DRAPESCAPE
i z z a h t a l i b c h a u d h r y .
say YESSS to a greener, cleaner design philosophy
say YESSS to a greener, cleaner design philosophy
Stand by the ocean. Hear the swooshing wind. See the green, rolling waves as they lap at your feet. Feel the smooth, warm sand beneath your toes and allow yourself to soak in the natural beauty and revel in the sensory experiences that nature has to offer. Now imagine a beach in which these experiences are supplanted by stepping on garbage, smelling the filth, and feeling nauseated by the stench as it overwhelms your senses. If designers don’t exercise their role in conserving our natural environments, more and more beaches will look and feel like the latter. Two of the most common solutions designers employ to reduce environmental pollution and mass consumption are recycling and upcycling.
As a designer, I live by Mies van der Rohe’s popular adage “less is more.” Intentional use of colors, textures, and patterns creates memorable, lasting spaces that communicate to users through architectural materials rather than spaces filled with consumable furnishings and decorations that will eventually be disposed of, likely ending up in landfills or on our beaches.
My design philosophy is intended to empower the people of the world to be stewards of their environments. I aim to show people that innovation can occur in existing environments, without the need to build new ones. As designers, we not only need to contribute to the aesthetic experience of the location but also help reduce carbon in the built environment. So let us say yes to a minimalistic approach where we must incorporate a greener way of being into our everyday interiors.
Table of Contents
01 Research
02 Studio
RESEARCH
A FAST SOLUTION TO FAST FASHION
Abstract
Fast fashion and other fabric-related causes of pollution are fast becoming an issue for many underdeveloped Asian and African nations. The fast fashion products that are produced in Western countries are sent to developing nations as aid or in the form of used clothes so that the people living in these countries can have access to affordable clothing for themselves. However, these fabrics end up in landfill sites where they become a part of the solid waste and end up polluting the natural environment. This paper suggests a more environmentally friendly design approach and choice of materials that can not only be used for a longer period of time but can also lessen the burden on the natural environment and reduce the need to recycle and reuse the fabrics that are dumped in the waste disposal sites in third world countries. The paper also highlights solutions in the design and manufacturing of sustainable solutions for products that are based on textiles and fast fashion waste materials. It stresses the importance of sustainable and longlasting design practices by designers and manufacturers to ensure the prolonged use of products.
Thesis Statement
Using materials that have been discarded and left as being useless, a designer can create an interactive and engaging environment that allows people to understand the use of such fabrics and how to improve their own living environment with these materials while lessening the burden on the natural environment.
Introduction
Fashion and design are some of the most engaging aspects of current times. This trend has defined many errors and it shows how human beings have been defining their dressing and clothing style over the ages. One of the most intriguing aspects of the current fashion age is the introduction of fast fashion and related fashion products. “Fast Fashion” can easily be described as a phenomenon that has taken place over the past century. In this time most fashion has been described by rapidly changing trends that have taken place over a short period. People change their fashion and design ideals to make sure that they are able to keep track of what is happening in the world (Fig. 1). One of the adverse effects of fast fashion and modern design ideals is the production of fashion-related waste material which is dumped in landfills (Fig. 2). As human beings progress it is necessary to find solutions to the problem of design and also the issue of fashion-related waste material because it is causing an enormous amount of pollution and is harming the natural environment. Long-term sustainable solutions must be provided for all design practices because they allow the designer and consumers to be able to choose options that are not only costfriendly but also reduce the burden on the natural environment.
(Fig. 1) Image of a model walking through a landfill inspired runway.
(Fig. 2) Landfill Site.
Defining the Problem
It is necessary to look at the impact of fast fashion and how it is able to make a serious dent in the natural environment. One of the most abundant forms of pollution that occur due to design and fast fashion is the concept of buying products that are relatively inexpensive and can be used and then discarded after one season of wearing them (Fig. 3). One example can be taken of the denim on denim style that was in vogue in the past years but it has now gone out of fashion in recent times. Currently, one option that is being provided for the use of denim is the use of this material to make furniture. A page on Instagram named “Likeminded Objects” has provided an alternative method for the use of denim not only the upholstery for the furniture but also the shredded denim as the stuffing for the furniture thus reducing the use of petroleum-based foam being used for this form of furniture. This is an example of how an out-of-fashion garment can be used to make an alternative product for the market (Fig. 4).
