximately. 48% protein is found, but contains only a small amount of (6-8%) fiber. Often infected with Aspergillus flavus molds. Feeding is permitted only in the EU if the content of aflatoxins is below 0.05 mg/kg.

The pumpkin seeds Extracted cotton seed meal With poultry, only the peeled seed meal feeding can be considered. Its crude fiber content is 8-15% depending on peeling. The concentrations of gossipol which has anti-vitamin E effect are between 1 and 5 g/ kg. In laying hens even at low levels (50 mg/kg), gossipol can give greenish color to the eggs and degrades hatchability. The broilers tolerate it somewhat better.

Linseed meal, linseed cake Extracted flax seed can be fed to all species and age.

It is common for fattening animals to feed in smaller quantities because the protein’s biological value is only moderate. Because of its mucous material it is a feed that is beneficial to animals suffering from digestive tract infections. Its use is limited by the content of cyanogenic glycoside, linamarin.

T

he raw pressed flaxseed meal and cake should be used up to 5% in the case of heat-treated, extracted meals up to 10%.

Pumpkin seeds are high in oil (35-37%) and protein (28%). Cakes made as by-products of pumpkin seed oil production can also be used perfectly with poultry.

More than 50% crude protein, an average of 10% of oil and small fiber content feature this by-product. Among its fatty acids, linoleic acid is dominant and has positive influence on the taste of chicken meat. Due to its oil content, it is prone to rancidity.

Alcohol industry by-products Malt germs

the malt was dried (roasted). It is of high quality if it has light color, chaffless and has only a few debris. The malt germ has a crude protein content of around 25%, rich in methionine and lysine, and its crude fiber content ranges from 10 to 15%. A good source of phosphorus (7-9 g/kg), the cobalt, zinc and B vitamins is also above average.

B

ecause ofthe high fiber content of malt germ, only small quantities, 2-5%, are recommended in poultry feed.

The malt germ is thread-thin root of barley sprouted in beer brewing technology. The amount and nutrient content of this product depends on when the sprouting process has been interrupted and at what temperature 18

Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

Characteristics of poultry feed materials Spirit yeast, barm (beer yeast)

Dehydrated spirit yeast and barm is a very valuable feed containing nearly 50% crude protein. The limiting amino acid is methionine. Except for vitamin B12, there are plenty of vitamin B group vitamins.

T

he spirit and beer yeast can be used in poultry feed for 3-5%.

By-products of starch factory The composition of the by-products in starch-production is strongly influenced by the applied technologies.

Prior the use, their composition must be previously checked by chemical examination. CGF (Corn Gluten Feed), maize gluten and maize germ are the most important products of starch industry for feed purposes.

CGF (Corn Gluten Feed) CGF is a by-product of starch based izoglucose production from maize by wet process, after separation of majority of the starch, the germ and the gluten retained feed. The crude protein content of dry CGF is 21-23%, crude fiber 8-10%, and also contains varying amounts (22-25%) of starch. Its protein is lysine-free, as it is characteristic of maize protein.

even more unbalanced. Combined with poultry feed, it effectively modifies the color of the subcutaneous fat and the egg yolk.

C

orn gluten in the feed of poultry species is usually 2-5%.

Corn germ

D

ue to its higher fiber content, the CGF raw material is mainly used in comound feed of older poultry species, ranging from 3 up to 8%.

Maize germ contains a lot of valuable protein, oil, vitamin E and few fibers. For this reason, it can be fed to all livestock. Crude protein content is about 15%, crude fiber 5%, crude fat level 40%.

Corn gluten

C

orn germ can be used for energy supplementation of poultry feed up to 5% inclusion rate.

Corn gluten contains significantly higher protein content (60%) and less fiber than CGF. Its protein contains a small amount of lysine and contains many leucine, which makes the amino acid composition Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

19

Characteristics of poultry feed materials By-products of bio fuel production In recent decades, fuels produced from various vegetable raw materials, bioethanol and biodiesel have grown significantly worldwide. In their production, they produce large quantities of by-products suitable for animal feeding.

