Arch7130 2016 fall wiederspahn salbargi portfoliohp

Light & Shadow German & French

ti pa

ty ali

S

&

ale

Sc

Ge

om

Ja

b

pa

a Ar

ne

etr y

se

Touch Sight

Psychological Perception

Eng

Pysiological

lish

Taste

Nav igati on

Smell

Path &

rican Ame h Nor t

erial Mat

ity

Hearing

Proxemics Culture Senses of Architeture

2

“Living is Sense making�

- Francisco Varela

Senses & The Senses of Architecture

Architecture stimulates our senses through materiality, space and scale, geometry, light and shadow, and path and sequence. These architectonic attributes can be considered the “senses of architecture.� Paired with human senses, these attributes can help us design the user experience to evoke feelings of wellness. The architecture of wellness is greatly enhanced by understanding the human senses, the architectural characteristics that positively stimulate us, proxemics (the study of personal space), and the presence of nature. Curating architectural experiences through human and architectural senses can generate emotional responses, such as peace, belonging, and enlightenment.

Table of Contents 1 - The Five Human Senses 2 - The Senses of Architecture

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Sawsan Al-Bargi Instructor: Peter Wiederspahn

3 - Proxemics 4 - Wellness 5 - Design Proposal 3

4

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Chapter 1 - The Five Human Senses

5

Scentscaping a space makes the space feel: - Larger - Cleaner - Fresher - Brighter

Smell The brain processes smells & emotion in the same part of the brain.

Thus scent has a huge impact on our moods. This is due to “scent memories” every individual associates a particular scent to a particular experience. Thus scent can play a powerful role in how people perceive a space. Scent can be used to put people in both a good mood or bad mood.

Scent Garden, Xi’an, China

By: El-Khoury, Adams, Dixon, Masoud - Published in Landscape Architecture China The garden is intended to provide immersive environment by provoking the sense of smell & touch.

The use of conifers, rosemary & thyme the user paints a olfactory picture which references Xi’an.

These paired with other Chinese scents help paint an olfactory map of China.

6

Scentscaping

Reduce anxiety

Increase alertness

Physical tasks

Improving mood

Relaxing

Improve sleep

Improve creativity

Enhance memory

Reducing tension

Energizing

Feel healthier

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Mental tasks

1

After a few minutes you no longer perceive the scent but it still affects your mood 7

Taste and space: - Figuratively using scent memory to evoke positive feelings - Spatial geometry: how the geometry and layout may impose how a user may navigate a space (a positive scent at the end of the hall)

Taste Taste is directly associate to smell. Relaxing tastes reinforce relaxing scent and invigorating tastes can reinforce invigorating smells. In architecture we cannot target the sense of taste directly however it may be implied by scentscaping & materiality which can trigger memories of certain tastes.

However its important to realize the relationship between scent & geometry and how that may influence how a user may navigate a space.

Tipping Cabin, Dunton, CO Unknown Taste and architecture don’t come together however certain spaces can evoke memory association.

This cabin can remind one of the cup of hot cocoa they had in front of the fire. Thus one can associate the memory of the warm drink and feel happier more positive.

8

Taste, Scent & Architecture Programming

Materiality

A warm material paired with memory association may trigger memories of certain positive taste such as warm soothing beverages.

A cool material may trigger memories of cold invigorating tastes associated with invigorating tastes

By spatial organization of program, scent can force a user to navigate space towards the positive scent. This can be applied in architecture by placing certain programs strategically. A coffee shop may be placed in the inside of a buildings to draw people in.

The scent of coffee paired with the memory of its taste will give users feeling of warmth and comfort.

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Source

1 9

Physical connection to a space provides: - Comfort when touching smooth surfaces such as cotton or hardwood floors - Invigorating when touching rough surfaces such as concrete - Tranquil yet energized when walking barefoot on large smooth stones - Tense when we touch jagged or angular surfaces

Touch The sense of touch has a direct impact on how one perceives and experience a space. Humans seek comfort when they are able to physically touch their surroundings as it forms a understanding to the space they are in. Thus kinesthetic can be used as a way for users to feel comfortable by touching the built environment but also to provide a rich invigorating experience

The Therme Vals, GraubĂźnden, Switzerland By: Peter Zumthor

The Therme Vals is an unmistakable tactile experience for users. As a spa retreat it offers both visual and tactile stimulation evoking feelings of tranquility and relaxation.

Water plays a role in attaining wellness. Humans associate water with nature, a place of refuge and relaxation.

10

Haptic Physical Attributes

Temperature

Pattern

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Relaxed

Energized

1 11

Soundscaping Lower pitched

Relaxing

Hearing The sounds we hear directly impact how we feel. This is due to the fact that the human heart syncs with the sounds of its surroundings. A HR of 30-50 bpm means we are deeply relaxed. An HR of 50-70 means we are moderately relaxed. And a HR of 70 & above means we are invigorated. Thus by controlling the sounds within the environment we can control how a person may feel in a space.

Cuadra San Cristรณbal, Mexico City, Mexico By: Luis Barragรกn

12

Energizing

Predictable rhythm

Unpredictable rhythm

Soundscaping & Space

Spatial perception unclear due to surfaces that absorb sound

Spatial perception clear due to surfaces that reflect sound

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Higher pitched

1 13

Passive

Sight This distant receptor plays an important role not only to process our surrounding but how the visual attributes of our surrounding impact our moods. The visual information gathered from a space directly influences our psychology within a space. The geometry of objects in a space, source of light, arrangement of objects within a space and curved/straight lines have different implications on spatial perception.

