HIGH WATER AND HOUSING: A SOLUTION FOR URBAN RESILIENCY
I am proposing a new form of resilient housing design for high water events in the urban context. I will be focusing on the relationship between land form, responsive architectures, and the physics of water to inform my design. Through analyzing precedents of several different resilient strategies, I have deduced that the most effective strategies include constructed green spaces and buoyant construction. These strategies will be deployed on a site on the harbor’s edge in East Boston, an area that is especially prone to the effects of high water events and would benefit from a solution for urban resiliency.
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
by TYLER WILD ARCH 7130 INSTRUCTOR: PETER WIEDERSPAHN
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 SEA LEVEL RISE+IMPORTANCE OF COASTAL CITIES...............5 2 EAST BOSTON: SITE SELECTION AND VULNERABILITY.........13 3 RESILIENCE STRATEGIES.........................................................25 4 CONSTRUCTED GREENS.......................................................... 51 5 BUOYANT CONSTRUCTION.......................................................63 6 DESIGN IMPLICATIONS OF THE SITE...................................... 83 2
3
SEA LEVEL RISE
SEA LEVEL RISE
SEA LEVEL RISE: THE PAST 50 YRS
WHATS COMING 10 ft
12”
THE CAUSES
SIDE EFFECTS
by 2200
West Coast City East Coast City 8”
Back Bay Present
4” by 2100
OTHER GLACIER MELT INCREASED FLOODING
GALVESTON, TX NORFOLK, VA ATLANTIC CITY, NJ WASHINGTON D.C. NEW YORK CITY, NY BOSTON, MA CHARLESTON, SC KEY WEST, FL SAN DIEGO, CA SEATTLE, WA SAN FRANSISCO, CA LOS ANGELES, CA
1.5 ft
by 2050
38%
Back Bay 2200
+
52%
COASTAL STORMS
TEMPERATURE RISE
1
BOSTON SEA LEVEL TREND
.30
.15 (Meters)
4 ft
sea level data
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
10%
Boston Present
0
-.15
mean sea level trend
-.30 1920
1950
1980
2010
Boston 2200
6
7
RESILIENCE STRATEGIES
RESILIENCE STRATEGIES
A COMPREHENSIVE LOOK
MOST EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES
COST
ACCESIBILITY COMBINABILITY
ECOSYSTEM
VULNERABILITY EFFECTIVENESS
DRY FLOOD PROOFING
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
STRATEGY
$
+
CONSTRUCTED GREEN
WET FLOOD PROOFING
CONSTRUCTED GREENS
LIMITS VULNERABILITY
ELEVATE ON STILTS
PROMOTES
better
CHEAP EFFECTIVE
OF WAVE DAMAGE
AND
ECOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
BUOYANT HOUSING worse
BUOYANT HOUSING
ENCOURAGES AND MAKES ROOM FOR
MAINTAINS
RECREATION
METHOD OF RESILIENCY
3
NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTER
ACCOUNTS FOR
MULTIPLE WATER LEVELS
48
49
CONSTRUCTED GREENS
CONSTRUCTED GREENS
A COMPREHENSIVE LOOK
MOST EFFECTIVE STRATEGY
COST
ACCESIBILITY NEIGHBORHOOD RECREATION
VULNERABILITY EFFECTIVENESS
BUILT SLOPE TO STRUCTURE
WATERFRONT RETENTION PARK
