Hotel Branding & Design Guidelines of Hotel Architecture
Case Study Final Assignment ARCH 6440
Kevin Chung Carolina Clemente Miguel Espino Karen Hilario Linda Ly
Introduction to Hotel Design The design of hotels, much akin to that of hospitals and offices, is markedly driven by guidelines and stringent parameters determined by both client and market influences. The hotel franchise, specifically, demands adherence to a level of specificity in branding and principles such as the dimensions of spaces and the subsequent experience and quality of guest rooms and amenities alike. This case study explores the process of designing hotels with respects to how the brand and guidelines of hotel franchises (i.e. hotel brand) predominantly governs design decisions. The focus of the research is to investigate architectural considerations of Element by Westin and Renaissance by Marriott: two hotel franchises with distinct identities. Through an examination and comparison of these hotels’ respective design guidelines in relation to universal and pre-established hotel standards, a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between hotel brands and hotel architecture can be made.
Element by Westin and Renaissance Hotels were chosen as the two brands of analysis due to their distinct identities. While Element attempts to adhere to a consistent language in the design of their hotel franchises, Renaissance Hotels differentiate themselves through the incorporation of local vernacular.
Hotel Typologies The planning and development of different hotel types varies by branding, location, scale, and spatial standards. Whereas the design of vacation villages revolves around seclusion and privacy, that of convention and conference hotels emphasizes location and proximity to major transportation hubs. Hotel resorts, as another example, requires more spacious rooms, closets, and drawer spaces as opposed to downtown hotels. The hotel typology also yields great influence over the design principles such as structure. For instance, considering a structural spacing of 32’ bays, two rooms of 16’ widths or three rooms of 10’ widths can be achieved. The discrepancy between these room dimensions explicitly speaks to the typology and identity of a hotel.
DOWNTOWN HOTEL
AIRPORT HOTEL
SIZE
SIZE
PARKING
LOCATION
PARKING
LOCATION
LOBBIES
GUESTROOMS
LOBBIES
GUESTROOMS
Element by Westin and Renaissance by Marriott fall into hotel typologies of the Extended Stay Hotel and the Downtown hotel respectively. Further analysis into these hotel typologies reveals different design considerations and priorities.
AMENITIES
AMENITIES
RESORT
CONVENTION HOTEL
SIZE
SIZE
PARKING
LOCATION
PARKING
LOCATION
LOBBIES
GUESTROOMS
LOBBIES
GUESTROOMS
Facilities Programming 150
Number of Guestrooms
Public Area (Total)
450
3,278
EXTENDED STAY
SUPER-LUXURY HOTEL
SIZE
SIZE
58,638 sq ft 2. Food & beverage
3. Meeting & banquet
5,382 sq ft 4.
5. 6.
46,490 sq ft 4. Food preparation
Recreation
AMENITIES
1. 2.
1. Lobby
Service Area (Total)
AMENITIES
0 sq ft
5. Laundry / service
PARKING
LOCATION
PARKING
LOCATION
LOBBIES
GUESTROOMS
LOBBIES
GUESTROOMS
6. Mechanical
3,600 sq ft
Extended Stay Hotel Downtown Hotel
AMENITIES
The bar graph above displays a quantitative representation of the contrasting considerations between Extended Stay Hotels (Element) and the Downtown Hotel (Renaissance). Aspects such as the emphasis on public areas (e.g. meeting halls and restaurants) and the subsequent requirements for service areas for the Downtown Hotel plays a critical part in the guiding principles of these different hotel typologies.
AMENITIES
The radial diagram above depicts 6 major hotel typologies and the factors (size, location, guestrooms, amenities, lobbies, parking) that are emphasized through these categorizations. For example, the resort hotel highly prioritizes location and the quality/variety of amenities provided to guests whereas the convention hotel prioritizes size (or quantity) of guest rooms.
Hotel Typologies (Extended Stay)
Hotel Typologies (Downtown Hotel)
Extended-stay hotels are characterized as being “a home away from home”. Usually the location of the hotel does not affect its character and can either be built from the ground up or retrofitted in existing buildings. They focus less on the aesthetics of the building exterior and more on amenities or features that can be provided to create an experiential stay for guests, whether they are staying for one night or for a few nights. In terms of design considerations, lobby and atriums should express the essence of the hotel and initiate the guests’ experience. This can be achieved through decisions such as open spaces to maximize natural daylight or creating visual connections to featured amenities.