One of the main materials used in the manufacture of fast fashion products is cotton ( Fig. 5). This product begins to pollute the environment even before it is made into fabric and yarn. This is because cotton has a large environmental footprint and as such it accounts for a lot of pollution that is caused by pesticides that are sprayed on the cotton fields to make the yields more productive. This is prevalent in the USA which is one of the largest producers and exporters of cotton in the world and the crop accounts for more than twenty-five percent of all pesticides used in the country (Fig. 6). This alarming statistic shows that cotton causes not only pollution in the form of fast fashion but also in the form of surface runoff which is caused by the washing away of pesticides and fertilizers that drain away from the cotton fields. Making clothing is not a process that is without hazards in many of the stages that go into the spinning, weaving, dyeing, and final manufacturing of the clothing items that are going to be sold in the market. “Fast fashion leaves a pollution footprint, with each step of the clothing life cycle generating potential environmental and occupational hazards.” This makes the manufacture of clothing a process that allows chemicals and other hazardous materials into the environment and allows for environmental pollution at several levels. Cotton is not the only fiber that is used in the manufacture of clothing items and materials such as polyester and other natural and artificial fibers are also used. It is estimated that many of these materials find themselves in the water of rivers and oceans where they contribute to the pollution that is being caused by these fibers.
(Fig. 3) Environmental Catastrophe due to Fast Fashion. (Fig. 4) Big blue recycled denim chair.
(Fig. 5) Cotton is highly water intensive. (Fig. 6) A crop duster spraying pesticides on cotton crop in Georgia.
Examples in Real Life
The use of waste materials to make something that allows them to be useful and allows them to have a second lease on life is something that is already being done in the world. There are some examples in which the use of discarded materials allows designers to lessen the burden on the environment and also allows them to construct something that inspires and educates others. One such example is the award-winning design studio “Form Us With Love.” Their venture BAUX is taking waste fabric and textiles and changing them into sound insulation (Fig. 7). They are taking polyester waste materials and then using them to manufacture sound insulation which can be used in construction.
Another example can be taken from the company Kvadrat which is taking end-of-life textiles and making boards and felt from them that can be used to manufacture furniture and other indoor fixtures that are necessary for indoor design (Fig. 8). This allows these materials to be harvested from the rubbish heaps and then recycled and upcycled to make them into another form of material that different designers and manufacturers can use to construct and design indoor elements for their design studios.
(Fig. 7) BAUX’s Acoustic Felt is made from 100% traceable textile offcuts.
(Fig. 8) Textile Waste Becomes a Resource for Interior Design.
International Issues
Thewasteful trends of fast fashion are accelerating this pollution because they force people to keep up with the rapidly changing trends and the low prices of the trends make it easy for people to go and buy the fashion products. It is estimated that fabric waste will increase by 50% by the year 2030. This causes a lot of landfill pollution not only in the countries where the products are manufactured and sold but also in other countries where these clothes might be sold as second-hand clothing items or be taken there in the form of aid (Fig. 9).
(Fig. 9) Fashion Sustainablity in Pakistan.
In this manner, the products that have been manufactured in one country are able to be sold in another and then because of their low quality of production, they cannot last for a long time and then are thrown away or discarded and find themselves in landfills, causing pollution in a country that is far away from the nation where the product was originally manufactured (Fig. 10). The clothes that are being produced in countries such as the USA are sold to third-world nations in Africa and Asia and there they contribute to pollution. This is because the clothes being produced in the USA are of such a large quantity that they cannot be absorbed back into the US society and they are sold and sent to other nations where they are either sold in thrift shops or donated to the people who live in these countries. Thus it is the wasteful habits of one community that can lead to pollution being caused in another part of the world and as such there is a direct relationship being produced by one country such as the USA with the pollution being caused in another country in regions such as Africa or Asia.
(Fig. 10) Deepak Perwani’s #FixIt campaign in 2016 - Pakistan.
