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“Living is Sense making� - Francisco Varela
Senses & The Senses of Architecture
Architecture stimulates our senses through materiality, space and scale, geometry, light and shadow, and path and sequence. These architectonic attributes can be considered the “senses of architecture.� Paired with human senses, these attributes can help us design the user experience to evoke feelings of wellness. The architecture of wellness is greatly enhanced by understanding the human senses, the architectural characteristics that positively stimulate us, proxemics (the study of personal space), and the presence of nature. Curating architectural experiences through human and architectural senses can generate emotional responses, such as peace, belonging, and enlightenment.
Table of Contents 1 - The Five Human Senses 2 - The Senses of Architecture
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Sawsan Al-Bargi Instructor: Peter Wiederspahn
3 - Proxemics 4 - Wellness 5 - Design Proposal 3
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Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Chapter 1 - The Five Human Senses
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Scentscaping a space makes the space feel: - Larger - Cleaner - Fresher - Brighter
Smell The brain processes smells & emotion in the same part of the brain. Thus scent has a huge impact on our moods. This is due to “scent memories” every individual associates a particular scent to a particular experience. Thus scent can play a powerful role in how people perceive a space. Scent can be used to put people in both a good mood or bad mood.
Scent Garden, Xi’an, China
By: El-Khoury, Adams, Dixon, Masoud - Published in Landscape Architecture China The garden is intended to provide immersive environment by provoking the sense of smell & touch. The use of conifers, rosemary & thyme the user paints a olfactory picture which references Xi’an. These paired with other Chinese scents help paint an olfactory map of China.
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Scentscaping
Reduce anxiety
Increase alertness
Physical tasks
Improving mood
Relaxing
Improve sleep
Improve creativity
Enhance memory
Reducing tension
Energizing
Feel healthier
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Mental tasks
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After a few minutes you no longer perceive the scent but it still affects your mood 7
Taste and space: - Figuratively using scent memory to evoke positive feelings - Spatial geometry: how the geometry and layout may impose how a user may navigate a space (a positive scent at the end of the hall)
Taste Taste is directly associate to smell. Relaxing tastes reinforce relaxing scent and invigorating tastes can reinforce invigorating smells. In architecture we cannot target the sense of taste directly however it may be implied by scentscaping & materiality which can trigger memories of certain tastes. However its important to realize the relationship between scent & geometry and how that may influence how a user may navigate a space.
Tipping Cabin, Dunton, CO Unknown Taste and architecture don’t come together however certain spaces can evoke memory association. This cabin can remind one of the cup of hot cocoa they had in front of the fire. Thus one can associate the memory of the warm drink and feel happier more positive.
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Taste, Scent & Architecture Programming
Materiality
A warm material paired with memory association may trigger memories of certain positive taste such as warm soothing beverages. A cool material may trigger memories of cold invigorating tastes associated with invigorating tastes
By spatial organization of program, scent can force a user to navigate space towards the positive scent. This can be applied in architecture by placing certain programs strategically. A coffee shop may be placed in the inside of a buildings to draw people in. The scent of coffee paired with the memory of its taste will give users feeling of warmth and comfort.
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Source
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Physical connection to a space provides: - Comfort when touching smooth surfaces such as cotton or hardwood floors - Invigorating when touching rough surfaces such as concrete - Tranquil yet energized when walking barefoot on large smooth stones - Tense when we touch jagged or angular surfaces
Touch The sense of touch has a direct impact on how one perceives and experience a space. Humans seek comfort when they are able to physically touch their surroundings as it forms a understanding to the space they are in. Thus kinesthetic can be used as a way for users to feel comfortable by touching the built environment but also to provide a rich invigorating experience
The Therme Vals, GraubĂźnden, Switzerland By: Peter Zumthor
The Therme Vals is an unmistakable tactile experience for users. As a spa retreat it offers both visual and tactile stimulation evoking feelings of tranquility and relaxation. Water plays a role in attaining wellness. Humans associate water with nature, a place of refuge and relaxation.
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Haptic Physical Attributes
Temperature
Pattern
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Relaxed
Energized
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Soundscaping Lower pitched
Relaxing
Hearing The sounds we hear directly impact how we feel. This is due to the fact that the human heart syncs with the sounds of its surroundings. A HR of 30-50 bpm means we are deeply relaxed. An HR of 50-70 means we are moderately relaxed. And a HR of 70 & above means we are invigorated. Thus by controlling the sounds within the environment we can control how a person may feel in a space.
Cuadra San Cristรณbal, Mexico City, Mexico By: Luis Barragรกn
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Energizing
Predictable rhythm
Unpredictable rhythm
Soundscaping & Space
Spatial perception unclear due to surfaces that absorb sound
Spatial perception clear due to surfaces that reflect sound
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Higher pitched
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Passive
Sight This distant receptor plays an important role not only to process our surrounding but how the visual attributes of our surrounding impact our moods. The visual information gathered from a space directly influences our psychology within a space. The geometry of objects in a space, source of light, arrangement of objects within a space and curved/straight lines have different implications on spatial perception.
Fresh
Calm Visual experience is by processing: - Color - Pattern & Texture - Form & Line - Visual quality & Light
Energize 14
Color Psychology Cool Colors
Neutral
Warm Colors
Calm & Relaxing
Passive colors
Invigorate & Energize
Bright
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Calm
1 Saturated & Dark Energize
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The Golden Ratio 1:1.6 B/A=A/A+B
Sight Pattern & texture impact how one perceives space. Larger more dynamic patterns energize us while smaller more static patterns comfort us. Natural fractal patterns are most soothing to us. They are the patterns that appear in nature such as winding stream or dappled sunlight. This is due to the regularity within these patterns. Texture also impacts our psychology. Shiny finishes tend to invigorate us while matte finishes tend to relax us.
