Subsurface Urbanism by Northeastern School of Architecture

FALL 2009

SUBSURFACE URBANISM Northeastern University School of Architecture ARCH G691 Graduate Degree Project Studio

FALL 2009

SUBSURFACE URBANISM Northeastern University School of Architecture ARCH G691 Graduate Degree Project Studio

JOHN CARLI PHILIP CHANEY IRENE CHENG LINDSEY DUBOSAR ALBEN LAJKA DANIEL OTTOCHIAN

I. INTRODUCTION Perspectives Urban Strata Section Case Studies Reasons We Go Under

II. PROGRAM 2 3 5 11

Layout Program Connectivity

17 18

II. CIRCULATION Connection Methods Sprawl Layout Organized Layout

23 27 28

III. ORIENTATION Surface Signage Underground Signage Mapping Strategies Site Strategies Positional Strategies

Table of Contents

31 33 37 39 47

IV. SYSTEMS Beneath The Surface Layering Deep Water Structure Electric Cable Water Steam Gas Transportation Sewage Natural Lighting Artificial Lighting

VI. SURFACE BROACHING 59 61 62 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81

V. CODES Subsurface Space Diagram Compartmentation Emergency Power Elevators & Lobbies Occupant Load Means of Egress Emergency Controls

85 87 89 91 93 95 97

Surface Hole Head House Surface Peel Double Loaded Surface Void Interlocking Distortion

101 103 105 107 109 111 113

introduction

Introduction

Introduction As a city responds to its environment, it grows either outward, upward or both. This book focuses on

Perspectives

underground construction as a response to urban development. The expanded field of architecture now holds a new direction: down. Here we seek to review the steps needed in order to approach success when building below the surface. The relationship between a building and its surrounding environment usually defines the project’s aesthetic and form, however, it is up to the architect to define the diastem between the final strata of the earth below and the urban infill of the sky above. Designing for such an alliance requires a greater understanding of the many aspects of subsurface urbanism.

UNDERVIEW

What is subsurface urbanism? It’s primary focus is

order to promote continuous success. Through

Everyday, millions of people walk along the city

on the extension of cities beneath the ground plane

in-depth research and careful analysis, one will be

streets, but few come to realize that the very

as defined by their geography, topography, as well

able to comprehend the many aspects of subsurface

things that keep the city alive are active just

as economic, political, and social catalysts that

urbanism. The evolution of the dense fabric that is

below them. Beneath the buildings and streets of

influence planning to extend deeper. The effects

the underground city is dependent on this

the twenty-first century city lie vast networks of

on, and caused by, the built environment above the

knowledge and how it may be appropriately applied

infrastructure and utilities that allow for the

surface define the city as a whole as it extends itself

in order to ensure the success of the city overall.

continuous operation of the city above. The

downward, responding to density, the existing

bigger the metropolis, the more vast these

infrastructure, climate and urban culture. Typically

networks become, so big that they even begin to

subsurface urbanism is a reaction to great densities

include people. Corridors and tunnels burrow

aboveground, which then require a vast transport

through the earth, linking destinations on the

network underground. The integration of the

congested surface. Either by foot or public

disciplines of land use and transportation planning

transit, millions of people use these hidden

to explore a wide range of aspects of the built and

networks to efficiently get from place to place.

social environments of urbanized municipalities are

By better understanding the things we don’t see

then expanded beyond what is typical to create a

or recognize too obviously, we as architects will

“second city” below the surface. What you will come

be able to design and plan for a more comfortable

to realize is that defining subsurface urbanism is

experience beneath the surface.

like defining the undefinable. The topic is in a constant state of evolution, including many different aspects of architecture and city planning. As the underground city begins to absorb the qualities of the original city above, there is an ever-growing need to explore this site type and provide architects and urban planners with the steps necessary in 2

introduction

OVERVIEW

Introduction

introduction

SU Urban Strata Section

introduction

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program

Program

program

Layout Program Connectivity

17 18

Program

SU Layout

The typical layout of subsurface urbanism consists program

of: retail, transportation, public space and parking. Public

spaces

are

used

connect

retail,

transportation and parking. These public spaces allow for multi-function use. The layout to the left shows a typical program

RETAIL

configuration within the subsurface realm.

