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HOTEL EVA “Excellent”

HOTEL EVA “What a beautiful Location”

We stayed here for two nights whilst touring the Algarve.The location is ideal very central. Rooms are very comfortable staff very nice helpful and friendly..Lovely breakfast put up to us every morning. All amenities within walking distance.

The hotel was superb and overlooked the marina. Only 10 minutes from airport and taxi was only 8.50 Euros. Bus and train stations were very close by if you wanted to take a trip to other resorts. Excellent value for money. Faro has a great choise of fantastic restauarants. -hi_ygn, tripadvisor.com

-happycouple090, tripadvisor.com

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The bus terminal, located on the ground floor of the hotel, gives Hotel Eva added importance to the city of Faro as a tranposrtation hub. There is direct service from Faro aiport to the station and the hotel. The hotel was developed by a bus company during the late fifties. Like the Sol e Mar hotel in Albufeira, the Hotel Eva has proven to be socially and materially resilient, even after half a century of continued use.

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Hotel Eva Roof Deck Ria Formosa Nature Preserve Faro Bus Terminal

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PAG, ZADAR COUNTY, HR Population: 3,121 Scale 1:40000

Pag is a small Croatian town known for its salt fields, lace, and cheese. The Bellevue Hotel, once a vibrant stop along Pag’s coast, housed refugees from Croatia and Bosnia Herzegovina during most of the last decade, and has been left derelict. While it was in operation, the town benefitted from the influx of tourists and the existance of the hotel was an economic driver and social hub for the community.

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1 Bellevue Hotel 305

BELLEVUE HOTEL “The Good Old Days”

This hotel used to be the life of the town, and now we are only left with broken dreams. -Quote from a local teenager who spends his days greeting tourists and retelling grand stories of the Bellevue’s and Pag’s tourism heyday during the 1970’s and 80’s

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These postcards from Pag demonstrate the various cultural traditions associated with the town. It is important to note the privaledged position that the Bellevue takes in all of these postcards, a part of the town history.

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PRIMOSTEN, SIBENIK COUNTY, HR Population: 2,992 Scale 1:40000

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During the Croatia’s postwar tourism development boom, starting around 1965, hotels and resorts were carefully scaled to their host communities, balancing the need for economic stimulus and the towns carying capacity. The Hotel Bellevue in Pag, or in this case, the Hotel Zora (still in use) and the Hotel Marina (abandoned during the war) in Primosten exemplify this type of planning.

The distance away from the city center and the scale of the developments are proportional to the size and density of the city.

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HOTEL MARINA LUCICA “Marina Lucica”

I spent my holydays in Primosten (Hotel Marina Lucica) in 1974 and I have a sensational memory of the place, sea, beach and hotel too! -Nostalgic, travel.yahoo.com

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MAKARSKA, SPLIT COUNTY, HR Population:13,716 Scale 1:40000

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While small, Pag and Primosten, were fully formed urban units before tourism. In some cases, new tourism developments, like the Hotel Brela, near Makarska, were developed near small fishing communities. In these cases, the hotel frequently functioned as a sort of town center.

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HOTEL BRELA “Great Hotel”

HOTEL BRELA “Good Hotel for Quiet Vacation”

The hotel is no more than 20 metres from the sea, just a flat pedestrian promanade. The path beside the waters edge gives a pleasant walk with shade provided by the numerous pine trees that grow throughout the Makarska region.

Brela itself is a tiny town with a supermarket, post office, bank, a few hotels, a number of private villas and little else. If you are looking for a quiet getaway with majestic scenery, Brela is for you. One the other hand, travelers looking for a livelier pastime and more entertainment may find themselves bored in Brela, especially if the weather gets bad. -Leonid, tripadvisor.com

-KeithChesterfield, tripadvisor.com

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BOL, SPLIT COUNTY, HR Population:1,661 Scale 1:40000

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Zlatni Rat Hotels Hotel Kastil Bijela Kuca Brac Airport

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The small agricultural and aquacultural community of Bol on the Island of Brac, has a number of hotels and yet still maintains a reasonable level of development.

Kastil is very successful and a small family run hotel. Zlatni Rat is a larger resort type located next to the most popular beach on the Croatian coast. Bijela Kuca is an abandonded hotel that was a rehabilitated church and school. Bijela Kuca has a lot of potential to be rehabilitated once more to a become a useful amenity to Bol. 313

ZLATNI RAT HOTEL “Great Location!”

HOTEL KASTIL “Beautiful Old Building & Great Location”

Enjoyed our stay at Zlatni Rat. The location couldnt have been more perfect...right in front of the beach and a 10-15 min from Bol itself. Rooms are big but on the bland side, breakfast was good and their restaurant served quite decent pasta! Only downfall was that my mom was annoyed that she had to drag her heavy luggage all the way up the hill to our room.

This hotel is right in the center of Bol, close to everything you could want and about a 15 min walk to Zlani Rat beach. The building has been renovated in a tasteful manner, and the terrace for breakfast is fantastic. Our room had a beautiful view of the water.

The pizzeria downstairs was great for dinner. Our only complaint was that we only stayed for one night!

