LANDSCAPE METAMORPHOSIS
TRANSFER LOSS OF WETLAND PERFORMANCE IN NEPONSET WATERSHED HUMAN PHYSICAL INTERVENTION
SPATIAL EXPOSURE
QUINCY
AGE +65
NORWOOD
MEDFIELD
COPING RANGE
RANDOLPH
CANTON
ADAPTATION
RESILIENCE
COPING CAPACITY
AGE -18
SHARON
FOXBOROUGH
POLICY
SOCIAL CONSTRAIN
SOCIAL
STOUGHTON
ANTICIPATE RISK
SOCIAL ACTIVE+ INACTIVE
CAPACITY
DISASTER RISK
ADEQUATE SHELTER EMERGENCY PLAN ASSETTS DEVELOPMENT
RESISTENCE
PEOPLE
RISK TRANSFER
CLIMATE TEMPORAL
EXTREME EVENT
SPATIAL
HAZARD
INTENSITY
EXPOSURE
ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION
SOCIAL DIMENSION PHYSICAL DIMENSION
WEATHER
HYDROLOGICAL EVENTS
SINGLE EXTREME NON-CLIMATE EXTREME EVENT IMPACT EVENT SUCCESSIVE NON-EXTREME EXTREME EVENT EVENT
VULNERABILITY
SOCIAL VLNERABILITY
PREPAREDNESS
SKEWDED
GOVERNECONOMIC
CLIMATE
EARLY WARNING POTABLE WATER DISASTER SUPPLY
SUSTAINABLE TERRITORIAL DISASTER LAND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING RISK PLANNING LAND REDUCTION PROCEDURE USE LIVELIHOOD
RISK
SOCIAL CHOISES
RECOVER CHANGE
NEPONSET WATERSHED
URBAN UNPLANNED RURAL URBAN MIGRATION GROWTH
COMMUNICATION
COPING WALPOLE
SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM
VULNERABILITY+ RISK MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT
LEARNING
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
WESTWOOD
RISK ACCUMULATION
LAND USE
RISK MANAGEMENT
DEDHAM MILTON
RESOURCE
RISK IDENTIFICATION
PLANNING
FUTURE RESPOND
DOVER
CLIMATE CHANGE
ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE
COPING CAPACITY INFRASTRUCTURE
ECONOMIC DIMENSIN
DEFORESTATION
CORPORATION
FINANCIAL LOSS
HUMAN CASUALTIES
LOCAL MICRO SCALE
LAND USE
SOCIAL WELL-BEING+ IMPACT SENSE OF PLACE
DISPLACMENT
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DISASTER RISK PREVENTION
COMMODITY PRICE INTERNATIONAL TRADE
AGRICULTURE
FOOD SECURITY
AFFECTED DISASTER PERSON VECTOR IMPACT CORPS+ ON AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEM SYSTEM
NEPONSET WATER SYSTEM RIVERS AND PONDS
HURRICAN
SLR
HIGH VULNERABILITY EXPOSURE AND SOCIAL INJUSTICE
EXPOSURE SLR+HURRICAN
SOCIAL VULNERABILTY
VULNERABLITY
IMPERMEABLE+ PERMEABLE BOSTON 617594
MAJOR ROADS
QUINCY 92271
NORWOOD MILTON STOUGHTON DEDHAM WALPOLE 24729 27003 24070 28602 26962
RANDOLPH 32112
CANTON 21561
SHARON 17612
MEDFIELD 12624
FOXBOROUGH WESTWOOD 16865 14618
DOVER 5589
VULNERABILITY OF CITIES BY PPOULATION DENSITY
1880 -80%
NEPONSET SALT MARSH 1880
-90% -50%
ESTUARINE RIVERINE PALUSTRINE
2020
2000
1980
1960
1940
1920
1900
1880
1860
1840
1820
NEPONSET RIVER 2010
50
%
CHANGE OF CAPACITY
100
CHANGE OVER TIME
10,000 years of human habitation and 375 years of industrialization.
