Home Work by Northeastern School of Architecture

Northeastern University School of Architecture Industrial Housing Delivery Ecologies ARCH 7130 Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Research Studio

School of Architecture Northeastern University 151 Ryder Hall 360 Huntington Ave Boston, Ma 02115 http://www.northeastern.edu/camd/architecture/ 617.373.8589 Copyright ÂŠ 2014 School of Architecture Northeastern University The texts and images included in this booklet are intended for academic purposes only. No parts of this bookelet may be copied, reproduced, replublished, uploaded, posted, transmitted, or distributed in any way for commercial purposes.

Northeastern University School of Architecture ARCH 7130 Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Research Studio

Edited by Ivan Rupnik & Julien Jalbert with contributions from Scott Swails, Betty Quintana, Katie McMahon, Thomas Neal, Jacqueline Mossman, Jesse Jennings-Rampsi, Brian Gouin

HOMEWORK TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREMEDITATED CONSTRUCTION The architect plays a crucial role in understanding and executing efficient pre-construction design tactics.

1.1

PREFABRICATION SCOTT SWAILS

With a multitude of different delivery systems within the realm of prefabricated housing, viewing these through a lense focused specifically on manufacturing location, be it on-site, off-site, or both, some crucial similarities and differences begin to emerge.

1.2

FABRICATION UNITS BETTY QUINTANA

The Fabrication Unit is broken up into four distinct categories; the ‘complete unit’, the ‘chunk’, the ‘cell / panel’, and the ‘component’. These varied techniques are deployed to meet site, material and timing constraints, which this chapter explores.

1.3

CUSTOMIZATION KATIE MCMAHON

DELIVERY SYSTEMS Efficient transportation and deployment of prefabricated housing units from their point of fabrication to final site is paramount.

2.1

DELIVERY THOMAS NEAL

SITE RESPONSE Understanding on-site unit relationships and measuring success in assembly techniques helps inform future design iterations.

3.1

ASSEMBLY

JACQUELINE MOSSMAN

The assembly of prefabricated housing units is one of the most important aspects of prefabricated construction and design, where a sophisticated and thorougly planned system can maximimize efficiency in minimizing on-site work, expediting the overall process.

JESSE JENNINGS-RAMPSI

The placement of housing units in relation to one another and their immediate surroundings can inform an architecture at a larger and more communal scale, which architects can choose to direct, or provide a framework in which the built environment can develop over time.

Delivery is an integral part of the design of all industrial housing systems. A variety of delivery modes exist and each have inherent benefits and drawbacks. The diagrams in this section are meant to convey ways to decide what modes of delivery are most effective for a designer looking to create a new housing delivery system.

2.2

AGGREGATION

3.2

PERFORMANCE BRIAN GOUIN

There are two considerations for design in terms of performance; the first beign the construction of the system, the second being the energy consumption of the occupied unit. This chapter explores several case studies of modular and prefabricated systems, to better understand assembly techniques used and their successes and failures.

HDS

PREFABRICATION

SWAILS

FAB

FABRICATION TYPES

SWAILS

FAB

FACTORY TIMES

SWAILS

FAB

OFFSITE PRODUCTION

SWAILS

FAB

SWAILS

FAB

ONSITE PRODUCTION

SWAILS

FAB

SWAILS

FAB

FACTORY SCALES

SWAILS

FAB

CONVENTIONAL VS. OFFSITE

SWAILS

FAB

COMPONENTS

SWAILS

FAB

SWAILS

FAB

UNITS TYPES

SWAILS

FAB

SWAILS

HDS HDS

FABRICATION UNITS FABRICATION UNIT

The Fabrication Unit is broken up into four distinct categories; the Complete Unit, the “Chunk” the Cell/ Panel, and the Component. When a Complete Unit system is incorporated, the entire unit is assembled off-site and simply transported to the site. When a “Chunking” system is incorporated, it leads to a closed system composed primarily of steel components and is assembled on-site. The cell/panel unit of fabrication leads to either an open or a closed system. If an open system is incorporated, the prominent material whether wood or steel is chosen, which then leads to on-site or off-site montage. The same holds true for the closed cell/ panel system, where the prominent material is selected, leading then to an off-site or an on-site montage. When a Component system is incorporated, it leads to an open system which can lead to either wood or a Kit of Parts system. The wood system that stems from the open system would lead to on-site framing of the components. The Kit of Parts route would lead to either wood or steel and would then lead to on-site montage. The “Chunk” system consists of off-site fabricated cells that are constructed from off-the-shelf items , which are then shipped to the jobsite and then assembled using relatively minimal labor. The system incorporates a “dry” joint design which allows for bolts rather than welds for connections. The Complete Unit system consists of complete units that are assembled off-site. These units are then transported to the job site through the use of a chassis and are then simply installed in the desired location. No on site-montage is associated with this system.

The Cell/Panel system is composed of cells and/or panels that are assembled off-site. The modular cells and/or panels are transported to the site, where the modular nature of their design allows for a relatively simple montage. The Component system is composed of fabricated small units that are delivered in large quantities to the site where extensive labor is required for the montage of the units. This system can be either considered as strictly a component system, which incorporates, for example the lumber required for construction or it may be a “Kit of Parts” system which consists of a large quantity of off-theshelf components that comprise every piece requried for the complete construction of the residences.

QUINTANA

HDS

QUINTANA

No Montage

On Site Montage

Steel

Kit of Parts

Wood

Open System

Component

Off Site Montage

Wood

On Site Montage

Wood

Closed System

Off Site Montage

Steel

Off Site Montage

Complete Unit

Steel

Fabrication Unit

Chunk

Off Site Montage

Wood

On Site Montage

Open System

Cell/Panel

On Site Montage

Closed System

Off Site Montage

Steel

On Site Montage

UNIT

CHUNK STEEL

FABRICATION UNIT Cellophane House

QUINTANA

“CHUNK” STEEL

The use of a “chunking” system is employed, which consists of modules composed of standardized parts that are assembled off-site and then transported on-site for relatively simple installation.

Off-site montage of “Chunk” modules

“Chunk” modules delivery via trucks

On-site montage of modules

Prototypical single family or multifamily residence

UNIT

FABRICATION UNIT Living Homes

QUINTANA

â&#x20AC;&#x153;CHUNKâ&#x20AC;? STEEL

Framing module delivery via trucks

Ty Ho vek m ew ra pp i ng

ing Ty Ho vek m ew ra pp

Off-site steel framing montage

Ty v Ty Hom ek ew Ho vek ra m pp ew i ng ra pp i ng

A steel cellular system is employed that involves the montage of structural framed cells off-site, which are then transported to the site for incorporation of enclosure.

On-site montage of modules and installation of enclosure

Single family residence

STEEL CELL

UNIT

FABRICATION UNIT Bluhomes

QUINTANA

CELL STEEL

A modular cell system is employed where complete steel framed and insulated modules are assembled off-site and folded in for transportation. Once on-site, the ease of the folding technology allows for a simple and rapid montage. Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek rap Homew Tyvek Home wrap Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek Home wrap Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek rap Homew Tyvek rap Homew

Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek rap Homew Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek Tyvek Home Home wrap wrap

Tyvek rap Homew

Tyvek Home Tyvek wrap Home wrap

Tyvek p Homewra Tyvek p Homewra

Tyvek rap Homew

Off-site montage of steel framed modules

Tyvek p Homewra Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek rap Homew

Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek rap Homew

Modules folded in and delivered via trucks

On-site unfolding and montage

Single family residence

UNIT

WOOD CELL

FABRICATION UNIT System 3

QUINTANA

CELL WOOD

Modular cells and panels defined as “Garden Space”, “Naked Space” and “Skin” are assembled off- site and then transported to the site where rapid installation is enabled by the pre-assembled components.

Three component system consisting of “Garden Space”, “Naked Space” and Skin”

Material delivery via trucks

On-site montage

Prototypical single family residence

STEEL CELL

UNIT

FABRICATION UNIT Hive Modular

QUINTANA

CELL STEEL

A modular cell system is employed where complete wood framed and insulated modular bars are assembled off-site and transported to the site. Once on-site the modular bars provide ease of installation.

Tyvek Homewr ap

Tyvek Homewr ap Tyvek Homewr ap

Tyvek Homewr ap

Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek Homewr ap

Tyvek Home wrap Tyvek Home wrap Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek Home wrap Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek Homewr ap

Tyvek rap Homew

Tyvek Homewr ap

Tyvek rap Homew Tyvek rap Homew

Tyvek Homewr ap Tyvek Homewr ap

Tyvek Homewr ap

Off-site montage of modular bars

Material delivery via trucks

Tyvek rap Homew

Tyvek Homewr ap

Tyvek rap Homew

Tyvek Homewr ap

Tyvek Homewr ap Tyvek Homewr ap

Tyvek rap Homew

Tyvek Homewr ap

Tyvek rap Homew

On-site montage of modular bars and siding installation

Single family and multi-family residence

WOOD CELL

UNIT

FABRICATION UNIT Res4

QUINTANA

CELL WOOD

A modular cell system is employed where complete wood framed and insulated modular units are assembled off-site and transported to the site. Once onsite the modular units provide ease of installation.

Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek rap Homew

Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek rap Homew Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek rap Homew

Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek rap Homew

Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek rap Homew

Tyvek Home wrap

Modules assembled off-site

Module delivery via trucks

Tyvek Home wrap Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek rap Homew Tyvek rap Homew

On-site montage of modules and siding installation

Single family residence

UNIT

WOOD COMPONENT

FABRICATION UNIT Triple Decker

QUINTANA

COMPONENT WOOD

System that employs the use of fabricated lumber components. These units are delivered in large quantities to the site, where they are then manually assembled in a hybrid of braced and balloon framing. Extensive on-site labor and coordination is required.

Lumber for framing

Material delivery via railroad

On-site montage

Multi-family residence

UNIT

WOOD COMPONENT

FABRICATION UNIT Levittown

QUINTANA

COMPONENT WOOD

System that employs the use of fabricated lumber components. The units are delivered in large quantities to the site, where they are then manually assembled for framing. Extensive on-site labor and coordination is required.

Lumber for framing

Framing module delivery via trucks

On-site montage of modules and installation of panels

Single family residence

KIT OF PARTS STEEL

UNIT

FABRICATION UNIT Eames House

QUINTANA

KIT OF PARTS STEEL

System composed of steel trusses, columns, a modular framing system and modular stucco panels that are delivered to the site for montage. The modularity of the components allow for ease of coordination on site.

9’

4’-8”

Steel components for framing and stucco panels

Material delivery via trucks

On-site montage

Protoypical single family residence

UNIT

KIT OF PARTS WOOD

FABRICATION UNIT Sears

QUINTANA

KIT OF PARTS WOOD

System composed of lumber units and off-the-shelf components that are shipped in large quantities to the site, where they are then manually assembled for framing. Extensive on-site labor and coordination is required.

Lumber and off-the-shelf components

Materials delivery via railroad

On-site montage and installation of off-the-shelf components

Single family residence

UNIT

COMPLETE UNIT

FABRICATION UNIT Airstream

QUINTANA

COMPLETE UNIT

System that incorporates the montage of a complete unit off-site that is then transported on-site for simple installation with no montage required.

Off-site montage of complete unit

Material delivery via chassis

No on-site montage

Single family residence

UNIT

Complete Unit

Chunk

Component

Tyvek p Homewra

Tyve Homkewra p

Tyve Homkewra p Tyve Homkewra p

32’

QUINTANA

Cell/Panel

Tyve Homkewra p

Tyvek p Homewra

Tyve Homkewra p

Tyvek p Homewra

35’

20’

Tyvek p Homewra

Tyve Homkewra p

10’

Cellophane House

4”

2”

BluHomes

Triple Decker Levittown

22’ 8’

54’

22’

47’-8”

Living Homes

12’-6”

9’

4’-8”

System 3 Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek Home wrap Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek Home wrap

Tyvek rap Homew Tyvek rap Homew

Tyvek Home wrap

56’ Airstream

Tyvek Home wrap

16’ Hive Modular

Tyvek Homewr ap

Eames House

Tyvek p Homewra

Tyvek Homewr ap

Tyvek p Homewra

102’

18’ Res4

Sears

CUSTOMIZATION HDS Customization

HDS

All prefabricated buildings are characterized by some degree of customization, whether it stems from the architect’s creativity, options presented to the consumer, or both. Design decisions take place during almost every phase of a project, including site selection, schematic design and design development. The chart on the opposite page represents a breakdown of “decision makers” and what they are deciding for each of the case studies analyzed during this studio. The initial separation of “Client’s Input” and “Architect’s Preference” represents the defining characteristic of all of the case studies with respect to customization. Each project we have analyzed is either a complete, packaged product designed by an architect, or the result of a close client/ designer relationship that allows for a high degree of customization according the client’s wants and needs.

126

MCMAHON

Projects that allow for the client to be involved in the design process result in buildings with great variation within the specific type, as each building is tailored to the client’s needs and taste. Conversely, projects that are conceived of completely by the initial design team trend towards limited variation within a handful of types. In addition these models are typically geared towards aggregated development where the driving force in design is mass implementation and efficiencies in time and budget. This can be seen in the example of Levitown, where Alfred Levitt developed one floor plan that varied only in roof color, roof line, window placement, and cladding. In total, there were five versions of same “Cape Cod” house plan.

HDS HDS

MCMAHON

Marketing

Customization occurs are a variety of levels, including size, spatial organization, aesthetics, exterior and interior finishes and fixtures. The degree of customization is generally at the forefront of marketing campaigns for the models that boast many options for the consumer. On the other hand, there exist designs delineated solely by the architect will tend to market either the uniqueness of

the product, such as is the case with the Case Studies projects, or the affordability of their homes, as with Levittown or the Tripple Decker. The following examples in this text represent a variety of marketing strategies, that while different, all seem to employ this notion of customizaion in order to reach their targeted audience.

Customization Clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Imput

Limited Options

Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Preference

Extensive Catalog

Options for Fixtures

No Options for Fixtures

Finalized Design

Options for Fixtures/Finishes

Resolution 4: Architecture Living Homes Kit Haus (MHS) Blu Homes Hive Modular

Airstream

Sears

Toll Brothers

Aggregated With Several Types

One-Offs Several Types

No Variation Within Type

Habitat Levittown Tripple Deckers

Case Studies

Oriental Gardens Cloverleaf

127

COM

SLOGANS

“process as the first art”

cellophane house

“no downpayment for veterans” levittown

“redefining luxury & performance” airstream airstream

128

“the future of building unfolding” blu homes

“the modern modular”

resolution: 4 architecture

“america’s luxury home builder”

toll brothers

MCMAHON

“beautiful. modern. prefab.”

hive modular

“more craftsmanship. more choices” titan homes

“put-up or shutup”

case study homes

“modern convenience”

sears

“a brand new era in building design” mhs

“nature made. factory built.”

living homes

COM COM

System Advertising ADVERTISING

Header

MCMAHON

U.S SYSTEMS LLC, Structural Aluminum Construction , Modular Housing â&#x20AC;¦, MHS Prefab Technology, MHS extrusions framing, Lise

129

COM

LOGOS

MCMAHON

cellophane house

blu homes

hive modular

sears

levittown

resolution: 4 architecture

titan homes

mhs

toll brothers

case study homes

living homes

airstream 130

COM COM

POST-OCCUPATIONAL ADAPTABILITY Post-Occupation Adaptability HABITAT

Header

Original Condition

Due to the permanent nature of the reinforced concrete used in the Habitat â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;67 project, units in this development are fairly unalterable. For this reason, most of the changes have been primarily aesthetic, as seen in the photographs on this page. The finishes in these units have been updated; paint, flooring, and furniture. In addition, interior partitions were only semi-permanent and could be altered.

MCMAHON

Occupant Alterations 1

3 2

131

COM COM

PRE-DELIVERY ADAPTABILITY Pre-Delivery Adaptability LEVITTOWN, NY

Choose Floor Plan

Choose Exterior Aesthetics

Roof Line

“Cape Cod”

Window Placement

Cladding

“Rancher” 132

Roof Color

The first Levitt houses built were variations on one “cape” style floor plan. These options differed in roof line, roof color, cladding type, and window placement. One year into the construction, Levitt introduced an additional floor plan in the form of the “rancher”. From this point on, the aggregated site plan was based on an alternate of these two plans. One interesting and unique aspect of Levitt home construction was the built-in capacity to further expand the living space after occupation. The second story, accessible by Levitt-installed stairs, was sold completely unfinished. Levitt anticipated the desire to expand vertically, and held instructional classes at the local Village Greens. These classes were meant to give homeowners the knowledge and tools necessary to finish the second floor of their homes in order to add a

MCMAHON

COM COM

POST-OCCUPATIONAL ADAPTABILITY Post-Occupation Adaptability LEVITTOWN, NY

Original Design 1957 “Cape Cod House”

possible two extra bedrooms (as seen in the “typical second floor addition” above). Lastly over time, these houses have been drastically modified, to

Planned Post-Occupancy Expansion Second Floor Addition

the point where it is believed that there are only three existing completely original models out of the original 17,000. Most

MCMAHON

Unplanned Post-Occupancy Expansion Side and Rear Additions, Development of New Rooms

homeowners have expanded their homes both vertically and horizontally with additions (as seen in “typical additions and configurations”above”).

133

COM COM

PRE-DELIVERY ADAPTABILITY Pre-Delivery Adaptability RESOLUTION: 4 ARCHITECTURE

Off-Site/ On-Site Assembly Resolution: 4 Architecture provides a wide variety of options for their consumers, based on spatial needs, configuration preferences, and taste in various finishes. Resolution: 4 Architecture’s modules are designed as “bars” that can be combined in virtually endless combinations, depending on client needs. There are two types of bars, public (living room, dining area, kitchen) and private (bedroom and bathroom) that the designers work with. Adding to the possible variety offered by this product, interior finishes are completely customizable according to client preferences. Resolution: 4 Architecture stresses a strong client/ architect relationship in order to ensure an efficient design process and a resulting home that is well suited to the homeowner.

134

Choose Unit Spatial Type

Choose Floor Plan

MCMAHON

COM COM

PRE-DELIVERY ADAPTABILITY Pre-Delivery Adaptability RESOLUTION: 4 ARCHITECTURE

MCMAHON

Choose Interior Finishes

The above views represent four different options for the same floor plan. As seen here, it is possible to customize everything from the fireplace and floor materials to lighting, furniture placement, and even an outdoor patio.