Key Attributes
One of the major functions of design is to make products that are able to satisfy the needs of the people for which they are being manufactured. “Design and technology is another entry point, from the development and use of more eco-friendly materials to energy and material efficiency for consumer goods and buildings.” Design allows designers and manufacturers to make different products that are able to fulfill the needs of the markets they are designated for and as such this is something that must be given the highest amount of preference by the designer so that they are able to give form and function of a product the highest importance. The products that are designed for poor countries must be made in a manner that they are able to meet the needs of the masses. Thus it is upon the designer of products to make sure that the products that are being designed for the people who belong to the low-income group are able to bring about changes in design that will allow the designers to make products that are up to the standards which are needed and do not cause wastage and pollution. One of the most important aspects that is needed for this is to make sure that the designer knows the limitations of the environment and to make sure that the design ideologies that the designer is aiming for are within the limits of the environment. This is one of the most integral parts of building a sustainable society which makes it possible for the designer to make and design products that are going to fulfill the needs of the people in the best possible manner and are not going to be a burden on the environment.
“More than 60 percent of fabric fibers are now synthetics, derived from fossil fuels, so if and when our clothing ends up in a landfill (about 85 percent of textile waste in the United States goes to landfills or is incinerated), it will not decay” (Fig. 11). Thus it can be surmised that sustainability and the ideology to design the product for the intended market are some of the most important aspects of the design philosophy of an individual who wants to design for the masses and thus allow them to be able to make products that do not pollute the environment and make them more sustainable and ecologically reduce the carbon footprint of each individual who uses these products. Thus it is necessary to make sure that not only are consumer habits changed but also innovation is brought in the use of products. “Buy less, choose well, make it last.” This quote by Vivienne Westwood signifies how famous designers use their enormous influence to reach out to the masses and thus be able to promote a positive change in the environment.
(Fig. 11) Clothes poluting the soil.
Conclusion
Sustainability is something that has to be taken into account by any designer or architect who is trying to make a difference in the world. It should be a key element for anyone who wants to reduce the carbon footprint of every individual who is using the product that has been designed. Thus it can be surmised that the people who want to make a difference must be able to provide a solution that is not only going to be long-lasting but is also going to lessen the impact on the environment. The solutions that have been mentioned above, such as making new products from recycled materials, have allowed designers to make a positive impact on the environment and also on the physical world that they live in. It is important for designers to make sure that they design a product that is going to positively impact the environment and will also help to educate and inspire other people to make sure that they play their part in the environment and help to promote sustainability.
STUDIO
An Escape From The Mundane Reality
FORMATION - DRAPESCAPE IN BADSHAHI MOSQUE
Drapescape
It is estimated that almost 2 percent of all solid waste that is being generated in Pakistan is related to fabric and leather and it can also be surmised that fast fashion products can be blamed for a large percentage of this solid waste. Fast fashion is being used by the people of the region as a means to satisfy their clothing needs and they are not considering the problem of fabric and other fashionrelated pollution that is being caused by the fast fashion products that they are buying. Thus the problem remains to not only reduce the levels of fast fashion products being sold in the country but also to ensure that the fabrics that have already been sold do not end up increasing the levels of solid waste in the region and can therefore be used to change the mindset of the people regarding fast fashion and the recycling of fabrics and other such materials.
The main aim of my project, Drapescape, is to educate the people who visit the Badshahi Mosque about the environmental impact of buying fast fashion products. The design consists of an immersive textile installation within the courtyard, where visitors can play, meditate, lounge, and relax while praying and admiring the beauty of the mosque. This environment also serves an educational purpose and teaches visitors about the uses of discarded fabrics, informing them about textile recycling and reuse, in order to reduce environmental impact. The installation features four modules: Fabric Swing, Fabric Ring, Fabric Sensorium, and Fabric Gallery. The Fabric Swing and the Fabric Ring allow visitors to touch and feel the fabrics, helping them relate to the garments. The Fabric Sensorium features interactive objects that relate to the senses, such as sound, such as wind chimes. Lastly, the Fabric Gallery will showcase the important message of fabric conservation and reuse through local embroidery techniques. All of the materials used are made of used and recycled cloth.