Fresh

Calm Visual experience is by processing: - Color - Pattern & Texture - Form & Line - Visual quality & Light

Energize 14

Color Psychology Cool Colors

Neutral

Warm Colors

Calm & Relaxing

Passive colors

Invigorate & Energize

Bright

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Calm

1 Saturated & Dark Energize

15

The Golden Ratio 1:1.6 B/A=A/A+B

Sight Pattern & texture impact how one perceives space. Larger more dynamic patterns energize us while smaller more static patterns comfort us. Natural fractal patterns are most soothing to us. They are the patterns that appear in nature such as winding stream or dappled sunlight. This is due to the regularity within these patterns. Texture also impacts our psychology. Shiny finishes tend to invigorate us while matte finishes tend to relax us.

The use of fractal patterns induce creative, high-quality mental activity

16

Pattern & texture Relax

Energize

Large

Texture

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Small

1 17

Sight Form & Line have a direct impact on the pleasantness & energy level of a space. Rectilinear forms express a feeling of action & efficiency whereas curved forms express a relaxed feeling in the space. Likewise symmetrical forms are preferred more than asymmetrical ones. The shape of the line paired with its frequency & orientation has a direct impact on our psychology.

Form

Curved smooth Relax

18

Angled sharp Excite

A straight horizontal line is calming as it reminds us of the horizon line

Multiple horizontal lines make us feel tense

A straight vertical indicate stability making them relaxing

Angled lines tend to energize us. The steeper the line the more energized we feel

V-shaped lines draw our attention fast as they indicate threat or anger

Smooth curved lines tend to have happy connotation thus they relax us

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Line

1 19

Sight The visual quality of the space impacts our perception of the space. Color, height, shape & materiality are all things we look at to asses the visual quality of the space. A space that is cluttered and disordered makes us feel tense.

A space that is ordered yet moderately complex is desirable as it peaks our interest. Whereas a space that is too ordered is perceived as boring.

Visual quality

20

Light

Direct light = Intimate/private

Indirect light = larger/public

Warm white light & Behavior: - Take risks - Relaxed - Improved problem solving & memory tasks - Improves collaboration & resolve disputes - Better mood (women)

Cool white light & Behavior: - Difficulty remembering - Feel more tense - Better mood (men)

Conclusion: The senses influence preception By understanding each sense and how the built environment can impact users perception of space, the architect can use that understanding as a tool to tailor the users experience. This ranges from the physical attributes of the elements, spatial layout, access to nature, light and shadow etc. However for this to be effective it must be considered at early design phases and all senses must be considered together for maximum effectiveness. As the Human experience is not dependent on a single sense but rather all the senses working together to formulate a positive perception of space.

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

The light within a space influence how we think and behave in a space. When light levels are 300 lux we feel less tired than 100 lux. This is due to the fact that 700 lux wakes us up (the sun 10,00 lux). We tend to take more risks, speak quietly & feel more intimate at lower light levels. Thus dimmer spaces are perceived as more private then brightly lit spaces which are perceived as public. Brightly lit spaces make us feel more energized whereas we feel more relaxed in dimly lit spaces. Light temperature also impacts our psychology.

1 21

22

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Chapter 2 - Senses of Architecture

23

Materiality The physical attributes of the materials used in a space have a direct impact on how we perceive a space. Rough & varied surfaces tend to energize us whereas smooth & predictable surfaces tend to relax us. Thus materiality must be considered to stimulate respective sensing

Bruder Klaus Field Chapel, Mechernich, Germany By: Peter Zumthor

Zumthor’s use of materials with distinct pattern rough concrete has an invigorating impact on the users. The strategic manipulation of light and shadow paired with scale has an awe instilling effect on visitors.

His use of materiality was to provide a rustic sensual experience to the user to promote the awe desired in religious spaces. Also to invigorate the users within the space.

24

Geometry The geometry of architectural elements and space directly influence how we perceive space. Predictable standard shapes such as square & rectangle is predictable are comforting. Angular & dynamic shapes such as triangles & diagonals are invigorating. Smooth curved lines are more relaxing than sharp angled lines.

Foundation Louis Vuitton, Paris, France By: Gehry Partners

The smooth curved geometry used in the Guggenheim museum has a claiming effect on ones perception. It is also used to seamlessly navigate the architecture. However the psychological effect is clear. The calming effect allows the users to focus on the artwork displayed.

The dynamic even chaotic geometry used in the Louis Vuitton has the opposite effect. It stands out from the very still landscape & spikes curiosity drawing people into the architecture.

Both share the same function yet evoke different psychological effects

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NY, USA By: Frank Lloyd Wright

2 25

Low contrast - relaxing

High contrast - invigorating

Light & Shadow Light & shadow in a space can alter how we feel in a space. The higher the contrast between the two the stronger the influence on our perception. Higher contrast results in more energizing affects, subtle gradation between light & shadow has a relaxing effect on us.

Church of the Light, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan By: Tadao Ando

Andao uses light & shadow as a tool to control how users perceive the space. In this case he uses high contrast between slits of bright light and a dark box to instill feelings of awe The reason is to stimulate a spiritual connection due to the religious nature of the space

26

The spatial organization of space influence how we perceive a space and navigate it. Strategic placements of architectural elements can control how a user navigates a space. Predictable paths tend to relax us whereas unpredictable paths excite us. Elements such as walls & circulation cores are key elements in controlling how one navigates and perceives a space.

Fallingwater House, Mill Run, PA By: Frank Lloyd Wright

Frank Lloyd Wright was a major pioneer in how users navigate his architecture. Moves include wall placements, indirect routes & views to guide and control how users navigate the space.

Falling water is no exception, Wright uses both the site topography to construct paths that are navigated with the users line of vision. Careful offsets of walls & stair locations dictates how the architecture is navigated. It creates both excitement as the user is unaware of “what’s around the corner”

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Path & Sequence

2 27

Space & Scale

28

Light & shadow in a space can alter how we feel in a space. The higher the contrast between the two the stronger the influence on our perception. Higher contrast results in more energizing affects, subtle gradation between light & shadow has a relaxing effect on us.

Loos is a pioneer when it comes to manipulating spatial scale & perception. The Muller house reflect the Raumplan strategies which is the complex organization of staggered spaces to carefully control both the scale and navigation of spaces. The way the spaces are placed three dimensionally effects how one perceives the space (large/cozy).