-yellall, tripadvisor.com

-MelbourneLuLu, tripadvisor.com

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SIBENIK, SIBENIK COUNTY, HR Population: 34,242 Scale 1:40000

Solaris Resort in Sibenik is truly a resort, removed from the city and offering an allinclusive package to visitors. Although part of the hotel was recently renovated to provide an ‘all-inclusive’ experience, trip-advisor reviews still reflect frustration with a lack of amenities and a general isolation of the resort.

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SOLARIS “Not for the 20’s”

SOLARIS “Middle of nowhere, crappy rooms”

Hotel Ivan is not the best hotel I’ve ever stayed at and think you would be dissapointed. Also if you are in your 20’s, don’t expect any night life in Sibenik or at the resort, it is mostly catered for families. Most guests are Italians, Croatians and Germans. Staff are generally friendly though. -HKTravelGirl, tripadvisor.com

The hotel is situated in the middle of nowhere, taxis are almost impossible to find, so you’ll end up spending your holiday in this complex. The hotel itself is old and crappy and uncomfortable. Better option is to choose a hotel in the city of Sibenik itself. -MOM140, tripadvisor.com

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Solaris, in lieu of being in the proximity of a city center, has attracted families with children by creating a “Disney� type of atmosphere. There is a plethora of program types, including golf and a miniature fake village for children to play in. The resort is currently being renovated at update its appearance and attract more guests.

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ZADAR, ZADAR COUNTY, HR Population: 72,718 Scale 1:40000

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The Borik Tourism Settlement, developed during the sixties, was one of the most successful resorts of that period. Located a walkable distance away from Zadar center, the complex offers the exclusivity of a resort with the ability to explore the local culture and cuisine. The recent renovation of by the Falkensteiner tourism chain has closed off the development to locals, creating tensions.

1 Falkensteiner Borik Complex 319

BORIK “Good family hotel near to centre of Zadar”

Nice modern 4 star hotel with good location - near to center, but in quiet area. Hotel is nice, comfortable, rooms renovated and decorated in mild pastel colors. Beach could be better, but it is normal in this area of Croatia. Overall, t is a typical hotel for families. -mariaanassa, tripadvisor.com

BORIK “DON’T EVEN CONSIDER”

Terrible service from bored staff on a very good location. Concept is excellent but the realization is simply not working at all. All segments of the hotel should be and must be upgraded in case they want travelers to return. Hospitality is missing and price is double what it is worth. -CSGBp, tripadvisor.com

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ZADAR, ZADAR COUNTY, HR Population: 72,718 Scale 1:40000

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The Boutique Hostel Forum is a new hotel-hostel hybrid in the center of Zadar. It is very successful because of its location, variety of rooms, and reasonable prices. Hotel Kolovare, located to the south east of the town center, combines aspects of a city hotel and a resort. Its location generated a well programmed promenade consisting of numberous programs that cater to locals and tourists.

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1 Boutique Hostel Forum 2 Hotel Kolovare 321

BOUTIQUE HOSTEL FORUM “Great Location!”

HOTEL KOLOVARE “Good location, nice beach”

It was difficult to find an inexpensive hotel room in the old town. The location is fantastic. The staff are friendly and helpful. The place is clean and also has a small tea/coffee bar for general use. The double room was pretty small for the price with no place to unpack or store a normal sized suitcase. The interior decor is snazzy, but impractical. No place to hang clothes. Kept flooding the bathroom with every shower. No place to put toiletries in the bathroom. -tassieBerlin, tripadvisor.com

This is nice hotel in city center,has its own beach and is close to the center.Prices are little above average but worth it. Great view on the sea and hotel pool,near is good beach club.

Recommendation to everyone who spend the summer in the city and wants to be near the beach which is free. -tomo s, tripadvisor.com

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PETRCANE, ZADAR COUNTY, HR Population: 72,718 Scale 1:40000

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After partially rehabilitating the Borik Tourist Settlement, with mixed results, the Falkensteiner company purchased a large sixties tourist settlement near the fishing village of Petrcane, demolishing most of the existing structures and creating the first gated resort in Croatia, marketed primarily to Austrian tourists.

1 Falkensteiner Iadera Resort 2 Zadar Airport 323

IADERA RESORT “Where the mountains kiss the sea”

IADERA RESORT “Perfect Choice”

The most outstanding thing about this hotel is its views, of the Velebit mountains, the sunset, the sea... a perfection. Also, the spa is above average, the staff making extra care to provide extra service. Do try them when visiting. it’s a great getaway from urban hectic lifestyle. -dunya101, tripadvisor.com

The hotel is located some 20 km from Zadar, so you should have a car if you want to explore the city. But its isolated location has a lot of advantages if you prefer quiet but luxury holidays. We spent one rainy weekend in the hotel, but with wide choice of various activities we didn’t even notice the lousy weather outside. -Borzov, tripadvisor.com

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The diagram to the right illustrates the changes that have occured at the Iadera Resort north of Zadar. When the resort was orinigally built, it attracted many people to the area.

Vacation homes were constructed and it grew a local population that was sustained by the tourism. When Faukensteiner bought Iadera, they renovated the resort, demolishing most of the existing structures and built a new gated resort that caters to Austrian tourists. They no longer employ locals from the area, and they have completely blocked off the existing community

from taking part in or benefitting from the influx of tourists that occurs seasonly.

