rcle-Isuu B

layout

mobilize

PLAN| Rehabilitation of rural areas is dependent upon a reoccupation of deserted and underutilized lands. Many european governments now offer subsidy programs that fund necessities for this rehabilitation such as agricultural supplies and construction of shelters. This opportunity to introduce new structures into the landscape brings to surface other opportunities such as hospitality and tourism which can serve as added income for the land owner.

205

transplant

stack

ANCHOR| The limestone that was previously cleared away to make space for planting crops can be re-used in the building process. Here, stones are taken from the surrounding walls on the site and transplanted to become the floor and wall foundation of the new building.

Once the base of the structure is in place, construction can continue by stacking rubble stone to form the walls.

206

CONSTRUCT| The construction process is extremely cost-effective. Low skilled labor and local materials harvested directly from the site produce structures of minimal environmental impact. Shown above, traditional construction methods using a combination of stone and wood materials taken directly from the site create the finishing touches to the building enclosure.

207

TOUR| Introducing tourism to these rural regions provides an additional cash crop for land owners. Currently, agro-tourism is an increasingly popular trend among vacationers seeking a hands-on experience where they are able to learn traditional agriculture practice and contribute to the working landscape.

208

deserted areas

un-occupied

UNWORKING| Since the 1950‘s, rural regions have suffered significant de-population due to movement of rural inhabitants into urbanized centers in search of economic opportunity. As a result, several of these landscapes are currently underutilized, and what used to be a growing and active working landscape has now become a barren perspective.

209

un-utilized

developed areas

occupied

WORKING| The practice of transforming these landscapes for the cultivation of crops is a tradition that has deep roots within rural culture. Inhabitants of these mountainous regions have relied on the land to serve as both a source of food cultivation and construction of shelter - two of the most primitive needs for survival.

210

utilized

moved

prepared

PROCESS| While these rural areas are characterized by the elegant terracing that blankets the landscape, the utility of these formations is rarely understood. They have been shaped by the people who rely on the land and its nutrients for crop growth. As a terrace is carved out of a hillside, the level plain created becomes a container of rich nutrients for several years of cultivation.

211

planted

hand

cattle

machine

METHODS| The methods for transforming these lands comes in several scales that have evolved through centuries of continued practice.

Some regions rely on the participation of the whole community while other plots of land are transformed from the labor of a few farmers and their cattle. Today, the use of machines to dig terraces is a desired method, however it can be an unlikely option while access to these remote areas presents several challenges.

212

conceptualized

planned

DESIGN| As previously mentioned, rehabilitation of these rural landscapes relies on the people who inhabit them. The development of shelters which allow people to occupy these landscapes is a scenario can begin to couple tourism with agriculture practice. In the construction of these shelters, traditional practices that have shaped the land transform into building practice.

213

build

reserve

ram

proceed

1 2

3 4 5

CONSTRUCTION| Construction in rural regions is tied with a close relationship to the practices which have transformed the landscape for food cultivation.

Harvesting the soil for building is equally important as the treatment and respect of the land for crop growth. Rammed earth structures represent this relationship of transforming the land as utility for shelter that equates shaping of the land for agriculture.

214

4

3

2

1

4 3 2

1

FORMWORK| The process of rammed earth construction is one of the most primitive building practices. This practice continues to exist through the involvement of minimal low skilled labor - typically 2-4 people can create these structures after just a few stages of formwork and soil compaction.

215

foundation

ceiling

walls

STRUCTURE| Typical of structures in rural regions, rammed earth structures represent an understanding of the capacity of the land to withhold such construction. Through the introduction of tourism, these agriculture and construction practices can reach beyond the knowledge of rural inhabitants to those unaware of such relationships between the land, its inhabitants, and their homes. The successful rehabilitation of rural areas relies on the recognition of this intimate relationship between landscape, shelter, and agriculture.

216

217

As a result the development of these low impact structures for tourism has the potential to play a major role as alternative income for rural inhabitants. Government subsidy programs that can provide necessary funding for hosting tourist activities and continuing agricultural practices further support this opportunity. However, in examining situations in areas like Croatia, it is evident that fragmentation of small parcel sizes presents unfavorable conditions for managing crop cultivation within marginal constraints. In semi-subsistence farming practice it is recommended that 1-1.5 hectors of land per person is needed to produce enough food to sustain a one year diet, conversely many rural inhabitants do not possess enough land to meet this suggested figure. However, by fully utilizing these fragmented parcels through a balance of agriculture and tourism we can revive underutilized and deserted rural lands. While determining individual solutions to each fragment is highly unlikely, an understanding of the capacity to withstand both farming and tourism yields beneficial scenarios on a global scale.