By-products of biodiesel production For the production of biodiesel, large oil-content crops (eg rape, sunflower, soybean, oil palm) are the most suitable. Oil is extracted from the seed by mechanical compression or solvent extraction. In the first phase of the production of biodiesel, out of 100 kg of rape seed is originating, in average 35-38 kg of raw rapeseed oil and 62-70 kg of rapeseed cake. In the second phase, the crude oil is esterified with methanol, 28-36 kg of biodiesel is produced from rapeseed oil and 3-5 kg of glycerol as by-product.

Rapeseed cake

On average it contains 30% crude protein, 12% crude fat and 10% crude fiber, the largest difference being in crude fiber, Ca and Na content of products. Due to their higher fat content, their energy content exceeds the extracted rapeseed meal.

R

apeseed, depending on the levels of the current antinutritive material, are recommended for the feeding of older broiler chickens, turkeys and layers with a maximum mixing ratio of 5-10%.

Sunflower cake

Sunflower oil cake has better taste than rapeseed cake, its crude protein content is 25-30%, while peeled version contains 40% protein and 10% fiber. Sunflower oil cake is rich in methionine, but poor in lysine and threonine.

T

he use of sunflower cake is primarily limited by the amount of fiber left after depeeling and production process. Applicable amount is between 5-15%.

Glycerol It is primarily considered as an energy source (AME = 13.5 MJ/kg).

B

ased on available research results, 5% can be fed to poultry species without deteriorating production results.

20

Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

Characteristics of poultry feed materials By-products of bioethanol production The by-product produced by the bioethanol production is wet (DGS, Distillers Grains with Solubles) or dried corn marc (DDGS, Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles) containing other nutrients of the seed other than maize starch. After alcohol distillation, the remaining solution (solubles) still contain valuable nutrients (yeast proteins, water-soluble vitamins), which is why they are still partially incorporated into the maize marc.

DDGS (Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles)

to the heat treatment. However, the digestibility of its phosphorus content is better than corn. The corn DDGS is golden yellow; if overheated during the drying process, some of the most vulnerable amino acids, lysine and arginine are decomposed or bounding to sugar. This negative effect can be discovered deduced from the color of DDGS. The overheated products have brownish shades.

When feeding, it is justified and suggested to prepare digestible amino acid-based recipes, and supplements of lysine and tryptophan. The use of NSP-degrading enzymes also positively contributes to the feeding.

The composition of DDGS from different factories can be very varied, so constant monitoring of nutrient content is indispensable. DDGS maize contains about 25-28% crude protein, 8-12% crude fat and 6-8% crude fiber. The quality of the protein is the same as the initial maize, but the digestibility of its amino acids is lower due Average nutritional content of corn gluten and DDGS samples (g/kg) Raw material Corn gluten Corn DDGS Rye DDGS Wheat DDGS Wheat-barley DDGS

Crude ash 18 37 61 49 48

Crude protein 623 251 281 336 345

Crude fat 46 76 31 54 54

Quality and usability of DDGS is largely influenced by the mycotoxin content of maize. The level of mycotoxin is enriched in DDGS. For ruminant animals, high oil content, and for monogastric animals the fiber content and protein quality limit its usability. In poultry feed, DDGS is also suitable for influencing the color of egg yolk and subcutaneous fat.

Crude fiber 121/n.a.3 741/327.2 751/n.a.3 661/3082 621/310

Starch 125 47 n.a.

24 19

AMEn (MJ/kg) 13,1 9,8 10,2 9,0 n.a.

DDGS, produced by wheat-based ethanol production, has a higher protein content (30-35%), but contains less fat (3.0-3.5%).

D

DGS has an average rate of use of 5 to 15% depending on age, and use of enzyme supplementation.

Green plant flour Green flour is made of freshly cutted down, young plants with hot air drying and fine grinding. Most commonly, protein-richgreen pulses and young grasses are used for flour-making. Care should be taken to ensure the optimal temperature of rapid drying so as not to roast the plant and thereby reduce the amount of biologically active substances (vitamins, carotenes, amino acids), digestibility and biological value of the protein. The carotene content of green flour can be reduced rapidly during storage. To reduce the loss, antioxidants are now being blended into flours. It helps to protect carotene when flour is pelleted, packaged and stored in anhydrous sealed dark plastic bag.

The feeding of green flour is primarily restricted by raw fiber, saponins and sometimes mycotoxins.

G

reen plant flours can be mixed in broiler feed with 2-3% by volume, and by 4 to 6% in the layer feed.

Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

21

Characteristics of poultry feed materials Animal origin feed High quality animal origin feed contains a lot of biologically valuable protein. The good biological value of their proteins is due to their favorable amino acid composition. Animal feeds are also characterized that having large amounts of calcium and phosphorus in accessible formats. If their quality is good, they are rich sources of vitamins A, D and B12.

Meat industry by-products This is a group of high-yield protein-rich by-products, which originating from slaughterhouses, meat and meat processing plants and in the canning industry for the processing of animal products. The feed quality of the marketed by-products varies considerably from raw material to production technology. Therefore, and because they are easily deteriorated, special care must be taken when transporting, storing and feeding them. Following the BSE crisis, the European Union significantly restricted the use of animal by-products in the feeding of poultry feed.

However, the regulation is constantly changing, so it is also possible that non-congeneric products will be re-usable in the near future.

Meat meal Its raw materials are mostly slaughterhouse by-products. Because of the variable raw material composition, the final product quality varies considerably.

Content of crude protein of meat meal, depends on the quality of the raw material,and varies between 45-62%. Since fat becomes rapidly rancid, it is important that the product should be added with antioxidants and so placed on the market.

Depending on the extent of the bone marrow, the mineral content of meat meal may also be significantly different.

The average crude ash content of the meat meal is 30%, the calcium content is 5-10%, the phosphorus content is 3-5%, the sodium level varies between 0.5-0.8%. Their digestibility, beside the raw materials depends on the quality of the drying and the duration of the drying time. It is frequent the overdried, darker color, “burnt� meat meal.

M

eat flour is used in to 3-6% volumes.

Poultry slaughterhouse protein meal It is made of by-products of poultry processing and further processing plants. Feather should contain up to the technologically unavoidable amount. Its amino acid set is favorable. Crude protein content is minimum 55%.

Its digestibility is better than meat meal, which can be explained by the homogeneous raw material composition.

Hydrolyzed poultry protein This is good feed raw material, with minimum 70% protein. It contains pure poultry protein, in the form of peptides, polypeptides and amino acids, which makes it almost completely digestible (98%).

22

Blood and blood meal

Properly dried blood meal is reddish color, which may change to brownish red. There can already be coked parts in too dark, blackish flour, which makes its digestibility and nutritional value significantly deteriorate. Much of the quality blood meal is protein, 80-90%, only 0.2% crude fat and 0.8% crude ash and contains a significant amount of iron. Blood meal has a disproportionate amino acid composition, with too much leucine, this is the reason that it is low biological value protein source in compound feed, which is why low bilogocal value protein feed.

I

t is not advisable to use blood meal at a rate greater than 2% as it may reduce appetite and therefore feed intake.

Hemoglobin The hemoglobin sold for animal nutrition is made of spray drying, has dark red color, water-soluble powder form product. It is a concentrated protein source, with extremely high organic iron and at least 95% protein content, with excellent digestibility.

T

he use in high protein demand, young poultry feed is recommended in 1-3%.

Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

Characteristics of poultry feed materials Fish and fish processing by-products Fish and fish processing by-products are not only protein-rich but also presenting a favorable amino acid composition. Therefore, it is a very important ingredient in the feeding of young animals. A good source of vitamins, vitamins A and D depend mainly on their fat content, the manner and duration of drying process. They contain a lot of vitamin B vitamins, especially vitamin B12.

Fish meal

The quality of fishmeal is influenced by the species of fish, the location of fishing, the method of processing, and the ratio of whole fish and the proportion of fish waste. In general, it can be stated that fish meal is a valuable feed component, rich in protein and minerals. Crude protein content is 60 to 70%, with many

lysines, methionines and other essential amino acids.

The fish meal contains many B-vitamins, phosphorus (20-30 g/kg), calcium (45-55 g/kg) and salt. Good quality fishmeal can not contain more than 2-3% salt and more than 10% crude fat. Greater fat content is being objected because such fishmeal can easily deteriorate, becoming rancid, but it also causes more taste problems, both in eggs and in meat. The runcid (oxidated) fish meal has unpleasant odor and grainy form. Fishmeals must meet all animal health aspects. In this respect, their content of peroxide and acid, mineral (Ca, P, I, Cu, and salt) and bacterial contamination must be monitored.