This model of tourism infrastructure is not socially sustainable because not only is it secluding itself from the local amenities such as restaurants and talent, it is creating a hostile relationship with the community. A resort of this size that relies completely on a single type of tourist will have a more difficult time rehabilitating after occpancy rates fall and it experiences an economic downturn.

LEGEND

New Construction

Existing Buildings

Demolished 325

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ROVINJ, ISTRIAN COUNTY, HR Population: 13,562 Scale 1:40000

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Maistra Hotels 1 Hotel Rovinj 2 Hotel Park 3 Hotel Melini 4 Hotel Lone 5 Hotel Eden

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Istria County, Croatia’s northern-most region and the single largest concentration of tourists, has managed to successfully integrate tourism development into existing communities. Rovinj, Istria’ top destination has numerous hotels. Two of these hotels, Hotels Lone and Eden offer guests a beautifully renovated modern hotel with large rooms and a private beach, in addition to everything that the town of Rovinj has to offer. A nice walk along the beach will take you into the old city center.

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HOTEL LONE “Luxurious, but not exclusive”

HOTEL EDEN “Nice Hotel, Great Location”

The hotel is 100mm from the public waterfront - but there is no beach, just a promenade and if you do hire a bike, you can spend plenty of times along the beautiful coastline, which is, keep it in mind, rocks.

Beautiful, but crowded - and not really clean, it is just impossible to go after all cigarette buts left over by thousands of people into the rocks and pebbles and this adds to the lack of exclusivity to the place.

The hotel is situated in its own bay and natural woodland area which due to the many paths and tracks is very popular with walkers, cyclists, and joggers.

-Family123London, tripadvisor.com

The town of Rovinj is a good 25 minute walk from the hotel via the harbour but a shorter way is to take the road from the front of the hotel. Rovinj itself has many old and narros streets which are great to explore, plus there are resuarants and bars wherever you go. A great place to sit, relax, and watch the world go by. -Brian W, tripadvisor.com

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HOTEL LONE / HOTEL EDEN DEVELOPMENT

2003

2009 329

The aerials follow the development of the Maestra Group, a local tourist company. Hotel Lone is one of five hotels in Croatia to be newly constructed. By reducing the number of rooms, profits increased and the city benefits from the economic growth.

2012

2010 330

BOL

PAG

Distance to city: 581 m Distance to airport: 13800 m

SIBENIK

Distance to city: 3134 m Distance to airport: 51600 m

Distance to city: 468 m Distance to airport: 62500 m

ZADAR

Distance to city: 2005 m/0 m/1678 m Distance to airport: 11700 m

ROVINJ

Distance to city: 842 m Distance to airport: 39400 m

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ALBUFEIRA

MAKARSKA

Distance to city: 399 m / 738 m / 0 m Distance to airport: 44700 m

FARO

Distance to city: 165 m Distance to airport: 6500 m

Distance to city: 225 m Distance to airport: 77700 m

LAGOS

Distance to city: 616 m Distance to airport: 85900 m

PRIMOSTEN

Distance to city: 738 m Distance to airport: 37900 m

The distance between hotels and the cities they are built in or near has a large impact on the social sustainability of the hotel. Research shows that guests are willing to walk up to 15 minutes to the center of town. Location and proximity to air transport is less important.

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ALBUFEIRA MARINA, ALBUFEIRA

MARINA COMPLEX, LAGOS

ZLATNI RAT, BOL

Population: 22,000 Rooms: ?

Abandoned

Population: 22,000 Rooms: ?

Functioning

Population: 1,661 Rooms: ?

Rehabilitated

HILTON

IADERA RESORT, PETRCANE

SOLARIS RESORT, SIBENIK

BORIK, ZADAR

Population: 72,718 Rooms: 647 Rehabilitated

Population: 34,242 Rooms: 1,285 Rehabilitated

Population: 72,718 Rooms: 258 Rehabilitated

The size of hotels and resorts in comparison to the size of the city they are in or near is very important to the social sustainability of the hotel. Smaller hotels tend to be more successful in cities than large resorts outside of cities.

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HOTEL GALE, ALBUFEIRA Population: 22,000 Rooms: ?

Abandoned

MAISTRA HOTEL, ROVINJ

HOTEL MARINA, PRIMOSTEN

HOTEL EVA, FARO Population: 41,934 Rooms: 134 Functioning

Population: 2,992 Rooms: 160 Abandoned

BIJELA KUCA, BOL

KOLOVARE, ZADAR

Population: 13,562 Rooms: 884 Rehabilitated

Population: 1,661 Rooms: 102 Abandoned

HOTEL BRELA, MARASKA

BELLEVUE HOTEL, PAG

Population: 13,716 Rooms: ?

Rehabilitated

Population: 3,121 Rooms: 184 Abandoned

Population: 72,718 Rooms: 203 Rehabilitated

HOTEL ROVINJ, ROVINJ Population: 13,562 Rooms: ?