218

Tourism Development and the Rehabilitation of the WORKING LANDSCAPE

The Dwelling and the WORKING LANDSCAPE: Construction, Spatial Organization and Change The unit typology can be considered as a derivative of material availability and social needs. Traditional rural construction methods have typically made use of local on-site materials as a means of economy, sensibility and ease.

The structural, environmental and aesthetic properties of local materials have been closely related to modes of living and spatial arrangements. This section investigates various ways that new construction methods have been mixed with traditional ones, changing the spatial and social logics of these units. Is the hybridization of standard and nonstandard materials and technologies advantageous? Furthermore, in what scenarios is it sensible or economic to import non-traditional materials and methodologies? As non-traditional materials and methodologies begin to intermingle with what is considered to be traditional, new criteria are required to define what is truly ‘local’ or ‘traditional’.

RAMMED EARTH STRUCTURE: FISHING COMMUNITY Central Algarve

219

RUBBLE STONE STRUCTURE: RURAL COMMUNITY Central Dalmatia

220

RAMMED EARTH

8.5m

11m

RAMMED EARTH

Vernacular Portuguese Houses Portugal

Rammed earth construction has the potential to take on a variety of scales and spatial organizations. The flexible nature of the earthen material also provides greater opportunity for the unit to be better adjusted, expanded or maintained according to use over its life span.

221

0

5

222

14.5m

RAMMED EARTH

Casa Monte Da Zorra Multitude Agency Algarve, Portugal

Casa Monta De Zorra was developed in part with a EU subsidy for the development of rural agricultural lands. The 73m2 unit was built using rammed earth construction techniques.

223

5m

The building unit as well as its surrounding agricultural land is a working landscape, that must be maintained and worked in order to be productive and stable. In the example of Casa Monta De Zorra, the unit and its construction logic is an extension of the working landscape.

The steep mountainous region surrounding makes it difficult for large construction equipment to access the site.

Therefore, the site encourages the use of the earth as the primary material. Secondary materials include a recycled window and frame, which is then stabilized within the rammed earth construction by concrete.

224

solar collector & solar hot water

solar energy

supported utilities

(-)

(-)

(-)

RAMMED EARTH

Casa Monte Da Zorra Multitude Agency Algarve, Portugal

battery pack

(-)

The siting of Casa Monta Da Zorra makes5 it implausible for standard plumbing and electricity to 0 exist. Casa Monta Da Zorra makes further increases the productivity of the land through the usage of solar energy. A solar panel and hot water heater generates energy and hot water. Excess energy is stored within a battery to be used for later use.

225

GT earth: PT: Multitude Agency

GT earth: PT: Multitude Agency

level 1

0

RAMMED EARTH

Outpost Buildings Multitude Agency Algarve, Portugal

These structures serve as outpost buildings for the overall site. They are built within the rural landscape and are constructed from earth found on the site. They serve to encourage and increase the productivity of the land.

226

5

STONE & RUBBLE STONE

DALMATIAN HOUSE: SITE SECTION

DALMATIAN HOUSE: SITE PLAN

0

SITE STRATEGIES

Dalmatian House Site Planning Croatia

5

Within this example of the Dalmatian House, stones must be cleared from the site in order for the land to be occupied and functional. The stones then acquire usage as a parcel wall and a construction material for the unit, which will occupy the site. This example demonstrates how such processes inform an aggregation strategy for multiple unit groupings.

227

SITE STRATEGIES

Dalmatian House Site Planning Croatia

The diversity of sectional land conditions allow for a variety of occupations. By taking advantage of the existing site slope, there is a reduction in wind loads upon the building and thermal conditions are stabilized. Furthermore, such construction causes less destruction than alternative methods, which raze and flatten the land for occupation.