Villa MĂźller, Prague, Czech Republic By: Adolf Loos

Lower ceilings & smaller spaces feel more comfortable & intimate whereas higher ceilings & larger spaces with over looking views feel more formal & spacious.

Relationship between the Senses of Architecture Conceptual Diagram

Conceptual Diagram of “Architecture of Embodiment” by Alex Arteaga Head of Auditory Architecture Research Unit, Berlin University of the Arts

Psychological & pysiological responses

Five Senses

Senses of Architecture

Triggers cognition

Reasearch goals Tailoring cognition through design to evoke feelings of wellness

Reasearch goals Understanding aesthetic experience & cognition emerges from the aesthetics of design

Conclusion: The senses of architecture stimulate the senses The term “senses of architecture” refer to specific conditions in architecture that trigger a sensing stimulus within the user and not the cognitive ability of architecture. Similar to the human senses, the architectural senses serve as an opportunity for carefully controlled conditions which can evoke positive emotions on the user. As a result design characteristics which range from physical attributes to spatial layout paired with the understanding of the five human senses can be used to design spaces that may evoke feelings of wellness

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Aesthetics of the Built enviorment

2 29

Five Senses & Senses of Architecture Touch

Certain materials can evoke certain memories associated with taste. E.g. Brick reminds you of the time you enjoyed a cup of hot cocoa in front of your fireplace

Materiality

Haptic: learning through touch how tactile space can induce positive feelings

Space & Scale

Visual & physical contact with space can be used to evoke positive feelings

Space may be designed to evoke feelings of refuge or escape. E.g. a compact space can make you feel safe

Geometry

Sharp/angled shapes vs. smooth/soft curves impact on how we feel

Certain geometry impacts hoe we feel in a space. Angled spaces may be associated with rough texture we may taste

Light & Shadow

Path & Sequence 30

Taste

Cold space or a warm space how certain material make us “feel� a specific way

Haptic materials may be used as a strategy for way finding within a building

Light makes us feel refreshed similar to drinking a cup of lemon juice

Sight

Hearing Direct relationship between materiality and sound transference. Hard materials bounce the sounds soft materials absorb depends on materials physical qualities

Materials can evoke certain memories associated with smell textures and materials

Some materials offer natural patterns which may evoke feelings of delight or comfort whereas over stimulation evokes feelings of stress

Depending on the scale of space smells may be more pronounced or diffused

Color psychology as well as large scale space vs. confined spaces (dwarfed/compressed)

Large spaces which sound echoes evokes feelings of grandeur/inspired as opposed to small spaces which may evoke feelings of crowding/intimacy

Certain geometries make us feel calm such as curves and smooth lines as opposed to sharp angles geometries which tend to offer feelings of stimulation/stress

Transference of sound is impacted by geometry. Hard surfaces bounce sounds as opposed to soft surfaces which absorb sound

Daylight gives the human feelings of comfort visual connection to the outside. Feeling light/refreshed as opposed to dark compressed/sad The spatial organization & the sense of smell may be used as a way of guidance. A scent garden or a cafe may instruct a user how to navigate space

Parallax is a strategy used in landscape design a visual goal is opposing a physical path as a way to control how a user experiences a space

Sound &surfaces influence how users navigate space. Users tend to navigate a space faster in highly reflected sound spaces as opposed to spaces that absorb sound

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Smell

2 31

32

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Chapter 3 - Proxemics

33

Intimate zone 0” - 18” Personal zone 1’6” - 4’ Social zone 4’ - 12’

Public zone 25’ & over

Proxemics Proxemics is mans us of space informed by his culture. It is the “invisible bubble” that defines his intimate, personal, social and public space. The dimensions of each space varies across cultures. Proxemics is crucial to design as it can inform how the user feels, defines, behaves & interacts in a space. It defines privacy, intrusion & perception of a space in respect to their cultural background. Thus it can serve as a clue to reasons why a person may feel agitated or “crowded” in a given space. These findings about proxemics are taken from the work of Edward T. Hall an anthropologist his book “The hidden dimension”

Intimate Zone

34

Personal Zone

Social Zone

Public Zone

Close

0”-6”

1’6” - 2’6”

4’ - 7’

12’ - 25’

Far

6”-18”

2’6” - 4’

7’ - 12’

25’ & over

Ordered space

Arabs

German

Defined Space

Multi-purpose flex space

North American

Japanese

Undefined space English

The “ma� in between space Japanese

French

Visual Privacy German Arabs

Personal space North American French

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Unobstructed large space

3

Arabs

35

Spatial Characteristics - Defined spaces - Invitation to space required - Physical screening

Relaxed

North American The North American is accustomed to defining physical space for various activities. He/She also feel entitled to their own space. An American communicates privacy through physical screening. The closed door means the American wants to be left alone while the open door reflects a readiness to be engaged with. The American’s proxemics is of utmost importance. An intrusion physically on an Americans personal space spikes annoyance, This paired with physical contact. The only exception is if forced such as subways or crowded spaces however they avoid eye contact and tense up. The American is trained that it is rude to stare thus feels uncomfortable when someone looks intently at them. Moving furniture is acceptable unlike the German. The loud voice of Americans that can be overheard is acceptable as it represents openness in the culture.

A North American is comfortable if his/her personal space is respected making them relaxed

Stressed

Any intrusion on a North American’s personal space results in feelings of tension & stress as this intrusion was not permitted

36

Spatial Characteristics

German The German’s space is an extension of his ego thus intrusion on that space is considered trespassing. For German’s a visual connection to a group engaged in a conversation is considered as an invasion of privacy. Order is of utmost importance to the Germans, Thus open doors and movable furniture is considered as disorderly and offensive. That is why Germans have a closed door policy & heavy furniture, to control and impose order.