Proposed

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HILTON

BOUTIQUE HOSTEL FORUM, ZADAR Population: 72,718 Rooms: 35 Adaptive Reuse

KASTIL, BOL Population: 1,661 Rooms: 32 Rehabilitated Adaptive Reuse

HOTEL SOL E MAR, ALBUFEIRA Population: 22,000 Rooms: 74 Functioning

ALBUFEIRA, PT | HOTEL IN CITY

SIBENIK, HR | RESORT

ROVINJ, HR | HYBRID (RESORT IN CITY)

These diagrams illustrate the 3 types of tourist settlements unveiled during the research. The gradients represent the boundaries of reasonable walking distances and the theoretical radius of the city limits.

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The case studies reveal three different tourist settlement types: a city hotel, a resort hotel, and a hybrid of a resort hotel in a city. Each of these types has their own potential advantages and disadvantages for the local communities that host them. In Portugal, we see many overly large developments, with the exception of Hotel Eva in Faro. Hotel Eva acts as an urban knot in Faro where tourism, existing community, and transportation are all linked intelligently in one location. The town itself does not have very much tourism, but the hotel is very successful as a result of its connectivity.

marketing efforts to families, giving a ‘Disneyland’ feel to the complex. The hybrid models of resort hotels in the city are very successful because they offer the privacy and exclusivity of a resort but are still very much plugged into the urban fabric and are a walkable distance to the city center.

Kolovare in Zadar and Hotels Lone and Eden in Rovinj are examples of this typology. These hotels take advantage of the existing town and culture, creating socially sustainable relationships that are still within the limits of the carrying capacity of the town.

Local communities have certainly benefited from tourism development over the past half century. Initially, there seemed to be clear aspirations for what how tourism development would improve these communities, by providing jobs and infrastructure, as well as a connection to the outside world. Currently, this is a key moment for communities to consider what they expect from tourism development for the next half century. What can these seasonal injections of cash and long-term infrastructural investments offer to these places?

In Croatia, there are several examples of small hotels in the towns such as Bellevue in Pag, Hotel Brela in Makarska, and Kastil in Bol. These hotels were all carefully calibrated to the carrying capacity of the existing town in the 1960’s and 70’s when they were built. The Solaris Resort in Sibenik, contrastly, tries to be self-sufficient as a resort typology, but fails. Tourist reviews show that people get bored and the resort is too far away from the city to explore the local culture and cuisine. As a result, Sibenik has geared its

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Rehabilitating TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE

TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE and the Working Landscape: Shared Patterns of Organization

section, related Google earth images, as well as current and historical pictures as a vehicle for visualizing and understanding these connections, this study of massing, typography, and landscape aims to better comprehend the construction, aggregation, and contextual response of existing hotels and resorts and thereby inform continuing rehabilitation efforts in Croatia as well as informing future rehabilitation efforts in Portugal.

The Algarve region of Portugal experienced a veritable tourism boom, particularly over the last decade. This development came to an abrupt halt in 2008, leaving many projects in various states of incompleteness.

The Croatian coast underwent significant tourism development during 60’s, 70’ and 80’s. This development stopped with the Homeland War, which damaged a vast majority of these structures. Since 2000, the majority of tourism development in Croatia has consisted on rehabilitation, not green field development.

Many of Algarve’s abandoned projects have similar structural, spatial, and functional similarities to hotels and resorts in Croatia. Using the combination of 338

In researching the recently abandoned hotels of the Algarve and the still derelict hotels of the Croatian coast, a number of similar architectural strategies emerged. One strategy transformed the mass of the hotel into a series of terraces which mimicked the working landscape of the Mediterranean. Originally intended primarily to minimize the visual impact of the hotel, this strategy could provide

a more active relationship of hotel and the agricultural and silvicultural landscape. Many of the long abandoned hotels in Croatia suggest a more intimate relationship of hotel and surrounding ecology, as suggested by the Marina Lucica Hotel in Primosten. As sites in Portugal, like the Moradas Villas Tourist Village, are considered for rehabilitation, this new ecological lens could be applied

Built Conditions Portugal & Croatia 339

1975: As part of the tourism boom of the sixties, pine groves were planted near resorts, frequently on abandoned agricultural land.

2010: In the past decade, the pine grove has expanded to nearly envelope the abandoned hotel. Future rehabilitation efforts should consider these new ecologies as another form of infrastructure.

Hotel Marina Lucica Primosten, Croatia 340

Roc e Rob (Proposed) Cap Martin, French Riviera Le Corbusier S- 43 Units

Large-scale terraced development is not a new typology.

Le Corbusier’s Roc et Rob Hotel project, developed for the French Riviera during the the late forties, provides a kind of DNA for a number of postwar and contemporary projects in Portugal and Croatia. With the Roc et Rob, Corbusier designed individual units as part of a larger

complex that moves with and generates a landscape.

Though never built, the methodology was adopted in countless projects over the following decades and still maintains relevance in informing methods of rehabilitation.

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The English Crucible

figure 15 Elevation of R Rob, Cap Mar Corbusier, 194 1950

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Landscape Conditions Portugal & Crotia

These slides demonstrate similarities in the quality and parcelization of the working landscape in Portugal and Croatia.