228

level 0

level 0

level 0

level 1

level 1

level 1

0

STONE

Kako Narod Gradi Croatia

5

Stone constructions are dynamic in their ability to expand according to program and use. These units can vary greatly from a single occupancy unit to a multiple unit construction divided by party walls. It can also be presumed that these constructions have the capability to expand or contract in multiple directions should the programmatic needs change.

229

0

SITE STRATEGIES

Dalmatian House Site Planning Croatia

5

The wild construction phenomenon has resulted in a degradation of site planning. Traditionally, the related landscape informed the unit’s construction and organization. Within this unit, the house is constructed using on site materials and is sited within its parcel in order to obtain the richest use of the land.

230

14m

9m

RUBBLE STONE

Torre Alte Multitude Agency Algarve, Portugal

Torre Alte is a rubble stone construction, which makes use of stone material cleared from the site. The building follows the slope of the existing landscape, which reduces the impact upon its environment. Similar to Casa Monta De Zorra, Torre Alte increases the activity and potential of the site while maintaining an ecological understanding of the land in which it resides.

231

232

7m

11.5m

STONE

Selce, Croatia

Selce is a stone and concrete form work construction. A hybrid such as this can serve to inform the repurposing and strengthening of existing stone constructions. In instances where stone frameworks have been abandoned or their structural stability has been compromised, a concrete form work backing can reinvigorate the frame for reuse.

233

234

5.4m 10m

19m

STONE (CONCRETE INFILL) Stone House Herzog & de Meuron Tavole, IT

Stone House is built into the cliff of the existing landscape. It addresses the change in grade by extending the concrete frame into the cliff. By introducing concrete as an infill material, the structural capabilities of the stone are enhanced and greater complexity can be achieved.

235

236

ONSITE PREFAB

stone on site

place prefab

set foundation

stone foundation:prefab:reed roof

(+)

(+)

0

shared core condition

RUBBLE STONE & ONSITE PREFAB Jugomont Bungalows Bogdan Budimirov Kacjak, Croatia

party wall condition

5

0

5

The rocky site of Kacjak was cleared of the stones found on the site. Following the clearing process, the stones were collected and framed into a foundation slab, which was secured by concrete infill. The prefab parts were then laid upon the foundation and propped into place. In some cases, after the units are organized, portions of the slab are exposed. These areas are either used as patio space or left as excess space.

237

238

6.5m

9m

RUBBLE STONE & ONSITE PREFAB Jugomont Bungalows Bogdan Budimirov Kacjak, Croatia

The Jugomont Bungalows were initially developed as a Club Med site. Their construction followed the development of roadway infrastructure on the peninsula of Kacjak. These bungalows are constructed of pre-fab parts placed on top of a stone foundation base, which is cleared from the site. The roof is made with thatch imported from the Drava River in the Backa Region.

239

SHARED CORE CONDITION

PARTY WALL CORE CONDITION

0

RUBBLE STONE & ONSITE PREFAB Jugomont Bungalows Bogdan Budimirov Kacjak, Croatia

5

The units are organized on stone and concrete slabs and range from two to four units per slab.

Several of these units share a core and are separated from one another internally. Alternatively, partition walls separate the units and the core is located in a central location so pipes and facilities are concentrated.

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WOOD/STEEL

5.4m

8.4m

WOOD/STEEL

Juvet Landscape Hotel JSA Valldal, Norway

The Juvet Landscape Hotel buildings are located in a dense rural forest in Valldal, Norway. These buildings exude minimal impact on the landscape as are elevated by steel posts. Therefore, their footprint upon the land is virtually negligible. Each unit is roughly under 25 m2, with each floor plan reduced to a level of minimal necessity and functionality. Since many EU subsidies for agricultural or rural development require developments to be no more than 40m2, a similar logic of distilled unit planning is key.

241

242

THATCH WOOD

3.4m

3.8m

THATCH WOOD

Pine Beach Pakostane Club Med Zadar, HR

5.8m

7.7m

Pine Beach has a total of 580 units constructed with local 1.7m thatch panels. The thatch is replaced every two years. There are approximately three unit types, 8m2, 15m2 and 25m2 respectively. The development has a 70% retention rate for guests. These units contain no core facilities and instead share common rest room facilities. These units and their overall aggregation work seamlessly as an extension of their environment. The land has been minimally cleared and as a result the surrounding trees and vegetation continue to grow as they would naturally.