+
ELEVATED PLATFORM
CHEAPEST
BUILT SLOPE
ALLOWS EASY SERIES OF DUNES
MAINTAINS
ACTIVATES WATER
CONSTRUCTED GREEN STRATEGY
ACCESSIBILITY
AS USABLE PART OF SITE
LIMITS VULNERABILITY
OF THE SITE
NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTER
ACCOUNTS FOR
OF WAVE DAMAGE
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
STRATEGY
$
4
MULTIPLE WATER LEVELS
RETENTION PARK worse
better
58
59
BUOYANT CONSTRUCTION
BUOYANT CONSTRUCTION
A COMPREHENSIVE LOOK
MOST EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES
COST
ACCESIBILITY
AESTHETIC
CO2
NEIGHBORHOOD FOOTPRINT
EFFECTIVENESS HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
STRATEGY
$
+
SUB-GRADE AMPHIBIOUS
ABOVE GRADE AMPHIBIOUS
SUB-GRADE AMPHIBIOUS MAINTAINS
FLOATING DOCK
NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTER
ALLOWS EASY
ACCESSIBILITY
RETROFITTED worse
72
better
DOES NOT DETRACT FROM
OF THE SITE
AESTHETIC QUALITY
FLOATING DOCK ALLEVIATES
URBAN SPRAWL
MINIMIZES THE BUILDING’S
PROMOTES THE
BY CREATING NEW LAND
5
CARBON FOOTPRINT
ACTIVATION
OF THE WATER
73
SITE SELECTION
SITE SELECTION
MARGINAL ST, EAST BOSTON, MA
MARGINAL ST, EAST BOSTON, MA
EAST BOSTON CONTEXT
THE SITE = 2,171,058 ft2 = 50 acres
THE SITE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS
REVERE
MAVERICK T
LOG
EVER
SUM
CHE LSE AR
ST
IRPO
RT
ST
ST E ST
MAR
GINA
WINTHROP
ST
STER
ORL E
BRE
MYSTIC RIVER
WEB
COT TAG
MEN S
T
NER
ANS ST
CHELSEA
AN A
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
IVER
ETT
LAM SON
EAST BOSTON CONTEXT
L ST
BOSTON, MA
PIERS PARK
CHARLES RIVER
THE
CHARLES RIVER
2
SITE
14
15
SITE SELECTION
SITE ATTRIBUTES
CURRENT USES AND RISK
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
SITE SELECTION
OVERALL
2 VIEWS
ACROSS HARBOR TO DOWNTOWN AND SEAPORT
PIERS PARK
PUBLIC PARK AND SAILING CENTER
CURRENT USES
MASSPORT STORAGE/PARKING/WASTE
FLOOD RISK
HIGHEST IN BOSTON AREA
16
17
SITE SELECTION
EAST BOSTON CONTEXT
TIDES
Original Landmass
EAST BOSTON FILL
Constructed Fill
EAST BOSTON TIDES
12.5’
TIDES CAN RISE UP TO
THE LUNAR CYCLE AND TIDES
12.5 ft
AT HIGH TIDE
AND CAN FALL DOWN TO AS LOW AS 26%
74 %
AT LOW TIDE, A
OF EAST BOSTON
IS CONSTRUCTED
74%
FILL
9.5 ft
14.8 ft !
TIDE DIFFERENTIAL.
IS THE AVERAGE TIDE DIFFERENTIAL.
TIDES SWITCH FROM LOW TO HIGH EAST BOSTON MAKES UP
10%
EAST BOSTON LAND MASS TOTALS
250,000
2X
LOW TIDE
DAILY HIGH TIDE
OF BOSTON LAND AREA
BASED ON THE
4.7mi
-2.3’
HIGH TIDE
AND ITS DIURNAL CYCLE
TIDES ARE EXACERBATED DURING
STORMS
2
LOW TIDE
TRAVEL THROUGH EAST BOSTON DAILY
EAST BOSTON IS HOME TO
$ 20 MIL
-2.3 ft
THE LUNAR CYCLE IS DIURNAL, MEANING IT HAPPENS DAILY. THIS CYCLE HAS A DIRECT INFLUENCE ON TIDES. HIGH TIDE OCCURS WHEN THE MOON IS FULL OR NEW, WHEREAS LOW TIDE OCCURS DURING A HALF MOON. THIS HAS TO DO WITH THE GRAVITATIONAL PULL OF THE MOON DURING ITS DIFFERENT PHASES OF ITS ORBIT.