A number of hotels and resorts in both countries have sought to emulate and relate to this particular man-made landscape.

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Coastal Conditions Portugal & Croatia

Though there are similarities in working landscape, there’s a sharp contrast in the costal conditions. In Croatia, the limestone formations come right down to the water, providing stable foundations and natural marinas. In Portugal, the local geological formations provide a much less stable ground for construction. Coastal erosion is

a major issue. Here tourism development could assist in coastal remediation efforts. The Albufeira Marina development is one example of the kind of major infrastructural investment needed to build in this landscape.

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Moradias Villas Albufeira, Portugal Carlos and Jorge Alves, Architects S - 49 Units

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Situated adjacent to the Albufeira Marina complex, the Moradias Villas are an example of the last phase of tourism development before 2008, with hotels being replaced by tourism villages. This tourist village was designed with the intent of trying to blend with the existing infrastructure by adopting a hotel-style massing. Comprised of over forty-five

individual residences, the villas remain in shell condition on a barren hillside indicative of the collapse in the development industry. Though separated by decades, clear sectional and elevational comparisons can be drawn to Corbusier’s Roc et Rob.

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Hotel Cortes Albufeira, Portugal Carlos and Jorge Alves, Architects L

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Neighboring the villas is the Hotel Cortes, developed by the Four Seasons hotel franchise. Along with the Moraidas Villas, this project was not part of the original Albufeira Marina development, but was actually a speculation on its success. The Hilton franchise had then speculated on this

speculation, buying a site to the south of the Marina. It’s interesting to note the attempt at making the hotel appear more village-like with the pergolas and subtle roofline shifts.

The Hotel Cortes now sits as an unfinished vacant shell.

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School of Hotel Management Dubrovnik, Croatia Vjenceslav Richter

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_60 _54

Vjenceslav Richter’s School of Hotel Management, represents one of the first examples of an adaptation of the Roc et Rob strategy in Croatia that explored how to reduce the visual impact of these structures as well how to integrate them into and with the surrounding context. Built into the hillside, the school visually disappears down the

hillside when viewed from above. Large tree growth greatly nearly conceals the school from below. This design allowed for a multi-building development to exist without the harsh visual impact typically associated with larger projects.

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Hotel Brela Brela, Croatia De Luca, Rogic and Salaj, Architects S - 52 Units

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_17

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The same technique of landscape response can be seen with this hotel complex in the fishing village of Brela, near Makarska, designed by Rozic, Salaj and De Luca.

Though now partially redeveloped into a larger hotel, the remaining original Makarska structure is concealed within a grove of trees on the Brela coast. This is one of the first examples of the conscious use of silvicuture as

an architectural strategy with the trees functioning as a second architectural envelope, regulating views and light for the units. Additionally, it is important to highlight the juxtaposition of the low visual and topographical impact of the original structure with the expansion in the 80’s, which is pushing on the edge of overbuilding.

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Hotel Bijela Kuca Bol, Croatia Lavoslav Horvat and Urban Institute, Split M - 90 Units

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Here is an example of rehabilitation and adaptive reuse of an existing building and an existing landscape. Originally a school, designed by Lavoslav Horvat in the thirties to serve Brac and Hvar islands, the school and its pine grove were transformed into one of the first tourism complexes on this island after World War II. Furthermore, the pine

trees uniquely provide that desired resort seclusion and privacy, yet its proximity to the town creates the necessary economic and infrastructure connections. Though it is completely abandoned, its typology has allowed the town to persist with none of negative impacts or stigmas on the community typically associated with abandonment.

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figure 16 Roq et Rob, S

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Hotel Marina Lucica Primosten, Croatia Lovro Perkovic L-293 Units

_18 _12 _6

_20 _18

_7

In plan, the scale of Hotel Marina Lucica, being composed of 293 units, appears imposing yet in section as well as over time its impact seems quite minimal.

It was designed with that specific evolutionary intent.

The planned growth of pine trees has now created interweaving of man-made structure and the natural.

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Hotel Marina Lucica Primosten, Croatia Lvovro Perkovic L-293 Units

HOTEL MARINA LUCICA FLOOR 5 SCALE 1:630

By the end of the sixties, architects began to experiment with more land-form like organizations, replacing the pavilion organizations of the previous decade, particularly on the southern coast, where the slope

is more extreme. Furthermore, the hotel moves with landscape allowing each section of the hotel to frame specific views from the marina, to the ocean, to Primosten.

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Hotel Petka Dubrovink, Croatia Ivan Vitic M - 165 Units _26

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_10

Though comparable in unit scale to the Marina, the Hotel Petka reveals the very different visual impacts design strategies can have. Although never built, Petka exemplifies the possible scale at which the Roc e Rob methodology can be constructed. Despite its size, the Hotel Petka maintains

a human scale by enhancing the distinction and varying sectional placement of the units. There’s an obvious intent in the Petka with its planters to introduce a natural element yet it is almost negligible in comparison to the Marina.