Few structures have as much social, religious, and national importance as the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan. Thus the importance of this place makes it an ideal location to deal with the issue of fast fashion and the fabric pollution that it is causing in society. This structure is a monument to the engineering prowess of the great Mughal Empire and was commissioned by the emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir in 1671. This structure bears testament to the Mughal ingenuity and tenacity as is evident when a person looks at the Mosque and is awestruck to find that it was built within the relatively short span of only two years. The mosque was opened to the public in 1673 and it has stood the test of time and has seen many eras and dynasties pass through. The mosque now stands near several markets in the city where clothes and shoes are sold and ironically most of the things being sold can easily be categorized as fast fashion. The message of the mosque is not only religious but also of perseverance and longevity and this message should be conveyed to the people who come to visit this monument as the mosque attracts not only worshipers but numerous tourists who come to look at this grand mosque.
FABRIC SOURCING
Where Kings Used To Pray
The Badshahi Mosque - Where Kings Used To Pray
The Mughal era which began in 1526 in the Indian subcontinent can easily be categorized as one of the richest and most culturally and socially elaborate ones in the history of the region. This era was famous for its architecture, miniature art, and contributions to other artistic and design fields of the Indian subcontinent. The Mughals had a long love affair with the region. They adorned it with architectural ornaments which increased the importance of the major cities of the region and allowed the Mughal influence to shine through future generations. Lahore, the capital city of the Pakistani province of Punjab, was an important political and social center for the Mughal Empire and features many buildings and monuments characteristic of the era. One of the most well-known of these buildings is Lahore’s Badshahi Mosque. Commissioned in 1671 by emperor Aurangazeb and completed in 1673, it is one of the largest mosques in the country and showcases the grandeur and importance of the Mughal empire in the city.
The mosque has a rich and colorful history and has been through many stages. This building has seen its grand state as a mosque where the emperors of the Mughal empire came themselves to say their daily prayers and the tall minarets served the muezzins of the mosque to call out their prayers from them. The mosque fell into despair when the Sikhs under Ranjeet Singh came to power and used it not only as a weapons depot but also as a stable. This was the lowest ebb for the mosque and this made the Muslim community of the time very anxious when they saw this symbol of their former glory and religious esteem in such a low position. The Mosque was again given to the Muslims when the British came into power in Punjab and from then it has been gaining in importance.
The mosque is a large attraction not only for people who come there to pray every day but also for the tourists who come to it to look at the grandeur of the Mughal architecture. Constructed on a raised platform of 22 steps, the mosque has an imposing presence when it is approached. The structure is primarily made of red sandstone and the minarets and other embellishments are made from marble. The interior of the mosque is decorated with images of flowers and trees and Quranic verses are also written in calligraphy styles on them. The mosque’s large courtyard also houses a large pool of water with a fountain in the center. This pool is often used as an ablutions platform where worshippers perform wudu or ablutions before they offer their prayers.
The mosque has also become an important central landmark and is surrounded by many markets and stalls that allow visitors to not only visit this historical site but also engage in shopping and dining around the mosque. There is one of the most popular eating destinations of the city known as the Lahore Fort Road Food Street located behind the mosque and it allows diners to look at the tall minarets. There is also a thriving market that deals in locally made shoes and imported clothes that is located near the mosque and it attracts most of the local population of the city and gives them the opportunity to shop for their daily needs. This market mostly deals in ready-to-wear fast fashion items and is therefore a target market for the average consumer. The mosque is an important place where an individual can encounter many people from different social backgrounds and thus attract a lot of clients for the products that plan to be sold there.
BADSHAHI MOSQUE
Design Philosophy
Drapescape is an escape from the mundane reality that faces each of us. This allows the visitors to make sure they are able to look at an alternative world where they are welcomed by the flowing lines of the fabrics and the mystery of the ideals of healing the natural world. The main theme is to make sure that the people who are coming to visit the Badshahi Mosque are able to realize the impact of fabric pollution due to fast fashion and thus be able to reduce the impact on the natural environment. It is also significant that this site is a major religious one where people come to worship and Drapescape will help them understand the importance that the religion of Islam gives to the natural world and being one with nature. The project will help the worshippers have a closer relationship with their religious and worldly obligations and will allow them to enhance their overall experience of the mosque. The design will incorporate fabrics and other materials that have been saved from fabric waste and these will be used to embellish the venue. The people coming there will be able to see the ways in which this reclaimed fabric has been used and they will experience the creative re-use of these materials and will witness how fabrics can be given a second chance to enhance the living spaces and be saved from ending up in landfills.