The downtown hotel typology focuses on embedding a city’s quality and character into its design. Brands that plan to develop the downtown hotel must pay careful consideration to regional cues that can inform massing, materiality, circulation and visual connectivity to the city’s fabric. In terms of size, 150 to 200 rooms is the threshold by which management changes from non-franchiszed operation to a more intricate system often found in this typology. Nevertheless, small restored downtown hotels can afford to meet this threshold by the sheer ratio of employees to guests. The optimum size hotel is often determined by threshold factors, or points beyond which:
For extended-stay hotels, the amenities and public facilities are just as important as the guest rooms. In addition to spaces such as the restaurant and bar, lounges, retail, and service areas, the hotel offers a breakfast area for guests, distinguishing them from other hotel typologies. Moreover, guest rooms of extended-stay hotels are smaller compared to that of other hotel typologies because they offer a bathroom, living/ dining room, and wet bar or kitchenette along with their bedrooms. Typical bedrooms are 12.5’x18’, while extended-stay guest rooms are 12.5’x13.5’.
1. An extra elevator or second bank of elevators must be added. 2. An additional restaurant is needed 3. A computerized front desk system becomes mandatory. 4. The extra building height requires a more sophisticated system. 5. The added loads dictate more complex foundations. 6. Another cooling tower or boiler is needed. 7. Structured parking is required. The Retrofitted Downtown Hotel
FUN FACTS! Indoor pools and health clubs attract downtown business users as well as guests. When guests are asked if they would stay in a hotel without a pool, m o s t r e p l y n e g a t i v e l y. Ye t t o t h e question, “Do you use the pool/” the answer is often again negative! Therefore, while pools are used by some, their purpose is primarily to enhance the h o t e l ’s s t a t u s a n d a c c e p t a b i l i t y
Element Hotel / Houston, TX
The reality of downtown hotels is its inherent tendency to retrofit existing buildings in the downtown areas of cities. When updating existing hotels or retrofitting an existing building, hotels should be planned for a minimum of 50% expansion wherever possible and additional land should be acquired to permit possible future horizontal expansion of the guest room floors. For example, The Renaissance Hotel at M Street in Washington, DC was originally constructed circa 1969 as the Wyndham City Center. It is a nine-story concrete structure with two and a half levels of below grade retail and parking garage. After verification of the loading capacity of the existing structure, investigation and analysis indicated the existing building columns were adequate to support two additional new floors. This facilitated financing for the renovations and expansion as it met the 50% benchmark of expansion required for these operations.
Renaissance Hotels / Houston, TX
Hotel Branding (Introduction) The branding of hotels notably affects three important factors: design guidelines, architectural considerations, and customer loyalty. As an indispensable aspect of marketing strategies, hotel branding has proved to be the delineation by which guests/customers recognize hotels. In “Hotel Brand Strategy� published in the Journal of Hospitality & Tourism, the landscape of hotel markets is seen to have forced hotel brands to focus on providing memorable experiences to their guests rather than simply selling services. Conscientious attention to design, both in terms of branding and architecture, has considerable impression on the value and profitability of hotels. The importance of branding and, more specifically, a consistent quality of branding, is perhaps the most salient consideration for hotel design guidelines. Brand equity, formulated by brand awareness, brand loyalty, perceived quality, and brand image, is inherently married to customer loyalty and satisfaction which ultimately indicates the success of hotels. With these considerations in mind, the design guidelines for the Element by Westin and Renaissance Hotels incorporate exhaustive recommendations and mandates that serve to direct cohesion in brand identity and perception.
Hotel Branding (Element by Westin) The branding statement of Element emphasizes Eco-friendly, sustainable extended-stay guest rooms and public amenities as the principal constituent of the hotel franchise. Energy-efficiency, both in terms of conversation (e.g. low-flow faucets and compact fluorescent light bulbs) as well as reuse and recycling of resources are essential aspects of the identity of Element. Furthermore, the branding of Element hotels expresses the requirement of flexible designs and user-friendly layouts with an attention to modular furniture to allow for a degree of flexibility.