135

COM COM

PRE-DELIVERY ADAPTABILITY Pre-Delivery Adaptability BLU HOMES

Choose Model

Choose Size and Number of Bedrooms Small

136

MCMAHON

Large

COM

PRE-DELIVERY ADAPTABILITY Pre-Delivery Adaptability BLU HOMES

Choose Performance Features standard: eco batt insulation anderson windows exterior glassdoor anderson sliding doors hybrid plug-in green options: green roof solar panels rainwater collection energy monitoring system foundation options: pier helical pile poured bathroom fixtures: toilet tub with tile surround vanity fixtures sink faucet

MCMAHON

Choose Finishes

kitchen fixtures: microwave french door refrigerator sink faucet undercabinet lighting range hood refrigerator dishwasher range over with cook top stackable washer/ dryer

exterior: flat roofing metal roofing clapboard siding exterior options: cedar siding metal siding corrug. steel siding interior: bamboo flooring interior trim interior window trim interior doors laundry closet doors paint

optional: IKEA Pax system gas fireplace recessed lighting fixtures cooling: mini-splits thermostat

kitchen: countertop tile backsplash cabinetry (color) cabinet handles

optional kitchen: slate counter top eco-urban countertops bathroom: standard: cabinetry mirror toilet paper holder towel bar shower shower and floor tile fan optional bathroom: eco-urban caninets fiberglass shower shower base heated toilet seat

color options available 137

HDS HDS

DELIVERY DELIVERY

Delivery is an integral part of the design of all housing delivery systems. A variety of delivery modes exist and each have inherent benefits and drawbacks. The diagrams in this section are meant to convey ways to decide what modes of delivery are most effective for a designer looking to create a new housing delivery system. Comparisons are made based on performance, ability to access any site, weight and dimension limitations, and code. The goal is to provide information for quick reference to determine the most satisfactory mode of delivery given the users set of conditions. Predictions about future congestion on highways and on railroad tracks will help inform the user about where the current conditions may end up. Delivery is an integral part of the design of all housing delivery systems. This diagram represents the ways in which systems are transported. Fabricated and stacked onsite, shipped as parts and assembled onsite, created offsite and shipped as modular pieces and assembled onsite, or created entirely offsite and is ready to use right from the factory. Prefab housing in many instances is dictated by shipping limitations of dimensions and weight. 58

NEAL

This diagram represents the ways in which systems are transported. Fabricated and stacked onsite, shipped as parts and assembled onsite, created offsite and shipped as modular pieces and assembled onsite, or created entirely offsite and is ready to use right from the factory. Prefab housing in many instances is dictated by shipping limitations of dimensions and weight. Manufactured housing accounts for between 10 to 20 percent of all new housing production. Designers have the potential to influence this market and integrate aesthetic designs with practical efficiencies.

HDS

NEAL

Fully On-Site Habitat â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;67

Kit of Parts Sears Toll Bros. Levittown

Cell Systems HIVE RES4 Blu

Fully Off-Site Chassis Airstream

DEL DEL

Modes of Delivery DELIVERY MODES

NEAL

Cars and Trucks

14’0”

4’6”

5’6”

16’0”

5’6”

22’0”

16’0”3

6’6” 8’0”

0’0”

22’0”

6’6” 8’0”

Commercial Trucks 8’6”-11’0” 12’0” 24’0”

11’0”-13’0”

8’0”

24’0” 36’0”

4’6”-5’0” 8’6”

13’6” 48 no ov ’0” - 53’0” erall le ngth l im

8’6”

Maritime

8’6”

40’0”

8’0”

70’0”

These are some typical modes of delivery for parts, panels, chunks and modules. The standard dimensions can help dictate the design strategies. Tractor-trailers, railroad cars and containerships deliver the larger modules. Smaller commercial trucks and pickup trucks are better suited for smaller individual parts.

3’0”

8’6”

Railroad

20’0” o r

48’0” 5

16’0”

965’0”

Approx. 4000 containers

DEL

Delivery Comparison DELIVERY COMPARISON Pros:

DEL

·Flexibility to go to a wide variety of sites ·Standard shipping sizes ·Widely used means of delivery

NEAL

Cons: ·Fluctuating gas prices ·Maintenance ·Potential risk to others in accidents

·Ability to ship many of containers at once ·Not flexible to deliver to all building sites ·Long distance and international delivery ·Speed of travel ·Heavy loads can be easily delivered

DEL DEL

Delivery Performance DELIVERY PERFORMANCE

NEAL

Carbon Footprint

1 Shipment of 18 tons (36,000lbs) over 500 miles Highway

3,042 lbs of CO2

Railroad

1,883 lbs of CO2

Maritime

724 lbs of CO2

400

800

1200

1600

2000

2400

2800

3200

3600

4000

This graph shows the carbon emissions from the three most common modes of delivery for prefab housing. Delivering 1 shipment of 18 tons across 500 miles by truck emits roughly 3,042 pounds of carbon dioxide, by rail about 1,883 pounds of carbon dioxide, and by water 724 pounds of carbon dioxide emitted. However, as show in previous diagrams trucks deliver directly to the site whereas rail and maritime deliver to a central location for further delivery. 62

DEL

DEL DEL

Habitat Habitatâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;67 â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;67 Onsite Delivery Onsite Factory Delivery ONSITEFactory FACTORY DELIVERY

NEAL

Montreal, Montreal,Quebec, Quebec,Canada Canada

Onsite Onsitefactory factorydelivery deliveryreduces reduces delivery deliverytime timeand andemissions. emissions.The The site siterequires requiresthe thespace spacefor foraa factory factorywhere wheremodules modulescan canbe be produced producedand anddelivered deliveredto toits its specific specificlocation. location.Useful Usefulfor for repetitious repetitiousaggregate aggregatehousing. housing.

Factory FactoryLocation Location Truck Truck Crane Crane 400feet 400feet

DEL DEL

Regional Delivery

HIVE Modular

REGIONAL DELIVERY Minneapolis, MN

NEAL

St. Paul, MN See Insert

Palm Harbor Homes Salem, OR

Jamestown, RI Simplex Homes Scranton, PA

Iron Town Homes Salt Lake City, UT

Haven Homes Newton, PA

Tabernash, CO

Haven Homes Charleston, SC Aspen, CO

Palm Harbor Homes Phoenix, AZ

Timber Creek Homes Stratton, NE

KanBuild Inc. Osage, KS

100miles

Dynamic Homes Detroit Lakes, MN New Brighton, MN

Vadnais Heights, MN Chippewa Falls, WI

from reduced delivery time and emissions. Using local factories allows for inexpensive ways to create markets in multiple regions of the country. 64

Stratford Homes Stratford, WI

Factory Locations Site Locations

Superior Homes Watertown, SD

400miles

Minneapolis, MN

St. Paul, MN

Black Earth, WI

DEL DEL

National and International Delivery INTERNATIONAL DELIVERY Kitchen Cabinetry Valcucine Minneapolis, MN

Cellophane House NEAL

Skylight & Roof Canopy CPI Daylighting, Inc Lake Forest, IL

3M St. Paul, MN

New York City

Floor Material 3form Salt Lake City, UT

Burgess Steel Englewood, NJ Photovoltaic Film PowerFilm, Inc Ames, IA

Sky King Skylights Easton, PA Aluminum Members Craftweld Fabrication Montgomeryville, PA McKeon Glass Inc. Darby, PA Acrylic Stairs Capital Plastics Beltsville, MD DuPont Teijin Films Chester, VA

National and international delivery is requires the greatest amount of time and emits the largest amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Kitchen Appliances Miele Bunde, Germany approx. 3,851miles

Factory Locations Site Locations 400miles

ASMB

TIGHT SITE

MOSSMAN

Truck Turning Radius Since pre-fabrication relies heavily on the how things arrive to the site, the ability of the truck to maneuver is an extremely important issue. For some projects, the site constraints prevent the truck from actually pulling onto the site and must be unloaded from the street. Those in an urban setting where vehicles cannot block traffic, the truck must be able to pull onto the site to unload. Therefore the turning radius of the truck is necessary to determine to make sure that the path for the truck is sufficient.

5 5

ASMB

EQUIPMENT

MOSSMAN

Tools for Assembly

100

The equipment required for assembly also varies depending on the components that are being moved and assembled throughout the site. Projects such as Airstream and SustainDesign Studio can arrive on-site in large modules and donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t require any equipment onsite because they are chassis-based. Small component systems such as typical wood framing, the lightweight aluminum extrusions used for MHS and even the larger pre-fabricated trusses used by Toll Brothers require minimal specialized equipment and can be manipulated almost entirely by hand.

ASMB

MOSSMAN

Choosing Your Crane Because of the nature of pre-fabrication and the amount of work done off-site, the components arriving on site and being assembled are often too dense urban urban large to be manipulated dense by hand. Therefore the use of the crane is an essential step is the process of assembling pre-fabricated elements. Cranes come in a large variety of sizes with varying capabilities for their spans, the angles they can achieve and the weight of the loads they can carry.

urbansuburb suburb urban

suburban suburban

For rural and suburban sites often the cranes can be smaller and more mobile, allowing them to be driven onto the site because of the distance of neighboring buildings and infrastructure and therefore do not need to be able to extend long distances. For more urban environments, the use of a crane becomes more difficult because they are more objects that it must be able to maneuver around. Therefore, larger, more stationary cranes are often utilized because of their spanning capabilities. With a longer boom length, these cranes allow modules to be lifted above or over obstructions, for example, lower neighboring buildings.