The

largest

and

components

are

usually

retail

transportation. Parking is a vital component, as it allows for patrons utilizing services within the underground city to store their vehicles. The sectional perspective to the right is showing connections between the program components of transportation and underground public space.

PARKING

In addition to metro/train service, transportation access includes bus and taxi service. Underground

TRANSPORTATION

services

public

such

space ticket

typically booths,

includes turnstyles,

information kiosks, restrooms, food courts, and

PUBLIC SPACE

recreational spaces. It also serves as a connection hub between the street level and transportation components.

Program Program Connectivity

program

PUBLIC SPACE

TRANSPORTATION

Program

program

SU Program Connectivity

RETAIL

PUBLIC SPACE PARKING

TRANSPORTATION 19

program

RETAIL

The diagram on the left shows how parking is easily accesed through street level, allowing for circulation between the public space and retail components. The diagram to the right shows how a retail anchor store allows the connection from the street level to the underground city.

PUBLIC SPACE

TRANSPORTATION 20

circulation

Circulation

circulation

Connection Methods Sprawl Layout Organized Layout

23 27 28

Circulation

circulation

SU ConnectionÂ Methods

Escalators 23

circulation

Stairs

Circulation

circulation

SU ConnectionÂ Methods

Elevators 25

circulation

Conveyors

Ramps 26

Circulation

circulation

SU Layouts

Program

SprawledÂ Circulation

circulation

Program

Organized Circulation 28

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N o t e Wall Signage

Overhead Signage

orientation

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MARK

NAVIGATE NAVIGATE Ground Signage

Stand Signage

Typical signage underground can generally be found on all faces of the space: the walls, ground, and ceiling, with the addition of stand signage that can be placed temporariliy. These signs are typically used in order to navigate individuals within the space, leading them to not only pro grams and services, but emergency egress and branding as well. 34

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Material Change A change in material versus a constant use of one material may also orient individuals within a site. These changes can relate an even higher level of information by showing shifts in program or resemble the changes in the city above. A common example of this may be the use of tile in subway stations at the present.

Metro Mall Underground Shop

orientation

Ploshchad Vosstaniya Mall, Russia

Osaka Station Mall

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systems

Systems

59 61 62 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81

systems

Beneath The Surface Layering Deep Water Structure Electric Cable Water Steam Gas Transportation Sewage Natural Lighting Artificial Lighting

systems

The space beneath the city-dwellerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s feet is almost always taken for granted. The volume of space underneath the city is filled with many systems that are essential to human occupation. The utilities and various networks that are hidden beneath the surface are the life-lines that keep the city operating and allow for such high populations to coexist.

Systems Beneath The Surface

systems

Systems

SU Layering

STRUCTURE ELECTRIC CABLE WATER STEAM

0-50 FEET

GAS ABANDONED LIGHTING TRANSPORTATION

systems

50-200 FEET

SEWAGE DIASTEM

DEEP WATER

200-800 FEET

Systems Deep Water

Deep Water Systems transport fresh water from distant reservoirs to the central city. The water is usually displaced as a result of the massive tunnelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s established angle so that gravity is the driving force. These tunnels can be hundreds of miles long and have a diameter as wide as the surrounding natural materials may permit. This modern form of the aqueduct may be located as far down in the earth as 800 feet. Sometimes, in order to speed water flow, the tunnelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s diameter shrinks as it approaches its final destination in the urban setting. systems

Systems

SU Structure

FLOATING FOUNDATION

TYPICAL FRICTION PILES Stability is created by the pressure or friction developed between the surface of the pile and the soil which it is forced into. The concrete cap atop the piles acts as a footing. Used when soil conditions are unstable.

SLURRY WALL WITH TIEBACK

FLOATING FOUNDATIONS Used when soil conditions are unstable and when the area of the site is great enough to carry the distributed load.

systems

SLURRY WALL WITH TIEBACK Holds back surrounding earth to maintain pressure and enclose the site. Used in areas with a high water table.

STEEL ENCASED CONCRETE

REINFORCED CONCRETE

SOLID CONCRETE

WOOD WITH CONCRETE CAP

TYPICAL BEARING PILES

TYPICAL PIERS

Transmit their load directly down through their base into lower stratum. Used when solid bearing material is reachable beneath soil. This may be as deep as 200 feet.