Element Hotels: Lobby
Emphasize: • Consumer consideration (amenities, affordability…) • Building differentiation (“Element Brand Differentiator”) “Extended stay” model: • Won’t compromise experience whether staying for one night or a few nights • Open spaces, uninterrupted layouts • Flexible design, user-friendly layouts Green choices: • Eco-friendly materials, 100% recycled content • Low-flow faucets, energy-efficient appliances • Reduce, reuse, recycle
F U N FA C T S ! “ E l e m e n t B r a n d D i ff e r e n t i a t o r ”, allowing guests to “relax, rejuvenate, socialize, and r e n e w .”
On the right are a few examples of “Element Brand Differentiators” including the lobby space, the “24-hour gourmet food-service” pantry, and the breakfast bar. All the spaces feature wood finishes, natural daylight, and an open layout to create a warm and comfortable environment which is a defining characteristic proposed in the guideline.
Element Hotels: Breakfast Center
Hotel Branding (Renaissance by Marriott) As the branding statement of Renaissance Hotels affirms, “Renaissance is a global lifestyle hotel brand that seeks to inspire and provoke its guests to discover something new and different — each and every time they visit. Because Renaissance believes no matter where or why you travel, there’s always something wonderfully new to be found.” Much akin to Element, Renaissance Hotels introduces spatial qualities of the guest rooms in the branding statement, warranting specificity in bathroom designs and requisites for furniture.
Renaissance Hotels: Lobby / lounge
• Each hotel has its “own unique design, style, and architecture”. • Each property is a “form of art in its own right” and “adds its personality to the collection.” • All are tied together through “sensory programming” features such as, - Lighting - Scents - Sounds
Renaissance Hotels: Rooftop lounge On the right are a few examples of “Renaissance Brand Differentiators” including the lobby space, the “24hour gourmet food-service” pantry, and the breakfast bar. All the spaces feature wood finishes, natural daylight, and an open layout to create a warm and comfortable environment which is a defining characteristic proposed in the guideline.
FUN FACTS! WOW: A dramatic discovery is part of the arrival experience. This feature icon and brand signature takes form in a number of ways; an open staircase, a dramatic sculpture, a fountain, a fi r e p l a c e , o r f a b u l o u s a r t w o r k or mural.
Renaissance Hotels: Skybar
Design Guidelines (Element by Westin)
Design Guidelines (Renaissance by Marriott)
Architecture & Construction Standards
Architecture & Construction Standards
Starwood Hotels and Resorts, the parent company of Element by Westin, provides the Element Architecture & Construction (A&C) Standards, a comprehensive document outlining design principles to allow for consistent experiences of the hotel brand while also recognizing the importance of regional character. The guideline establishes the Element Prototype Design, a four-story, “L” shaped building. The prototype exists as an unadorned framework from which the owner or developer’s architect deploys designs specific to site and local codes or building regulations. This system, according to Starwood, intends to allow for a minimal amount of additional architectural design to be required, considering the prototype to be a kit of parts that can be attuned to virtually any site.
Analogous to the Element A&C Standards provided by Starwood, Renaissance Hotels follows the Renaissance Hotels & Resorts Design Standards issued by Marriott International. Much akin to the design principles set forth by Element, Renaissance Hotels are centered around a “kit of parts” or modular approach to design. The document entails extensive standards allocated into modules. From architectural considerations such as building exterior and public spaces, to in-house food production and housekeeping, the design guidelines for Renaissance Hotels necessitates exacting principles of the Renaissance brand and identity to be met. As opposed to Element, a select service hotel, Renaissance, being full service, provides hefty requirements for back-of-house areas. Nonetheless, variations of the design standards are accounted for with regards to issues such as specific sites and building codes, each discrepancy requiring approval by Marriott International.
Hotel Typology A primary business / commercial hotel centrally located in a gateway city in a primary “A” or secondary “B+” location close to major business centers Site Location Renaissance hotels are located in prestigious surroundings in major cities and select resort destinations. Design the site respecting regional context and exploiting the location opportunities. General Facilitate the ability of Renaissance to provide excellent guest service and create positive first and last impressions. Provide a well lighted, covered Porte Cochere to appear less functional with a more esthetically appealing statement. An equally important aspect of the design guideline is brand compliance. The Element A&C Standards document explicitly expresses various aspects of the Element hotel where variances are precluded. Most notably, the design of the guest room themselves must follow rigorous, brand-defining characteristics that forbid architectural or design deviations. Conversely, the number of guest rooms, number of floors, and number of rooms per floor is generally delegated to the franchise’s discretion with approval.