101

EASE OF ASSEMBLY

ASMB

Complex Assembly The components being assembled are one of the key factors that affect the way in which they are assembled. Smaller sized components lend themselves towards the human assembly since they require less assembly offsite and are able to easily lifted and manipulated, but often require much more complex and extensive work on-site.

complex

small

102

MOSSMAN

ASMB

MOSSMAN No Assembly Required Larger modules because of their shear size and weight almost always require at least some form of heavy machinery for assembly. Often the trade-off with these larger units is that because more work is done in the factory, the amount of site work is greatly reduced and therefore they can be assembled much more quickly

simple

large

103

ASMB

URBAN CHUNKING

MOSSMAN

CELLOPHANE HOUSE

Factory Fabrication One of the unique components of this project is that all the materials are available to be ordered from any network of local members. These products are all shipped to Kullmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s factory in New Jersey where they are assembled into their specified chunk type. Most of the structural material is composed of recycled aluminum, using grates for the structural diaphragm in the floor and a Bosch aluminum frame system. Aluminum was chosen for the framing because it is much lighter than steel and allows for connections to be bolted rather than welded as is typical with steel frames.

aluminum grate

smartwrap panels

104

translucent flooring

schuco e2 glazing

ASMB

MOSSMAN

bosch aluminum frame

interior partitions

acrylic stairs

Once all chunks are complete they are covered with a protective wrap to prevent damage, lifted onto flatbed trucks and secured for shipping to the site.

transported to site

The timing of the departures of the trucks are spaced out so as to allow for only one chunk to arrive at a time so they can be put into place before the next chunk arrives on-site.

105

ASMB

LIGHTWEIGHT CHUNKING

MOSSMAN

CELLOPHANE HOUSE On-Site Assembly Before the chunks arrive onsite, a concrete cast-in place grade beam is poured to use as the foundation. Once this is completed, the chunks begin arriving one by one to the site according to a predetermined schedule. The truck pulls onto the site where each chunk is lifted off by a crane and put into place. All joints are designed as â&#x20AC;&#x153;dryâ&#x20AC;? joints, meaning they are bolted rather than welded allowing for the entire house to be completely disassembled into its original components.

106

construction site construction site

foundation poured

circulation/storage chunk

chunk arrives on-site

glazed chunk

circulation/storage chunk

integrated bathroom stack

ASMB

MOSSMAN

aluminum frame chunk

integrated bathroom stack

circulation/storage chunk

glazed chunk

wall+floor cartridges

roof+skylight

107

ASMB

STEEL CHUNKING

MOSSMAN

CELLOPHANE HOUSE Factory Fabrication Living Homes utilizes a steel chunking system as a way of being able to preassemble the components before they arrive on-site to reduce construction time and in situ tolerance adjustments. In the factory, the custom steel frame for each chunk is assembled with welded connections. Once the frame is completed, it is taken to the factory yard where all cells are test assembled, adjusted and then disassembled. They are then brought back into the factory where all the interior and exterior finishes are applied before they are shipped to the site via trucks.

floor frame

return from factory yard

108

roofing

steel columns

floor finish

transport to site

ASMB

MOSSMAN

partition framing

wall finishes

ceiling frame

windows

to factory yard

for steps 6-17 see factory yard diagram

exterior siding

109

ASMB

STEEL CHUNKING

MOSSMAN

LIVING HOMES Factory Yard Test Assembly After the steel frames are completed in the factory, they are brought outside to the factory yard to be test assembled. Each of the steel frames is stacked as they would be during actual construction on-site. This allows them to test the frames and to make sure that they are accurate and make any necessary adjustments ahead of time, rather than having to make timely and costly alterations on site. In addition, this helps to improve energy performance because it helps to greatly reduce opportunities for thermal breaks. Once they are thoroughly examined, they are disassembled and returned for the factory to be fitted out with finishes before behind shipped to the site.

entrance module frame

bedroom module frame

110

remove bedroom module

living module frame

remove bedroom module

ASMB

MOSSMAN

bedroom module frame

stair module frame

bedroom module frame

remove living module

stair module frame

remove bedroom module

remove entrance module

111

ASMB

STEEL CHUNKING

MOSSMAN

LIVING HOMES On-Site Assembly After the steel frames are completed in the factory, they are brought outside to the factory yard to be test assembled. Each of the steel frames is stacked as they would be during actual construction on-site. This allows them to test the frames and to make sure that they are accurate and make any necessary adjustments ahead of time, rather than having to make timely and costly alterations on site. In addition, this helps to improve energy performance because it helps to greatly reduce opportunities for thermal breaks. Once they are thoroughly examined, they are disassembled and returned for the factory to be fitted out with finishes before behind shipped to the site.

pour foundation

bedroom module

construction site construction site 112

stair module

module arrives

bedroom module

ASMB

MOSSMAN

module lifted

stair module

entrance module

bedroom module

frame module

living module

113

ASMB

STANDARDIZED STICK-BUILT

MOSSMAN

TRIPLE DECKER On-Site Assembly The triple-decker is an example of this delivery system, utilizing standardized lumber such as 2x4s arranged according to a hybrid of the braced and balloon framing methods. This typology emerged out of necessity because of its location in dense suburbs just outside the city. The small size of the units allows them to be easily manipulated within narrower site conditions, requiring no large equipment to assemble. All components are at the scale of the human and their physical limitations for moving and lifting. Assembly is based off of a hybrid of typical wood framing methods available during the middle to late 19th century. The first floor utilizes the braced frame method which uses heavy timber posts at each corner in filled with wood studs and diagonal bracing added at corners for additional support. The second and third floors utilize the balloon framing method. Because of the narrowness of the site, wall framing most often had to be constructed inside the building because the frames were too large to be constructed elsewhere on the site.

the site

fabricate

114

rotate

foundation

fabricate

ASMB

MOSSMAN

fabricate

rotate

fabricate

rotate

fabricate

rotate

fabricate

finish

115

ASMB

PRE-CAST CELLULAR

MOSSMAN

HABITAT â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;67 Factory Fabrication Habitatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;67 is unique because of its establishment of an on-site factory. Because of the low-density of the area being developed, there was enough space in order to create a designated area where each of the concrete cells could be fabricated and then simply transported to their designated location on-site. This helped to provide great efficiency because the cells did not have to be transported long distances from their fabrication site to the site of assembly. This transport was facilitated through the use of gantry cranes, similar to those used in factories to transport items from one end to the other. This specialized type of crane allowed the cell to be lifted in the factory and driven to be assembled.

on-site factory location

remove formwork

116

place frame

lift with gantry crane

ASMB

MOSSMAN On-Site Assembly

add re-bar

add formwork

pour concrete

transport to site

117

ASMB

PRE-CAST CELLULAR

HABITAT ‘67 On-Site Assembly Once the cells are fabricated in the factory, they are transported via gantry crane to one of three locations on-site. At each of these locations, there is a crane placed so that the assembly of each of the three “clusters” can take place simultaneously. Because of the size of the project, a stationary crane was required to accommodate for the large spans and height of the project, therefore making it impractical to have to disassemble and move the crane as construction progressed. By having three cranes the process became increasingly efficient in both time and cost.

118

MOSSMAN

ASMB

MOSSMAN Crane Design The construction of this project was so complex that architect Moshe Safdie took it upon himself to specify the crane design in order to help best execute his vision. They built a stationary steel platform onto which the crane was attached. The base helped to root the crane structurally, and allowed it to extend to the required radius and angle in order to install all the required cells.

Crane Capacity Weight (tons) 70 82 90 100

Length (ft.) 120 100 80 60

at hook

The chart to the right shows the lifting capacity of this crane. As you can see the amount of weight and the length at the hook have an inverse relationship - as the weight increases, the length must decrease because of the forces on the boom of the crane.

119

ASMB

PRE-CAST CELLULAR

MOSSMAN

HABITAT â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;67 On-Site Assembly Through the use of the mobile gantry crane, each of the concrete cells is transported to its designated location on site. Once arriving on site, the gantry crane deposits the cell in close range to the crane where it is then lifted to be stacked in the designed location and orientation. Each of the precast cells is identical in form which allows for them to arrive on-site without any particular order - the only difference during the assembly is their particular location when stacking. This process of transporting and stacking is repeated simultaneously at each one of the three crane locations throughout the site.