THE LOSS OF SALT MARSH FOOT PRINT 1880-2010
100
PERCENT OF SALT MARSH LOSS %
TOPOGRAPHY
81
50
41
REVIVING THE LOSS OF WETLAND IN NEPONSET WATERSHED An Interpretation of social environmental design Greater Boston Historic map since 1800 traced the ecological foot print of salt marsh lost up to 80% of its capacity. Dramatic decreasing in capacity to mitigate salt water over the last 200 yr had been occur due to rapid Population growth and conversion to industrial land that had altered the natural ecosystem and its capacity. Much of Boston’s marshes and the surrounding mud and sand flats were dredged or filled in the early 1800s to increase Boston’s acreage. Those salt marshes cannot be restored easily or trend naturally. Along with the salt marsh land, disappeared natural and rich habitat and wild life ecosystems that were tied to those marshes and depend on their surviving. Increased population densities and suburban sprawl resulted in conversion of substantial areas of natural land to urban and industrial use. Rise in duration and frequency of flooding events, Hydraulic alterations (by damming, ditching, or filling) and development of urban or agriculture land are all common cause of salt conversion. Maltreatment of Greater Boston salt marshes continued until the 1970’s when the U.S general public and federal government began to recognize the ecological services that salt marshes provide as a marine nurseries, shorebird habitat, and coastal stabilizers. Neponset river watershed is one of seven watershed systems in the great Boston area, it is wide spread water systems that includes ponds lakes, river streams and creeks with a richness of nature, ecosystem and wild. Like other water shed in this area, this watershed had lost more than 80 percent of its marsh land. Neponset watershed compiled with 14 parts of towns and cities. Including part of Boston Dorchester, Mattapan and Hyde Park. In Suffolk and Norfolk counties. Population densities vary, changes from 6000 – 617,000 However it is clear the denser the city is, the more vulnerable it demonstrates. SLR scenarios due to flooding events and hurricane inundation in categories 1-4 demonstrated in the Neponset River and highly expose to risk of flood events
37
MA
BOSTON
NE
PERCENT OF SALT MARSH LOST OVER THE LAST 200 YEARS
Human by product – contaminations Wildlife- Pollutants can enter the water from the surrounding landscape, from precipitation, from groundwater, or from upstream in the water, and can directly kill wildlife or cause them hardship. High nutrient levels from untreated sewage can spark dense aquatic plant growth in waterways. Water pollutants may include lawn care chemicals, sewage, motor vehicle oil, ice-melt chemicals, and historical pollutants that can leach into waterways from old spills, or release into the water from old sediments, like PCBs – the manufacture of which was banned since 1979, and DDT -use banned since 1972. [Managing effluent – nitrogen control] stormwater passes across impervious surfaces, it picks up a range of pollutants. Litter, lawn pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, excess nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen, bacteria, byproducts of car exhaust, oil, excess sediment and snow and ice-melt chemicals are all possible water contaminants. Acidic rain and snow occurs as a result of pollutants that have been released into the air via burning coal and smelting metal sulfide ores to obtain zinc, nickel and copper, as well as via volcanic eruptions, organic decay, and ocean spray. An acidic rainstorm or snowstorm can cause temporary high acidity in waterbodies and also cause aluminum to leach from the surrounding landscape, into the water. Aluminum is toxic to aquatic wildlife. The more acidic a waterbody becomes, the fewer species can live in those waters. [Water treatment] Human hard Scape interveneWaterway obstructions, such as dams or large debris, can modify waterflow, thereby raising water temperature, decreasing dissolved oxygen, reducing fish and other wildlife passage, and causing sediments and contaminants to settle. Some aquatic species cannot tolerate the warmer, more polluted water, with less available oxygen, nor can they tolerate not being able to migrate. Low water levels, inadequate culverts and fish ladders, and accumulation of sediments can also obstruct waterways. Low water level As water withdrawals continue to increase – pulling from groundwater and surface water resources, instream water levels drop, yielding “low flow” conditions that concentrate aquatic pollutants, increase water temperatures, decrease dissolved oxygen levels, leave fish, fish eggs, and aquatic plants high and dry, and block fish passage. In addition, the increased periods of drought associated with climate change yield low in-stream water levels. .