The use of fractal patterns induce creative, high-quality mental activity
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Pattern & texture Relax
Energize
Large
Texture
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Small
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Sight Form & Line have a direct impact on the pleasantness & energy level of a space. Rectilinear forms express a feeling of action & efficiency whereas curved forms express a relaxed feeling in the space. Likewise symmetrical forms are preferred more than asymmetrical ones. The shape of the line paired with its frequency & orientation has a direct impact on our psychology.
Form
Curved smooth Relax
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Angled sharp Excite
A straight horizontal line is calming as it reminds us of the horizon line
Multiple horizontal lines make us feel tense
A straight vertical indicate stability making them relaxing
Angled lines tend to energize us. The steeper the line the more energized we feel
V-shaped lines draw our attention fast as they indicate threat or anger
Smooth curved lines tend to have happy connotation thus they relax us
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Line
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Sight The visual quality of the space impacts our perception of the space. Color, height, shape & materiality are all things we look at to asses the visual quality of the space. A space that is cluttered and disordered makes us feel tense. A space that is ordered yet moderately complex is desirable as it peaks our interest. Whereas a space that is too ordered is perceived as boring.
Visual quality
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Light
Direct light = Intimate/private
Indirect light = larger/public
Warm white light & Behavior: - Take risks - Relaxed - Improved problem solving & memory tasks - Improves collaboration & resolve disputes - Better mood (women)
Cool white light & Behavior: - Difficulty remembering - Feel more tense - Better mood (men)
Conclusion: The senses influence preception By understanding each sense and how the built environment can impact users perception of space, the architect can use that understanding as a tool to tailor the users experience. This ranges from the physical attributes of the elements, spatial layout, access to nature, light and shadow etc. However for this to be effective it must be considered at early design phases and all senses must be considered together for maximum effectiveness. As the Human experience is not dependent on a single sense but rather all the senses working together to formulate a positive perception of space.
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
The light within a space influence how we think and behave in a space. When light levels are 300 lux we feel less tired than 100 lux. This is due to the fact that 700 lux wakes us up (the sun 10,00 lux). We tend to take more risks, speak quietly & feel more intimate at lower light levels. Thus dimmer spaces are perceived as more private then brightly lit spaces which are perceived as public. Brightly lit spaces make us feel more energized whereas we feel more relaxed in dimly lit spaces. Light temperature also impacts our psychology.
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Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Chapter 2 - Senses of Architecture
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Materiality The physical attributes of the materials used in a space have a direct impact on how we perceive a space. Rough & varied surfaces tend to energize us whereas smooth & predictable surfaces tend to relax us. Thus materiality must be considered to stimulate respective sensing
Bruder Klaus Field Chapel, Mechernich, Germany By: Peter Zumthor
Zumthor’s use of materials with distinct pattern rough concrete has an invigorating impact on the users. The strategic manipulation of light and shadow paired with scale has an awe instilling effect on visitors. His use of materiality was to provide a rustic sensual experience to the user to promote the awe desired in religious spaces. Also to invigorate the users within the space.
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Geometry The geometry of architectural elements and space directly influence how we perceive space. Predictable standard shapes such as square & rectangle is predictable are comforting. Angular & dynamic shapes such as triangles & diagonals are invigorating. Smooth curved lines are more relaxing than sharp angled lines.
Foundation Louis Vuitton, Paris, France By: Gehry Partners
The smooth curved geometry used in the Guggenheim museum has a claiming effect on ones perception. It is also used to seamlessly navigate the architecture. However the psychological effect is clear. The calming effect allows the users to focus on the artwork displayed. The dynamic even chaotic geometry used in the Louis Vuitton has the opposite effect. It stands out from the very still landscape & spikes curiosity drawing people into the architecture. Both share the same function yet evoke different psychological effects
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NY, USA By: Frank Lloyd Wright
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Low contrast - relaxing
High contrast - invigorating
Light & Shadow Light & shadow in a space can alter how we feel in a space. The higher the contrast between the two the stronger the influence on our perception. Higher contrast results in more energizing affects, subtle gradation between light & shadow has a relaxing effect on us.
Church of the Light, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan By: Tadao Ando
Andao uses light & shadow as a tool to control how users perceive the space. In this case he uses high contrast between slits of bright light and a dark box to instill feelings of awe The reason is to stimulate a spiritual connection due to the religious nature of the space
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The spatial organization of space influence how we perceive a space and navigate it. Strategic placements of architectural elements can control how a user navigates a space. Predictable paths tend to relax us whereas unpredictable paths excite us. Elements such as walls & circulation cores are key elements in controlling how one navigates and perceives a space.
Fallingwater House, Mill Run, PA By: Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright was a major pioneer in how users navigate his architecture. Moves include wall placements, indirect routes & views to guide and control how users navigate the space. Falling water is no exception, Wright uses both the site topography to construct paths that are navigated with the users line of vision. Careful offsets of walls & stair locations dictates how the architecture is navigated. It creates both excitement as the user is unaware of “what’s around the corner”
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Path & Sequence
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Space & Scale
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Light & shadow in a space can alter how we feel in a space. The higher the contrast between the two the stronger the influence on our perception. Higher contrast results in more energizing affects, subtle gradation between light & shadow has a relaxing effect on us.
Loos is a pioneer when it comes to manipulating spatial scale & perception. The Muller house reflect the Raumplan strategies which is the complex organization of staggered spaces to carefully control both the scale and navigation of spaces. The way the spaces are placed three dimensionally effects how one perceives the space (large/cozy).
Villa MĂźller, Prague, Czech Republic By: Adolf Loos
Lower ceilings & smaller spaces feel more comfortable & intimate whereas higher ceilings & larger spaces with over looking views feel more formal & spacious.
