REFERENCES

1 “Education in Nepal”, Gorkhapatra Sanstha. Retrieved from https://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/pageloader.php?file=2005/06/28/nation/nation1

2

Kalfe, Agni Prasad. “Workforce Development in Nepal”, 2007, Asian Development Bank (ADB). 2007. Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/159355/ adbi-nepalese-education-system.pdf

3 Dilas, Dragana, Cui, Jean and Trines, Stefan. “Education in Nepal”, World Education News + Reviews. 3 April 2018. Retrieved from https://wenr.wes.org/2018/04/educationin-nepal

4 Khatri, Suraj, “Story of Nepali schools”, The Himalayan Times, 4 October, 2005. Retrieved from https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/story-of-nepalaesschools/

5 Ibid [4]

6 Bhatta, Pramod and Pherali, Tejendra. “Nepal: Patterns of Privatisation in Education, A case study of low-fee private schools and private chain schools”, Educational International Research, September 2017. Retrieved from https://download.ei-ie.org/Docs/WebDepot/Research_Nepal_final.pdf

7 Ibid [6]

8

Thapa, Amrit. “Does private school competition increase public school performance? The case of Nepal”, International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. 33, Issue 4, July 2013. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2012.07.004

9 School Leaving Certificate (SLC) was the final examination in the secondary school system of Nepal. Students were required to take this examination to complete grade 10, before they joined higher secondary or intermediate level education (12th grade). SLC examinations were replaced by Secondary Education Examination (SEE) as of March 2017.

10 Mathema, Kedar Bhakta. “Crisis in Education and Future Challenges for Nepal”. Retrieved fromhttp://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_31_04.pdf

11 “Result at a Glance”, SLC Statistics, 2071, Office of the Controller of Examinations. Retrieved from https://soce.gov.np/download/publications/SLC%20STATISTICS%20_ %202071.pdf

12 Ibid [8]

13 Refer to Glossary for the meanings of the schools

14 Ibid [6]

15

“Education in Figures 2017 (At A Glance)”, 30 June, 2018, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology

16

“Strengthening School Management Committees”, 02 August 2019, Mennonite Central Committee Nepal. Retrieved from- https://mccnepal.org/2019/08/02/strengthening

school-management-committees

17 Caddell, Martha. “Private Schools and Political Conflict in Nepal”, 2007. Retrieved fromhttps://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82901595.pdf

18 The Privatisation in Education Research Initiative. 2013. No 48

19 Ibid [6]

20 Ibid [17]

21

Collusive Price Fixing: It occurs when a group of entities or individuals come together to influence the market or pricings for their own advantage.

22

Tied Selling: Tied selling is the illegal practice of a company by providing a product or service on the condition that a customer purchases some other product or service.

23 Ellis, Karen and Singh, Rohit. “Assessing the Economic Impact of Competition”, Overseas Development Institute, July 2010. Retrieved from https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/6056.pdf

24 Godfrey, Nick. “Why is competition important for growth and poverty reduction?” Department for International Development, OECD Global Forum on Investment, March 2008. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/investment/globalforum/40315399.pdf

Qaqaya, Hassan and Lipmile, George. “The effects of anti-competitive business practices on developing countries and their development prospects”, UNCTAD, 2008. Retrieved from https://unctad.org/en/Docs/ditcclp20082_en.pdf

25 Nepal, Arpita, Rijal, Pramod and Sapkota, Sarita. “Competition Watch in Key Growth Sectors of Nepalese Economy”, Samriddhi Foundation, July 2013. Retrieved from https:// samriddhi.org/publications/competition-watch-in-key-growth-sectors-of-nepaleseeconomy/

26 Gautam, Rajib. “Competition Policy and Law in Nepal”, Ministry of Local Development. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCOMPLEGALDB/SouthAsia/20965796/ Competition_Nepal.pdf

27 Adhikari, Rohit. “Private vs Public Schools”, The Himalayan Times, 10 May 2019. Retrieved from https://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/private-vs-public-schools/

28 Wagle, Achyut. “Private schools on target”, The Kathmandu Post, 8 January 2019. Retrieved from https://kathmandupost.com/opinion/2019/01/08/private-schools-on-target

29 “Cartels”, Economics Online. Retrieved from https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Business_economics/Cartels.html

30 Ghimire, Binod. “Privatisation in education: Private schools dominate national education” The Kathmandu Post, 28 September 2018. Retrieved from https://kathmandupost.com/national/2018/09/28/defying-rules-private-schoolsdominate-national-education