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Hotel Adriatic Opatija, Croatia Branko Zindarec M - 158 Units _51 _47

_38 _33 _29

_49 _45

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Similar in scale to the Marina and Petka, the Hotel Adriatic represents the Corbusian methodology yet in an urban setting. The Hotel Adriatic is a testament to the unit scale developments of the 60’s and 70’s. The shifting angles and set backs of the units break the monotony of scale

and accentuates the hillside on which it is built. The hotel also contains a fully functioning Congress Hall creating a unique juxtaposition of scale within the structure.

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Roc e Rob

French Riviera 43 Untis

Moradias Villas Albufeira, Portugal 49 Units

Hotel Brela

Brela, Croatia 52 Units

Hotel Bijela Kuca

Bol, Croatia 90 Units

The progression, exploration, and implementation of Corbusian techniques through the 60’s into the mid 70’s in Croatia inform different design and adaptation strategies that can fuel not only rehabilitation in Croatia but in Portugal as well. Each development brings a unique response to and

generation of a landscape. the question has to be asked... how can these development begin to inform each other and methods of rehabilitation? How can the landscaping and the site aggregation strategies of the Marina begin to inform transforming the Villas into an economically viable 365

Hotel Adriatic Opatija, Croatia 158 Units

Hotel Petka

Dubrovink, Croatia 165 Units

Hotel Cortes Albufeira, Portugal 224 Units

Hotel Marina

Primosten, Croatia 293 Units

development? Overdevelopment in Portugal as resulted in a decaying man-made landscape void of any substantial natural growth. In conjunction with repurposing and reimaging the function of these abandoned developments, the insertion of a formal landscape system that allows

informal growth can further aid rejuvenating the area.

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Hotel Rehabilitation & Coast Line Resilience Croatia & Portugal

Taxonomy of Natural and Man-made coastal conditions, Croatia (Adriatic North / Lower Adriatic Project)

Shallow Rocky Slope

Barren Terraces

Wooded Terraces

Flat Lands

Pinewoods

Rough Wooded Slope

Steep Rocky Slope

Cliffs

Source: UNDP Funded Program “Southern Adriatic�. 1972

These diagrams of the Croatian and Portaguese coasts represent the eroding and constantly changing landscape in which the built environment must respond to. Development in both countries has had a dramatic effect on these landscapes. In Portugal, massive overdevelopment has aided

in substantially degrading the integrity of the coast thereby ironically putting those very developments in danger. In Croatia, many of these older hotels have created a somewhat symbiotic relationship with their context and even developed a new ecology through a natural evolution of the silvaculture.

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Taxonomy of Stable and Unstable Coastal Conditions, Algarve

Cliffs

Sea Cave

Arch

Stack

Overhang

Wave Cut Platform

Rough Slope

Slumping

Understanding this new ecology and its subsequent effects on not only the hotels but also on the landscape and will play an important role in the rehabilitation of these abandoned structures. These techniques can subsequently be employed in varying degrees in the Algarve to reintroduce natural tree

and fauna, aid in bringing stability to the landscape, and reinvigorate the built environment.

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Rehabilitating TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE: Scales of Intervention These different hotel typologies require different approaches to unit aggregation. This section will also examine how the public spaces of the buildings interact with the surrounding urban fabric and landscape.

Recently, new rehabilitation strategies in Croatia and Portugal have begun to be implemented. This section examines these strategies at immediate building and unit scale. Older hotels in these regions, primarily built in the 60’s and 70’s, share multiple characteristics that have been targets for renovation. These shared issues, such as small room size, lack of universal accessibility, and inadequate fire egress, can hurt the hotels’ business endeavors.

With the excess of overbuilding and abandoned projects within Portugal and Croatia, clues should be taken from the successful aspects of existing projects when developers are looking to propose new designs. Croatia provides a number of new strategies for rehabilitation, both at building scale and resort complex scale. A certain degree of structural redundancy can be beneficial, as it allows for less complicated renovations when shifting hotel types.

Unit design and aggregation creates the core of the identity for each hotel. Possibilities for rehabilitations are ever increasing, as new technologies become available for concrete structure reinforcement. The various examples detailed in this section show that new construction is not necessary to create a successful project. Reinvigoration of existing lodging types, as well as the repurposing of spaces, are suitable alternatives, and will often save money during construction. Moving forward, the adaptation of buildings will continue to be an integral part of the rehabilitation of these regions.

In Croatia, many of these hotels have been abandoned for more than a decade, raising issues of structural stability. Conversely, in Portugal, there are many recently built hotels left abandoned due to the recent economic crisis. While they fulfill many of the code requriements, their rehabilitation will have more to do with issues of identity and changing tourism trends.

As such, refreshing the appearance and inner workings of the buildings in each reagion has created a more attractive atmosphere. Through these invigoration efforts, changes of trends in tourism have become apparent, with new lodging types being introduced: the apartment hotel, which combined aspects of a fully functioning apartment with the amenities of a hotel, and the hostel-hotel hybrid, which brings together both market extremes, catering to both the high and low end.