0
0.425
0.85
1.7
2.55
3.4 Miles
WETLAND MEASURES OF PERFORMANCE
(c) (d)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(d)
(c)
LOW WATER
(b)
GEOCHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
SILT
ECOSYSTEM SERVICE
HYDRO
GEOCHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
HYDRO
GEOCHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL
HYDRO
AESTHTIC VALUE
EDUCATIONAL OPPURTUNITY
RECREATION
AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION
SUPPORT HABITAT
HABITAT
FILTRATION
EROSION
GROUND WATER RECHARGE
FLOOD CONTROL
AESTHTIC VALUE
EDUCATIONAL OPPURTUNITY
RECREATION
AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION
SUPPORT HABITAT
HABITAT
FILTRATION
EROSION
GROUND WATER RECHARGE
FLOOD CONTROL
AESTHTIC VALUE
EDUCATIONAL OPPURTUNITY
RECREATION
AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION
SUPPORT HABITAT
LOW
HABITAT
LOW
FILTRATION
LOW
EROSION
LOW
GROUND WATER RECHARGE
LOW
FLOOD CONTROL
MEDIUM
AESTHTIC VALUE
MEDIUM
EDUCATIONAL OPPURTUNITY
MEDIUM
RECREATION
MEDIUM
AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION
MEDIUM
SUPPORT HABITAT
HIGH
HABITAT
EMERGENT WETLAND PERSISTENT
EMERGENT WETLAND NONPERSISTENT
AQUATIC BED
UNCONSOLIDATION BOTTOM
SCRUB/SHRUB WETLAND
Brackish
Upland
Tidal
Inundated
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
HIGH
FILTRATION
LOAMY SAND SAND
SANDY LOAM
LOAM
SILT LOAM SILT
ECOSYSTEM SERVICE
HIGH
EROSION
EMERGENT WETLAND PERSISTENT
VEGETATION SILT LOAM
HIGH
GROUND WATER RECHARGE
Sub-saline
Upland
Tidal LOAM
SILTY CLAY LOAM
GEOCHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
AESTHTIC VALUE
ECOSYSTEM SERVICE
SANDY LOAM
CLAY LOAM
SANDY CLAY LOAM
EDUCATIONAL OPPURTUNITY
SILT
LOAMY SAND SAND
SILTY CLAY LOAM
RECREATION
SILT LOAM
CLAY LOAM
AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION
LOAM
SANDY CLAY LOAM
SILT CLAY
SANDY CLAY
SUPPORT HABITAT
SANDY LOAM
SILTY CLAY LOAM
SILT CLAY
HABITAT
SILT
LOAMY SAND SAND
CLAY LOAM
SANDY CLAY
FILTRATION
SILT LOAM
SANDY CLAY LOAM
SILT CLAY
100
% Vegetation Surface coverage by Type
CLAY
EROSION
LOAM
SANDY CLAY
CLAY
GROUND WATER RECHARGE
SANDY LOAM
SILTY CLAY LOAM
CLAY
0
100
% Vegetation Surface coverage by Type
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
LOAMY SAND SAND
CLAY LOAM
0
100
% Vegetation Surface coverage by Type
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