31 “Education in Figures 2017 (At a Glance)”, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, 2017. Retrieved from https://moe.gov.np/assets/uploads/files/Education_in_Figures_2017.pdf

32 Graner, Elvira. “Education in Nepal: Meeting or Missing the Millenium Development Goals?”, CNAS Journal, Vol. 33, No. , July 2006. Retrieved from http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_33_02_01.pdf

33 Suvedi, Mukti and Subedi Govinda. “Dimensions and Implications of Privatization of Education in Nepal: The Case of Primary and Secondary Schools”, January 2014. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/7269427/Dimensions_and_Implications_of_Privatization_of_ Educatio_in_Nepal_The_Case_of_Primary_and_Secondary_Schools

34 Ibid [ 33]

35 Ibid [ 8]

36 “’Master’ becomes a member of the parliament: Commercialization in Education”, Centre for Investigative Journalism, Nepal, September 2014. Retrieved from https://cijnepal.org.np/2014-09-19-05-20-29/

37 Ibid [33]

38 “Schools merge in a bid to improve the quality of education,'' The Himalayan Times, 6 April 2016. Retrieved from- https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/schools-mergebid-improve-quality-education/

39 Macpherson, Ian and Robertson, Susan. “Education, Privatisation and Social Justice: Case studies from Africa, South Asia and South East Asia”, Oxford: Symposium, 14 April 2014. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.com/Education-Privatisation-Social-Justicestudies/dp/1873927371

40 Wagley, Mana Prasad. “PABSON stronger than any government body”, HamroSchool, 14 March 2013. Retrieved from https://www.hamroschool.com/pabson-stronger-thanany-government-body/

41

Kunwar, Niranjan. “Nepal’s public school wars”, Himal South Asia, 1 October 2019. Retrieved from https://www.himalmag.com/nepals-public-school-wars/

42 “National Education Accounts in Nepal: Expenditure for education 2009-2015”, UNESCO/IIEP-UIS, July 2016.

43 Basnet, Dhiraj. “Private schools: Less education, more business”, Nepal Samaya, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.nepalsamaya.com/news/938

44 Ibid [41 ]

45 Nakarmi, Deekshya and Uprety, Labisha. “Better Education Outcomes Through Education Entrepreneurs, Vol 1: Cost of registering private schools in Nepal”, Samriddhi Foundation, July 2015.

46 “KMS Halts issuing licenses for new schools”, The Himalayan Times, 7 November 2019. Retrieved from https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/kathmandu-metropolitancity-halts-issuing-licences-for-new-schools/

47 “Annual Household Survey 2016/17”, National Planning Commission, Central Bureau of Statistics, 16 January 2019. Retrieved from https://nepalindata.com/resource/annualhousehold-survey-201617/

48 Chen, Andrew. “The Costs of Class: Private Schooling, Parental Choice, and Class Aspirations among Kathmandu’s Working Poor", 2012. Retrieved from https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/1644

49 “Arthik Ain, 2065”, 19 December, 2008. Retrieved from http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/np/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/%E0%A4%86%E0% A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8- %E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%AB.pdf

50 News Service, “PABSON not to pay education service tax”, edusanjal 5 April 2014. Retrieved from https://edusanjal.com/news/pabson-not-to-pay-education-service-tax/

51 “PABSON, APHIN happy over removal of education, health tax”, The Rising Nepal, 30 May 2019. Retrieved from http://www.therisingnepal.org.np/news/23932

52 “Need of long term solution”, The Kathmandu Post, 30 March 2018. Retrieved from https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2018/03/30/need-of-long-term-solution

53 “Budget Speech of the Fiscal Year 2017/18”, Ministry of Finance, 29 May 2017. Retrieved from https://mof.gov.np/uploads/document/file/Budget_Speech_207475_20170530011441.p df

54 “Budget Speech of Fiscal Year 2018/19”, Ministry of Finance, 29 May 2018. Retrieved from- https://mof.gov.np/uploads/document/file/speech_english_20180715091610.pdf

55 “Understanding the Cartel Economy”, Nepal Economic Forum, 10 January 2018. This study was carried out to analyze the presence of cartels and syndicates that are deep-seated in the whole of the economy, with sectoral reviews on Transport, Vegetable Market and Education. The current study is a continuation of this previous study, where we have specifically looked into private education sector.

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