F U N FA C T S ! Lobby: System providing stimulation to senses through scent, lighting, and music.
Design Guidelines (Element & Renaissance) Guest rooms Element and Renaissance have contrasting approaches to the design of their guest room prototypes. These can mainly be found in the program, space planning, corridors, layouts, and guest room module, types, and features. Element’s design offers a four story 123 guest room, “L” shaped building. It aims to provide owners the flexibility to design their own extended stay hotel by starting with a basic, thoroughly conceived plan. Renaissance hotels provide owners with the ability to express their individual sense of place through custom design packages. These packages follow the Renaissance “Expressive Design” process, providing guest rooms with residential qualities. In terms of guest room modules, Element has a selection of 5 types of guest rooms to choose from based on cost, views, and amenities. Except for their conference suite, which is a 19’ X 28.5’ module, these have roughly the same dimensions. The studio king, studio queen, one bedroom suite and standard king are roughly 19’ X 21.5’. Contrastingly, Renaissance offers only 2 types of guest rooms. These are the king guest room (13’ X 24’) and the double/double guest room (13’ X 25.5’). This seemingly small difference in module size provides a more efficient use of space in order to add as many rooms as possible to the entire hotel. The rooms are enhanced to seem larger through careful selection of wall color and materials. In addition, Renaissance hotels design the guest rooms to provide a warm, vibrant residential ambiance, refreshment alcoves, pantry in suite, and balconies and terraces in resort hotels. On the other hand, Element’s signature features of an extended-stay hotel include an in-room office and kitchen for each guest room. The design guidelines of each hotel serve to embody their objectives for the guest experience. Where Element aims to provide Eco-friendly sustainable design with flexible layouts as an extended-stay hotel, Renaissance offers the guest a customizable experience that echoes the qualities of the city in which it is found. These hotels consider all aspects of guest room design from program layout to customized finishes in order to provide guests with unique experiences reflective of each brand.
F U N FA C T S ! Just-for-kids T V line-up, games and meals, plus cribs, booster seats and more. Kids and adults alike can also enjoy Nintendo® Wii in the lobby.
Element Hotel / Boston, MA
Renaissance Hotel / Albany, NY
Room Types (Element & Renaissance)
Guest Room Corridors (Element & Renaissance)
F U N FA C T S ! User-friendly layouts and modular furniture encourage guests to adapt the space to meet their needs. In-room workspaces can be easily r e a r r a n g e d f o r a m o r e c u s t o m fi t .
The Renaissance design guidelines for corridors call for 1’-0� alcoves at the entrances of each pair of rooms in order to establish a residential character. This is done in order to minimize the feeling of being in an institutionalized environment. Contrastingly, corridors outside Element guest rooms remain relatively level with only a 0-6� setback at entrances.
Room Types (Element by Westin)
Room Types (Renaissance by Marriott)
25’ - 6”
24’ - 0”
13’ - 0”
13’ - 0”
6’ - 0”
5’ - 0”
19’ - 0”
21’ - 6”
19’ - 0”
28’ - 0”
The following axonometrics show the five different hotel rooms provided by Element. These rooms are Element Brand Differentiators in that they include an oversized bathroom, an in-room office, and a kitchenette. They are all similar in size, either 15’ x 21.5’ or 19’ x 21.5’. The largest room is the Conference Suite which is 21’x21.5’, which features a closed off kitchen rather than an open kitchenette.
The following axonometrics show the two types of hotel rooms provided by Renaissance, the Standard King and the Double Double. These rooms offer standard features such as a guest room closet, a guest room bathroom, a pantry, a dry bar, and balconies, patios, or terraces for resorts.
Structure (Element by Westin)
Structure (Renaissance by Marriott)
Element’s requirements for structure are didactic and comprehensive. The primary structural system for Element hotels is wood framing on stud walls with the exception of a few limited areas of structural steel framing to house large programs, similar to that of the Renaissance public space framing. Wood is a responsible environmental material and speaks to Element’s eco-driven design guidelines for the construction process. Sourcing is to come from forests that are managed sustainably.