The design of the mosque is very symmetrical and the project will be made in a manner that will enhance this symmetry by incorporating the fabric designs. The immersive textile installation will feature four modules: Fabric Swing, Fabric Ring, Fabric Sensorium, and Fabric Gallery. The Fabric Swing and the Fabric Ring allow visitors to touch and feel the fabrics, helping them relate to the garments. The Fabric Sensorium features interactive objects that relate to the senses, such as sound, such as wind chimes. Lastly, the Fabric Gallery will not only showcase the important message of fabric conservation and reuse through local embroidery techniques but also the skills of the local artisans. All of the materials used will be made of used and recycled cloth. It will showcase that these reclaimed fabrics can be reused for play, relaxation, and rest even after they have stopped their initial function. Drapescape is a place to flee the burning heat of Lahore for visitors by providing shade
in the vast, vacant courtyard. Drapescape will allow the visitor to escape the mundane scenery and be enveloped in a world that has been reclaimed and reused to provide an alternative experience for the visitor. It provides an interactive environment that will not only encourage and educate the individual but will also allow them to relax and rejuvenate their minds and bodies. The project will also allow individuals to give alms to crows and other feathered visitors of the mosque and thus enable them to relate closer to nature and get blessings in return. The mosque now stands near several markets in the city where clothes and shoes are sold and ironically most of the things being sold can easily be categorized as fast fashion. The message of the mosque is not only religious but also of perseverance and longevity and this message should be conveyed to the people who come to visit this monument as the mosque attracts not only worshipers but numerous tourists who come to look at this grand mosque.
FABRIC SWING
FABRIC GALLERY
Drapescape
Let’s Experience
Get ready to be amazed as I take you on a tour of an immersive and interactive experience! This is not something that you might have experienced before because it is a combination of senses and environments that have not been brought into this combination ever before. This is a fabric environment that has been set up inside one of the most historically and socially important locations, the Badshahi Mosque, and allows the visitors to be able to see for themselves what it means to save and conserve fabrics and also be able to provide a positive message to all those who come.
The exhibition has two versions of three basic areas that house the different aspects of fabric and allow you to be able to engage with it and feel the texture and the smoothness of the fabrics. The swings that have been built in the exhibition will allow you to physically engage with the project and by sitting on them you will feel the strength and suppleness of the fabrics and also look at the alternative use that these fabrics are about to bring to your environment. The Fabric Sensorium and the Fabric Gallery will allow you to view the entire location through this arena and you will be able to view the historic Badshahi Mosque through the aspect of the fabric and this will enhance your viewing pleasure and will allow you to look at the entire setting in a new and innovative manner. The wind slowly blowing the fabrics with it will make you catch glimpses of the mosque behind it and will engage you even more not only with the overall theme of the project but also with the setting in a new and more enticing manner. The Fabric Gallery will have pieces that will have information written on them with embroidery which will help to not only maintain the theme of the exhibition but will also showcase the skill of the local artisans. This information will allow you to better understand the fabric issue that has motivated this project to be brought to life and will also help you understand the pressing nature of the issue and why it is necessary to take steps to rectify the fabric situation in Pakistan. This is an alternative to dumping waste fabrics in the rubbish heaps and allows you to better engage with the clothes that otherwise might just end up adding to the pollution that is being created by the addition of fabrics.
Reflection
Parsons has always been a beacon of aspiration for me. My passion for design, whether in fashion or interior realms, has been a constant since childhood. Despite the hurdles, especially navigating college via Zoom amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, I can’t recall a single semester that felt entirely smooth. Yet, with unwavering support from faculty and the fellowship of friends at Parsons, I’ve managed to surmount it all. Admittedly, my journey as a perfectionist and designer has been marked by tears shed in frustration, but each tear has been a lesson learned. Through the challenges, I’ve grown not only in skill but also in resilience. In short, being a designer is truly challenging. Apart from that, residing in NYC is a dream for everyone. The overall experience has been great for me.