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

- Spatial order - Visual & Auditory access without invitation is intrusion - Physical screening for order - Heavy furniture to maintain order

3 37

Spatial Characteristics - Undefined spaces - Screening internalized - Privacy via control volume & eye contact

English The Englishman feels no entitlement to his owns space. This is due to environmental conditioning during his childhood he shares a nursery with his siblings. Thus the English define space or privacy not through physical screening methods but through physical and internalized barriers. If the Englishman doesn’t wish to be disturbed he goes quiet and avoids interaction. To maintain privacy in interaction in shared space he moderates his voice to be heard by his peer. To be overheard is considered an intrusion and reflects poor manners and inferior social status. For the English relationship are formed on social status and not proxemics. The English stare with fixed eye contact to show that they are listening intently & by rapid blinking.

American Office Space

English Office Space 38

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

French

Public space - sensual experience using all the senses intended for socializing

The French perceive the home as a private space and the outside as public space. The French are accustomed to live in crowded conditions and small spaces. This is reflected in their automobiles and their use of space. Due to this crowded condition the French are sensually involved with each other & their environment. They too stare intently to the subject they are talking to. The French use public space for entertaining as a result of their cramped living, this means even in public the French don’t mind intrusions as they are used to it.

Spatial Characteristics - Cramped private spaces - Social space in public - Sensual use of all senses - Accustomed to crowding

Private space - the home know as the private relm with overcrowding and cramped spaces

3 39

Arab Arabs interpret public spaces as public. An intrusion of ones zones in public is acceptable. The Arab feels constrained in American homes as they are “too small� than their large spaces with high ceilings. Arabs olfactory sense is of utmost importance. It communicates a persons mood but also reflects ones respect of their subject. If they smell good it pleases others and thus communicates a sign of respect. Arabs feel constricted in spaces that have obstruction or visual barriers. Privacy is dependent on ones relationship to the Arab. In the Arab household there is no privacy and if an Arab screens by disengaging with his/her peers both eye contact & talking as a sign to be alone with their thoughts (similar to the English)

American prefers defined space with obstructed views

Spatial Characteristics - Physical contact in public is appropriate - Visual obstruction evokes feelings of compression - Constant visual & physical contact - Large spaces with high ceilings

40

Arab prefers open space with unobstructed views

Spatial Characteristics

Japanese The Japanese focus on the in between space (ma) as opposed to the Westerner who focuses on the objects within space. This is communicated as they define the intersections of the street but not the street itself. The Japanese are truly sensual people and engage with all their sense which is translated in their garden designs. Instead of clearly defining space the Japanese have flexible multipurpose spaces. Depending on the time of day and activities the sliding walls may be adjusted to accommodate eating, sleeping, socializing etc. The Japanese privacy is the house and the direct space surrounding it an intrusion on that space is considered trespassing & invasion of privacy.

Multi-use flex space emphasizes the “ma”

Conclusion: Proxemics influences spatial preception The findings made by Edward T. Hall offers a anthropological understanding about users from different cultures use and interact with space. This understanding can help us understand the strategies behind architecture made by people from various cultures. Also this knowledge may be used to understand what spatial conditions offer feelings of relaxation and why others offer feelings of stress. Proxemics offer physical dimension of the types of spaces which may be applied to architectural design to control how a user may use and interact with a space, move quickly or linger within a space.

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

- Multi-use flex spaces - Sensual experience use all senses - Focus on “ma” in between space - Trespassing if intrude on private garden

3 41

42

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Chapter 4 - Wellness

43

“Is an active process through which people become aware of, and make choices toward, a more successful existence�

- National Wellness Institute

Wellness

Wellness Model

Achieving wellness is multi-dimensional and a holistic process that encompasses lifestyle, mental and spiritual well-being and the built environment. The six dimensions of wellness is a holistic model developed by Dr. Bill Hettler reflects the relationship between each dimension of wellness and how it may used to achieve healthy living.

44

Physical Wellness Centers

Psychological Wellness Centers

Spiritual Wellness Centers

- Fitness - Nutrition - Alternative medicine -Spa - Physical rehabilitation

- Psychologists/Psychiatrists - Medical facilities - Educational programs - Stress management - Psychological rehab (addictions)

- Meditation - Yoga - Educational programs - Religious

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Typical Wellness centers

4 45

Case Study: Academic Wellness Center Branksome Hall Athletics & Wellness Center, Toronto, Canada By: MacLennan Jaunkalns Miller Architects

Program - Sports facilities (courts) - Aquatics - Gymnasium - Yoga & Dance studios - Atria - Informal study spaces - Dinning hall & Kitchen - Courtyards - Admin & support spaces

Design Characteristics - Visual connections between spaces to promote activity & involvement - Visual connections to nature (via landscape) - Abundant natural light - Exterior transparence to promote community engagement

The goal of academic wellness centers is to ensure the safety & wellbeing of students, faculty & staff.

They may offer and opportunity to engage with surrounding communities.

They must be easily accessible & porous on ground level to allow for access to the services provided.

46

Case Study: Corporation Wellness Center

Program - Guest rooms (124) - Therapy rooms (spa) - Pool - Dinning & Kitchen - Gym - Common spaces - Admin & support spaces - Surrounding park - Outdoor seating areas

Design Characteristics - Embedded in natural landscape - Use of natural materials - Therapy pool at the core - Fresh colored hues - Sound insulation - Visual connection to nature - Ventilation & daylight

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Medical Resort Bad Schallerbach, Bad Schallerbach, Austria By: Architects Collective ZT-GmbH

4 47

Case Study: Rehabilitation Center Woy Woy Rehabilitation Unit, Woy Woy NSW, Australia By: Woods Bagot

Program - Lounge - Guest rooms - Consult rooms - Meeting rooms - Dinning & Kitchen - Gym - Surrounding park - Admin & support spaces

48

Design Characteristics - Embedded in nature - Abundant daylight - Small scale pavilions - Transparencies to allow for views of landscape - Courtyard spaces - Centralized plan with clear circulation