Relationship between the Senses of Architecture Conceptual Diagram
Conceptual Diagram of “Architecture of Embodiment” by Alex Arteaga Head of Auditory Architecture Research Unit, Berlin University of the Arts
Psychological & pysiological responses
Five Senses
Senses of Architecture
Triggers cognition
Reasearch goals Tailoring cognition through design to evoke feelings of wellness
Reasearch goals Understanding aesthetic experience & cognition emerges from the aesthetics of design
Conclusion: The senses of architecture stimulate the senses The term “senses of architecture” refer to specific conditions in architecture that trigger a sensing stimulus within the user and not the cognitive ability of architecture. Similar to the human senses, the architectural senses serve as an opportunity for carefully controlled conditions which can evoke positive emotions on the user. As a result design characteristics which range from physical attributes to spatial layout paired with the understanding of the five human senses can be used to design spaces that may evoke feelings of wellness
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Aesthetics of the Built enviorment
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Five Senses & Senses of Architecture Touch
Certain materials can evoke certain memories associated with taste. E.g. Brick reminds you of the time you enjoyed a cup of hot cocoa in front of your fireplace
Materiality
Haptic: learning through touch how tactile space can induce positive feelings
Space & Scale
Visual & physical contact with space can be used to evoke positive feelings
Space may be designed to evoke feelings of refuge or escape. E.g. a compact space can make you feel safe
Geometry
Sharp/angled shapes vs. smooth/soft curves impact on how we feel
Certain geometry impacts hoe we feel in a space. Angled spaces may be associated with rough texture we may taste
Light & Shadow
Path & Sequence 30
Taste
Cold space or a warm space how certain material make us “feel� a specific way
Haptic materials may be used as a strategy for way finding within a building
Light makes us feel refreshed similar to drinking a cup of lemon juice
Sight
Hearing Direct relationship between materiality and sound transference. Hard materials bounce the sounds soft materials absorb depends on materials physical qualities
Materials can evoke certain memories associated with smell textures and materials
Some materials offer natural patterns which may evoke feelings of delight or comfort whereas over stimulation evokes feelings of stress
Depending on the scale of space smells may be more pronounced or diffused
Color psychology as well as large scale space vs. confined spaces (dwarfed/compressed)
Large spaces which sound echoes evokes feelings of grandeur/inspired as opposed to small spaces which may evoke feelings of crowding/intimacy
Certain geometries make us feel calm such as curves and smooth lines as opposed to sharp angles geometries which tend to offer feelings of stimulation/stress
Transference of sound is impacted by geometry. Hard surfaces bounce sounds as opposed to soft surfaces which absorb sound
Daylight gives the human feelings of comfort visual connection to the outside. Feeling light/refreshed as opposed to dark compressed/sad The spatial organization & the sense of smell may be used as a way of guidance. A scent garden or a cafe may instruct a user how to navigate space
Parallax is a strategy used in landscape design a visual goal is opposing a physical path as a way to control how a user experiences a space
Sound &surfaces influence how users navigate space. Users tend to navigate a space faster in highly reflected sound spaces as opposed to spaces that absorb sound
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Smell
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Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Chapter 3 - Proxemics
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Intimate zone 0” - 18” Personal zone 1’6” - 4’ Social zone 4’ - 12’
Public zone 25’ & over
Proxemics Proxemics is mans us of space informed by his culture. It is the “invisible bubble” that defines his intimate, personal, social and public space. The dimensions of each space varies across cultures. Proxemics is crucial to design as it can inform how the user feels, defines, behaves & interacts in a space. It defines privacy, intrusion & perception of a space in respect to their cultural background. Thus it can serve as a clue to reasons why a person may feel agitated or “crowded” in a given space. These findings about proxemics are taken from the work of Edward T. Hall an anthropologist his book “The hidden dimension”
Intimate Zone
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Personal Zone
Social Zone
Public Zone
Close
0”-6”
1’6” - 2’6”
4’ - 7’
12’ - 25’
Far
6”-18”
2’6” - 4’
7’ - 12’
25’ & over
Ordered space
Arabs
German
Defined Space
Multi-purpose flex space
North American
Japanese
Undefined space English
The “ma� in between space Japanese
French
Visual Privacy German Arabs
Personal space North American French
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Unobstructed large space
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Arabs
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Spatial Characteristics - Defined spaces - Invitation to space required - Physical screening
Relaxed
North American The North American is accustomed to defining physical space for various activities. He/She also feel entitled to their own space. An American communicates privacy through physical screening. The closed door means the American wants to be left alone while the open door reflects a readiness to be engaged with. The American’s proxemics is of utmost importance. An intrusion physically on an Americans personal space spikes annoyance, This paired with physical contact. The only exception is if forced such as subways or crowded spaces however they avoid eye contact and tense up. The American is trained that it is rude to stare thus feels uncomfortable when someone looks intently at them. Moving furniture is acceptable unlike the German. The loud voice of Americans that can be overheard is acceptable as it represents openness in the culture.
A North American is comfortable if his/her personal space is respected making them relaxed
Stressed
Any intrusion on a North American’s personal space results in feelings of tension & stress as this intrusion was not permitted
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Spatial Characteristics
German The German’s space is an extension of his ego thus intrusion on that space is considered trespassing. For German’s a visual connection to a group engaged in a conversation is considered as an invasion of privacy. Order is of utmost importance to the Germans, Thus open doors and movable furniture is considered as disorderly and offensive. That is why Germans have a closed door policy & heavy furniture, to control and impose order.