243

244

FLEXIBLE USE SUMMER CONDITION

WINTER CONDITION

0

FLEXIBLE USE

Non-Stop House NJIRIC+

245

5

The potential for expansion and contraction within the Non-Stop house is of particular importance because it may serve to influence future flexibility within the built environment. This unit provides for dynamic occupations of space that are able to fluctuate according to shifting temporal conditions. In busier periods of time, the house is able to absorb the occupation of air streams and tents as an extension of the unit. Thick wall zones are programmed to extend into the landscape and serve as gathering spaces. Furthermore, additional interior and exterior partitions are constructed in ways, which can be reconfigured for different purposes.

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CONCRETE & LOCAL MATERIALS

This comparative study serves to demonstrate how the use of concrete can strengthen or increase the capabilities of on site or typical building materials.

(1) KACJAK, CROATIA: Jugomont: 37m2 (2) CASA MONTA DE ZORRA: Portugal: Multitude Agency: 73m2

0

247

5

CONCRETE & LOCAL MATERIALS

(3) SELCE: Selce, Croatia: 73m2 (4) STONE HOUSE: Tavole, Italy: Herzog & de Meuron: 107m2

0

248

5

COMPARATIVE CORE STUDY

This comparative study serves to demonstrate a range of scales and a potential for hybrid construction typologies. This study illustrates the range of core organizations and proportions in regards to the unit they serve or have the potential to serve.

(1) STONE HOUSE: Tavole, Italy: HdM: 107m2 (2) TORRE ALTE: Portugal: Multitude Agency: 90m2 Bevk Perovic Student Dorms, Ljubljana, Slovenia

(1)

0

(2)

5

249

COMPARATIVE CORE STUDY

(3)

(3) (4) (5) (6)

SELCE: Selce, Croatia: 73m2 CASA MONTA DE ZORRA: Portugal: Multitude Agency: 73m2 JUGOMONT BUNGALOWS: Kacjak, Croatia: 37m2 JUVET LANDSCAPE HOTEL: Valldal, Norway: JSA: 24m2

(4)

(5)

250

(6)

CORE TRANSPORT A Jadrolinija car ferry system has the capacity to transport approximately 40 cores in one trip.

Jadrolinija Ferry Each core, which is approximately half the size of a car, contains a kitchen and bathroom. The Gazenicka- Ist potential for transporting cores in such a manner could inform the shipment of parts to remote locations in a less impactful way. In this scenario it could be envisioned that these cores could be used for the development of temporary bungalows on the island. While these bungalows might be constructed from stone cleared from the site, the cores could be imported from an outside source in a single ferry ride and could be cleared in the same fashion if necessary.

46

Ferry Networks

CO RE S

Ferry Lines | International Ferry Lines | National Ferry Lines | Regional Ferry Lines |Local Ferry Terminal | Existing

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252

existing site material source 3

potential material source

timber

potential sites material travel paths potential paths potential paths

aesthetic influence

prefab cores

prefab doors

concrete aggregate

5 rubble stone

thatch

6

1

prefab doors

2 earth

construction techniques

4

recycled windows

253

7

stone timber

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

The hybridization of traditional materials and technologies with the non-traditional enhances the diversity of unit occupation. Sensible hybrid constructions are able to enrich the planning, structural and economic understandings developed in standard construction typologies. These hybrid constructions reflect an agglomeration of knowledge, which allows for the systematic mixing of traditional and non-traditional in order to achieve maximum return within the unit’s construction. These hybridizations challenge one’s understanding of what defines the traditional, as they themselves begin to encourage indigenous activities and occupations. As seen within these case studies, the boundaries of a local material might be larger than previously supposed and the incorporation of non-local materials might be more economically feasible than conventionally assumed. Such hybridizations do not serve to challenge the use traditional materials and technologies. Instead they intend to extend the knowledge of the traditional and transform their capabilities through nontraditional means.