Case Study: Retreat

Program - Common spaces - Treatment rooms - Gym - Pool - Sauna & Steam - Dinning & Kitchen - Strolling paths - Surrounding park - Admin & support spaces

Design Characteristics - Embedded in nature - Abundant daylight - Transparencies to allow for views of landscape - Insulation - Natural materials - Organic shapes/ forms in planning & spatial organization

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Orhidelia Wellness, PodÄ?etrtek, Slovenia By: Enota

4 49

Case Study: Rehabilitation & Community Center Rehabilitation Centre Groot Klimmendaal, The Netherlands By: Koen van Velsen

Program - Common spaces - Gym - Pool - Clinical areas - Consultation rooms - Offices - Theatre - Dinning & Kitchen - Admin & support spaces

50

Design Characteristics - Embedded in nature - Abundant daylight (light wells) - Full height glazing - Clear spatial arrangement of program - Striking & subtle colors - Clear circulation paths - Strolling paths

Case Study: Community Center

Program - Common spaces - Treatment - Aquatics rooms - Fitness center - Arts facility (courts & gym) - Youth & family - Library service center - Dinning & Kitchen - Maternal & - Theatre child health - Public foyer facility - Admin & support - Offices spaces - Treatment rooms

Design Characteristics - High transparencies to allow activity & involvement - Public entry - Clear organization of program - Courtyards - Zoning public vs. private - Abundant daylight

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Clayton Community Centre , Clayton, Victoria, Australia By: Jackson Architecture

4 51

Case Study: Spiritual Center SK Yee Healthy Life Centre, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong By: Ronald Lu & Partners

Program - Counselling rooms (children & Adults) - Courtyards - Common spaces - Meditation spaces - Dinning & Kitchen - Admin & support spaces

52

Design Characteristics - Immersed in nature - Green walls/roof - Abundant daylight - Transparencies to allow for views of landscape - Ventilation - Insulation

Case Study: Spa

Program - Common spaces - Treatment rooms - Sun deck - Pools - Sauna & Steam - Meditation spaces - Admin & support spaces

Design Characteristics - Embedded in nature - Organic forms - Transparencies to allow for views of landscape - Insulation - Natural materials - Centralized plan - Abundant daylight

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Eskisehir Hotel and Spa, EskiĹ&#x;ehir/Eskisehir, Turkey By: GAD Architecture

4 53

How is Wellness measured? Within a Community Community Assets A communities physical and social environments is a source to assess wellness within a community. These environments are the community assets. These assets are within a community which contribute to healthy living habits to members within a given community. Wellness can be achieved by implementing policies, systems and environmental changes within the community.

Policies Rules, regulations, laws, protocols and procedures that may guide or inform our behavior.

E.g. no smoking in buildings, nutrition in school more crosswalks to promote walking etc.

Systems change Elements within the systems changes resulting in substantial changes within the overall system of the community.

E.g. mixed-use communities can promote social engagement, economic growth and increase in physical activity

Environmental changes Are physical, social and economic changes that can guide people to make healthier choices.

E.g. farmers market, community gardens, park space, walking paths, public spaces, access to healthcare etc.

Architecture and design directly relates to the environmental changes that impact the overall wellness within a community 54

Non-profit organizations Low-income communities

Higher education Students, faculty & staff

Corporations Employees & staff

- Educational programs - Counselling - Spiritual spaces - Legal services - Soup kitchen - Primary health clinics - Life coaching - Children space - Legal services - Employment aid

- Educational programs - Counselling - Gym - Communal meeting spaces - Life coaching - Nutrition - Spaces that foster creativity - Meditation spaces - Healthcare specialists

- Educational programs - Counselling - Gym - Spa - Healthcare specialists - Nutrition - Alternative medicine - Spiritual spaces - Life coaching - Meditation spaces - Communal meeting spaces

Conclusion: Design can promote wellness

Typical wellness centers do not offer a full model of wellness but only one or two dimensions. This offers the opportunity to develop an architecture which may offer all dimensions. The funding of such centers are based on a single institutions which offers only services respective to the institution. Finding a site which encompasses all institutions can serve as an opportunity to develop a unique hybrid of all various stakeholders paired with a holistic model of wellness can promote wellness within the community

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Institutional Funding & Services offered

4 55

56

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Chapter 5 - Design Proposal

57

Proposed Hybrid Target audience - Students - Faculty - Employers - Employees - Neighboring residents - Low income communities

Higher Education

Institutions & Wellness Non-Profit organization

Corporations

Scope of Services - Educational programs - Counselling - Spiritual spaces - Legal services - Soup kitchen - Primary health clinics - Life coaching - Children space - Legal services - Employment aid

58

Design Characteristics - Gym - Communal meeting spaces - Nutrition - Spaces that foster creativity - Meditation spaces - Healthcare specialists - Spa - Alternative medicine - Community garden - Public plaza (events/farmers market)

- Accessible: porous ground level entry - Abundant daylight - Views to nature (windows should facilitate carefully framed views) - Walkways & paths to promote activity - Secluded spaces of retreat & meditation - Program distinguished by wings - Natural materials - Clear navigation & circulation - Scent garden/landscape - Public spaces to promote activity & engagement

Proposed Program & Spatial requirements Physical contact

Site Conditions

Exam Room - 10’ 6” x 12’ 6” Acupuncture - 16’ x 10’ Massage room - 10’ x 11’ 9”

- Accessible - Strolling paths - Massing to curate experience

Consult room - 10’ 11” x 8’ 8”

- Program distinguished via buildings

Admin - 24’ 6” x 26’ 6” Break room - 18’ x 16’ Office - 9’ x 10’ Meeting room - 10’ x 11’ 9”

Athletic facility Pools - 15’ x 43’ Locker room - 23’ 6” x 63’ Gym - 91’ x 79’ 8” Courts - 50’ x 94’