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Hotel Cortes

Albufeira, Portugal

Carlos and Jorge Alves, Architects L

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Single Unit (SU): 3.75m x 10.00m -typical unit End Unit (EU): 5.50m x 10.00m -includes office space Long Unit (LU): 3.75m x 11.75m -includes living room area Handicap Unit (HU): 3.75m x 13.25m -handicap accessible

Unit Aggregation

SU

EU LU HU

Once part of multiple new construction developments in and around the marina, Hotel Cortes was recently abandoned before completion due to widely shared ambitions, which lead to overbuilding. The projected plans held a variety of room types, including handicap accessible units. Aggregation of the building incorporates a staggered unit strategy. The project currently sits as an empty shell along the hillside.

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Hotel Sol e Mar

Ground Floor Plan

Albufeira, Portugal M - 74 Units

Hotel Sol e Mar is a typical example of a 60’s hotel in Portugal. It favors room view over room variety, as each unit is oriented to maximize the view out towards the ocean. The building contains issues that have become more prevalent since construction, such as poor egress and small room size. However, due to prime location in the city and supurb view, the hotel still maintains high popularity, which makes it difficult to find enough time in the year for needed rehabilitation.

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Unit Aggregation

The aggregation strategy uses a single loaded corridor with units all of the same type facing towards the ocean view.

SU Single Unit (SU): 3.50m x 10.00m

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AS - Architectural Section US - Urban Section

AS

US

The hotel features an atypical relation to the site, as the main entrance is located on the top floor, while the beach side opposite the entrance drops off several floors. This is due to the building being set into the cliff, as the foundations lay upon what was once an old fort. A tunnel runs underneath the hotel, connecting the beach to the rest of the city.

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Hotel Rovinj

Existing Conditions

Rovinj, Croatia Randic-Turato S - 50 Units

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Ground Floor Plan

Hotel Rovinj, a recently proposed project, uses a unique design which interweaves the landscape with the urban fabric.

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Single Unit (SU): 3.50m x 10.00m -typical unit Connected Unit (CU): 7.00m x 10.00m -2 SU with connecting door Deluxe Unit (DU): 7.25m x 20.00m -largest suite

Unit Aggregation

DU

CU

SU

Containing mostly typical units, Hotel Rovinj’s design is unfortunatley lacking in unit number, as there is a serious concern over whether there are enough units to support the building. Each floor contains units which are aggregated facing the sea with a single loaded cooridor along the backside.

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Source: Randic Turato

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AS - Architectural Section US - Urban Section

AS

US

The building is a direct response to urban form. Built on the foundations of a demonlished structure, the hotel weaves the existing roofscape of the city with the landscape of the adjacent church yard, while also visually continuing the presence of the sea wall, thus allowing for the contemporary structure to discretely blend in with the historic setting surrounding it.

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Source: Randic Turato

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Hotel Lone (and Eden)

Ground Floor Plan

Rovinj, Croatia 3LHD L - 248 Units

One of the few newly constructed hotels in Croatia, the building sits surrounded by pine trees, giving it the appearence and feeling of being disconnected from the city, while still maintaining a relatively close proximity to it. The position and design of Hotel Lone and its neighbor, Hotel Eden, convey the idea that they are an extension of each other.

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Source: 3lhd

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Single Unit (SU): 4.00m x 8.00m -typical unit Connected Unit (CU): 8.00m x 8.00m -2 SU with connecting door Deluxe Unit (DU): 8.50m x 8.50m -includes living room area Super Deluxe Unit (SDU): 18.0m x 12.5m -includes living room area and second bedroom

Unit Aggregation

SDU

SU

CU DU

Hotel Lone is one of the first newly constructed hotels after the war in Croatia. It epitomizes the post-war tourist resort type hotel, boasting large luxurious units and a wide variety of amenities in-house.

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Source: 3lhd

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AS - Architectural Section US - Urban Section

AS

US

The design of the building represents a new form of rehabilitation, using the logic and foundation of its socialist-era predecessor and adapting them to comtemporary needs.

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Source: 3lhd

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Superdalmatia

Ground Floor Plan

Ciovo, Croatia Njiric+ S - 40 Units

Croatia, as well as the European Union is interested in supporting small and medium sized hotels, such as this one. The peculiar geometry of the building is used to allow light in throughout the building. The design creates rooms of widely varying shapes, but similarly sized.

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Unit Aggregation

Units are organized throughout each wing, with bathroom cores creating a more solid facade towards the exterior of the building.

SU Single Unit (SU): 5.75m x 5.00m

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Source: njiric+

AS - Architectural Section US - Urban Section (with typical private tourist apartment building and camp ground)

AS

US

Built in a largely residential community, the Superdalmatia Hotel essentially combines the small family-owned bed and breakfasts that define the area with a more typical hotel type, compacting it and creating a combination of the two.

This provides an alternative to tourists who are looking for a commertial, yet more private, atmosphere.

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Typical tourist apartments and Superdalmatia Hotel 392

Hotel Maraska

Ground Floor Plan

Zadar, Croatia Marina Projekt M - 85 Units

Hotel Maraska is an example of a unique approach to rehabilitation in the region, as it imagines a new function to a old historic building. Formerly a Maraschino liquor factory, an adaptation into a hotel has been proposed, which includes a new addition to the backside of the building.

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AS - Architectural Section US - Urban Section

AS

US The building stands as a contemporary precedent for new development by maintaining contextual relevance through the preservation and restoration of the original faรงade. The design contains various room sizes, including apartment type luxury units.