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
- Spatial order - Visual & Auditory access without invitation is intrusion - Physical screening for order - Heavy furniture to maintain order
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Spatial Characteristics - Undefined spaces - Screening internalized - Privacy via control volume & eye contact
English The Englishman feels no entitlement to his owns space. This is due to environmental conditioning during his childhood he shares a nursery with his siblings. Thus the English define space or privacy not through physical screening methods but through physical and internalized barriers. If the Englishman doesn’t wish to be disturbed he goes quiet and avoids interaction. To maintain privacy in interaction in shared space he moderates his voice to be heard by his peer. To be overheard is considered an intrusion and reflects poor manners and inferior social status. For the English relationship are formed on social status and not proxemics. The English stare with fixed eye contact to show that they are listening intently & by rapid blinking.
American Office Space
English Office Space 38
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
French
Public space - sensual experience using all the senses intended for socializing
The French perceive the home as a private space and the outside as public space. The French are accustomed to live in crowded conditions and small spaces. This is reflected in their automobiles and their use of space. Due to this crowded condition the French are sensually involved with each other & their environment. They too stare intently to the subject they are talking to. The French use public space for entertaining as a result of their cramped living, this means even in public the French don’t mind intrusions as they are used to it.
Spatial Characteristics - Cramped private spaces - Social space in public - Sensual use of all senses - Accustomed to crowding
Private space - the home know as the private relm with overcrowding and cramped spaces
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Arab Arabs interpret public spaces as public. An intrusion of ones zones in public is acceptable. The Arab feels constrained in American homes as they are “too small� than their large spaces with high ceilings. Arabs olfactory sense is of utmost importance. It communicates a persons mood but also reflects ones respect of their subject. If they smell good it pleases others and thus communicates a sign of respect. Arabs feel constricted in spaces that have obstruction or visual barriers. Privacy is dependent on ones relationship to the Arab. In the Arab household there is no privacy and if an Arab screens by disengaging with his/her peers both eye contact & talking as a sign to be alone with their thoughts (similar to the English)
American prefers defined space with obstructed views
Spatial Characteristics - Physical contact in public is appropriate - Visual obstruction evokes feelings of compression - Constant visual & physical contact - Large spaces with high ceilings
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Arab prefers open space with unobstructed views
Spatial Characteristics
Japanese The Japanese focus on the in between space (ma) as opposed to the Westerner who focuses on the objects within space. This is communicated as they define the intersections of the street but not the street itself. The Japanese are truly sensual people and engage with all their sense which is translated in their garden designs. Instead of clearly defining space the Japanese have flexible multipurpose spaces. Depending on the time of day and activities the sliding walls may be adjusted to accommodate eating, sleeping, socializing etc. The Japanese privacy is the house and the direct space surrounding it an intrusion on that space is considered trespassing & invasion of privacy.
Multi-use flex space emphasizes the “ma”
Conclusion: Proxemics influences spatial preception The findings made by Edward T. Hall offers a anthropological understanding about users from different cultures use and interact with space. This understanding can help us understand the strategies behind architecture made by people from various cultures. Also this knowledge may be used to understand what spatial conditions offer feelings of relaxation and why others offer feelings of stress. Proxemics offer physical dimension of the types of spaces which may be applied to architectural design to control how a user may use and interact with a space, move quickly or linger within a space.
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
- Multi-use flex spaces - Sensual experience use all senses - Focus on “ma” in between space - Trespassing if intrude on private garden
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Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Chapter 4 - Wellness
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“Is an active process through which people become aware of, and make choices toward, a more successful existence� - National Wellness Institute
Wellness
Wellness Model
Achieving wellness is multi-dimensional and a holistic process that encompasses lifestyle, mental and spiritual well-being and the built environment. The six dimensions of wellness is a holistic model developed by Dr. Bill Hettler reflects the relationship between each dimension of wellness and how it may used to achieve healthy living.
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Physical Wellness Centers
Psychological Wellness Centers
Spiritual Wellness Centers
- Fitness - Nutrition - Alternative medicine -Spa - Physical rehabilitation
- Psychologists/Psychiatrists - Medical facilities - Educational programs - Stress management - Psychological rehab (addictions)
- Meditation - Yoga - Educational programs - Religious
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Typical Wellness centers
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Case Study: Academic Wellness Center Branksome Hall Athletics & Wellness Center, Toronto, Canada By: MacLennan Jaunkalns Miller Architects
Program - Sports facilities (courts) - Aquatics - Gymnasium - Yoga & Dance studios - Atria - Informal study spaces - Dinning hall & Kitchen - Courtyards - Admin & support spaces
Design Characteristics - Visual connections between spaces to promote activity & involvement - Visual connections to nature (via landscape) - Abundant natural light - Exterior transparence to promote community engagement
The goal of academic wellness centers is to ensure the safety & wellbeing of students, faculty & staff. They may offer and opportunity to engage with surrounding communities. They must be easily accessible & porous on ground level to allow for access to the services provided.