Common Spaces Library - TBD Lounge - 26’ 6” x 24’ 6” Meeting room - 15’ x 15’ / 15’ x 25’ Cafeteria - 85’ x 43’

Public Spaces Plaza - TBD Community garden - 30’ x 30’ / 20’ x 40’

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Office Spaces

5

Support Spaces TBD 59

Proposed Site

East Cambridge

60

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Proposed Site: Program Map

Site residential

Commercial

5

Institutional

61

Proposed Site: Transportation Map

Site Primary street Secondary street Territary street Bike path Train station Bus stop

62

Proposed Site: Site Access

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

East Cambridge

Site Vehicular access

5

Pedestrian access Bike path

63

Bibliography Architecture of embodiment & Quote http://www.architecture-embodiment.org http://www.uboeschenstein.ch/texte/thompson-Varela-sense.html Wellness center sources http://www.nationalwellness.org/?page=MemberTypes http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nationalwellness.org/resource/resmgr/docs/sixdimensionsfactsheet.pdf http://www.athenawellnesscenter.com/what-is-a-wellness-center http://www.holistichelp.net/holistic-health.html https://www.appointment-plus.com/blog/how-to-open-a-wellness-center https://www.salonbuilder.com/info/wellness-centers.html http://www.oneonta.edu/development/health/services.asp http://www.athenawellnesscenter.com/what-is-a-wellness-center https://wellnesscenter.uic.edu/dimen.shtml http://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/what-is-holistic-medicine http://www.pnf.org/Definitions_of_Health_C.pdf http://www.wisegeekhealth.com/what-is-a-wellness-center.htm

64

Bibliography Case Studies Hearing http://www.architravel.com/architravel/building/cuadra-san-cristobal/ https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Los_Clubes scent http://www.adams-masoud.com/index.php?/projects/xian-scent-garden/

https://www.daniels.utoronto.ca/news/2010/09/scent_garden_elkhoury_adams_dixon_masoud_published_landscape_ architecture_china Touch http://www.archdaily.com/13358/the-therme-vals Taste http://duntonhotsprings.com/cabins-rates/ Senses of Architecture Peter Zumthor book “thinking Architecture� http://www.filozofia.bme.hu/materials/kerekgyarto/szakmernoki/ido,%20emlekezet,%20epiteszet/tovabbi%20szovegek/ Zumth,%20Thinking.pdf http://architizer.com/blog/the-architecture-of-perception/

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

https://allisoncheng.wordpress.com/all/xian-scent-garden-renderings/

http://www.etsav.upc.edu/locus/outputs/accessibility/perception/Architecture,%20Senses,%20Body%20and%20Perception.pdf Materiality http://www.archdaily.com/106352/bruder-klaus-field-chapel-peter-zumthor

65

Bibliography Spatiality/scale http://socks-studio.com/2014/03/03/i-do-not-draw-plans-facades-or-sections-adolf-loos-and-the-villa-muller/ https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Villa_MĂźller Geometry http://www.archdaily.com/555694/fondation-louis-vuitton-gehry-partners http://www.archdaily.com/60392/ad-classics-solomon-r-guggenheim-museum-frank-lloyd-wright Light & shadow http://www.archdaily.com/101260/ad-classics-church-of-the-light-tadao-ando Path & navigation http://www.archdaily.com/60022/ad-classics-fallingwater-frank-lloyd-wright wellness center case studies Academic http://www.archdaily.com/786753/branksome-hall-athletics-and-wellness-centre-maclennan-jaunkalns-miller-architects Corporation wellness http://www.archdaily.com/459571/medical-resort-bad-schallerbach-architects-collective-zt-gmbh-ac Rehab centers http://www.archdaily.com/551038/woy-woy-rehabilitation-unit-woods-bagot Retreat http://www.archdaily.com/62814/orhidelia-wellness-enota Rehab + community http://www.archdaily.com/126290/rehabilitation-centre-groot-klimmendaal-koen-van-velsen

66

Bibliography Community center http://www.archdaily.com/272354/clayton-community-centre-jackson-architecture Spiritual Center http://www.archdaily.com/590542/sk-yee-healthy-life-centre-ronald-lu-and-partners

MassHealth http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/researcher/community-health/health-of-mass/ http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/commissioner/health-mass.pdf http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/researcher/community-health/health-of-mass/chapter-8-environmental-health.html http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/researcher/community-health/health-of-mass/chapter-9-occupational-health.html http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/researcher/community-health/health-of-mass/chapter-7-wellness-and-chronic-disease.html CDC https://www.cdc.gov/hrqol/wellbeing.htm#five Cambridge maps/data http://www.cambridgema.gov/GIS/3D/3ddata/sketchupskp Books Steg, Linda, Agnes E. van den Berg, and Judith I. M De Groot. 2012. Environmental Psychology. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

Senses & The senses of Architecture Sawsan Al-Bargi

Spa http://www.archdaily.com/523257/eskisehir-hotel-and-spa-gad-architecture

Kopec, David Alan. 2006. Environmental Psychology For Design. New York: Fairchild.

Hall, Edward T. 1966. The Hidden Dimension. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.

Augustin, Sally. Place Advantage.