T

he fishmeal is used in 2-5% volumes, especially in young poultry feeds, unless there is no plantbased feeding program required.

Feed fats, oils In addition to high oil content seeds, energy needs of different poultry species can often be supplied only with the highest energy content feed fats, oils or mixtures of these. Apart from the addition of energy, the egg yolks and the fatty acid composition of different parts of the meat are affected. The consistency and flavor of the mashed feed is enhanced by the addition of fat, but the strength of pellets is worsened above one level. In practice, therefore, only a part of the larger fat supplements is added to the compound feed mixer prior granulation, remainder is sprayed on the surface of the pellets.

They are also marketed as fat-powder for easier mixing. Fat powder is generally a blend of maize expanded with flocculation and fat. The fatty acid profile of individual fats and oils differs considerably from each other. In animal fats, there are usually more saturated fatty acids, especially palmitic acid and stearic acid. Vegetable oils, soy, sunflower or rape, however, contain more of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid and oleic acid. Flax oil is the only vegetable oil that contains large quantities of ω-3 linoleic acid. Among the tropical plants, coconut fat and palm oil are a special group, in which larger quantities of medium saturated fatty acids, lauric acid and myristic acid are found. Fish oils, differently from mammalian and poultry fat, are rich in long chain polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA).

Fats and oils can only be used for feeding if they are of good quality, they are not rancid, they have a peroxide number below 25 and have an acid number not more than 50. Oxidized fats increase the proportion of reactive oxygen-free free radicals, peroxides and hydroper-

oxides that break down the labile compounds of nutrition (vitamin E, vitamin A, carotene, water-soluble vitamins) and generate oxidative processes in the birds’ organs.

Their energy content is primarily determined by their digestibility. Fats melting at body temperature (40 °C) are more digested than higher melting point ones. This is primarily related to saturation of fatty acids. In small amounts (>3%) mixed with food, it is digested more than in a larger proportion. Mixing in small amount to compound feed can be digested more than in larger proportions. Fats with higher free fatty acids have lower digestibility. The age of birds is important, as the lipase production capacity of young chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese in the first few weeks is not yet satisfactory. Therefore, the same fat has a different metabolizing energy content for young and adult animals. Their gross energy ranges from 37.5 to 40.0 MJ/kg. Their level of metabolisable energy varies depending on the amount of fats, oils and age of birds.

Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

23

Characteristics of poultry feed materials Energy content of feed fats and oils Type of fatty-acid

Plant fats (oils)

Animalorigin fats

Mixed fats Distillery and oil-refinery by-products

Coconutfat Corngerm oil Palmoil Rapeseed oil Sunflower oil Soybean oil Poultry fat Beeftallow Swine lard Fish oil Tallow+ 6% linoleicacid Tallow+ 9% linoleicacid Animalfat and plant oil mixture Fatty-acids generated during oil-refining

AMEn (MJ/kg dry material) European raw material chart (WPSA, 1989) Leeson ĂŠs Summers (2005) 35,55 29,632/33,863 37,65 37,24/38,94 35,55 30,42/33,86 35,55 37,24/38,94 37,65 37,24/38,94 37,65 37,24/38,94 37,65 35,06/38,48 29,30 31,64/33,86 35,55 36,40/38,09 33,45 35,55 35,06/36,77 -

32,68/33,94 2

till 3rd week; 3from 3rd week

Alternative sources of protein Given the Earth’s population and the growth rate of animal production, the currently available feed protein base will not cover the demand in the longer term.

Therefore, many research and technological developments are ongoing to find different protein alternatives.

Algae meals

Insect meals The technology of producing insect larvae that can be propagated on the basis of various by-products is available and operates in many parts of the world. The dried larvae meals have a high protein content of 4065% on the dry basis. The biological value of its protein is just as good as the fish meal.

Single Cell Proteins (SCP)

Examples of such proteins are, for example, algae produced in large quantities and then dried. Algae meals have a high protein content of over 40% and a realistic protein source for monogastric animals. However, there are still issues to be addressed in determining of propagation technologies, and digestibility for varieties and nutrients for different animal species. Potentially toxins and heavy metals in the algae may be hazardous to their use.

