Table 9: ITT treatment effects on household behavior, fees, and student attitudes
Panel A: Household behavior (N = 1,116) % satisfied with school % paying any fees Fees (USD/year) Expenditure (USD/year) Engagement index (PCA) Panel B: Fees (N = 184) % with > 0 ECE fees % with > 0 primary fees ECE Fee (USD/year) Primary Fee (USD/year) Panel C: Student attitudes (N = 3,498) School is fun I use what I’m learning outside of school If I work hard, I will succeed. Elections are the best way to choose a president Boys are smarter than girls Some tribes in Liberia are bad
(1) Control
(2) Treatment
(3) Difference
(4) Difference (F.E)
67.47 (2.50) 73.37 (1.93) 8.03 (0.42) 73.38 (3.49) -0.09 (0.04)
74.89 (2.00) 47.85 (2.03) 5.69 (0.41) 66.43 (3.10) -0.11 (0.03)
7.43∗∗ (3.20) -25.52∗∗∗ (4.70) -2.34∗∗ (0.96) -6.96 (7.12) -0.02 (0.08)
7.45∗∗ (3.23) -25.68∗∗∗ (3.25) -2.93∗∗∗ (0.60) -6.58 (4.12) -0.03 (0.06)
30.77 (4.87) 29.67 (4.82) 1.42 (0.29) 1.22 (0.25)
11.83 (3.37) 12.90 (3.50) 0.57 (0.20) 0.54 (0.18)
-18.94∗∗∗ (5.92) -16.77∗∗∗ (5.95) -0.85∗∗ (0.35) -0.68∗∗ (0.31)
-18.98∗∗∗ (5.42) -16.79∗∗∗ (5.71) -0.87∗∗∗ (0.33) -0.70∗∗ (0.31)
0.53 (0.01) 0.49 (0.01) 0.55 (0.01) 0.88 (0.01) 0.69 (0.01) 0.79 (0.01)
0.58 (0.01) 0.52 (0.01) 0.60 (0.01) 0.90 (0.01) 0.69 (0.01) 0.76 (0.01)
0.05∗∗ (0.02) 0.04 (0.02) 0.05∗ (0.03) 0.02∗ (0.01) -0.00 (0.02) -0.03 (0.02)
0.05∗∗ (0.02) 0.05∗∗∗ (0.02) 0.04∗∗∗ (0.02) 0.03∗∗∗ (0.01) 0.01 (0.01) -0.03∗∗ (0.01)
This table presents the mean and standard error of the mean (in parenthesis) for the control (Column 1) and treatment (Column 2) groups, as well as the difference between treatment and control (Column 3), and the difference taking into account the randomization design (i.e., including “pair” fixed effects (Column 4). Standard errors are clustered at the school level. The sample is the original treatment and control allocation. The index for parent engagement is the first component from a principal component analysis across several measures of parental engagement; see Table A.10 for details. ∗ p < 0.10, ∗∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗∗ p < 0.01
4
Understanding mechanisms
The question of mechanisms can be divided into two parts: What changed? And which changes mattered for learning outcomes? We answer the first question in the previous section. In this section we use 36