120

transport to site

arrive on-site

ASMB

MOSSMAN On-Site Assembly

cell placed on site

cell lifted by crane

121

ASMB

PRE-CAST CELLULAR

MOSSMAN

HABITAT â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;67 On-Site Assembly Each of the concrete cells is stacked and assembled in a very particularly designed order. By rotating the cells the cells when stacking, the design creates outdoor spaces on the roof of the unit below, giving each unit varying degrees of exterior space as well as angling towards views of the water. Once the construction reaches the level of the walkway, the pre-cast pieces of the walkway are then lifted and secured into place, serving at the connectors for each of the units back to the central cores.

place cell

122

place cell

place roof/deck

place cell

ASMB

MOSSMAN

place cell

place roof/deck

place cell

place walkway

123

ASMB

PRE-CAST CELLULAR

MOSSMAN

HABITAT â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;67 On-Site Assembly Efficiency in construction was necessary in this project because of the complexity of the overall design. Therefore, the breakdown of the project into three clusters allowed for construction to continue simultaneously on each, greatly reducing the time needed for assembly. By breaking the assembly down into three separate areas they could install 3 different cranes that could be working simultaneously rather than using one crane and wasting time moving it along the site. The assembly design also provided for the arrangement of these cells so that the cores were able to be dropped into place after all other components were in place.

stack next level of cells

pour foundation

stack next level of cells

place concrete walkways

ASMB

MOSSMAN On-Site Assembly

stack next level of cells

place concrete cores

place concrete walkways

finish

125

HDS HDS

AGGREGATION AGGREGATION

Scale of aggregation in pre-fab housing Aggregation of pre-fab housing follows the same principals as the Doorn Manifesto which was written by Team 10 architects in Holland over 50 years ago and studies the habitat to larger community. The Manifesto declares communities are arranged as detached house-farms, Villages, Towns of various sorts, and Cities. Prefabricated housing are built as single families and can be aggregated as Villages, Towns, and Cities. The “Detached House-Farm” is a single house designed not to be aggregated. “The Village” is unit designed to be part of a larger community. The unit is designed as to be a part of a larger cluster. “Towns” are designed to be produced at a large scale. They are often planned for economy. “Cities” feature housing which is built for density and can be replicated at a large scale.

RAMP

Arrangement in aggregation When an architect designs pre-fabricated housing he/she has a choice to allow it to aggregate. Many architects aim to build single family housies on single lots, this is “singular construction.” “Flexible” design allows a house to stand alone as a single unit but allows for aggregation. Some systems are �exible due to structural systems that allow them to attach to other units while some are �exible in their economy of construction. Lastly, architects conceive some pre-fab as “aggregated construction.” This falls into two categories “stem” and fabric.” “Stem” units are physically attached to additional infrastructure, usually tectonic. The “fabric” consists of units which are aggregated over a land-

AGGREGATION

ORGANIZATION

RAMP

Case Studies in Pre-Fab Housing

Aggregated Construction

Singular Construction

Flexible

Stem

Fabric

Single Unit/ Aggregated

Habitat

Levittown

System3

Sears

Titan

Nagakin Capsule Tower

Cloverleaf

Hive

Airstream

BluHomes

O.M.G.

3-decker

Res4

Eames

Cellophane

Toll Bros.

Living Homes

MHS

When an architect designs pre-fabricated housing he/she has a choice to allow it to aggregate. Many architects aim to build single family housies on single lots, this is “singular construction.” “Flexible” design allows a house to stand alone as a single unit but allows for aggregation. Some systems are flexible due to structural systems that allow them to attach to other units while some are flexible in their economy of construction. Lastly, architects conceive some pre-fab as “aggregated construction.” This falls into two categories “stem” and fabric.” “Stem” units are physically attached to additional infrastructure, usually tectonic. The “fabric” consists of units which are aggregated over a landscape.

AGG

AGGREGATION

RAMP

Aggregation Pre-fab Housing

City

Towns

Detached House-farm

Village

Habitat

Levittown

Cloverleaf

Sears

Titan

Nagakin Capsule Tower

3-decker

O.M.G.

Airstream

BluHomes

System3

Cellophane

Res4

Eames

Hive

Toll Bros.

Living Homes

MHS

Aggregation of pre-fab housing follows the same principals as the Doorn Manifesto which was written by Team 10 architects in Holland over 50 years ago and studies the habitat to larger community. The Manifesto declares communities are arranged as detached house-farms, Villages, Towns of various sorts, and Cities. Prefabricated housing are built as single families and can be aggregated as Villages, Towns, and Cities. The â&#x20AC;&#x153;Detached House-Farmâ&#x20AC;? is a single

“Town”

“TOWN” TOWN

AGGREGATION AGG

RAMP

Habitat 67 1:4500 Habitat 67

Levittown 1:4500 Levittown

1:4500

Cloverleaf 1:4500 10 Cloverleaf

Oriental Masonic Gardens 1:4500 Oriental Masonic Gardens

“VILLAGE” VILLAGE

AGGREGATION AGG

RAMP

Levittown 1:3500

Oriental Masonic Gardens 1:3500

Nagakin Capsule Tower 1:3500

Cloverleaf 1:3500

Habitat 67 1:3500

System3 1:3500

UNIT SIZE UNIT SIZE

AGGREGATION AGG

RAMP

Nagakin Capsule Tower 1/64”=1’0”

Habitat 67 1/64”=1’0”

System3 1/64”=1’0”

Levittown

Oriental Masonic Gardens 1/64”=1’0”

Cloverleaf 1/64”=1’0”

1/64”=1’0” 12

THE STEM THE STEM

AGGPlot AGGREGATION STEM - STREET

Cloverleaf 1:1500

Cloverleaf 1:3000

Stem

RAMP

STEM - INFRASTRUCTURE

Habitat 67 1:185

Habitat 67 1:6000

Nagakin Capsule Tower 1:750

Nagakin Capsule Tower 1:1500

MODULE Module Oriental Masonic Gardens 1:750

Oriental Masonic Gardens 1:3000

System3 1:750

Levittown 1:750

Levittown 1:3000

System3 1:1500

Prefabricated housing is aggregated either through stems or plotted construction. Site-built stems provide infrastructure including one or all of the following: tectonic, circulation, and mechanical. In plotted construction one unit occupies one plot of land. Multiple adjacent plots use the same prototype continuously creating an aggregated fabric. Module plotted units can be placed on single plots and create a fabric or can be fixed adjacent or sometimes vertically to create a single larger structure without additional infrastructure.

DEGREES OF SEPARATION SEPARATION

AGG AGGREGATION

Nagakin Capsule Tower 1:750

RAMP Degrees of separation are established in the aggregation of prefabricated units. Private spaces have furthest separation from public and circulation routes. However, units treat their exposures to their circulation routes or stems differently.

Levittown - New York Rancher - Cape Cod 1:750

System3 1:750

Habitat 67 1:1000

Cloverleaf Ground Floor 14 1:750

Cloverleaf Second Floor 1:750

Oriental Masonic Gardens Ground Floor 1:750

Oriental Masonic Gardens 2nd Floor 1:750

UNITTYPE TYPE UNIT

AGGAGGREGATION

Single Unit Type Single Unit Type

RAMP Single Home Single Home

Nagakin Capsule Tower Nagakin Capsule Tower 1:125 1:125 Levittown: Cape CodCod Levittown: Cape 1:125 1:125

Cloverleaf Cloverleaf 1:125 1:125

Variety in in Assembly Variety Assembly Levittown: Rancher Levittown: Rancher 1:125 1:125 System3 System3 1:125 1:125

Habitat67 Habitat67 1:125 1:125

Oriental Masonic Gardens Oriental Masonic Gardens 1:125 1:125

Unit of of a Whole Unit a Whole

Triple Decker Triple Decker 1:125 1:125

Cellophane House Cellophane House 1:125 1:125

Units areare aggregated in different ways. In some projects a basic unitunit is established andand aggregated around a tectonic stem, plotted or attached directly to to Units aggregated in different ways. In some projects a basic is established aggregated around a tectonic stem, plotted or attached directly each other. Some aggregation schemes, such as Levittown, have multiple units for for aggregation. Variety in Assembly provides a variety in units based on on how each other. Some aggregation schemes, such as Levittown, have multiple units aggregation. Variety in Assembly provides a variety in units based how smaller modules areare arranged. Unit of aofwhole houses a single unitunit within a larger building. smaller modules arranged. Unit a whole houses a single within a larger building.

PERF

Performance

GOUIN

There are two considerations for design in The performance of the occupied unit relates terms of performance; the first being the con- to not only the energy consumption, but also the struction of the system, the second being the adaptability of the unit. The most important factor energy consumption of the occupied unit. in energy consumption is the building envelope. A better envelope allows for reduction of mechanical Construction performance addresses many issues, loads, but at the same time typically increases conthe first of which is whether the system is to be construction cost by requiring both additional matestructed on or off-site. Off-site construction allows for rial as well as labor. Despite this, energy costs will greater quality control, reduced construction waste, be higher in the long run than the up front costs and a more efficient use of labor. While these are of the constructing a better building envelope. beneficial, off-site construction also presents several The following pages provide estimated annuproblems such as transportation restrictions, shipping costs, and reduced tolerance levels in the field. ally energy consumptions for each project. These were calculated using the US Energy Information In contrast, on-site construction allows for greater Administrationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 2005 annual consumption figflexibility and potential cost savings though sub- ures. The estimated consumption was obtained by division development. Issues with on-site con- multiplying the individual precedentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s square footstruction are that it is subject to weather condi- age by the average consumption per square foot tions, requires a greater amount of labor, and based on its region. These should only be used as it can often require entire layers to be installed general estimates as they do not reflect specific inbefore the subsequent layer can be installed. formation from the precedents. This can be seen For example, wall sheathing is often complete- in the disparity between the estimated and acly finished before the finish surface is applied. tual results of Living Homes and the Levittowner.