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Case Study: Corporation Wellness Center
Program - Guest rooms (124) - Therapy rooms (spa) - Pool - Dinning & Kitchen - Gym - Common spaces - Admin & support spaces - Surrounding park - Outdoor seating areas
Design Characteristics - Embedded in natural landscape - Use of natural materials - Therapy pool at the core - Fresh colored hues - Sound insulation - Visual connection to nature - Ventilation & daylight
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Medical Resort Bad Schallerbach, Bad Schallerbach, Austria By: Architects Collective ZT-GmbH
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Case Study: Rehabilitation Center Woy Woy Rehabilitation Unit, Woy Woy NSW, Australia By: Woods Bagot
Program - Lounge - Guest rooms - Consult rooms - Meeting rooms - Dinning & Kitchen - Gym - Surrounding park - Admin & support spaces
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Design Characteristics - Embedded in nature - Abundant daylight - Small scale pavilions - Transparencies to allow for views of landscape - Courtyard spaces - Centralized plan with clear circulation
Case Study: Retreat
Program - Common spaces - Treatment rooms - Gym - Pool - Sauna & Steam - Dinning & Kitchen - Strolling paths - Surrounding park - Admin & support spaces
Design Characteristics - Embedded in nature - Abundant daylight - Transparencies to allow for views of landscape - Insulation - Natural materials - Organic shapes/ forms in planning & spatial organization
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Orhidelia Wellness, PodÄ?etrtek, Slovenia By: Enota
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Case Study: Rehabilitation & Community Center Rehabilitation Centre Groot Klimmendaal, The Netherlands By: Koen van Velsen
Program - Common spaces - Gym - Pool - Clinical areas - Consultation rooms - Offices - Theatre - Dinning & Kitchen - Admin & support spaces
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Design Characteristics - Embedded in nature - Abundant daylight (light wells) - Full height glazing - Clear spatial arrangement of program - Striking & subtle colors - Clear circulation paths - Strolling paths
Case Study: Community Center
Program - Common spaces - Treatment - Aquatics rooms - Fitness center - Arts facility (courts & gym) - Youth & family - Library service center - Dinning & Kitchen - Maternal & - Theatre child health - Public foyer facility - Admin & support - Offices spaces - Treatment rooms
Design Characteristics - High transparencies to allow activity & involvement - Public entry - Clear organization of program - Courtyards - Zoning public vs. private - Abundant daylight
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Clayton Community Centre , Clayton, Victoria, Australia By: Jackson Architecture
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Case Study: Spiritual Center SK Yee Healthy Life Centre, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong By: Ronald Lu & Partners
Program - Counselling rooms (children & Adults) - Courtyards - Common spaces - Meditation spaces - Dinning & Kitchen - Admin & support spaces
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Design Characteristics - Immersed in nature - Green walls/roof - Abundant daylight - Transparencies to allow for views of landscape - Ventilation - Insulation
Case Study: Spa
Program - Common spaces - Treatment rooms - Sun deck - Pools - Sauna & Steam - Meditation spaces - Admin & support spaces
Design Characteristics - Embedded in nature - Organic forms - Transparencies to allow for views of landscape - Insulation - Natural materials - Centralized plan - Abundant daylight
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Eskisehir Hotel and Spa, EskiĹ&#x;ehir/Eskisehir, Turkey By: GAD Architecture
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How is Wellness measured? Within a Community Community Assets A communities physical and social environments is a source to assess wellness within a community. These environments are the community assets. These assets are within a community which contribute to healthy living habits to members within a given community. Wellness can be achieved by implementing policies, systems and environmental changes within the community.
Policies Rules, regulations, laws, protocols and procedures that may guide or inform our behavior. E.g. no smoking in buildings, nutrition in school more crosswalks to promote walking etc.
Systems change Elements within the systems changes resulting in substantial changes within the overall system of the community. E.g. mixed-use communities can promote social engagement, economic growth and increase in physical activity
Environmental changes Are physical, social and economic changes that can guide people to make healthier choices. E.g. farmers market, community gardens, park space, walking paths, public spaces, access to healthcare etc.
Architecture and design directly relates to the environmental changes that impact the overall wellness within a community 54
Non-profit organizations Low-income communities
Higher education Students, faculty & staff
Corporations Employees & staff
- Educational programs - Counselling - Spiritual spaces - Legal services - Soup kitchen - Primary health clinics - Life coaching - Children space - Legal services - Employment aid
- Educational programs - Counselling - Gym - Communal meeting spaces - Life coaching - Nutrition - Spaces that foster creativity - Meditation spaces - Healthcare specialists
- Educational programs - Counselling - Gym - Spa - Healthcare specialists - Nutrition - Alternative medicine - Spiritual spaces - Life coaching - Meditation spaces - Communal meeting spaces
Conclusion: Design can promote wellness
Typical wellness centers do not offer a full model of wellness but only one or two dimensions. This offers the opportunity to develop an architecture which may offer all dimensions. The funding of such centers are based on a single institutions which offers only services respective to the institution. Finding a site which encompasses all institutions can serve as an opportunity to develop a unique hybrid of all various stakeholders paired with a holistic model of wellness can promote wellness within the community
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Institutional Funding & Services offered
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Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Chapter 5 - Design Proposal
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Proposed Hybrid Target audience - Students - Faculty - Employers - Employees - Neighboring residents - Low income communities
Higher Education
Institutions & Wellness Non-Profit organization