Transmit most of their load through their base into solid bearing material. A column of any shape is removed from earth and infilled with concrete. If a pier does not reach solid bearing material, it is belled out to increase load distribution.

systems

PIPE PILE

PILE REINFORCED WITH STEEL BEAM

“H” PILE

PIER WITH LINING

REINFORCED PIER WITH LINING

PIER WITH BELL

systems

Systems Electric

1. Electricity is typically produced at a power plant and transfered through thick cables enclosed in pressurized pipes within concrete ducts to transformer stations around the city. From here it is carried through smaller cables all around the city. 2. Primary ducts separate at manholes where they are easily accessed. 3. Secondary ducts bring power to transformer vaults. 4. Transformer vaults reduce voltage to the necessary amount used for each building. 5. Power is directed from manhole to light posts and other forms of powered utilities.

systems

Systems Cable

systems

1. A main cable contains as much as 6000 wires, allowing for 3000 simoultaneous conversations to occur in the area this cable is servicing. These wires are wrapped together in aluminum and coated in neoprene. 2. Main cables separate at manholes where they are easily accessed. 3. Secondary cables bring telephone operations to buildings. 4. Tertiary cables permit signals to reach city utilities. 5. Traffic lights, crosswalk signs, phone booths, emergency phones and alarms use these cables to function properly and regularly.

1 68

systems

4 3

Systems Water

1 systems

1. Water taken from the deep water system is stored in local reservoirs or tanks then brought into areas through regular pressure main pipes which rely on gravity to permit flow. 2. High pressure main pipes allow for excess water to be pumped at any point in the case of an emergency. 3. Valves control pressure and allow water to escape for use. 4. Manholes connect main pipes to submain pipes and permit easy access. 5. Submain pipes bring water to branch lines. 6. Branch lines carry water to buildings, fire hydrants, and fountains. 70

systems

Systems Steam

1. Steam produced by electric power plants is brought into the area through main pipes encased in thick concrete as to not destroy other utilities. 2. Steam is collected and distributed in manholes. 3. A small pipe drains collected condersation into sewage system. 4. Secondary pipes bring steam into buildings where it is used for heating or sometimes run under sidewalks to melt snow and collected ice. 5. Valves control pressure and the release of steam.

systems

Systems Gas

systems

1. 2. 3. 4.

Gas travels through steel or thick plastic pipes from pockets of natural gas, hundreds of feet below the surface. Valves control gas flow or completely shut the pipe down in the case of an emergency. Branch pipes carry gas into buildings where it is used for temperature control, hot water, and cooking. Branch valves control or prevent gas flow into invidual buildings.

systems

Systems Transportation

systems

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

The subway head-house signifies the station location and is the main entrance into the system. The station mezzanine is where passengers purchase tickets and enter through turnstyles toward the train. The station platform allows the train to stop for loading and unloading its passengers. Subway trains transfer people all around a city. Usually, the bigger the city or the more populated it is, the bigger the transportation system. Ventilation shafts circulate air in and out of the subway station with massive high-powered fans. Emergency exit stairs allow passengers to escape in the case of an emergency.

systems

Systems Sewage

Main sewer tunnels remove dirty water and waste from the urban area. Manholes permit workers to easily access the sewage system. Sometimes clay pipes are used to transfer waste because of their resistance to their chemical properties. Waste that buildings produce flow through branch pipes into the main arteries of the sewer. Catch basins collect rain water natural waste, and sometimes even polluted materials.

systems

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2 3

systems

1. Exterior Light Well: Allows for light to penetrate beyond the surface and reach multiple levels below grade. Typically between two spaces of underground space or between structural edge and faced retaining wall. 2. Mirrors: Light is manipulated and directed into spaces below the surface by setting the mirrors at optimal angles to reduce the need for artificial lighting.

Systems Natural Lighting

3. Light Shelf: Usually white or reflective, light shelves “bounce” light into spaces while also acting as a rain shield. 4. Glass Block Skylight: Their cut and form refract and collect light, causing them to glow. They are also strong enough to have pedestrians walk on top of them at surface level. 5. Raised Surface Skylight: The subsurface structure’s roof is raised at areas most effective to introduce natural light. 6. Sloped Skylight: Most typical form of skylight. Permits light infiltration and denies rain collection. 7. Surface Level: Raising the level immediately below grade to breach the surface permits light to pierce underground. 8. Interior Windows: Indirect light can reach deeper spaces in any direction. 9. Atrium: The most effective way of bringing light underground while providing a comfortable public space. systems

10. Floor Break: Allows light to continuously beam to lower levels. 11. Reflective Floor: Light is able to extend deeper within a space, allowing for indirect light in adjacent spaces. 12. Reflective Ceiling: Works with other reflective surfaces to extend the depth of light penetration. 13. Reflective Wall: Intensifies natual light as well as artificial light.