40,508
GENERATED DAILY BY AIRPORT ALONE
ANOMALY
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
SITE SELECTION
STORM SURGE PREDICTED TIDE MEAN SEA LEVEL
1630 Shoreline HIGH TIDE
Present Shoreline (fill) The Site
HIGH TIDE LOW TIDE
18
LOW TIDE
19
SITE SELECTION
SITE SELECTION
LOW TIDE VS HIGH TIDE
LOW TIDE VS HIGH TIDE PIERS PARK
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
PIERS PARK
2
20
21
SITE SELECTION
2050 FLOOD MAPPING
2100 FLOOD MAPPING
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
SITE SELECTION
2 2050 SEA LEVEL RISE
22
2050 SLR + STORM
2100 SEA LEVEL RISE
2100 SLR + STORM
23
SITE SOIL
SITE SOIL
SOIL COMPOSITION
SOIL COMPOSITION
CATEGORY ASSIGNMENT
BREAKING DOWN THE SOIL TYPES
PARENT MATERIAL: EXCAVATED AND FILLED LAND OVER HERBACEOUS ORGANIC MATERIAL AND/OR ALLUVIUM AND/OR MARINE DEPOSITS
SOIL CHARACTERISTIC
o
45-50
43-54
100-200 145-240 FROST-FREE PERIOD(DAYS)
-Filled areas that were previously tidal marshes, river flood plains, bays, harbors, and swamps -Consists of rubble, refuse, and mixed soil material, typically, sand, gravel, and channel dredgings -Surface layer is very dark gray fine sandy loam about 14 inches thick -The substratum in the upper part is dark grayish brown fine sandy loam -The lower part is very dark gray silt mixed with oyster shells and other debris. -Over 80 inches to the water table -Pilings are typically used in preparing foundations
603
o
MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE
PARENT MATERIAL: EXCAVATED AND FILLED SANDY AND GRAVELLY HUMAN TRANSPORTED MATERIAL OVER HIGHLY-DECOMPOSED HERBACEOUS ORGANIC MATERIAL
603
655
MEAN PRECIPITATION
655: UE: UDORTHENTS, WET SUBSTRATUM
603
603
SOIL CLASS
32-50” 45-54”
-Mostly commercial and industrial uses -Pilings are typically used in preparing foundations -Typically covered with impervious surfaces: A storm drainage system is needed to control this excessive runoff. -The seasonal high water table is in the lower part of the substratum. -Loamy soil
655
SOIL CLASS
%
54%
46%
0-3%
0-5%
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
603:UW: URBAN WETLAND, WET SUBSTRATUM
6
PERCENT OF SITE
PERCENT SLOPES
84
85
SITE SOIL
SITE SOIL
SOIL PROFILE
PILE TYPES AND SOIL IMPLICATIONS
DATA FROM BORING HOLE NEARBY SITE
0
1
SOIL PENETRATION TEST “N” VALUE (DENSITY) 10
END BEARING PILE
SOIL LAYERS
FRICTION PILE
BORING HOLE DEPTH
100
5
ORGANIC SILT
The pile transfers the load of the building to the soil across the full height of the pile by friction. The entire surface of the pile, which is cylindrical in shape, works to transfer the forces to the soil.
SAND 10
WEAK SOIL
DEPTH (METERS)
15 MARINE CLAY 20
6
25 The bottom end of the pile rests on a layer of especially strong soil or rock. The load of the building is transferred through the pile onto the strong layer, bypassing the weak layers of soil.
30
32.9m
SILT (GLACIOMARINE) 35
STRONG SOIL
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
FILL
BEDROCK
40
86
87
CORROSION PROTECTION
CORROSION PROTECTION
PILE CORROSION DUE TO SEAWATER
METHODS FOR LIMITING PILE CORROSION OVER-DIMENSIONING THE PILES
CATHODIC PROTECTION
USE OF A HIGH YIELD STEEL
COATINGS
Effective life of the pile can be increased by the use of additional steel thickness as a corrosion allowance. The pile thickness can be increased locally by the addition of steel plates.
Cathodic protection is the commonly used technique for the overcoming the corrosion on piles. Cathodic protection is the process of using electrochemical reactions to prevent steel from corrosion.
MODERATE CORROSION
CORROSION RATE (without protection) <0.1 MM/YEAR
ATMOSPHERIC ZONE
SEVERE CORROSION
CORROSION RATE (without protection) <0.3 MM/YEAR
SPLASH ZONE
High yield steels will allow an additional 30% loss of permissible thickness to be sustained without detriment. This method, in effect, builds in a corrosion allowance and gives an increase of 30% in effective life of a steel piling structure for an increase of only about 7% in steel costs.