24

In the production of single cell proteins (SCPs), proteins of yeast and bacteria are mainly used, which are produced by fermentation. The widespread use of microbial proteins may be stimulated by researches that are involved in the development of natural gases such as methane into protein by bacterium species. Bacterial proteins have good digestibility, they do not contain antinutritive substances and do not pose any risk of producing large volumes. At the same time, there may be a disadvantage of high levels of nucleic acid and their potential endotoxin content. The quality of their protein is similar to soy protein, rich in lysine, but contains less sulfur-containing amino acids.

Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

Agrofeed Feeding Experience

Agrofeed Feeding Experience Agrofeed Kft.’s sales and service managers, consultants and feed specialists are familiar with production results, experiences and problems, including feeding problems of hundreds of domestic and export partners. It embraces the feed material base available to them, their test results, the data, information and experience of our partners for compiling precision, professional and economical premix and compound feed recipes. All this is needed to produce hundreds of poultry premixes and thousands of compound feed formulas annually to our partners individually and quickly, so that we can contribute to their production results and efficient management.

When comparing the compound feed formulas, we consider the calculated nutritional values o​​ f the ingredients available to the partner, which, of course, is adjusted as needed based on the available raw material test results.

The large number of feed formulas and the wide variety of recipes do not allow the presentation of a variety of feed formulations, recipes in such a publication, but based on our professional experience, we present typical broiler and commercial layer formulas, including alternative sources of raw material, to give them a basis for consideration and application.

Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

25

Agrofeed Feeding Experience - charts Table No. 27 - Calculated nutritional values for different feed materials for Agrofeed compound feed formulas Soy bean full fat