Although Renaissance Hotels regard their architecture, construction, and interiors as an extension of a local culture and guests’ lifestyles, the construction methods are actually more generic in practice and less locally informed. Design guidelines are generally more flexible to structural systems and the hotel tends to prefer construction systems that favor cost efficiency, acoustic insulation, and adaptability. This flexible attitude is a testament to Renaissance’s response to market, construction, operational conditions, and design constraints.
Framing at typical guest rooms is composed of 2x6 stud bearing walls located on both sides of the corridor and on the exterior of the building. At some locations of the corridor walls, 2x8 stud bearing walls may be required to accommodate ducts or piping. Structural steel framing occurs at the lobby level and 2nd floor level above the lobby, and is required to provide clear spans that can accommodate architectural and interior design requirements. Steel framing can also be utilized in stairwells and the elevator shaft. Some large programs to be housed in steel framing includes meeting rooms, lobby areas, gym, and the saline interior pool required in every Element hotel.
Renaissance Design Standards calls for a flat plate structural concrete system or steel framing systems. The guidelines stress concealing structural members and minimizing their visual impact on interior spaces as their branding aesthetic promotes interior finishes such as coffered ceilings and wood cladding. Steel framing is preferred at the lobby levels and public programs to provide long spans. Since some Renaissance Hotel projects involve retrofitting existing buildings or different zoning codes due to complex site choices in downtown areas, at a schematic design phase, designers will choose which structural system makes most sense and complies with interior and exterior finish guidelines. The concrete floor slabs must provide depressions and slopes to accommodate public space stone flooring, public restrooms, kitchen, cooler/freezer unit flooring, public space slab concealed door closers, fitness center, pools, Renaissance suite entry, and bath and exterior guest room balconies.
F U N FA C T S ! Light-gauge metal framing in lieu of wood framing.
Back of House (Element & Renaissance) The Back of House is an essential component in Hotel Design and guests’ experience, serving as the main support space for all hotel amenities. It is defined as the area that “includes (…) employee spaces, employee restrooms, laundry, offices, work areas, kitchen, storage areas, shops, etc.” While also serving to house maintenance, engineering and security programmatic elements. Generally, the Back of House is coordinated with the site plan, as well as pedestrian and vehicular entrances. It is strategically located adjacent to loading docks and services, while screening it away from the guest view and experience. Element Hotel by Westin requires their Back of House to include a “minimum of 5’-0” wide service corridors,” while allowing for this dimension to increase where it is programmatically necessary as specified in their Design Guidelines “where appropriate and as required for traffic such as delivery and laundry carts.” Whereas Renaissance Hotels by Marriott require a minimum 6’-6”Service Corridor “for circulation with paths capable of accommodating pallet size deliveries.” In addition, Renaissance Hotels advises possibilities for designing the overall plan as a “separate function Service Corridor access and avoiding BOH corridors designed for heavy traffic or service access to other non-function rooms.” Given Renaissance’s “full-service” quality, the Back of House and facility areas “are slightly larger than at suburban and airport hotels, and 35% greater than at roadside hotels.”
F U N FA C T S ! W h e t h e r e x t e r i o r o r i n t e r i o r, a l l Element pools must utilize a Saline System to provide a healthy, comfor table swimming experience that is ecologically, environmentally and economically advantageous. Chlorinated pools are not an option.
The following adjacency diagrams illustrate how Renaissance lays out their services and back of house facilities.