254

Tourism Development and the Rehabilitation of the WORKING LANDSCAPE

The Carrying Capacity of WORKING LANDSCAPES:Site Planning In conventional tourism development, agriculture, aquaculture, and otherwise productive working landscapes are converted to mono-economic landscapes focused solely on tourism. Rather than an either-or approach, this section covers a series of projects that introduce tourism capacity while maintaining the productive aspects of the existing landscape. The site planning of these environments must emerge from understanding how a given landscape functions. Specifically the plan must grasp what type and scale of project can be supported by

the landscape in which development will occur. By exploring proximity to infrastructure, local populations, natural ecosystems, & existing economies we can begin to map out how a new development could thrive within its given context. Understanding site context will determine the scale of possibilities for an intelligent intervention. In some cases this may mean utilizing the more traditional typology that comes to mind when discussing a vacation home or hotel, but for many rural areas the appropriate level of intervention is much less invasive.

Pakostane, Croatia Hotel units nestled in an alpine forest

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Cacela A Velha, PT Vacation community adapted from a former military fortress 256

FARO 60.0km

MONTE DA ZORRA Population: 0 Scale 1:15000

Detail pg XXX

VALE FONTES DE CIMA

PERNA SECA

100M

500M

1KM

AGRICULTURAL 257

Monte Da Zorra, Algarve, PT - Multitude Agency - AGRICULTURAL ZONE AND RURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Before it was redeveloped as an agricultural landscape these plots had been left fallow after centuries of human cultivation. This left these sites and the surrounding region open to the risk of brush fires.

258

S

1

1:2000

UNIT 259

Casa Monte da Zorra returns this landscape to one of work, as a farming outpost and adds additional potential as a vacation or second home. By utilizing local materials and traditional methods of construction, reactivating a recently abandoned working landscape and being off the grid, this home blends seamlessly into its rural surroundings, while enhancing its economic capacity.

260

TROGIR 1.9km TROGIR

CIOVO

-

TROGIR 2.0km

Population: 6,071 Scale 1:10000

-

SPLIT 7.5km

CIOVO

This hotel has a small footprint given its capacity of 40 rooms, particularly in comparison to the surrounding B&B style accommodations.

CAMPGROUND

AGRICULTURAL (SOURCE: ARKOD) 100M

500M

1KM

261

S

40

UNITS

Ciovo, HR - njiric+ - HOTEL When the rural landscape becomes more contested due to ease of accessibility, how can the aggregation of tourism units be regulated to maintain the natural beauty and inherent ecological systems of said landscape? Is it possible that human development has gone too far in certain contexts? This largely touristic area developed rapidly because of its proximity to the Split Airport on the Croatian coastline. The resulting vacation landscape displays what can occur without guidelines on what can be supported by existing natural conditions. Containing further sprawl by only densifying within the existing built boundaries is a solution that this hotel realizes in hopes of preserving the natural beauty of the surrounding environment.

262

BOL 13.4km SPLIT 45.1km

BOL

Population:1,661 Hotel: Multiple Scale 1:10000 1970s EXTENT

1900s EXTENT

AGRICULTURAL (SOURCE: ARKOD) 100M

500M

1KM

263

-

Bol, Brac Island, HR - Various authors - COASTAL RURAL TOWN This rural community developed over many years due to its relative isolation on a Croatian island just South of Split called Brac. While Bol began as a working landscape it has developed a variety of interwoven economies that today include tourism. The town in the center sits between two designated tourist zones, the larger of which is owned collectively by local residents. The green patches are registered agricultural land which permeates through the town. The scale of infrastructure for the town is a major reason for this calculated development. A small local airport sits just off this map, while a passenger ferry from nearby Split also services the town.

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OLHAO 6.6km OLHAO 11.2km

ILHA DA FAROL Population: 20 Scale 1:10000

100M

500M

1KM

265

Ilha Da Farol, PT - INFORMAL VACATION HOMES This Portuguese fishing village has approximately 20 year round residents. Thus many homes remain uninhabited except during the summer months, when tourists flock to their vacation homes. Given the community’s position on the barrier islands of the Ria Formosa in Portugal, it requires a protective infrastructure. By manipulating site context, through the construction of a hard infrastructural seawall, inhabitants of this island were able to build contemporary structures that blithely ignore many important aspects of context. If that seawall were to fail, adaptation to the new landscape would be near impossible.

266

FARO 51.9km

CACELA A VELHA

Scale 1:10000

AGRICULTURAL 100M

500M

1KM

267

Cacela A Velha, PT - REHABILITATION MILITARY INSTALLATION This small community of vacation homes is a well developed example of controlled adaptive reuse through the understanding of context. Formerly a military outpost/fort, traditional building techniques were used to infill the original walls housing a small farming/fishing community.