DIAGRAM

PERF

Graphs

GOUIN

BTU/year Graph Toll Brothers Triple Decker Living Homes Cellophane House Hive Modular MHS Eames House Habitat 67 Levittown Blu Homes Sustain Design Studio

Actual figures

r /y

TU 0B

0 0,0

,00

0 0,0

r /y

TU 0B

0 0,0

r /y

TU 0B

0 0,0

,00

r /y

TU 0B

0 0,0

0,0

r /y

0,0

TU 0B

0 0,0

0,0

0 0,0

Square Footage Graph Toll Brothers Living Homes Triple Decker Cellophane House Hive Modular MHS Eames House Habitat 67 Levittown Blu Homes Sustain Design Studio F

PERF

Thermal Envelope

GOUIN

Thermal envelope The thermal envelope is one of the most significant factors in relation to energy consumption. A well-designed envelope can considerably reduce heating and cooling needs, therefore allowing for smaller mechanical systems and less energy consumption. Thermal bridging is a major issue of residential construction because the tendency to insulate only between the framing members, which often occur every 16 inches. This allows energy to be transmitted from the exterior to the interior, and vice versa, thus increasing the energy needed to condition the interior spaces. The following diagrams depict energy being transferred from exterior to the interior by thermal bridges, as indicated by the red shading and arrows.

Hive Modular

Levittown

Triple Decker

MHS

Habitat

Toll Brothers

Eames House

PERF

Thermal Envelope

GOUIN

The following precedents specifically make efforts to address performance in terms of both construction and occupancy performance. These efforts are used as key features in their marketing strategy.

Sustain Design

Sustain Design minimize the building footprint of their homes to meet the code requirements of mobile homes. They reduce thermal bridging through the use of SIP panels and by insulating framing members. By focusing on these issues, they are able to drastically reduce heating and cooling needs.

Blu Homes

Blu Homes revolutionizes the conventional concept of cellular construction by folding the unit so that it can be shipped in one load. They also utilized 2”x 6” framing 24” o.c., allowing for more insulation in the walls, but less insulation in the roof. The steel frame used also acts as a thermal bridge around the entire home. This is compounded by the fact that steel is much more thermally conductive than wood.

Living Homes

Living Homes manufactures their cells with a steel frame and a mix of standard and engineered wood. They use the factory to increase construction efficiency and provide a controlled environment, although weather conditions are generally agreeable in the locations they typically build. Additionally, the steel frame of their homes is exposed to both the exterior and interior, acting as a thermal bridge.

PERF

Levittown CASE STUDY

As a delivery method, Levittown System Performance maximized construction efficiency. Materials were shipped to the site either precut or ready for installation. Workers acquired a specific skill set and would then move throughout the site like a factory assembly line. Cost savings in materials and labor were also passed Details down to the homebuyers, making System type: Off-site, Component Construction: Light wood the homes extremely affordable. Construction System type: Off-site, Component construction Construction: Light wood construction Foundation: Slab on grade Occupation: 1-2 Stories, Single family Cost: $85 per square foot ($9 per square foot in 1947) Size: 750 - 1000 square feet

Foundation: Slab on Grade Occupation: 1-2 Stories, Single family Cost: $85 psf ($9 psf in 1947) Size: 750 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1000 square feet

Process Factory:

Off-site work: Manufacturing and pre-finishing of parts ConstruCtion ProCess Transportation: Pieces are shipped to site for assembly

Factory: Lebanon, NJ Off-site work: Manufacturing and prefinishing of parts Transportation: Pieces are shipped to site for assembly Distance from site: 50 miles Site work: Excavation, Foundation, Assembly of full unit Heavy machinery: Excavator, Concrete truck Distance from site: Site work: Excavation, Foundation, Assembly of full unit Heavy machinery: Excavator, Concrete truck

Material availability

Regionally: Concrete, Glass Nationally: Lumber, Nails

Built Location Material Location

GOUIN Unit Performance

energy PerforManCe Energy Performance

On-site energy generation: None On-site energy generation: None Site oriented: Oriented to maximize construction efficiency Mechanical systems:Site Radiant heating oriented: Oriented to maximize Forced air (after system failure) Building envelope: Walls, R-4 construction efficiency Roof, R-24 Mechanical systems: Radiant heating, Forced Thermal bridging: Yes air (after system failure) The Levittowner Size: 1000 square feet (1 story) Building envelope: Walls, R-4 Estimated energy consumption: 51,784,000 BTUs / year Actual energy consumption: 110,000,000 BTUs / year R-24 Roof, (110,000 BTUs / square foot) 100w light bulb equivalent: 36 years, 9 months, 18 days

levittowner

Size: Est. energy consumption: 100w light bulb equivalent: Act. energy consumption: 100w light bulb equivalent:

1000 sf (1 story) 52,400,000 BTUs/ yr 17.53 years 110,400,000 BTUs/yr 36.8 years

Location: Region: Avg consumption for area: Average home size: BTUs / SF:

Levittown, PA Mid Atlantic 119,700,000 BTUs / year 2,284 SF 52,400

Climate Location Cold/Mixed Humid

PERF

Levittown CASE STUDY

GOUIN

Occupied Unit

4 1 5 3

Finish surface 1” x 8” wood plank sheathing Concrete slab on grade Wood 2” x 4” studs 16” o.c. with rock-wool insulation (R-12) 5. Glazing 6. Wood 2” x 4” joist 7. Wood 2” x 4” rafters 16” o.c. with rock-wool insulation (R-12) 1. 2. 3. 4.

Fabricated Unit

PERF

Triple Decker CASE STUDY

GOUIN

Triple Deckers addressed construc- System Performance tion performance by maximizing density. The houses encompassed the maximum allowable footprint and height restrictions of their plot. While this was more space than an individual family needed, the second and third floors could be rented out. This supplemented the ownDetails erâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s income, making them affordSystem type: On-site, Component Construction: Light wood able to middle and lower classes. Foundation: Occupation: Cost: Size:

Basement 3 story, multi or single family Unknown 2000-4000 square feet

ConstruCtion ProCess

Factory: Off-site work: Transportation: Distance from site: Site work:

Not applicable None Shipping of materials to site Unknown Excavation, Foundation, Construction of entire unit Heavy machinery: Concrete truck, Crane

Material availability

Regionally: All material

Built Location Material Location

Unit Performance

energy PerforManCe

On-site energy generation: None Site oriented: No Mechanical systems: Oriented to maximize square footage based on lot restrictions Building envelope: Walls, R-2 Floor, R-2 Roof, R-2

built MoDel

Size: 2200 sf Est. energy consumption: 115,060,000 BTUs / year 100w light bulb equivalent: 38.49 years Location: Boston, Massachusets Region: New England Avg consumption for area: 129,300,000 BTUs / year Average home size: 2,472 SF BTUs / SF: 52,300

PERF

Triple Decker CASE STUDY

GOUIN

Occupied Unit

4 5 6 3

1. Finish surface over 1” x 3” wood 7

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

furring strips 1” x 6” wood plank sheathing Concrete and rubble foundation Wood 2” x 4” studs 16” o.c. Wood lath and plaster Glazing Wood 2”x 12” joists 1” x 6” wood plank decking

Fabricated Unit 5 2

4 3

PERF

Toll Brothers CASE STUDY

GOUIN

Toll Brothers system is specifically System Performance intended to reduce construction costs. The company manufactures its own roof trusses and wall panels off-site reducing on-site labor. Toll Brothers are further able to reduce shipping and site work costs by developing subdivisions. Details

System type: Construction: Foundation: Occupation: Cost: Size:

On-site, Component Light wood construction Basement, Slab, Crawl space 1-2 Stories, Single or multifamily Unknown 3200 square feet

ConstruCtion ProCess

Unit Performance

energy PerforManCe

On-site energy generation: None Site oriented: Varies Mechanical systems: Forced air heating and cooling Building envelope: Walls, R-14 Floor, R-8 Roof, R-31

Factory: Knox, Indiana Morrisville, Pennsylvania built MoDel Emporia, Virginia Size: 3252 sf Off-site work: Manufacturing of wood trusses, Est. energy consumption: 118,650,000 BTUs / year wall framing modules, and joists 100w light bulb equivalent: 39.69 years Transportation: Pieces are shipped to site for Location: Millville, Delaware assembly Region: South Atlantic Distance from site: Varies Avg consumption for area: 76,100,000 BTUs / year Site work: Excavation, Foundation Average home size: 2,243 SF Heavy machinery: Excavator, Concrete truck, Crane BTUs / SF: 33,900

Material availability

Nationally: All Materials

Built Location Material Location

Climate Location Mixed Humid

PERF

Toll Brothers CASE STUDY

GOUIN Occupied Unit 4 5 1 6

1. Finish surface over 1” x 3” wood

furring strips

2. OSB sheathing 3. Concrete finish over CMU block 4. Manufactured wood frame,

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

2” x6 ” studs 16” o.c. with batt insulation (R-13) Glazing Concrete slab on grade Rigid insulation (R-8) Batt insulation (R-30) Manufactured wood truss 24” o.c.*

* For second stories, the trusses are replaced with 12” deep engineered joists 16” o.c.

