Fig. 1: The iceberg concept of culture
Primarily in awareness
Fine arts Drama
Folk-dancing
Games
Notions of modesty
Primarily out of awareness
Ideals governing child raising Relationship to animals Definition of sin
Dress
Conception of beauty Rules of descent
Cosmology
Conception of justice
Tempo of work
Conception of cleanliness
Popular music
Cooking
Patterns of superior/subordinate relations
Courtship practices
Notions of leadership
Literature
Classical music
Attitudes to the dependent
Approaches to problem solving
Theory of disease
Conception of status mobility
Roles in relation to status by age, sex, class, occupation, kinship, etc. Nature of friendship Facial expressions
Conception of “self�
Preference for competition or co-operation
Eye behaviour Definition of insanity
Patterns of visual perception
Notions about logic and validity
Conversational patterns in various social contexts
Incentives to work
Patterns of group decision-making
Conception of past and future Social interaction rate
Arrangement of physical space
Body language
Patterns of handling emotions Ordering of time
Notions of adolescence
Etc.
Source: p.14 AFS Orientation Handbook Vol.4, New York: AFS Intercultural Programs Inc., 1984
Intercultural Learning T-Kit
19
2