268

PROGRAM 1RELIGIOUS 2MILITARY FORT 3COMMERCIAL 4RESTAURANT 5HOUSING

4

5 5 5 5 5

5 1

5

5 4 5 5

5 5 3

55

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

2

5 4,5 1

S

<50

1:2000

UNITS 269

Today a majority of these are vacation homes, supplemented by two small restaurants and a store. Using the existing fortress walls as a boundary for development this settlement has managed to thrive and additionally supports existing local economic activities.

270

HVAR 6.7km BOL 39.9km

MALO GRABJLE Population: 0 Hotel: None Scale 1:15000

SPLIT 50.6km SPLIT 73.8km

MILNA

AGRICULTURAL (SOURCE:ARKOD) 100M

500M

1KM

271

-

Malo Grablje, Hvar Island, HR - U.N./U.I.S. - PROPOSED REDEVELOPMENT OF AN ABANDONED RURAL TOWN This former small farming village is situated on an island just South of Bol. This site is intriguing for its potential as an adaptive re use site, particularly with the amount of active agriculture sites that currently surround the ruin.

272

The U.N. proposed this site as a village style hotel in the 1970s but never followed through on these plans.

Source:

1 2

3

4

S

<50 UNITS

PROGRAM 1 CHURCH 2 COFFEE BAR 3 POOL 4 RESTAURANT 5 ACTIVITY BUILDINGS 6 OIL PRESS 7 RELAXATION AREA 8 RECEPTION 9 ACCESS ROAD

5 6 8

1:2000 9

273

7

The location was considered by the U.N. as a site for a village style hotel (opposite) but on a larger scale shows the potential to retain a level of year round agricultural production. The town is surrounded by land that has been claimed on the farming development service known as, ARKOD. Developing the agriculture in this area could be used as a tool to return revenue to the area and redevelop the town either as a hotel as the U.N. proposed, a farming commune or a hybrid of the two.

274

L’AND VINEYARDS Scale 1:10000

AGRICULTURAL- VINEYARDS 100M

500M

1KM

275

Montemor-o-Novo - Promontorio - VINEYARD RESORT This project was conceived as a hybrid between the rural vineyard lifestyle and a 5 star resort. The villas and apartments are clustered around large patios, harkening back to the communal spaces shared by farming families in the past. The design focuses on integrating the local agricultural matrix while creating boundaries between private and collective space to define an urban character for the site.

276

VALLDAL 15.5km HOVDEN 240.9km

VALLDAL

Hotel: Juvet Landscape Scale 1:10000

1 2

1:2000

100M

500M

1KM

277

PROGRAM 1PUBLIC 2PRIVATE

Valldal, Norway - Jensen & Skodvin Arkitektkontor - SMALL RURAL HOTEL This small scale hotel in the Norwegian valley of Valldal is a classic example of a low impact development in a wilderness area. The solitary units lightly touch down in a small forest next to a river. The construction was achieved without removing any trees from the forest.

278

A

B

279

C

Each hotel unit is constructed of three parts, a bathroom, bed nook and a living area that overlooks the picturesque valley. Each unit and its parts are deployed based on the preservation of existing silviculture and privacy considerations. The light timber frame structures also sit on minimally invasive metal supports in order to preserve the natural plant ecology of the forest floor.

C

3

B 2

1

A

1

2

S 7 UNITS 280 Juvet Landscape Hotel, Valldal, Norway, 2008, Jensen & Skodvin

3

KLANFARI

RIJEKA 18.8km RIJEKA 24.9km

KACJAK

Population: 1,400 Hotel: Vacation Bungalows Scale 1:10000

RIJEKA 35.6km

DRAMALJ AGRICULTURAL (SOURCE: ARKOD) 100M

500M

1KM

281

Kacjak, Croatia - Jugomont - VACATION BUNGALOWS This cluster of vacation bungalows, formerly a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Club Medâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; hotel, hides within the trees and are generally occupied only during summer months. Seasonal occupation of these homes allows the existing ecosystems to function much as it would if these structures did not exist. The 70 units of Kacjak on the peninsula contrast sharply from the vacation/second home typology that is easily visible along the coast line.