67

Research Methodology Dimensions of Wellness Occupational

Emotional

Spiritual

The Six Dimensions of Wellness Bill Hettler, MD, Co-Founder, National Wellness Institute

Physical

Social

Intellectual

Wellness Types

Five Senses Physical

Psychological

Spiritual

Higher Education

Corporations

Stakeholders

Non-profit

Community Assets

Architectural Senses Policies

Systems

Built Enviornment

Research Consolidation Tailoring cognition through design to evoke feelings of wellness

Psychological & physiological responses

Five Senses

Senses of Architecture

Project Aspirations Learn

Step 1 - Learn

This step is essential to attaining wellness it provides the programmatic need to educate people within a community about “what is wellness” this includes education spaces meeting rooms, classes, auditorium etc. (social + Individual)

Step 2 - Work

Give

Wellness

Work

This step focuses on doing the work to be well. This ranges from spiritual wellnes to physical wellness, the concious investment in participating in activities to achieve wellness (individual focus)

Step 3 - Live This step emphasizes lifestyle & enviornmental changes associated with the wellbeing of people of the community (out of scope) however integral to achieving wellness by “living well”

Step 4 - Give Live

This step is the “pay it forward” step where people within a community can give back by educating and participating in activities to promote wellness. This ranges from confrences to communal gardening & soup kitchen service (social focus)

Site Selection

Site residential Corporate offices Commercial Institutional

Current Site Conditions Site Plan

Key Volpe property Surface parking

Site Images

Wellness Park Master plan

Wellness Park Lot size: 3.6 Acres

Housing

#3

#4

#1

Lot size: 69,103 sqft GFA (gross floor area): 243,000 sqft FAR: 3.5 1 Bedroom: 252 units 2 Bedroom: 306 units Multi-family: 40 units Total units: 598 units Height: 91’11” open space: 42,103 sqft (61%)

Mixed Use - Housing + Retail #2

Lot size: 305,863 sqft Building #1 GFA : 123,460 sqft Building #2 GFA: 61,160 sqft Total GFA: 184,620 sqft

Office & Innovation Space Lot size: 305,863 sqft Building #3 GFA : 411,957 sqft Building #4 GFA: 500,367 sqft Total GFA: 912,324 sqft

Site & Filtering stratagey Filter Variations 1.

2.

Key Topography Trees Water Architecture Mounds Shrubs Small rivers Sculptures

Topography

Trees

Architecture

Water

Wellness Park - Program

Learn - 26,330 sqft

- 2 Large Lecture (seating 120)-1,200 sqft.

- 5 Multiple purpose meeting (seating 30 with 760 sqft each) - 2,400 sqft - 3 Meeting room (60 sq ft. each) - 3,800 sqft.

- 3 Meeting Room Storage(60 sq ft. each)-180sqft - auditorium (300 seats) - 18,750 sq ft.

Work - 14,356 sqft

- fitness center - 7,076 sq ft.

- 4 yoga studios - 4,800 sqft (1,200 sq ft) - meditation spaces - 2,480 sqft (2 group 1,200 sq ft & 5 singular 8 sq ft)

Live - 9,722 sqft - health service clinic - 1,840 sq ft (3 exam rooms) - soup kitchen - 7,282 sq ft.

- 5 counselling offices - 600 sqft (120 sq ft. each)

Give - 113,996 sqft (3.6 acres) - Community garden 9,000 sq ft - 100 sq ft per person(90 people) yeilds aprox. $1,000 - $4,000 worth of produce 7 - 8 hour of sunlight - Scent garden (strolling) -Irrigation by small rivers ( 3� width -grey water) - Trees:Japanese Snowbell Tree, American elm, Sioux Crape Myrtle, Cleveland Pear Tree etc.

- Flowers: - Herbs: Lavender, sage, Mint, Lemon balm

Key Wellness park Volpe offices Housing Mixed Use

Site History Volpe - The national transportation systems center What is Volpe?

A fedral agency of the DOT funded by sponsor projects. A fedral research facility that offers transportation innovation for the public good and improve transportation services by anticipating emerging issues by advancing technical, operational and institutional innovation.

Why Volpe?

An organization with extensive community outreach efforts who’s mission and agendas align with the projects goals and aspirations.

- Educational outreach: Lunch buddies program & Kendall square learning project - Charitable giving: equiptment, furniture & clothing, combined fedral campaign (CFC) and Feds feed families - Environmental Stewardship: Volpe green team, 1st place by the green streets initiative for the 2015 walk/ride day, Go green award for large businesses, Green Binnie and the DOT green team award in 2012 - Community presence/influence due to local memberships in: Cambridge chamber of commerce, The Kendall square association and the greater Boston Fedral executive board.

Current site

Volpe site and future planning Volpe wants a private developer to develop part of the land in exchange for funds enabling Volpe to build a new facility on a part of the site to replace its deteriorating buildings.

Site specs - 13 Acres (562,104.67 sqft) - Built: 69,177.49 sqft (12.3%) - Open space with parking: 492,927.18 sqft (87.7%) - Open space w/o parking: 391,738.29 sqft - 0ngrade Parking: 101,188.89 sqft ( 25.8% of open space)

Proposed site

Scale: 5’ 15’ 100’ 160’

Current site The existing conditions

C-2B PUD-KS

o-2 PUD-KS

BA/PUD-KS

Parcels & Zoning

Roads

Parking

Open space

Built space

Site

The City of Cambridge, Massachusetts Zoning Ordinance PUD-KS guideliines (existing zoning) - GFA for owner of 5+ acres: 60% non-residential - FAR: 3.0 per development parcel - Individual establishments: dont exceed 10,000sqft - Public access: on Third st., Broadway or park - Minimum parcel size: 40,000 sqft. or 75% of lot(s) - Residential density: minimum lot size 300sqft.

- Maximum building height: 85’ bound by Potter st.,Third st. & Monroe st.

180’ bound by Third st. & Broadway 180’ may rise to 250’ floor plates do not exceed 10% of parcel area 45’ height within a 50’ range of public space 10‘ setback of 45’ height/20‘ setback of 45’ height(to increase) - Open space (per parcel): min.20% public space/green space/permeable open space - Public open space: less than 7.5 acres for land owned by fedral government (pending) - Perimeter & transition: perimeter fronts on an existing street or public open space should complement and harmonize with adjacent land uses with respect to scale, density, setback, bulk, height, landscaping, and screening. Developments must provide integrated pedestrian circulation systems, with strong links to the riverfront, Kendall Square, and the Eastern Cambridge neighborhoods.

- Parking & loading req.: (1) Residence: 1 space per unit minimum, 1.5 spaces per unit maximum (2) Public Assembly: 1 per 15 seats (3) Institutional: 1 space per 1,800 square feet.