SANDY CLAY LOAM
SILT CLAY
% Overall Vegetation surface coverage
VEGETATION
% Overall Vegetation surface coverage
VEGETATION SOIL CLASSIFICATION
SANDY CLAY
100
HIGH
FLOOD CONTROL
FORESTED WETLAND
SCRUB/SHRUB WETLAND
Saline
Fresh
Slight brackish Inundated
Upland
Tidal
Inundated
Tidal
CLAY
HYDRO
DEPTH + INUNDATION
100
0
100
% Vegetation Surface coverage by Type
HIGH WATER AVERAGE WATER LOW WATER
FLOOD CONTROL
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
DEPTH + INUNDATION
% Overall Vegetation surface coverage
ECOSYSTEM SERVICE
GEOCHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL
HIGH WATER AVERAGE WATER LOW WATER
100
VEGETATION SILT
2m
(e)
%NaCl TO %H2O
HIGH WATER AVERAGE WATER LOW WATER
DEPTH + INUNDATION
Inundated
DEPTH + INUNDATION
0
ECOSYSTEM SERVICE HYDRO
%NaCl TO %H2O
EXTREME LOW WATER OF SPRING TIDES
100
SILT LOAM
Brackish
Fresh
Slight brackish
Brackish
%NaCl TO %H2O
EXTREME HIGH WATER OF SPRING TIDES
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
LOAM
Moderate brackish
>0.5%
Upland
Tidal
Inundated
VEGETATION SOIL CLASSIFICATION
SANDY LOAM
UNCONSOLIDATION BOTTOM
>0.5% Sub-saline
>0.5% Moderate brackish
0.5-17%
% Overall Vegetation surface coverage
LOAMY SAND SAND
LOW WATER
Water regime: (a)TEMPORARILR FLOODED (b)SEASONALLY FLOODED (c)SEMIPERMENAENT EXPOSED (d)INTERMMITTENTLY FLOODED (e)PERMENNETLY FLOODED (f)SATURATED
HABITAT +WILDLIFE
% Overall Vegetation surface coverage
SILTY CLAY LOAM
(d)
(e)
Water Regime: (a)TEMPORARILR FLOODED (b)SEASONALLY FLOODED (c)SEMIPERMENAENT EXPOSED (d)INTERMMITTENTLY FLOODED (e)PERMENNETLY FLOODED
100
CLAY LOAM
(c)
LOW WATER (e)
HABITAT +WILDLIFE
100
SANDY CLAY LOAM
AQUATIC BED (d)
AVERAGE WATER
(c)
(e)
Upland
EXTREME LOW WATER OF SPRING TIDES
SILT CLAY
UPLAND
HIGH WATER (b)
(d)
HABITAT +WILDLIFE
EXTREME HIGH WATER OF SPRING TIDES
SANDY CLAY
(c)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(a)
AVERAGE WATER
(d)
(e)
%NaCl TO %H2O
CLAY
PALUSTRINE
*INLAND SALINITY INFLUENCE BY THE AMOUNT OF PRECIPITATION ,SURFACE RUNOFF AND GROUND WATER FLOW.
%NaCl TO %H2O
% Vegetation Surface coverage by Type
EMERGENT WETLAND NONPERSISTENT
UNCONSOLIDATION SHORE
SCRUB/SHRUB WETLAND
EMERGENT WETLAND PERSISTENT
EMERGENT WETLAND NONPERSISTENT
AQUATIC BED
UNCONSOLIDATION BOTTOM AVERAGE WATER (d)
*SALINITY VARY WITH CHANGE IN SEASON, WEATHER AND TIME OF DAY.