$ #

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systems

Systems Artificial Lighting

systems

1. Overhead Flouresant Lighting 2. Light Polls 3. Pendant Lighting 4. Recessed Lighting 5. Track Lighting 6. Wall Sconces 82

code

Code

Subsurface Space Diagram Compartmentation Emergency Power Elevators & Lobbies Occupant Load Means of Egress Emergency Controls

85 87 89 91 93 95 97 code

Code

SU Subsurface Space Diagram

UNEXCAVATED EXISTING BUILDING FOOTPRINT SUBSURFACE

ROADWAY

COMMON SPACE

PARKING

UNDEVELOPED SPACE

PARKING

code

ROADWAY

PARKING

EXIT PASSAGEWAY

SUBSURFACE RETAIL

ROADWAY ROADWAY

PARKING

ROADWAY

PARKING

code

UNDEVELOPED SPACE Undeveloped Space has been mined but has not been altered for the use of advanced industrial capacity, technological sophistication, or economic productivity.

DEVELOPED SPACE Developed Space is the area of a subterranean space that has been altered for the use of advanced industrial capacity, technological sophistication, or economic productivity.

PARKING PARKING PARKING PARKING

EXISTING BUILDING FOOTPRINT In many cases of subsurface urbanism, existing buildings on the surface are translated below grade to produce additional square footage for the owner. In this case the existing building facade is brought below grade to create the space shown to the left.

PARKING

ROADWAY

PARKING 86

Code

SU Compartmentation

LEVEL -1

-10’ LEVEL -2

-20’ UNIT 1

SUBSURFACE

LEVEL -3

-30’

code

BUILDING SERVICES

Compartmentation is required when an underground building has exceeded 30 feet below the level of exit discharge. Compartmentation requires that each unit is separated by smoke barriers and is serviced independently from one another. As the depth increases to 60 feet or more, the depth shall be divided into two separate, equal compartments or units. As shown in the above diagram.

LEVEL -1

-10’ LEVEL -2

-20’ UNIT 1

LEVEL -3

-30’ LEVEL -4

-40’

LEVEL -6

-60’

UNIT 2

SUBSURFACE

LEVEL -5

-50’

code

BUILDING SERVICES 88

Code

SU Emergency Power STAND BY GENERATOR

LEVEL -1

-10’ LEVEL -2

-20’ UNIT 1

SUBSURFACE

LEVEL -3

-30’

code

BUILDING SERVICES

Emergency Power Generation is required for each seperate compartment. The following loads require emergency power, Emergency Voice/ alarm communication systems, Fire alarm systems, Automatic fire detection systems, Elevator car lighting systems, Means of egress and exit sign illumination.

STAND BY GENERATOR

LEVEL -1

-10’ LEVEL -2

-20’ UNIT 1

LEVEL -3

-30’ LEVEL -4

-40’

LEVEL -6

-60’

UNIT 2

SUBSURFACE

LEVEL -5

-50’

code

BUILDING SERVICES 90

Code

SU Elevator and Lobbies ELEVATOR

LEVEL -1

-10’ LEVEL -2

-20’

code

UNIT 1

SUBSURFACE

LEVEL -3

-30’

Where elevators are provided, each compartment shall have direct access to an elevator. Where an elevator serves more than one compartment, an elevator lobby shall be provided and shall be separated from each compartment by a smoke barrier.