282

Similarly to the hotel in Valldal, Norway this development touches down lightly on the forest floor. The units are constructed with stone found on site for foundations and locally sourced thatch in roof construction which sandwiches a pre-fabricated panel system. The units are also sheltered by the canopy created by tall alpine trees. The cluster also benefits from close proximity to a marina.

2000:1

1000:1

M

70

UNITS

283

284

PAKOSTANE 1.0km

ZADAR 33.2km

PAKOSTANE

Population:3,884 Hotel: Pine Beach Scale 1:10000

ZADAR 34.1km

(PARIS), ANCONA-PAKOSTANE AGRICULTURE (SOURCE: ARKOD) 100M

-

500M

1KM

285

Pine Beach, Pakostane, Croatia - Club Med - HOTEL This rural hotel was designed around a very specific experience. Parisians getting off work on a Friday would arrive at Orly and fly to Ancona. From there, around midnight they were picked up by a boat which travelled across the Adriatic Sea to drop them at their destination as the sun rose. This project, also a former â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Club Medâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; hotel consists of 580 units set among 5000 pine trees. Like Kacjak, Pine Beach is largely unoccupied for large portions of the year. During the offseason the 100+ employees work replacing the locally sourced thatch used to build each unit. All units are replaced on a 10 year rotating cycle.

286

L 580 UNITS

1:4000 287

HOTEL LONE, 3LHD, Rovinj, Croatia:

CLUB MED : HOTEL LONE

250 UNITS

Club Medâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development held within the Hotel Lone footprint

(=)

(+)

Pakostane is a sprawled development constructed with low impact materials. While it may occupy a larger land area than Hotel Lone, it fits twice as many units into its development. While these developments are marketed to different groups, it is an important strategy comparison to consider.

288

Ilha da Armona, Ria Formosa, Olhao, Portugal These homes were built by ex-pats in collaboration with young Portugeuse architects

289

Valldal Valley, Norway Seven 30 sq meter hotel units overlooking the valleyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s central river

When evaluating rural tourism projects at the site planning scale, optimal solutions emerge within the boundaries that the site proposes. In many cases these boundaries are largely determined by the limited availability of transportation or energy infrastructure. By understanding specific dynamic systems that exist within or around a given site, we can determine what is possible and beneficial for the local population. The valley of Valldal is responsible for massive strawberry production throughout the year. By placing the hotel within an existing forest grove, it does not interfere with land necessary for agriculture, preserves the natural landscape from further clearing and provides a new economic opportunity for the local population. Projects that enhance local environments through the support of existing systems, or the introduction of new tangible opportunities, provide the most likely opportunity for long term viability.

290

291

Rehabilitating TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE

TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE and Host Communities: Interdependance and Social Resilience ical of what is found in most of the country. Despite the already large scale of the development, there are plans for even more construction on the site.

These new zones may need to be considered as separate, new urban units and not as expansions of the old city center.

Coastal communities in Portugal and Croatia have developed around the tourism industry for more than half a century. Tourism provides employment to the local population, in addition to creating new opportunities for public spaces of exchange between local and translocal communities. As we dive deeper into the many different aspects of resilient coastal environments, it is very important to consider the social sustainability of hotels and the factors that play into it. This section studies the relationship between local communities and tourism infrastructure through a series of case studies. It investigates the social resilience of these locations through the lens of distance from city centers, location in respect to public transportation, number of restaurants, local cultural institutions, and other amenities, all which mold a relationship between the city and the hotel.

Unlike its Portuguese counterpart, Croatia, then a part of Socialist Yugoslavia, experienced more controlled development during the 1960â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and 70â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, when the country experienced a tourism boom. The holistic planning behind the hotels was very calculated and intentional, with every town getting a small hotel that was calibrated to the size of the existing town. Unfortunately, many of the hotels were damaged in the war and the opportunity to rehabilitate them is dependent on their ability to be sustained by the current social, political, and economic state of the towns they are in. Development pressure generated from Croatiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s entry into the European Union in July 2013 could create conditions similar to those Portugal experienced before the economic crisis.

These case studies serve as lessons to these countries as they move forward in their efforts to revitalize and reconsider tourism infrastructure.