0
UPLAND
LITTORAL
HABITAT +WILDLIFE
Saline
Fresh
Moderate brackish
Slight brackish
Brackish
Saline
Sub-saline
32-37%
(c)
Water Regime: (a)TEMPORARILR FLOODED (b)SEASONALLY FLOODED (c)SEMIPERMENAENT EXPOSED (d)INTERMMITTENTLY FLOODED (e)PERMENNETLY FLOODED
Sub-saline
HABITAT +WILDLIFE
(b)
EXTREME LOW WATER OF SPRING TIDES
(c)
PALUSTRINE
Fresh
(c)
(a)
WATER REGIME: (a)IRREGULATED FLOODED (b)REGULATED FLOODED (c)IGGEGULARLY EXPOSED (d)SUBTIDAL
DEPTH + INUNDATION
UPLAND PALUSTRINE UPLAND
Moderate brackish
(a) (b)
WATER REGIME: (A)IRREGULATED FLOODED (B)REGULATED FLOODED (C)IGGEGULARLY EXPOSED (D)SUBTIDAL
LIMNETIC
UPLAND
Slight brackish
(a)
(b)
Saline
EXTREME LOW WATER OF SPRING TIDES
(d)
Fresh
(c)
Moderate brackish
(c)
HIGH WATER
(a)
Slight brackish
(d)
EXTREME HIGH WATER OF SPRING TIDES
(a)
Brackish
(d)
PALUSTRINE
HIGH WATER
Sub-saline
(c)
LACUSTRINE
(f)
Saline
(b)
UPLAND
UPLAND
LITTORAL
EXTREME HIGH WATER OF SPRING TIDES
(a)
PALUSTRINE
SUBTIDAL
AQUATIC BED
DUNE
UNCONSOLIDATION BOTTOM [TIDALPOND]
RIVERINE
UNCONSOLIDATION SHORE
INERTIDAL
PALUSTRINE
UNCONSOLIDATION BOTTOM
INERTIDAL
UPLAND
Marshes swamps, bogs fens which lack of flowing water [area normally less than 20 acres]
Lakes and ponds
FORESTED WETLAND
ESTUARINE
UNCONSOLIDATION SHORE [BEACH]
SUBTIDAL
EMERGENT WETLAND PERSISTENT
CONTINENTAL SLOPE
UNCONSOLIDATION BOTTOM
INERTIDAL
UPLAND
REEF
ESTUARINE
SUBTIDAL
UNCONSOLIDATION SHORE [BEACH]
DUNE
INERTIDAL
UNCONSOLIDATION BOTTOM
SUBTIDAL
UNCONSOLIDATION SHORE [BEACH]
INERTIDAL
UPLAND
EMERGENT WETLAND PERSISTENT
Seaward limit of marine system
MARINE
River and river banks riparian and springs
PALUSTRINE
EMERGENT WETLAND NONPERSISTENT
Where salinity meets fresh water Associate with land
UPLAND
LACUSTRINE
RIVERINE
AQUATIC BED
ESTUARINE + LAGOONS
FORESTED WETLAND
MARINE
LANDFORM INDEX FOR HYDROLOGIC CYCLE TERRAIN INDEX ANALYSIS DISTRIBUTION
FLOW TRAJECTORIES
EFFICIENCY OF GEOMETRY
HYDROLIC CYCLE
ECO SERVICE
VEGETATION
WETLAND TYPE
SUBSURFACE FLOW
C
Aquatic Zone Estuary
BC
Riparian Zone Riverine
B
AB
A
Upland Zone Pulastarine
Riparian Zone Riverine
Aquatic Zone Estuary
NATURAL CONSTRAINS
TOPOGRAPHY HIGH POINT
DIRECT FLOW
RIDGES
SURFACE FLOW
MIDDLE TOPOGRAPHY CONTROLLED FLOW
LOW TO FLAT TOPOGRAPHY IMPLEMENTATION NATURAL
URBAN
STORAGE FLOW
Lawns Play fields Open space Swales Parking lots Trench to basin Porous pavement Low-volume roads Drive ways Parking lots Bike lanes
PRECIPITATION Annual average rain fall - 43.56 inch Duration - 120 days pet year
STORAGE
STORAGE
Reduce stream bank erosion
Low velocity
Reduce down stream flooding
Vegetation
Controlling peak discharge
Low gradient
Maximize flow length between inlet and outlet Gradient side slope 3:1 Increased property value Recreational Habitat and wild life
ATTENUATION
Bed slope >2%
High soil permeability Vegetation cover
Reduce or eliminate surface runoff Recharging ground water
Slop
Reduction in downstream peak flow
WATER FLOW CYCLE
INFILTRATION
ATTENUATION
Intercept or control storm water runoff
Diversion measures
Grade control structures
Vegetative buffer
Recreation Habitat and wild life
Low gradients
Short slopes
TERRAIN INDEX ANALYSIS 1:750 TIDAL FLAT STORAGE INFILTRATION ATTENUATION
Neponse
t waters hed
INFILTRATION