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Existing structure was subdivided to create units of varying types, while the new building addition exclusively houses typical single units.

Existing Structure

Proposed Unit Aggregation

Single Unit (SU): 4.00m x 8.25m -typical unit New Unit (NU): 4.25m x 10.0m -new unit in building addition Apartment Unit (SDU): 12.0m x 9.50m -contains multiple bed/bath, as well as a living room area

Before Adaptation

After Adaptation NU

SU

AU 396

AU

SU

The various room types are aggregated all throughout the building.

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Funimation Borik

Ground Floor Plan (closing off pool to public in red)

Zadar, Croatia

(formerly Hotel Barbara) L - 258 Units In Complex

Recently remodeled, the Funimation Borik reflects the shift to an apartment hotel typology. A new pavilion that closes off pool to public was erected, which was an indication of the change of the openness of the resort to the citizen of Zadar, creating a more private atmosphere. This caused antagonism from the locals, who used the beach that was now bocked off by the new covered walkway.

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Bruno Milic

Urban Design Scheme for Punta Mika Zadar, 1967 400

Building Structural Logic Before Adaptation

OU

AU1

AU2

Old Unit (OU): 3.25m Apartment Unit 1 (AU1): 5.25m Apartment Unit 2 (AU2): 7.75m Apartment Unit 3 (AU3): 16.0m Apartment Unit 4 (AU4): 10.5m

AU3 x x x x x

After Adaptation

AU4

10.0m 9.50m 9.50m 9.00m 10.0m

Formerly consiting of mostly identical small units, the renovation created larger units of various sizes. The new design and atmosphere of the hotel begs the question of whether the Funimation Borik is a city hotel or a private resort.

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402

Golly Bossy Hostel

Ground Floor Plan

Split, Croatia STUDIO UP S - 29 Units

The Golly Bossy Hostel is an example of creating a new hybrid typology which contains various unit types. Once an old historic structure, the building was renovated into a department store before being renovated again into a hostel. The design forms a symbiosis between the type of room and the former existing space within each floor.

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Hotel Unit

Hostel

While the facade remained untouched, the newly designed interior creates an ambient effect, altering the appearence from the exterior.

Source: STUDIO UP

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Ground Floor

Circulation core from former department store remained to service new hostel.

Source: STUDIO UP

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1st Floor

Unit Aggregation

The 1st floor space is aggregated into straight rows of hostel-style sleeping pods.

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Hostel Unit 1 (HU1): 3.25m x 9.00m

2nd Floor

Unit Aggregation

The 2nd floor also contains hostel-style sleeping pods, though within bent rooms.

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Hostel Unit 2 (HU2): 5.00m x 7.00m

3rd Floor

Unit Aggregation

The top floor contains hotel-type units, using the extra roof height to feature loft spaces for additional beds.

Hotel Unit (HoU): 4.50m x 7.50m 408

Boutique Hostel Forum

Ground Floor Plan

Zadar, Croatia STUDIO UP S - 35 Units

Formerly a standard 60’s hotel, the recent renovation of the Boutique Hostel Forum greatly increased the capicity of occupation. With this renovation, the building became a new tourism product in itself, catering to people of all economic backgrounds.

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410 Source: STUDIO UP

Hostel Unit 1 (HU1): 3.75m Hostel Unit 2 (HU2): 3.75m Hotel Unit 1 (HoU1): 4.75m Hotel Unit 2 (HoU2): 4.25m Hotel Unit 3 (HoU3): 4.25m

Before Adaptation

x x x x x

4.25m 4.25m 4.25m 4.25m 4.25m

After Adaptation

HU1

HU2

HoU1

HoU2

2nd Floor

HoU3

3rd Floor

The building is seen as a privatized version of a typical hostel, as each room, and the bed setup within, contain a more isolated setup compared to most other hostels, with only four sleeping pods per room. The building also contains hoteltype units as well.

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Bruno Milic

Elevation Variations of Hotel 1968 412

HU2

HU1 413

HoU3 HoU2 HoU1

The 1st and 2nd floors contain privatized hostel-type rooms, while the top floor contains strictly hotel-type rooms.

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Rehabilitation Strategies: Ground Floor as a Mediator In a number of the case studies examined in this section, collected here at the same scale, the ground floor serves as a key transition element between the existing context and the more private and cellular logic of the hotel.

Hotel Lone relates to Hotel Eden, Hotels Sol e Mar and Rovinj continue the existing circulation of their historic suroundings, Superdalmatia connects to the camp ground while elevating from the busy road, Boutique Hostels Golly Bossy and Forum connect to plazas, Hotel Maraska to the water front promenade, and the Funmation Borik to drop off and beach.

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418

419

420

421

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Rehabilitation Strategies: Frame and Infill

Flexible Occupation:

Le Corbusier’s Fort l’Empereur proposal called for open floor plates in which future residents could build in their own units as desired.

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What does an architect design? What should be left up to the occupants?

Temporary Occupation:

Imagined as a way to build around already established units, Archigram’s Free Time Node was a conceptual design which showed an example of a hybrid between a hotel and a campsite.

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425

Source: njiric+

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