CORROSION RATE (MM/Y-1)
CORROSION RATE (without protection) <0.1 - 0.3 MM/YEAR
TIDAL ZONE
6
NORMAL STEEL HIGH YIELD STEEL
1.6
HIGH CORROSION
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
GROUND
1.2
ORGANIC RESIN COATINGS
CONCRETE JACKETING
GLASS FLAKE POLYESTER
FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER
0.8
LOW CORROSION
CORROSION RATE (without protection) <0.1 - 0.2 MM/YEAR
SUBMERGED ZONE
PILE
0.4 0
0
1
2
3
4
5 6 TIME (HOURS)
7
8
9
10
11
88
89
FLOOD ZONES
FLOOD ZONES
FEMA ZONING MAP
FEMA ZONING CATEGORIES
ZONE A
Wave Height < 1.5 feet
COASTAL ZONE A
ZONE V
Wave Height _> 3 feet
Wave Height 1.5-3 feet
n g w av evel includi l d o Flo
1-percent-annual-chance flood elevation
e effects
AE 100-year stillwater elevation
VE
Landward extent of storm surge
AE
AO
Limit of base flooding and waves
AE- corresponds to the areas of 1-percent annual chance of flooding
VE
AO- corresponds to the areas of 1-percent shallow flooding (usually sheet flow on sloping terrain) where average depths are between 1 and 3 feet
VE
Current Sea Level
Limit of moderate wave action
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
SURROUNDINGS
6
VE- corresponds to areas within the 1-percent annual chance coastal floodplain that have additional hazards associated with storm waves.
90
91
WAVE PROTECTION
WAVE PROTECTION
MARINE HABITAT SHELF
MARING HABITAT SHELF: PRECEDENT STUDY
TIDAL ZONES AND THEIR ECOSYSTEMS
VANCOUVER CONVENTION CENTER by LMN ARCHITECTS
ROCKWEED ROCK LOUSE
4’ 0’
LIMPET
INTERTIDAL ZONE
-9’
BARNACLES
PERIWINKLE
MUSSELS
HIGHER WATER LEVEL
CHITON
MEAN SEA LEVEL
SEA LETTUCE
ABALONE KELP CRABS
HERMIT CRABS LOWEST NORMAL TIDE
ANEMONE
SEA SLUG
SUBTIDAL ZONE
-24’ -39’
92
ALGAE
SPONGES BULL KELP
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
BUILDING
6
STARFISH
SEA URCHINS
DEEPER SUBTIDAL ZONE
93
WAVE PROTECTION
WAVE PROTECTION
OYSTER-TECTURE
OYSTER-TECTURE
WATER QUALITY EFFECTS
WAVE ATTENUATORS
PLANKTON FILTERED WATER
OYSTER
DEBRIS
WATER WITHOUT OYSTER BEDS
FUTURE PROTECTION
WATER WITH OYSTER BEDS
ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS
CRABS
OYSTER BEDS
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
CONTAMINANTS
GROW AT A RATE OF
2 cm/year
ENOUGH TO KEEP UP WITH
RISING SEA LEVELS
MOLLUSKS
LOBSTERS
6
ANEMONES
FISH
MUSSELS
94
95
DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
CLIMATE PATTERNS
SUN PATH ANALYSIS
TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F)
HIGH
90
SUMMER AND WINTER SOLSTICE ALTITUDE ANGLES
LOW
80
60
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
70
SUMMER SUN 63 DEGREES
50 40 30 20 JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
PRECIPITATION (INCHES) 4
THE SITE
3
6
WINTER SUN 26 DEGREES
2
1
N 0 JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
96
97
DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
SEASONAL WIND PATTERNS
EAST BOSTON WIND SPEED BY MONTH
N
N
15% 10%
ALTITUDE OF 4.5 FEET
ALTITUDE OF 58 FEET
16
10%
5%
WINTER
AVERAGE WIND SPEED
15%
14
5%
W
E
W
E
SPRING
12.9 AVG 12
10 S
S
N
8.8 AVG
N
15%
8
15%
10%
10%
6
6 5%
SUMMER
5%
W
E
W
E
FALL
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
PEDESTRIAN LEVEL
4
2
S
S < 15 MPH
ALL WINDS
< 10 MPH
0 0