Amenities & Public Spaces (Element & Renaissance) Renaissance and Element differ in size, function, and guest demographics, directly affecting the program and spaces required. While both are similar in that they call for impressionable lobbies and public spaces, they contrast in the objectives of their design and program layout. As a downtown hotel servicing conventions and meetings, Renaissance focuses more on creating a smooth transition for guests between work and play, overlapping areas for integration. While Element, as an extended-stay hotel, focuses on creating an experiential stay by providing a variety of amenities with subtle demarcations. Marriott International recently launched a new concept for their lobbies, which will be incorporated into their Renaissance properties: the M.I. Greatroom. The design of their new lobby space essentially removes architectural barriers, “which allow guests to make the transition between work, relaxation, socialization, and play throughout the day”, and is accomplished by creating three distinct zones.The “Social Business Zone” serves as the lounge/ seating area, providing a “stimulating professional environment that inspires productivity by supporting individual and group activity, and guest interaction”. The “Individual Zone” is used as a public privacy space, a place outside of the guests’ rooms where they can unwind but still have enough privacy for individual productivity. The last zone, the “Guest Service Zone”, serves as the check-in area but also articulates the brand of the hotel through features such as the feature wall, lighting, color, and scent. All three zones enclose around the “Day-Night Bar”, which acts as the beacon of the M.I. Greatroom, serving “coffee-ish” items during the daytime and alcoholic beverages during the nighttime. In comparison, the lobby space for the Element hotel has more of a residential scale and focuses more on providing clear visual and direct access to the amenities and public spaces, such as the Lower and Upper Lounge. Because they market themselves as “being built smart from the ground up”, the lobby space incorporates its green practices. For instance, two-story windows to maximize natural daylighting, which adds to the guest experience.. The Lower Lounge is a larger, more open, multifunctional gathering space set 1’ below the ground floor, allowing guests to work and socialize. A “Scent Machine” stimulates senses through scent, lighting, and music. The Upper Lounge is a more intimate space with lowered ceilings for guests to read and relax with design features such as a wood fence wall and a water feature. Because Renaissance serves conventions and meetings, its function spaces are comparably larger and include more program. While Element only includes a business center and 500 sf meeting rooms, Renaissance also includes a 5,000 sf ballroom with a connected prefunction space, 600 sf boardrooms, and 650 sf meeting rooms. Furthermore, business centers in Element provide only 3-5 work stations incorporated into the lobby space, but Renaissance devotes 750 sf of space for workstations, offices, and a separate reception area. In terms of food services, Renaissance offers a “Three-Meal per Day Restaurant”, serving a larger menu and a buffet for guests throughout the whole day, and also an Entertainment Lounge open to the public in addition to their “Day-Night Bar”. Element, as a smaller hotel, does not provide the same service, but offers a 24-hour “gourmet food-service” pantry, along with complimentary breakfast at their signature Breakfast Bar and BBQ in their signature Courtyard and BBQ Area.
The following adjacency diagrams illustrate how each hotel lays out their program. Element emphasizes creating visual and physical connections between each space and strictly follows the prototype model designed by Starwood, limiting how spaces can be arranged. For instance, in the Public Space Adjacency Diagram for Element, the reception area must have visual access to the Lower and Upper Lounges and the Breakfast Bar.
F U N FA C T S ! M . I . G R E AT- R O O M T h e i d e a behind the new lobby is to create "zoned" spaces: they've "moved the traditional architectural barriers and created zones, which allow guests to make the transition between work, relaxation, socialization and play t h r o u g h o u t t h e d a y ."
Project Approval Process (Element & Renaissance)
Bibliography
Both Elements and Renaissance Hotels generally follow similar design and construction processes that adhere to specific submittal requirements, approval conditions, and project agreements. Starwood and Marriott review design and technical drawings at various stages of the project. The most essential aspect of this review process is the breadth of standards that must agreed to. From the schematic design of the hotel to the HVAC and MEP specifications, both hotel franchises call for exhaustive observation of their respective hotel brands.
1. Dev, Chekitan S. “Hospitality Branding.” Cornell University Press. (2012).
Observations & Conclusion An investigation of the design guidelines of Element by Westin and Renaissance Hotels provides a comprehensive understanding of not only the importance of hotel branding, but also, and more decidedly, the stringent design standards set in place. Although the two hotel franchises Element and Renaissance Hotels are discernibly different in terms of approaches to aesthetics and type of guests, both Starwood Hotels and Resorts and Marriott International follow concurrent systems of established guidelines (e.g. interior characteristics of guest rooms) that only allow for minimal variances by architects. Therefore, the critical design approach to these hotel franchises revolve around the relationship between these provided guidelines and contextual qualities.
2. Marriott International, Inc.. “Renaissance Hotels & Resorts: Design Standards.” (2009). 3. O’Neill, John W.., and Anna S. Mattila. “Hotel Brand Strategy.” Cornell Hospitality Quarterly. Issue 1, Volume 51 (2009): 28. 4. Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc.. “Element: Architecture & Construction Standards.” (2011). 5. Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc.. ”Element Global Development Brochure.” (2014). 6. Rutes, Walter A., and Richard H. Penner. Hotel Planning and Design. London: Architectural, 1985. Print.