In the Algarve region of Portugal, the rapid pace of tourism development has generated entire new towns, like Quarteira. Small fishing villages like Albufeira have grown into sprawling tourist zones. The Albufeira Marina complex is the poster child of overbuilt tourist infrastructures, protyp292

ALBUFEIRA MARINA COMPLEX

SPORT FIELDS

SITE OF PROPOSED HILTON RESORT LEGEND

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ALBUFEIRA CITY CENTER

Albufeira Municipality, the Algarveâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest concentration of tourism, consists of two types of tourism infrastructure in need of republication: 1) older hotels, primarily located in the historic center, still operating but in need of renovation due to new building code requirements as well as the changing tastes and 2) abandoned or partially incomplete hotels and resorts, such as the Albufeira Marina complex, in need of more intensive rehabilitation.

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ALBUFEIRA, ALBUFEIRA MUNICIPALITY, PT Population:22,000 Scale 1:40000

Albufeira, a vibrant and dense coastal tourist destination has 3 hotels that have varying relationships with the city itself. Hotel Gale, located near a protected forest, was abonded after the structure was built. The Marina complex is a short walk from downtown, but is disconnected from the city and is too large.

Hotel Sol e Mar is located on the coast in the city and provides important links to the beach via a tunnel. It has been one of the most successful hotels in the area because of itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s location. views, and charming decor.

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1 Hotel Gale 2 Albufeira Marina 3 Hotel Sol e Mar 295

ALBUFEIRA APARTMENTS “An OK Stay”

HOTEL SOL E MAR “Upgrade and Enjoy”

Overall I would not recommend staying at the Orada particularly if you want to be by the beach. It wasn’t terrible but there was also nothing great about it. The location is quite out of the way, the apartment could have been cleaner, 2 of the receptionists I spoke to were helpful and pleasant but overall service was not 4 star and we could have stayed somewhere nicer for the price we payed. -Lozza123, tripadvisor.com

Smart hotel facing the Atlantic, with miles of semi-deserted beaches to the north and south.

Didn’t try the restaurant - there are good places in town no more than 10 minutes’ walk away including a superb if expensive seafood place perched on a cliff. -Allison G, tripadvisor.com

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These apartment type accomodations for guests in the Albufeira Marina create a disconnect between the rest of the development and the marina, and the rest of the development and the town. These connections must be restored in order for the Marina complex to be successful. The marina itself has a high occupancy rate and is a great amenity to the town.

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Hotel Sol E Mar, offering magnificent views to its guests, also contains an important piece of infrastructure. A tunnel connects the cit of Albufeira to the ocean front at the ground floor of the hotel. Retail activates the beach front, while the main entrance to the hotel is located on the opposite side, at street level to the city.

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LAGOS, LAGOS MUNICIPALITY, PT Population: 22,000 Scale 1:40000

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The Marina Lagos Resort, completed immediately prior to the economic crisis, is a similar development to that seen in Albufeira.

The arrangement of the fishing marina and the sports marina is identical.

However, The resort in Lagos is much more successful because of the location. It is more connected to the city and is a walkable distance to the center. Resort guests enjoy the exclusivity while still feeling connected to the existing town.

1 Marina Lagos Resort 299

MARINA LAGOS RESORT “No Complaints Whatsoever”

First class hotel in an excellent location, friendly staff, great food, very clean. No complaints whatsoever. The two bed suite we had was very spacious and cleaned every day.

Quite a number of restaurants close by at the marina. A short ten minute walk into lagos central with very many and varied eateries. -phineDublin, tripadvisor.com

MARINA LAGOS RESORT “Great place to stay”

The Hotel is an ideal base for Lagos. It’s next to the Marina and walking distance to the town. Lots of nice restaurants and bars to eat at. Great pool or walk to the fantastic beach. The rooms are large and very clean.

Suggest you have breakfast here but lunch and dinner out.

-FreedomLeics, tripadvisor.com

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https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=albufeira&gbv=2&ie=UTF-8

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FARO, FARO MUNICIPALITY, PT Population: 41,934 Scale 1:40000

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1 Hotel Eva 2 Faro Airport

Faro, the provincial capital of the Algarve, does not recieve as many tourists as Albueira or Lagos, but Hotel Eva manages to have high occupancy rates during the tourist season every year. It is located in the main square overlooking the marina. A bus station, lobby, and retail occupy the ground floor, tying infrastructure into the hotel program.

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