Corporations
Scope of Services - Educational programs - Counselling - Spiritual spaces - Legal services - Soup kitchen - Primary health clinics - Life coaching - Children space - Legal services - Employment aid
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Design Characteristics - Gym - Communal meeting spaces - Nutrition - Spaces that foster creativity - Meditation spaces - Healthcare specialists - Spa - Alternative medicine - Community garden - Public plaza (events/farmers market)
- Accessible: porous ground level entry - Abundant daylight - Views to nature (windows should facilitate carefully framed views) - Walkways & paths to promote activity - Secluded spaces of retreat & meditation - Program distinguished by wings - Natural materials - Clear navigation & circulation - Scent garden/landscape - Public spaces to promote activity & engagement
Proposed Program & Spatial requirements Physical contact
Site Conditions
Exam Room - 10’ 6” x 12’ 6” Acupuncture - 16’ x 10’ Massage room - 10’ x 11’ 9”
- Accessible - Strolling paths - Massing to curate experience
Consult room - 10’ 11” x 8’ 8”
- Program distinguished via buildings
Admin - 24’ 6” x 26’ 6” Break room - 18’ x 16’ Office - 9’ x 10’ Meeting room - 10’ x 11’ 9”
Athletic facility Pools - 15’ x 43’ Locker room - 23’ 6” x 63’ Gym - 91’ x 79’ 8” Courts - 50’ x 94’
Common Spaces Library - TBD Lounge - 26’ 6” x 24’ 6” Meeting room - 15’ x 15’ / 15’ x 25’ Cafeteria - 85’ x 43’
Public Spaces Plaza - TBD Community garden - 30’ x 30’ / 20’ x 40’
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Office Spaces
5
Support Spaces TBD 59
Proposed Site
East Cambridge
60
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Proposed Site: Program Map
Site residential
Commercial
5
Institutional
61
Proposed Site: Transportation Map
Site Primary street Secondary street Territary street Bike path Train station Bus stop
62
Proposed Site: Site Access
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
East Cambridge
Site Vehicular access
5
Pedestrian access Bike path
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Bibliography Architecture of embodiment & Quote http://www.architecture-embodiment.org http://www.uboeschenstein.ch/texte/thompson-Varela-sense.html Wellness center sources http://www.nationalwellness.org/?page=MemberTypes http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nationalwellness.org/resource/resmgr/docs/sixdimensionsfactsheet.pdf http://www.athenawellnesscenter.com/what-is-a-wellness-center http://www.holistichelp.net/holistic-health.html https://www.appointment-plus.com/blog/how-to-open-a-wellness-center https://www.salonbuilder.com/info/wellness-centers.html http://www.oneonta.edu/development/health/services.asp http://www.athenawellnesscenter.com/what-is-a-wellness-center https://wellnesscenter.uic.edu/dimen.shtml http://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/what-is-holistic-medicine http://www.pnf.org/Definitions_of_Health_C.pdf http://www.wisegeekhealth.com/what-is-a-wellness-center.htm
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Bibliography Case Studies Hearing http://www.architravel.com/architravel/building/cuadra-san-cristobal/ https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Los_Clubes scent http://www.adams-masoud.com/index.php?/projects/xian-scent-garden/
https://www.daniels.utoronto.ca/news/2010/09/scent_garden_elkhoury_adams_dixon_masoud_published_landscape_ architecture_china Touch http://www.archdaily.com/13358/the-therme-vals Taste http://duntonhotsprings.com/cabins-rates/ Senses of Architecture Peter Zumthor book “thinking Architecture� http://www.filozofia.bme.hu/materials/kerekgyarto/szakmernoki/ido,%20emlekezet,%20epiteszet/tovabbi%20szovegek/ Zumth,%20Thinking.pdf http://architizer.com/blog/the-architecture-of-perception/
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
https://allisoncheng.wordpress.com/all/xian-scent-garden-renderings/
http://www.etsav.upc.edu/locus/outputs/accessibility/perception/Architecture,%20Senses,%20Body%20and%20Perception.pdf Materiality http://www.archdaily.com/106352/bruder-klaus-field-chapel-peter-zumthor
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Bibliography Spatiality/scale http://socks-studio.com/2014/03/03/i-do-not-draw-plans-facades-or-sections-adolf-loos-and-the-villa-muller/ https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Villa_MĂźller Geometry http://www.archdaily.com/555694/fondation-louis-vuitton-gehry-partners http://www.archdaily.com/60392/ad-classics-solomon-r-guggenheim-museum-frank-lloyd-wright Light & shadow http://www.archdaily.com/101260/ad-classics-church-of-the-light-tadao-ando Path & navigation http://www.archdaily.com/60022/ad-classics-fallingwater-frank-lloyd-wright wellness center case studies Academic http://www.archdaily.com/786753/branksome-hall-athletics-and-wellness-centre-maclennan-jaunkalns-miller-architects Corporation wellness http://www.archdaily.com/459571/medical-resort-bad-schallerbach-architects-collective-zt-gmbh-ac Rehab centers http://www.archdaily.com/551038/woy-woy-rehabilitation-unit-woods-bagot Retreat http://www.archdaily.com/62814/orhidelia-wellness-enota Rehab + community http://www.archdaily.com/126290/rehabilitation-centre-groot-klimmendaal-koen-van-velsen
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Bibliography Community center http://www.archdaily.com/272354/clayton-community-centre-jackson-architecture Spiritual Center http://www.archdaily.com/590542/sk-yee-healthy-life-centre-ronald-lu-and-partners
MassHealth http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/researcher/community-health/health-of-mass/ http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/commissioner/health-mass.pdf http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/researcher/community-health/health-of-mass/chapter-8-environmental-health.html http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/researcher/community-health/health-of-mass/chapter-9-occupational-health.html http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/researcher/community-health/health-of-mass/chapter-7-wellness-and-chronic-disease.html CDC https://www.cdc.gov/hrqol/wellbeing.htm#five Cambridge maps/data http://www.cambridgema.gov/GIS/3D/3ddata/sketchupskp Books Steg, Linda, Agnes E. van den Berg, and Judith I. M De Groot. 2012. Environmental Psychology. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi
Spa http://www.archdaily.com/523257/eskisehir-hotel-and-spa-gad-architecture
Kopec, David Alan. 2006. Environmental Psychology For Design. New York: Fairchild. Hall, Edward T. 1966. The Hidden Dimension. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. Augustin, Sally. Place Advantage.