Sunflower seed full fat

Rapeseed full fat

Unit

Corn

Wheat

Barley

Rye

Oat

Triticale

Pea

Crude protein

%

8,00

11,50

10,50

9,50

11,00

11,50

21,50

34,00

36,00

17,00

20,00

16,00

15,00

Crude fat

%

3,80

1,80

1,80

1,50

4,70

1,50

1,30

6,00

18,50

44,50

42,00

4,00

3,50

Crude fiber

%

2,10

2,30

4,70

2,20

10,50

2,50

5,80

13,00

5,50

17,00

8,00

4,50

9,50

Ash

%

1,40

1,60

2,30

1,80

2,80

1,80

3,20

3,50

5,00

3,30

4,50

3,50

5,00

N-free extract

%

71,70

69,80

67,70

72,00

58,00

69,70

56,20

31,50

25,00

10,20

17,50

60,00

55,00

Starch

%

62,50

60,00

52,00

54,50

38,50

57,00

43,00

8,00

5,00

0,00

0,00

35,00

20,00

Total sugar

%

1,50

2,50

2,00

5,00

1,50

3,50

5,00

5,50

7,00

2,50

5,50

5,00

6,00

Ca

%

0,03

0,06

0,06

0,08

0,09

0,07

0,10

0,25

0,25

0,30

0,45

0,10

0,10

P total

%

0,30

0,33

0,35

0,30

0,32

0,30

0,40

0,45

0,55

0,55

0,70

0,70

1,10

P available BF

%

0,07

0,18

0,17

0,15

0,08

0,15

0,13

0,15

0,14

0,10

0,20

0,25

0,39

Na

%

0,01

0,02

0,02

0,02

0,05

0,02

0,01

0,03

0,03

0,01

0,03

0,03

0,03

Linolacid %

%

1,88

0,92

0,91

0,74

1,65

0,74

0,50

1,92

9,31

27,48

8,78

1,94

1,70

MJ/kg

13,87

12,67

11,50

10,82

10,59

12,55

11,23

8,11

14,73

19,08

18,52

11,06

8,33

Lyzine

%

0,23

0,33

0,38

0,37

0,44

0,41

1,54

1,62

2,27

0,60

1,09

0,63

0,59

Methionine

%

0,16

0,18

0,17

0,17

0,18

0,21

0,22

0,26

0,52

0,38

0,42

0,25

0,23

Cystine

%

0,18

0,26

0,24

0,24

0,32

0,27

0,31

0,56

0,56

0,30

0,50

0,34

0,32

Methionine + cystine

%

0,34

0,45

0,41

0,40

0,50

0,48

0,53

0,82

1,08

0,68

0,92

0,58

0,55

Threonine

%

0,29

0,35

0,36

0,33

0,39

0,37

0,82

1,19

1,42

0,62

0,87

0,53

0,50

Tryptophan

%

0,06

0,13

0,13

0,10

0,14

0,13

0,19

0,27

0,47

0,21

0,25

0,21

0,20

Arginine

%

0,37

0,56

0,52

0,49

0,73

0,59

1,92

3,57

2,65

1,40

1,21

1,03

0,97

Isoleucine

%

0,29

0,41

0,38

0,34

0,42

0,41

0,90

1,45

1,69

0,73

0,81

0,54

0,50

Leucine

%

0,99

0,78

0,72

0,59

0,80

0,74

1,53

2,43

2,77

1,07

1,39

1,02

0,96

Valin

%

0,40

0,52

0,54

0,47

0,59

0,52

1,00

1,38

1,73

0,86

1,04

0,76

0,71

Components

Lupine

Wheat flour

Wheat bran

Nutrient content

Minerals

Poultry energy ME/B Amino acid content

Poultry digestible amino acids Digestive protein

%

6,96

10,01

8,09

6,56

9,02

9,89

17,85

31,62

30,60

13,77

16,80

12,48

11,10

Lyzine

%

0,18

0,27

0,29

0,25

0,35

0,35

1,25

1,49

1,95

0,43

0,90

0,50

0,44

Methionine

%

0,15

0,16

0,14

0,14

0,15

0,18

0,17

0,23

0,44

0,33

0,37

0,19

0,17

Cystine

%

0,14

0,23

0,18

0,12

0,25

0,22

0,23

0,53

0,44

0,23

0,38

0,27

0,23

Methionine + cystine

%

0,30

0,39

0,33

0,29

0,42

0,42

0,41

0,76

0,90

0,55

0,73

0,44

0,41

Threonine

%

0,24

0,28

0,27

0,23

0,30

0,32

0,68

1,09

1,19

0,46

0,70

0,38

0,36

Tryptophan

%

0,05

0,12

0,07

0,06

0,11

0,11

0,16

0,25

0,40

0,17

0,21

0,16

0,10

Arginine

%

0,34

0,49

0,43

0,37

0,65

0,52

1,81

3,43

2,35

1,28

1,10

0,90

0,81

Isoleucine

%

0,26

0,36

0,31

0,22

0,35

0,35

0,78

1,36

1,47

0,62

0,68

0,41

0,39

Leucine

%

0,93

0,69

0,60

0,45

0,68

0,67

1,34

2,29

2,41

0,91

1,24

0,84

0,76

Valin

%

0,35

0,45

0,44

0,35

0,48

0,46

0,84

1,28

1,49

0,70

0,87

0,54

0,56

26

Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

Agrofeed Feeding Experience - charts Table No. 28 - Calculated nutritional values for different feed materials for Agrofeed compound feed formulas Unit