(4) Retail and Office: Ground floor: 1,125 square feet & Other level: 1,800 square feet - GF retail & customer service use: fronts and has a public entrance onto a public street or a public open space, located at the first floor level of a multistory building not exceed 10,000 sqft per establishment (no parking required) - Traffic Mitigation: Must align with the Transportation Demand Management Program to reduce parking, mandated in this PUD - Residential Use abutting Binney st.: The negative impacts of truck and other heavy vehicular traffic on Binney Street must be adequately mitigated for the residents. Such mitigation shall be achieved through the location (massing of Parcel) and building program; setbacks, landscaping (buffers);construction techniques to minimize the transmission of sound and vibrations; and/or through the employment of any other appropriate measures.

Planned Unit Development Districts at Kendall Square (PUD-KS)

C-2B PUD-KS

o-2 PUD-KS

BA/PUD-KS

Site Parcels & Zoning (1) o-2 PUD-KS (offices) (2) C-2B PUD-KS (residences) (3) BA PUD-KS (business)

http://www.cambridgema.gov/~/media/Files/CDD/ZoningDevel/Ordinance/zo_article13_1382.ashx

EASTERN CAMBRIDGE DESIGN GUIDELINES Volpe Center Goals: - Create new housing south of Binney Street to link existing neighborhoods and Kendall Square.

- Create a major new public park facing Binney Street, surrounded by residential and retail uses.

- Strongly encourage retail uses on Third Street and Broadway to create active street life in Kendall Square and to create a lively connection between the neighborhoods and Kendall Square.

- Create a mix of housing and commercial uses along Broadway.

- Create a transition in land uses and heights from Broadway to the residential neighborhoods.

Refer to Guidlines for: (1) Built form: - Street level use & design - Building height & orientation - Scale & massing - Architectural character - Enviornmental guidelines - Parking (2) Public realm: - Open space: Use open space to create links between Kendall Square and the residential neighborhoods - Streets & sidewalks - Connections: Provide green connections to Broadway and Third Street as extensions of the proposed public park & Provide strong pedestrian and bicycle connections to the Broad Canal and the Charles River from the site.

- Transportation

Zoning Proposal

Housing - 63,118.92 sqft.

Housing & commercial - 101,808.30 sqft.

Volpe offices - 175,162.13 sqft.

Park - 144,655.64 sqft. parking & park - 48,869.84 sqft.

Aprox. 4.4 acres of park/open space

http://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/Projects/Planning/~/media/CD297DFFF16944BCAEA0CD12D7FCCC08.ashx

Proposal for Volpe Campus Masterplan Housing

Current Zoning Summary

Lot size: 63,119 sqft GFA (gross floor area): 207,900 sqft FAR: 3.3 1 Bedroom: 60 units 2 Bedroom: 72 units Multi-family: 42 units Total units: 174 units Height: 50’3” approx.

Parking req.: 174 open space: 34,769 sqft (55%)

Allowed FAR: 3.0 / 3.36 Minimum Housing: 40% Affordable Housing: 11.5% (% of total housing) Public Open Space: 42% / 53% (% of parcel area) Parking: Minimum requirements Ground Floor Retail: Incentivized Innovation Space: N/A Sustainability and Environmental Mitigation: Section 22.20 applies (LEED Silver)

Offices

Residential: 967,000 sqft Office / Lab: 1,086,000 sqft Retail: 50,000 sqft Total 2,103,000 sqft

GFA: 873,000 sqft Lot size: 175,162 sqft Height constraint: 85’ Open space req.: 15% Innovation space: 84,000sqft (included) Parking req.: 194.4 (0.9/1000 sqft) Open space: 103,162 sqft (59%)

Retail

Lot size: 101,808 sqft Total GFA:722,311 sqft Housing GFA: 669,645 sqft Retail GFA: 52,666 sqft Parking req.: 105 (0.5/1000 sqft)

Private Development Summary (GFA)

Desired Housing Mix Total Units: 1,000 Low income Units: 100 approx.

Medium income units: 50 approx.

3 Bedroom all income: 50 approx.

Park 145,796.56 sqft

Parking TBD http://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/Projects/Zoning/~/media/B68F7FBB9E9C444F920F0A84E2BC53F5.ashx

Programming: Senses & The senses of Architecture Learn - 26,330 sqft - 2 Large Lecture (seating 120)-1,200 sqft.

- 5 Multiple purpose meeting (seating 30 with 760 sqft each) - 2,400 sqft - 3 Meeting room (60 sq ft. each) - 3,800 sqft.

- 3 Meeting Room Storage(60 sq ft. each)-180sqft - auditorium (300 seats) - 18,750 sq ft.

Community garden 9,000 sqft

Learn 12,000 sqft 2.5 storey

Live & Work 10,800 sqft 2.5 storey

Work - 14,356 sqft

- fitness center - 7,076 sq ft.

- 4 yoga studios - 4,800 sqft (1,200 sq ft) - meditation spaces - 2,480 sqft (2 group 1,200 sq ft & 5 singular 8 sq ft)

Live - 9,722 sqft - health service clinic - 1,840 sq ft (3 exam rooms) - soup kitchen - 7,282 sq ft.

- 5 counselling offices - 600 sqft (120 sq ft. each)

Give - 113,996 sqft (3.6 acres) - Community garden 9,000 sq ft - 100 sq ft per person(90 people) yeilds aprox. $1,000 - $4,000 worth of produce 7 - 8 hour of sunlight - Scent garden (strolling) -Irrigation by small rivers (1 inch width -grey water)

Housing

- Trees:Japanese Snowbell Tree, American elm, Sioux Crape Myrtle, Cleveland Pear Tree etc.

- Flowers: - Herbs: Lavender, sage, Mint, Lemon balm

Housing & commercial Volpe offices Wellness Park

https://www.wbdg.org/design/clinic_health.php