ELEVATOR

LOBBIES

LEVEL -1

-10’ LEVEL -2

-20’ UNIT 1

LEVEL -3

-30’ LEVEL -4

-40’

LEVEL -6

UNIT 2

SUBSURFACE

LEVEL -5

-50’ -60’

code

Code

SU Occupant Load

ASSEMBLY

PARKING

200 SF

15 SF

5 SF

PUBLIC SPACE U

code

ST PA N AN R KI D N N IN G G G N SP AR R AC AG T E E D C

200 SF

300 SF

30 SF

G N KI

code

R PA

L IA

S EA

C ER

M M

K, C

E AG

O ST

R O O FL

E, AG

R O ST

R G

E AR

EN H TC KI C

EN TR ED AT ED TR

O N

60 SF

200 SF

15 SF 7 SF 5 SF

FL N O AS N

O N C

N IN G ST AN D

PARKING MERCANTILE KITCHEN ASSEMBLY

RETAIL

Code

SU Means of Egress

O L T PAN

0 5 F AD O

CO CU 0’

AN 30

code

XITS N

E TH O MOR

OF E ATION

SEPAR

0 0 0 1 0 TO

D A O L T N A P CCU

+ 0 0 0 OF 1

O 0’

AN 30

E TH O MOR

code

XITS N

OF E ATION

SEPAR

Code

SU Emergency Controls

SIGN

BRAN

N o t e

MARK

code

NAVIGATE

Illuminated Exit Signs

code

Indoor Fire Suppression Systems

Automatic Sprinklers

Illuminated Exit Path 98

Surface Broaching

Surface Hole Head House Surface Peel Double Loaded Surface Void Interlocking Distortion

101 103 105 107 109 111 113

100

Surface

SU Surface Hole The easiest way of breaching the surface datum is by simply removing a section of the existing surface plane. This allows for little urban intervention and that is architecturally required is some indication that there is an access way down to the subsurface. This is typically done with guardrails around the hole and some sort of signage. The photos to the right depict three common ways of creating an unconditioned hole. This type of entrance is typically used

Selected Precedent Name: Paris Metro Stop

for subways that do not require any type of

Architect: H. Guimard

air conditioning. Stairs lead down from the

Location: Paris, FR

surface directly to platforms with gates as

Status: Completed

the only means of security. Conditioned spaces do not use these entrances since there is an insufficient amount of street front-

Lafayette Avenue

age for retail or commercial use.

Twentythird Street

These types of entrances remain unas-

Architect: -

sociated with the street facade and reside in

Location: New York, New York

parks and the edge of sidewalks. The intent

Status: Completed

is a direct connection with the surface that retains the distinction of surfaces.

surface

Name: New York Metro stops

101

Entrance Indication

Surface Hole

102

surface

Subsurface Level

Surface

SU Head Houses The Head House is as typical as the Surface Hole. This however attemtps to create more of a presence and integration with the urban plane. The Head Hose can be either closed and conditioned or open and undconditioned. Examples of both are to the right. This allows for a higher degree of security and a more comfortable underground connection. Similar to the Surface Hole these are

Name: Boston T Stations

typically, as you can see, not associated with

Copley Square, Boylston Street

the street pattern, either on the edge of the

Park Street, Boston Common

sidewalk or in park areas. The benefit of the Head House style

Park Street, Tremont Street Architect: -

connections that there is more oppurtunity

Location: Boston, MA

for identity and branding of what exists

Status: Completed

below. What makes this different from an uncondition hole is that a Head House has the ability to establish a facade on the existing urban surface. This creates a better sense of connection of the Subsurface and Surface.

surface

Selected Precedent

103

Head House

104

surface

Subsurface Level

Surface

SU Surface Peel This integration is a hybrid of the Surface Hole and Head House. This simulta-neously creates a facade on the surface but also minimizes the impact of the intervention on the surface plane. The scale and directionality of this intervention creates different effects on the city. At the scale of a public park an etire edge from one perspective could exist as a facade, but from the opposite perspective it stil retains the image of part of the existing

Selected Precedent Name: Dewey Square

surface datum. it is the directionality that is

Architect: Machado Silvetti

important when integrating this into the

Location: Boston, MA

urban fabric, which direction wants figure

Status: Completed

and which direction wants ground? The examples shown are what predominantly exist now which only interact on the

Architect:Norman Foster

perceptional level of the peel. They seem as

Location: Bilbao, Spain

though they creep out of the Subsurface as

Status: Completed

some still separate from the Surface.

surface

Name: Subway Entrance

105

Altered Surface

Exposed Facade

106

surface

Subsurface Level

Surface

SU Double Loaded This method establishes a void space to try and connect the Surface and Subsurface. The Subsurface exposes itself to the surface which allows for the circulation measures to connect it. This creates another surface level of street facade, in its traditional sense, with an unlimited back of house. The presence within these spaces, since they are slightly removed from the Surface, is more privatized and smaller scale but still part of the Surface. The direct relationship between the Surface and Subsurface creates a continuity between the two. It makes unclear where the

Name: Newbury Street Shops Life is Good Kashmir Shu Uemura

surface datum is so as to make the

Architect: -

Subsurface easier to occupy and access.