Corn germ starch

Corn gluten

Corn gluten feed grade

Corn DDGS

Feed yeast

Soy bean meal

Soy bean cake

Sunflower meal

Sunflower cake

Rapeseed meal

Rapeseed cake

Alfalfa meal

Grass meal

Crude protein

%

12,50

60,00

21,50

26,00

45,00

46,00

43,00

37,00

33,00

35,50

34,50

17,50

16,50

Crude fat

%

44,00

3,00

3,50

8,00

2,00

1,50

6,00

1,50

9,00

2,00

7,00

3,00

3,50

Crude fiber

%

5,00

1,40

7,50

7,50

2,50

6,00

5,50

17,00

21,00

11,50

11,50

25,00

21,50

Ash

%

4,50

1,80

5,50

5,00

7,50

6,20

5,50

7,00

6,00

7,00

7,00

10,00

11,50

N-free extract

%

27,00

23,80

52,00

44,50

35,00

29,30

29,00

27,50

22,00

33,00

30,00

35,50

38,00

Starch

%

13,50

15,50

20,00

9,50

4,50

5,00

7,00

3,00

3,00

5,00

3,50

3,00

4,50

Total sugar

%

5,00

0,50

2,00

1,50

1,00

9,00

10,00

6,50

6,00

8,00

8,50

3,50

5,50

Ca

%

0,05

0,03

0,12

0,20

0,30

0,30

0,30

0,35

0,30

0,70

0,70

1,75

0,55

P total

%

0,65

0,50

0,80

0,80

1,45

0,65

0,65

1,05

1,10

1,05

1,05

0,25

0,30

P available BF

%

0,14

0,13

0,20

0,28

0,94

0,16

0,16

0,19

0,20

0,29

0,29

0,23

0,29

Na

%

0,05

0,05

0,15

0,50

0,10

0,02

0,02

0,02

0,02

0,04

0,04

0,07

0,15

Linolacid %

%

21,78

1,32

1,73

3,43

0,00

0,61

2,43

0,73

4,39

0,33

1,16

0,29

0,33

MJ/kg

18,05

15,01

8,05

10,34

11,30

9,54

10,73

7,16

7,68

6,08

8,84

4,54

3,22

Lyzine

%

0,61

0,99

0,67

0,64

3,15

2,90

2,71

1,30

1,16

1,93

1,88

0,77

0,68

Methionine

%

0,24

1,50

0,38

0,53

0,68

0,67

0,62

0,83

0,74

0,75

0,72

0,26

0,24

Cystine

%

0,25

1,11

0,47

0,40

0,50

0,71

0,67

0,65

0,58

0,89

0,86

0,21

0,17

Methionine + cystine

%

0,49

2,61

0,85

0,94

1,17

1,38

1,29

1,48

1,32

1,63

1,59

0,47

0,41

Threonine

%

0,48

2,07

0,80

0,92

2,07

1,82

1,70

1,35

1,20

1,54

1,50

0,73

0,68

Tryptophan

%

0,11

0,33

0,14

0,20

0,50

0,60

0,56

0,46

0,41

0,44

0,43

0,26

0,25

Arginine

%

0,86

1,89

0,92

0,98

2,12

3,38

3,16

3,05

2,72

2,15

2,09

0,76

0,69

Isoleucine

%

0,39

2,49

0,69

1,11

2,05

2,16

2,02

1,59

1,42

1,44

1,40

0,74

0,69

Leucine

%

0,98

9,96

1,89

2,30

3,02

3,54

3,31

2,33

2,08

2,47

2,40

1,25

1,14

Valin

%

0,63

2,82

1,03

1,24

2,34

2,21

2,06

1,87

1,67

1,85

1,79

0,95

0,87

Components Nutrient content

Minerals

Poultry energy ME/B Amino acid content

Poultry digestible amino acids Digestive protein

%

10,10

57,00

17,20

19,00

36,00

40,50

36,10

32,20

28,70

27,00

26,90

10,90

9,40

Lyzine

%

0,50

0,91

0,47

0,40

2,52

2,58

2,30

1,10

0,98

1,32

1,50

0,45

0,38

Methionine

%

0,20

1,44

0,32

0,43

0,54

0,60

0,54

0,74

0,66

0,65

0,62

0,18

0,14

Cystine

%

0,16

1,03

0,33

0,29

0,40

0,58

0,52

0,51

0,45

0,53

0,60

0,10

0,10

Methionine + cystine

%

0,36

2,43

0,62

0,66

0,94

1,19

1,07

1,26

1,12

1,19

1,22

0,27

0,24

Threonine

%

0,38

1,95

0,60

0,65

1,66

1,58

1,43

1,20

1,07

1,07

1,17

0,45

0,39

Tryptophan

%

0,09

0,32

0,12

0,12

0,40

0,51

0,46

0,41

0,36

0,32

0,35

0,15

0,14

Arginine

%

0,78

1,83

0,81

0,71

1,69

3,11

2,78

2,84

2,53

1,91

1,61

0,54

0,40

Isoleucine

%

0,34

2,39

0,57

0,90

1,64

1,95

1,74

1,42

1,26

1,15

1,12

0,48

0,40

Leucine

%

0,86

9,66

1,70

1,98

2,41

3,19

2,85

2,10

1,87

2,10

1,85

0,86

0,65

Valin

%

0,55

2,71

0,87

0,95

1,87

1,94

1,73

1,64

1,47

1,44

1,38

0,62

0,49

Modern usE of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

27

Modern use of feed raw materials in poultry feeding

feeding through knowledge

Agrofeed Ltd. H-9022 Győr, Dunakapu tér 10. · Mailing address: 9007 Győr, Pf.: 1007 phone.: +36 96 999 438 · export agrofeed.hu Responsible editor: dr. Péter Zoltán

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