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Research Methodology Dimensions of Wellness Occupational
Emotional
Spiritual
The Six Dimensions of Wellness Bill Hettler, MD, Co-Founder, National Wellness Institute
Physical
Social
Intellectual
Wellness Types
Five Senses Physical
Psychological
Spiritual
Higher Education
Corporations
Stakeholders
Non-profit
Community Assets
Architectural Senses Policies
Systems
Built Enviornment
Research Consolidation Tailoring cognition through design to evoke feelings of wellness
Psychological & physiological responses
Five Senses
Senses of Architecture
Project Aspirations Learn
Step 1 - Learn
This step is essential to attaining wellness it provides the programmatic need to educate people within a community about “what is wellness” this includes education spaces meeting rooms, classes, auditorium etc. (social + Individual)
Step 2 - Work
Give
Wellness
Work
This step focuses on doing the work to be well. This ranges from spiritual wellnes to physical wellness, the concious investment in participating in activities to achieve wellness (individual focus)
Step 3 - Live This step emphasizes lifestyle & enviornmental changes associated with the wellbeing of people of the community (out of scope) however integral to achieving wellness by “living well”
Step 4 - Give Live
This step is the “pay it forward” step where people within a community can give back by educating and participating in activities to promote wellness. This ranges from confrences to communal gardening & soup kitchen service (social focus)
Site Selection
Site residential Corporate offices Commercial Institutional
Current Site Conditions Site Plan
Key Volpe property Surface parking
Site Images
Wellness Park Master plan
Wellness Park Lot size: 3.6 Acres
Housing
#3
#4
#1
Lot size: 69,103 sqft GFA (gross floor area): 243,000 sqft FAR: 3.5 1 Bedroom: 252 units 2 Bedroom: 306 units Multi-family: 40 units Total units: 598 units Height: 91’11” open space: 42,103 sqft (61%)
Mixed Use - Housing + Retail #2
Lot size: 305,863 sqft Building #1 GFA : 123,460 sqft Building #2 GFA: 61,160 sqft Total GFA: 184,620 sqft
Office & Innovation Space Lot size: 305,863 sqft Building #3 GFA : 411,957 sqft Building #4 GFA: 500,367 sqft Total GFA: 912,324 sqft
Site & Filtering stratagey Filter Variations 1.
2.
Key Topography Trees Water Architecture Mounds Shrubs Small rivers Sculptures
Topography
Trees
Architecture
Water
Wellness Park - Program
Learn - 26,330 sqft
- 2 Large Lecture (seating 120)-1,200 sqft. - 5 Multiple purpose meeting (seating 30 with 760 sqft each) - 2,400 sqft - 3 Meeting room (60 sq ft. each) - 3,800 sqft. - 3 Meeting Room Storage(60 sq ft. each)-180sqft - auditorium (300 seats) - 18,750 sq ft.
Work - 14,356 sqft
- fitness center - 7,076 sq ft. - 4 yoga studios - 4,800 sqft (1,200 sq ft) - meditation spaces - 2,480 sqft (2 group 1,200 sq ft & 5 singular 8 sq ft)
Live - 9,722 sqft - health service clinic - 1,840 sq ft (3 exam rooms) - soup kitchen - 7,282 sq ft. - 5 counselling offices - 600 sqft (120 sq ft. each)
Give - 113,996 sqft (3.6 acres) - Community garden 9,000 sq ft - 100 sq ft per person(90 people) yeilds aprox. $1,000 - $4,000 worth of produce 7 - 8 hour of sunlight - Scent garden (strolling) -Irrigation by small rivers ( 3� width -grey water) - Trees:Japanese Snowbell Tree, American elm, Sioux Crape Myrtle, Cleveland Pear Tree etc. - Flowers: - Herbs: Lavender, sage, Mint, Lemon balm
Key Wellness park Volpe offices Housing Mixed Use
Site History Volpe - The national transportation systems center What is Volpe?
A fedral agency of the DOT funded by sponsor projects. A fedral research facility that offers transportation innovation for the public good and improve transportation services by anticipating emerging issues by advancing technical, operational and institutional innovation.
Why Volpe?
An organization with extensive community outreach efforts who’s mission and agendas align with the projects goals and aspirations. - Educational outreach: Lunch buddies program & Kendall square learning project - Charitable giving: equiptment, furniture & clothing, combined fedral campaign (CFC) and Feds feed families - Environmental Stewardship: Volpe green team, 1st place by the green streets initiative for the 2015 walk/ride day, Go green award for large businesses, Green Binnie and the DOT green team award in 2012 - Community presence/influence due to local memberships in: Cambridge chamber of commerce, The Kendall square association and the greater Boston Fedral executive board.
Current site
Volpe site and future planning Volpe wants a private developer to develop part of the land in exchange for funds enabling Volpe to build a new facility on a part of the site to replace its deteriorating buildings.
Site specs - 13 Acres (562,104.67 sqft) - Built: 69,177.49 sqft (12.3%) - Open space with parking: 492,927.18 sqft (87.7%) - Open space w/o parking: 391,738.29 sqft - 0ngrade Parking: 101,188.89 sqft ( 25.8% of open space)
Proposed site
Scale: 5’ 15’ 100’ 160’
Current site The existing conditions
C-2B PUD-KS
o-2 PUD-KS
BA/PUD-KS
Parcels & Zoning
Roads
Parking
Open space
Built space
Site
The City of Cambridge, Massachusetts Zoning Ordinance PUD-KS guideliines (existing zoning) - GFA for owner of 5+ acres: 60% non-residential - FAR: 3.0 per development parcel - Individual establishments: dont exceed 10,000sqft - Public access: on Third st., Broadway or park - Minimum parcel size: 40,000 sqft. or 75% of lot(s) - Residential density: minimum lot size 300sqft. - Maximum building height: 85’ bound by Potter st.,Third st. & Monroe st. 180’ bound by Third st. & Broadway 180’ may rise to 250’ floor plates do not exceed 10% of parcel area 45’ height within a 50’ range of public space 10‘ setback of 45’ height/20‘ setback of 45’ height(to increase) - Open space (per parcel): min.20% public space/green space/permeable open space - Public open space: less than 7.5 acres for land owned by fedral government (pending) - Perimeter & transition: perimeter fronts on an existing street or public open space should complement and harmonize with adjacent land uses with respect to scale, density, setback, bulk, height, landscaping, and screening. Developments must provide integrated pedestrian circulation systems, with strong links to the riverfront, Kendall Square, and the Eastern Cambridge neighborhoods. - Parking & loading req.: (1) Residence: 1 space per unit minimum, 1.5 spaces per unit maximum (2) Public Assembly: 1 per 15 seats (3) Institutional: 1 space per 1,800 square feet. (4) Retail and Office: Ground floor: 1,125 square feet & Other level: 1,800 square feet - GF retail & customer service use: fronts and has a public entrance onto a public street or a public open space, located at the first floor level of a multistory building not exceed 10,000 sqft per establishment (no parking required) - Traffic Mitigation: Must align with the Transportation Demand Management Program to reduce parking, mandated in this PUD - Residential Use abutting Binney st.: The negative impacts of truck and other heavy vehicular traffic on Binney Street must be adequately mitigated for the residents. Such mitigation shall be achieved through the location (massing of Parcel) and building program; setbacks, landscaping (buffers);construction techniques to minimize the transmission of sound and vibrations; and/or through the employment of any other appropriate measures.