Location: Boston, MA

The depth of these spaces needs to associate itself with the scale of a human using one flight of stairs or a length of ramp. Any deeper it loses its association with the surface. Typically it is seen in older dense cities that used it as a strategy for gaining street frontage for retail districts.

surface

Selected Precedent

107

Status: Completed

Surface Facade

Subsurface Facade

108

surface

Subsurface Level

Surface

SU Surface Void A void space in this instance is used again to intervene with the Surface. The void is created to exploit the defined surface datum. The Surface datum here is given depth, the depth is the distance between the Subsurface and the resulted Supersurface condition. This establishes two different spaces connected through the surface zone. On the micro scale the idea of the facade is inverted and two distinct facades are cre-

Name: Filenes, Formerly

ated. The cieling above the surface acts as a

Architect: Daniel H. Burnham & Co

facade to the Supersurface whereas the

Location: Boston, MA

Surface itself is the facade for the

Status: Completed

Subsurface. This scenario denies the Surface of its traditional condition as a base for the urban realm. It serves only as part of a vertical urban condition that requires a Subsurface and Supersurface interaction. The impact of this on the fabric of an existing city would be that of pblic open space. High desnity with almost no percentage of built land. The void spaceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shape is directly effected by the shape of the Supersurface, the Subsurface still has freedom to shape itself in the poche of the earth.

surface

Selected Precedent

109

Supersurface

Void Space

Horizontal Facades

110

surface

Subsurface Level

Surface

SU Interlocking

This intervention exploits a void space again, which, in conjunction with a defined architectural object, create a connection between the Subsurface and Surface spaces. The object can exist in many different forms, a building, circulation piece, or simply a sculptural gesture. The scale of the void needs to be large enough to occupy and require a perceptual connection with the surface plane. The object with the void has a clearly

Name: Stonybrook T Station

defined base within the Subsurface space,

Architect: -

however, since the surface datum is so

Location: Jamaica Plain, MA

strongly defined by the context, there also

Status: Completed

exists a pseudo base at the surface level. This pseudo base is where the connections over the void occur. The multiple readins of base also give rise to multiple readings of facade as well. Facades in this instance can exist solely for the Subsurface space, solely for the Surface, or both simultaneously. Depending on how you use the facade the connection of the Surface to the Subsurface can be either a complex interacting whole, or two separate entities defined by the surface datum.

surface

Selected Precedent

111

Street Facade

Void Space

Subsurface Facade

112

surface

Subsurface Level

Surface

SU Distortion

The scenario here deconstructs the perception of where the Surface actually exists. It incorporates several different planes that act as surface datums. These surfaces can exists above or below the existing contextual datum which, when grouped together, undefines where the original surface exists. The subtlety of the undulation of the planes is key here, if it is too rough the ground plane becomes more perceptable, too soft and the internal occupiable space diminishes due to

Selected Precedent Name: La Place des Arts

daylight restrictions. Each undulated surface

Architect: David, Barott and Boulv

is a source of natural daylight inside.

Location: Montreal, Canada

The issue regarding facade dimishes

Status: Completed

with the defined surface datum. The number of individual facacdes is a direct result of the number of newly established surfaces. The

Architect: Kallmann Mckinnell and White

treatment of these whether it is ambigous or

Location: Boston, MA

articulate doesnt have much impact to thier

Status: Completed

realted to the whole. The number of parts has to be large enough to create an ambigous texture to deconstruct the perception of the ground plane. This strategy helps reduce the amount of unoccupiable surface created by most traditional buildings. It also helps mitigate the issue of going underground by distorting the perception of what is ground and what is not.

surface

Name: Boston City Hall

113

Supersurface Level

Surface Level

114

surface

Subsurface Level

SUBSURFACE URBANISM ARCH G691 GRADUATE DEGREE PROJECT STUDIO FALL 2009 This publication has been prepared as part of a five week graduate thesis studio assignment in the Northeastern University School of Architecture for the Fall 2009 Architecture G691 course. Other publications in this series include urban retail, office, and parking garage typologies, all produced by graduate students in the Northeastern University architecture program.