5 7

Fabricated Unit

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT

{3D}

Owner

Unnamed

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT

RODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT

PERF

Eames House CASE STUDY

The Eames House took advantage System Performance of standardized parts and off-theshelf materials to minimize labor and material costs. The house relies on a steel frame shell, which was in-filled with glazing and low cost panels. This allowed for the house to be assembles by only a handful of workers. Details

System type: On-site, Component Construction: Steel frame with glass and panel infill Foundation: Slab Occupation: 2 story, single family Cost: $27,500 ($11 psf â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1949) $247,000 today Size: 1500 sf (Additional 1000 sf office)

ConstruCtion ProCess

Factory: Unknown Off-site work: None Transportation: Pieces are shipped to site for assembly Distance from site: Unknown Site work: All work done on site Heavy machinery: Excavator, Concrete Truck

Material availability

Regionally: Wood, Concrete, Glass, Steel, Plaster Panels, Grey Asbestos

Built Location Material Location

GOUIN Unit Performance

energy PerforManCe

On-site energy generation: Thermal mass Site oriented: South oriented, with shading provided by trees in summer Mechanical systems: Gas fired furnace, wood burning fireplaces Building envelope: Walls, R-4 Floor, R-0 Roof, R-6

built MoDel

Size: 1500 sf (2 stories) Est. energy consumption: 63,000,000 BTUs/yr 100w light bulb equivalent: 21 years Location: Los Angeles, California Region: Pacific Avg consumption for area: 71,800,000 BTUs / year Average home size: 1,708 SF BTUs / SF: 42,000

Climate Location Hot-dry/Mixed-Dry

PERF

Eames House CASE STUDY

GOUIN

Occupied Unit 3 1 6 2

9 8

7 6

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

4” steel H-column 7’- 4” o.c. Concrete slab on grade Cemesto board panel (R-3) Metal deck wall furring 12” steel C-channel with infill panel Glazing 12” deep steel trusses 7’- 4” o.c. Metal roof decking Rigid insulation (R-6)

Fabricated Unit

1 5

PERF

Modular Housing System CASE STUDY

The Modular Housing System is de- System Performance signed to maximize on-site construction efficiency. It utilizes standardized connections and in-fill panels, reducing the amount of labor required. The prefabricated pieces reduce construction waste, and nearly all of the systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s components are recyclable. Details

System type: Off-site, Small panel Construction: Aluminum post and beam frame, SIP infill panels Foundation: Footing, slab on grade, basement, or crawlspace Occupation: 1-3 Stories, Single or multifamily Cost: $175-$250 per square foot Size: 500 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2000 square feet

ConstruCtion ProCess

Factory: Rancho Cucamonga, CA (MHS), Santa Ana, CA (Modhabitat) Off-site work: Production of aluminum extrusions, SIP fabrication using pre-made materials Transportation: All components are shipped to site for assembly Distance from site: <100 miles Site work: All work is done on site with pre-finished materials, Excavation (if applicable) Heavy machinery: None (unless a foundation is required)

Unit Performance

energy PerforManCe

On-site energy generation: PV Panels (optional) Site oriented: Designs can be modified or custom designs can be used Mechanical systems: Forced air, Radiant floor heating (optional) Building envelope: Walls, R-14 Floor, R-14 Roof, R-14

built MoDel

Size: 1536 sf Est. energy consumption: 64,512,000 BTUs / year 100w light bulb equivalent: 21.58 years Location: Los Angeles, California Region: West Pacific Avg consumption for area: 71,800,000 BTUs / year Average home size: 1,708 SF BTUs / SF: 42,000

Material availability

Regionally: All materials

Built Location Material Location

Climate Location Hot-dry/Mixed-Dry

GOUIN

PERF

Modular Housing System CASE STUDY

GOUIN

Occupied Unit

4 5 2 1

1. Extruded aluminum frame on 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

concrete footing Finish surface Structural insulated panel (R-14) 2” x 4” wood sill plate Glazing Cement board sheathing

Fabricated Unit 5

3 4

PERF

Cellophane House CASE STUDY

The Cellophane House is designed in System Performance mind for construction and occupancy performance. It utilizes an aluminum frame with standardized connections and parts which is assembled off-site in chunks. The system address occupancy by providing flexible interior partitions and on-site energy generation integrated into the facades. It is worth noting that the structural framing is much more complicated than the Modular Housing System or Eames House.

GOUIN Unit Performance

Details

energy PerforManCe

ConstruCtion ProCess

MoMa exhibit

System type: Off-site, Component Construction: Aluminum frame with glass infill Foundation: Footing, Slab on Grade Occupation: 3-5 stories, single or multifamily Cost: Uknown Size: 1800 square feet

On-site energy generation: PV Cells, Double Facade Site oriented: South Facing Mechanical systems: Unknown Building envelope: Walls, R-N/A Floor, R-N/A Roof, R-N/A

Size: Factory: Lebanon, NJ Est. energy consumption: Off-site work: Fabrication of cells from 100w light bulb equivalent: pre-made parts Location: Transportation: Cells are shipped to site for Region: assembly Avg consumption for area: Distance from site: 50 miles Average home size: Site work: Excavation, Footings, BTUs / SF: Installation of finishes & fixtures Heavy machinery: Excavator, Concrete truck, Crane

Material availability

Regionally: Aluminum Framing, Glazing Nationally: Acrylic Stairs, Photovoltaic Film, Flooring, PET Plastic, Skylight/ Roof Canopy, Fasteners Internationally: Kitchen/Bath Appliances/ Cabinetry

Built Location Material Location

Climate Location Cold/Mixed Humid

1800 sf (5 stories) 94,320,000 BTUs / yr 31.55 years New York, New York Middle Atlantic 119,700,000 BTUs / year 2,284 SF 52,400

PERF

Cellophane House CASE STUDY

GOUIN Occupied Unit

4 2 3 1

1. Extruded aluminum frame

on concrete footing

2. Secondary glazing system

(open to exterior) *

3. Primary glazing system* 4. Floor panels with integrated

mechanical systems

* The secondary glazing system occurs only on the southern facade. * The primary glazing system on the south facade features an air intake damper. This is absent on the other facades.

Fabricated Unit

PERF

Living Homes CASE STUDY

Living Homes designed for both System Performance construction and occupation performance. They utilize off-site manufacturing to control construction quality and reduce waste. Occupancy is addressed through the use of incorporating eco-friendly materials and by providing at minimum a 1 kWh PV system in each home. Details

System type: Off-site, Cellular construction Construction: Steel frame with light wood construction Foundation: Basement, Slab, Crawl space Occupation: 1-3 Stories, Single or multifamily Cost: $180-$250 per square foot Size: 1500 - 3000 square feet

ConstruCtion ProCess

GOUIN Unit Performance

energy PerforManCe

On-site energy generation: PV Panels (optional) Solar hot water (optional) Site oriented: Designs can be modified for a fee Mechanical systems: Forced air, Radiant floor heating (optional) Building envelope: Walls, R-20 (5.5â&#x20AC;? blown in cellulose) Floor, R-30 batt insulation Roof, R-38 batt insulation

Factory: California Off-site work: Assembly of cell including interior finishes Transportation: All components are shipped to site for assembly Distance from site: Unknown glenn resiDenCe Site work: Excavation, Foundation, Siding Size: 2480 sf (2 stories) Heavy machinery: Excavator, Concrete truck, Crane Est. energy consumption: 104,160,000 BTUs/ yr 100w light bulb equivalent: 34.84 years Material availability Act. energy consumption: 24,692,644 BTUs / yr Regionally: Wood, Glass, Concrete 100w light bulb equivalent: 8.26 years Nationally: Steel, insulation, sheathing Location: Santa Monica, California Region: Pacific Avg consumption for area: 71,800,000 BTUs / year Average home size: 1,708 SF BTUs / SF: 42,000

Built Location Material Location

Climate Location Hot-dry/Mixed-Dry

PERF

Living Homes CASE STUDY

GOUIN

Occupied Unit 5 1 6 3

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 7

Fabricated Unit

6 1

9. 10.

Finish surface OSB sheathing Concrete foundation wall 12” deep steel C-chanel Wood 2” x 6” studs 16” o.c. with blown in loose cellulose insulation (R-20) Glazing 6” steel hollow column 12” deep engineered wood joists 16” o.c. with batt insulation (R-30) 12” deep steel I-beam Rigid insulation (R-8)

PERF

Blu Homes CASE STUDY

Blu Homes base their system on System Performance both occupation and construction performance. They own their own assembly factory and are able to maximize construction efficiency by unfolding the finished unit rather than assembling multiple cells on-site. They address occupancy through the use of eco-friendly maDetails terials, high R-value walls, and enSystem type: Off-site, Full unit construction Construction: Steel frame, Light wood ergy efficient mechanical systems. Foundation: Basement, Crawlspace Occupation: 1-2 Stories, Single family Cost: $150+ per square foot Size: 500 – 1750 square feet

ConstruCtion ProCess

GOUIN Unit Performance

energy PerforManCe

On-site energy generation: PV Panels (optional) Site oriented: Designs can be modified for a fee Mechanical systems: Radiant heating, Forced air cooling Building envelope: Walls, R-26+ (5.5” spray foam, 2” ext. rigid), Fiberglass insulation Floor, R-30-38 (spray) Roof, R-34-48 (spray)