Planned Unit Development Districts at Kendall Square (PUD-KS)
C-2B PUD-KS
o-2 PUD-KS
BA/PUD-KS
Site Parcels & Zoning (1) o-2 PUD-KS (offices) (2) C-2B PUD-KS (residences) (3) BA PUD-KS (business)
http://www.cambridgema.gov/~/media/Files/CDD/ZoningDevel/Ordinance/zo_article13_1382.ashx
EASTERN CAMBRIDGE DESIGN GUIDELINES Volpe Center Goals: - Create new housing south of Binney Street to link existing neighborhoods and Kendall Square. - Create a major new public park facing Binney Street, surrounded by residential and retail uses. - Strongly encourage retail uses on Third Street and Broadway to create active street life in Kendall Square and to create a lively connection between the neighborhoods and Kendall Square. - Create a mix of housing and commercial uses along Broadway. - Create a transition in land uses and heights from Broadway to the residential neighborhoods. Refer to Guidlines for: (1) Built form: - Street level use & design - Building height & orientation - Scale & massing - Architectural character - Enviornmental guidelines - Parking (2) Public realm: - Open space: Use open space to create links between Kendall Square and the residential neighborhoods - Streets & sidewalks - Connections: Provide green connections to Broadway and Third Street as extensions of the proposed public park & Provide strong pedestrian and bicycle connections to the Broad Canal and the Charles River from the site. - Transportation
Zoning Proposal
Housing - 63,118.92 sqft. Housing & commercial - 101,808.30 sqft. Volpe offices - 175,162.13 sqft. Park - 144,655.64 sqft. parking & park - 48,869.84 sqft.
Aprox. 4.4 acres of park/open space
http://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/Projects/Planning/~/media/CD297DFFF16944BCAEA0CD12D7FCCC08.ashx
Proposal for Volpe Campus Masterplan Housing
Current Zoning Summary
Lot size: 63,119 sqft GFA (gross floor area): 207,900 sqft FAR: 3.3 1 Bedroom: 60 units 2 Bedroom: 72 units Multi-family: 42 units Total units: 174 units Height: 50’3” approx. Parking req.: 174 open space: 34,769 sqft (55%)
Allowed FAR: 3.0 / 3.36 Minimum Housing: 40% Affordable Housing: 11.5% (% of total housing) Public Open Space: 42% / 53% (% of parcel area) Parking: Minimum requirements Ground Floor Retail: Incentivized Innovation Space: N/A Sustainability and Environmental Mitigation: Section 22.20 applies (LEED Silver)
Offices
Residential: 967,000 sqft Office / Lab: 1,086,000 sqft Retail: 50,000 sqft Total 2,103,000 sqft
GFA: 873,000 sqft Lot size: 175,162 sqft Height constraint: 85’ Open space req.: 15% Innovation space: 84,000sqft (included) Parking req.: 194.4 (0.9/1000 sqft) Open space: 103,162 sqft (59%)
Retail
Lot size: 101,808 sqft Total GFA:722,311 sqft Housing GFA: 669,645 sqft Retail GFA: 52,666 sqft Parking req.: 105 (0.5/1000 sqft)
Private Development Summary (GFA)
Desired Housing Mix Total Units: 1,000 Low income Units: 100 approx. Medium income units: 50 approx. 3 Bedroom all income: 50 approx.
Park 145,796.56 sqft
Parking TBD http://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/Projects/Zoning/~/media/B68F7FBB9E9C444F920F0A84E2BC53F5.ashx
Programming: Senses & The senses of Architecture Learn - 26,330 sqft - 2 Large Lecture (seating 120)-1,200 sqft. - 5 Multiple purpose meeting (seating 30 with 760 sqft each) - 2,400 sqft - 3 Meeting room (60 sq ft. each) - 3,800 sqft. - 3 Meeting Room Storage(60 sq ft. each)-180sqft - auditorium (300 seats) - 18,750 sq ft.
Community garden 9,000 sqft
Learn 12,000 sqft 2.5 storey
Live & Work 10,800 sqft 2.5 storey
Work - 14,356 sqft
- fitness center - 7,076 sq ft. - 4 yoga studios - 4,800 sqft (1,200 sq ft) - meditation spaces - 2,480 sqft (2 group 1,200 sq ft & 5 singular 8 sq ft)
Live - 9,722 sqft - health service clinic - 1,840 sq ft (3 exam rooms) - soup kitchen - 7,282 sq ft. - 5 counselling offices - 600 sqft (120 sq ft. each)
Give - 113,996 sqft (3.6 acres) - Community garden 9,000 sq ft - 100 sq ft per person(90 people) yeilds aprox. $1,000 - $4,000 worth of produce 7 - 8 hour of sunlight - Scent garden (strolling) -Irrigation by small rivers (1 inch width -grey water)
Housing
- Trees:Japanese Snowbell Tree, American elm, Sioux Crape Myrtle, Cleveland Pear Tree etc. - Flowers: - Herbs: Lavender, sage, Mint, Lemon balm
Housing & commercial Volpe offices Wellness Park
https://www.wbdg.org/design/clinic_health.php