< 7 MPH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
MONTH
98
99
DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
SITE SECTIONS
SITE SECTIONS TALLEST BUILDING 72’ TALL
ORLEANS STREET
HAYNES STREET
COTTAGE STREET
SAMUEL ADAMS SCHOOL
MARGINAL STREET
WIDE BUILDING SPACING
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
SECTION AA
MARGINAL STREET
A
B
SECTION BB BOSTON HARBOR
PEIR ONE APARTMENT BUILDING
6
MARGINAL STREET
A
SCALE:
0’
B
100’
100
101
PROGRAM
PROGRAM TYPES IN EAST BOSTON
SURROUNDING PROGRAMS TYPES
PERCENTAGE OF BUILT AREA (FT2)
EAST BOSTON CONTEXT
THE SITE = 2,171,058 ft2 = 50 acres
MAVERICK T
LOG
EVER
ETT
Commercial (15%)
ST
ST
GINA
L ST
TAG E
MAR
Residential (57%)
COT
Institutional (9%)
ST
QUANTITY OF EACH PROGRAM TYPE PIERS PARK
5226
RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES CHARLES RIVER
0
102
1000
2000
3000
4000
THE
ST
STER
SON
S ST
WEB
EAN
57%
ORL
Mixed Use (1%)
ST
ST
RESIDENTIAL
Other (2%)
NER
MEN
57%
Industrial (5%)
SUM
BRE
Government (4%)
AN A
LAM
Apartment (6%)
IRPO
RT
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
PROGRAM
6
SITE
5000
103
PROGRAM
PROGRAM
SITE SPECIFIC SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS
AUXILIARY PROGRAMS
NUMERIC PROGRAM SPECIFICATIONS
1000
RETAIL AND PUBLIC FACILITIES
50 ACRES
Residential GFA (72%)
RESIDENTIAL APARTMENT
IN THE RANGE OF
72%
UNITS
Bike Parking (1%)
AREA OF PROGRAMS (SQ FT)
MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF
70 FEET
50% OPEN SPACE
REQUIREMENT ON SITE
750 CAR SPACES
Car Parking (2%) RESTAURANTS
SHOPPING
CONFERENCE CENTER
SPORTS GREENS
POST OFFICE
GYM
MOVIE ROOM
HARBORWALK
BIKE PATHS
OUTDOOR DINING
Green Space and Recreation (21%)
ON SITE
FOR EVERY RESIDENTIAL UNIT
Retail and Public Facilites (4%)
RESIDENTIAL
2-2.5 FLOOR AREA RATIO
7-? BUILDINGS
GREEN SPACES AND RECREATION
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
THE SITE TOTALS
PROGRAM AREA MAKE UP
4,300,000
$
1 BIKE SPACE
BANK
DAY CARE
LAUNDROMAT
BOAT REPAIR SHOP
TEMPORARY STAY UNITS
PUBLIC DOCKS
KAYAK LAUNCH
WATER TAXI STATION
LEISURE
WATERFRONT PARK
SWIMMING AREA
SAILING CENTER
6
1,300,000
220,000
ABOVE AND BELOW GROUND
121,500
72,000 DOG CARE CENTER
GARDEN AREAS
104
105
SITE MASSING
SITE MASSING
PROPOSED BUILDINGS
PROPOSED ROADS PROPOSED BUILDINGS
WAVE ATTENUATORS
PROPOSED ROADS
EXISTING ROADS
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
EXISTING BUILDINGS
6 N
N 0’
100’
0’
100’
106
107
SITE MASSING
SITE MASSING
GRID AND SIGHT LINES
HEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS 60’
40’
30’ or Below
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
70’
SAMUEL ADAMS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
COTTAGE ST
HAYNES ST
OPEN SPACE
SITE VISIBILITY
ORLEANS ST
SIGHT LINES
PORTSIDE AT EAST PIER
6 WATER VIEW
N
N 0’
100’
0’
100’
108
109
SITE MASSING
SITE MASSING
PUBLIC SPACES
VIEWS WATER
LAND
PARK VIEWS
WATER VIEWS
WATER AND PARK VIEWS
HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
WAVE ATTENUATORS
6 N
N 0’
100’
0’
100’
110
111
SITE MASSING
SITE MASSING
SITE SECTIONS
SITE SECTIONS
SECTION AA
SECTION DD
B
A HIGH WATER AND HOUSING TYLER WILD
C
SECTION BB
SECTION CC
D
D
6
N 0’
100’
C
112
B
A
0’
100’
113