Factory: East Longmeadow, MA Off-site work: Full assembly Transportation: Unit is shipped to site and unfolded Distance from site: Site work: Excavation, Foundation, Siding eleMent Heavy machinery: Excavator, Concrete truck, Crane Size: 960 sf (1 story) Est. energy consumption: 50,208,000 BTUs Material availability 100w light bulb equivalent: 16.8 years Regionally: Wood, Concrete, Glass, Cement Location: Charlestown, RI Board, Insulation, Steel, Region: New England Sheathing Avg consumption for area: 129,300,000 BTUs / year Average home size: 2,472 SF BTUs / SF: 52,300

Built Location Material Location

Climate Location Cold

PERF

Blu Homes CASE STUDY

GOUIN

Occupied Unit 8 1 6 4 3

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

7 7

9. 10. 1

5 3 2 4

Finish surface Rigid insulation Zip System sheathing Concrete foundation wall Wood 2” x 6” studs 24” o.c. with polyurethane spray foam insulation (R-28) Glazing 6” steel I-beam with wood blocking Wood 2” x 6” rafters 16” o.c. with polyurethane spray foam insulation (R-35) OSB sheathing Wood 2” x 6” joists 16” o.c. with polyurethane spray foam insulation (R-21)

Fabricated Unit

PERF

Hive Modular CASE STUDY

Hive is construction performance System Performance based system. Hive contracts with home manufacturers located in close proximity to the site to create prefabricated cells. This reduces the cost of shipping the cells and also allows for better quality construction and less construction waste.

GOUIN Unit Performance

Details

energy PerforManCe

ConstruCtion ProCess

b-line MeDiuM 003

System type: Off-site, Cellular construction Construction: Light wood Foundation: Basement, Crawlspace Occupation: 1-2 Stories, Single-a Cost: $140+ per square foot Size: 900 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2000 square feet

On-site energy generation: PV Panels (optional) Site oriented: Designs can be modified for a fee Mechanical systems: Forced air Building envelope: Walls, R-19 Roof, R-40

Factory: Located in proximity to site Size: 1780 sf (2 stories) Off-site work: Cell is assembled in factory with Est. energy consumption: 81,346,000 BTUs/ yr interior finishes 100w light bulb equivalent: 27.2 years Transportation: Cells are shipped individually in Location: Minneapolis, Minnesota several trips Region: West North Central Distance from site: <100 miles, with exceptions Avg consumption for area: 104,100,000 BTUs Site work: Foundation, Siding Average home size: 2,281 SF Heavy machinery: Excavator, Concrete truck, Crane BTUs / SF: 45,700

Material availability

Regionally: Wood, Concrete, Glass, Fibercement, Insulation, Roof Membrane, Sheathing

Built Location Material Location

Climate Location Cold

PERF

Hive Modular CASE STUDY

GOUIN Occupied Unit

5 6

1 4

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

Fabricated Unit

Finish surface Rigid insulation OSB sheathing Concrete foundation wall Wood 2” x 6” studs 16” o.c. with fiberglass batts insulation (R-19) Glazing Wood 2” x 12” joist 12” deep wood trusses 16” o.c. with fiberglass batt insulation (R-40) EPDM roof

3 4

PERF

Sustain Design Studio CASE STUDY

Sustain Design focuses on System Performance occupancy performance, and as a result also enter into system performance. They provide a fully finished cellular unit on a chassis, eliminating the need for foundation work. They focus on the home’s envelope to reduce energy consumption. This allows them to significantly reduce the Details sizing of their mechanical systems. System type: Off-site, Cellular

Construction: Light wood construction with SIP floor and roof Foundation: Chassis, Slab on Grade (optional) Occupation: 1 Story, Single family Cost: $300 per square foot Size: 450 – 900 square feet

ConstruCtion ProCess

Factory: Canada Off-site work: Entire cell is assembled on trailer chassis (finishes included) Transportation: Completed cell is hauled to site in tow Distance from site: Unknown Site work: Connection of cells if applicable Heavy machinery: None (unless a foundation is required)

Material availability

GOUIN Unit Performance

energy PerforManCe

On-site energy generation: PV Panels (optional) Site oriented: Oriented for passive solar Mechanical systems: Forced air, Heat recovery ventilator Building envelope: Walls, R-25 (3.5” spray foam, 1” ext. rigid) Floor, R-30 (spray foam) Roof, R-40 (spray foam)

12x36 trio

Size: 436 sf (1 story) Est. energy consumption: 22,802,800 BTUs / yr 100w light bulb equivalent: 7.63 years Location: Brighton, Ontario, Can * NE values were used Avg consumption for area: 129,300,000 BTUs / year Average home size: 2,472 SF BTUs / SF: 52,300

Regionally: All

Built Location Material Location

Climate Location Very Cold

PERF

Sustain Design Studio CASE STUDY

GOUIN Occupied Unit

4 2 5 1

1. Finish surface over 1”x 3” wood

furring strips

2. Rigid insulation (R-7) 3. OSB sheathing 4. Wood 2” x 4” studs 16” o.c. with 5. 6. 7. 8.

foam spray insulation (R-20) Glazing Wood 2” x 8” joist Structural insulated panel (R-30) Chassis

Fabricated Unit

4 3 8

PERF

Habitat 67 CASE STUDY

Habitat was designed specifically System Performance in terms of system performance. It was intended to streamline the construction process through mass production, thus reducing construction costs as well. The cell’s interiors were finished prior to being placed in their final position, allowing for all of the construction work Details to be centralized in one location. System type: On-site, Cellular

Construction: Concrete frame Foundation: Varies between Slab, basement, and foundation wall Occupation: Multifamily (150 units total) Cost: $20,500,000 ($132,000,000 today) $49 psf ($325 psf ) Size: 1 – 2 stories, 600 – 1700 sf (10 stories total, 415000 sf )

Overall the system was not cost effective because scope of project was cut in half. The concrete cells also resulted in the maximization of exterior ProCess surface area and wasted material by ConstruCtion Factory: Montreal, Canada (factory fabricated on site) being structurally over-designed.

GOUIN Unit Performance

energy PerforManCe

On-site energy generation: None Site oriented: No Mechanical systems: Forced air heating and cooling Building envelope: Walls, R-3 Floor, R-unknown Roof, R-unknown

built MoDel

Size: 1150 sf Est. energy consumption: 60,145,000 BTUs / year Off-site work: Cells were manufactured in factory and then relocated. 100w light bulb equivalent: 20.12 years Fixtures, insulation, and Location: Montreal, Quebec, Can finishes were then installed * NE values were used prior to final placement Avg consumption for area: 129,300,000 BTUs / year Transportation: Completed cells were hoisted Average home size: 2,472 SF by crane into their final position BTUs / SF: 52,300 Distance from site: N/A Site work: Excavation, Foundation, Fabrication of cell, Assembly of full unit Heavy machinery: Excavator, Concrete pouring machinery, Concrete molding machinery, Crane

Material availability

Nationally: All Materials

Built Location Material Location

Climate Location Very Cold

PERF

Habitat 67 CASE STUDY

GOUIN Occupied Unit

1 2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Glazing Reinforced concrete frame Wood 2” x 6” sub floor OSB sheathing 1” x 3” wood furring strips with rigid insulation (R-3)

6. Non-structural, concrete planter 7. Reinforced concrete roof panel 5

Fabricated Unit 1

PERF

System 3 CASE STUDY

GOUIN

System 3 is designed to mini- System Performance Unit Performance mize the layers of construction. It utilizes 6â&#x20AC;? thick panels, made from wood planks laminated together. These panels act as a thermal mass, and also act as both the exterior and interior finish surface. The panels are manufactured off-site, and utilize a CNC machine to provide energy PerforManCe Details custom openings. Panels are then System type: Off-site, component On-site energy generation: None Construction: Wood Site oriented: No shipped to the site for assembly. BeFoundation: Footing or foundation wall Mechanical systems: Forced air heating and Occupation: 1-10 stories cause the system is panel-based, cooling Cost: $228 per square foot Building envelope: Walls, R-8 Size: 1 story, 570 sf floors and ceilings can be installed Floor, R-8 Roof, R-8 only as needed. The panels are ConstruCtion ProCess Factory: Austria structurally over-designed for sinOff-site work: Fabrication of wood component panels, installation gle story buildings and also act as built MoDel of glazing Size: 570 sf a thermal bridge, despite woodâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Transportation: Shipping of finished panels to Est. energy consumption: 29,868,000 BTUs / year site ability to act as a thermal mass. Distance from site: Unknown 100w light bulb equivalent: 10 years Site work: Excavation, Foundation, Assembly of panels Heavy machinery: Excavator, Concrete truck, Crane

Material availability

Regionally: Concrete Internationally: All others

Built Location Material Location

Location: Region: Avg consumption for area: Average home size: BTUs / SF:

Climate Location Cold/Mixed-Humid

New York, New York Middle Atlantic 119,700,000 BTUs / year 2,284 SF 52,400

PERF

System 3 CASE STUDY

GOUIN Occupied Unit

5 2 3 1. 6” Solid wood composite wall 55

2. 3. 4. 5. 11

panel (made from 1”x 4” wood planks) Glazing Footing 6” Solid wood composite floor panel 6” Solid wood composite ceiling panel

Fabricated Unit

Northeastern University School of Architecture Industrial Housing Delivery Ecologies ARCH 7130 Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Research Studio