This semester has taught me to integrate all the skills I’ve acquired throughout my time at Parsons. I challenged myself by exploring different methods of presenting my work to embrace diversity, instead of generating perfect renders I tried expressing my concept through 3D illustrations. With a passion for both fashion design and interior design, my capstone project holds a special place in my heart as it covers both fields in some way. Through research, I gained profound insights into both sectors, delving deep into details and concept focus. Despite being a meticulous project, I believe more time would have allowed for perfecting renders and enhancing architectural intricacies I learned in Building Systems class at Parsons. My thesis focused on utilizing one industry’s waste to mitigate environmental impact in the other, particularly in designing the textile installation, Drapescape, which proved to be a rewarding experience. Given additional time, I would have dedicated more effort to the physical model of my design and the site itself beyond conceptual models. Looking ahead, I aim to prioritize detail and delve deeper into researching crow space design, one of the protagonists of my project. Further exploration into fabric drapes and detailed diagrams depicting module constructions would be on my agenda as my next step as well. As a designer, I feel there’s no limit to the possibilities, and I could continue refining this project indefinitely.
(Fig. 1) Image of a model walking through a landfill inspired runway. Forbes, Viktor Drachev
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/east-asia-battles-fast-fashion-itsenvironmental-damage-osborne/
(Fig. 2) StockPhoto, by Vchalup https://richardsonbay.audubon.org/news/growth-fast-fashion-andwhy-it-needs-stop
(Fig. 3) Credit: The Donkey Sanctuary via Flickr https://nexusmedianews.com/compostable-clothing/
(Fig. 4) Photograph by Kyle Knodell. Image from https://www.instagram.com/p/CR4HPUxjQBY/?hl=en&img_ index=1
(Fig. 5) Cotton is highly water intensive. Image: REUTERS/Luc Gnago
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/fashion-industrycarbon-unsustainable-environment-pollution/
(Fig. 6) A crop duster drops a cloud of pesticides on a cotton crop in Georgia. Photo credit: Alan Cressler https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/a-crop-duster-drops-a-cloudpesticides-a-cotton-crop-georgia
(Fig. 7) BAUX’s Acoustic Felt is made from 100% traceable textile offcuts. CREDIT: BAUX
https://www.forbes.com/sites/amynguyen/2021/06/18/fromtextile-waste-to-sound-insulation--the-acoustic-felt-made-fromrecycled-polyester/?sh=18c0770646e1
(Fig. 8) Image from https://www.archiproducts.com/en/news/textile-waste-becomes-aresource-for-interior-design_64321
(Fig. 9) By Priya Ahluwalia via HybeBeast https://theenvironmental.org/exclusive-fashion-sustainability
-pakistan/
(Fig. 10) Deepak Perwani’s #FixIt campaign in 2016 https://theenvironmental.org/exclusive-fashion-sustainabilitypakistan/
(Fig. 11) Image from https://www.sustainablylazy.com/blog/fast-fashion-environment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badshahi_ Mosque_%28King%E2%80%99s_Mosque%29.jpg
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“Food Street Fort Road Lahore.” Traveler Trails, March 27, 2023. https://www.travelertrails.com/places-to-visit-in-lahore/foodstreet-fort-road.
Staff, Mogulesque. “Badshahi Mosque: The Last Great Mughal Masjid.” Mogulesque, February 7, 2023. https://mogulesque.com/ architecture/badshahi-mosque-last-mughal-masjid/.
Akenji, Lewis, Simon Gilby, Caixia Mao, Ryu Koide, Atsushi Watabe, and Vanessa Timmer. “CHALLENGES IN CONCEPTUALIZING SUSTAINABLE LIFESTYLES.”
SUSTAINABLE LIFESTYLES POLICY AND PRACTICE: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2019. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ resrep21883.7.
This article looks at how sustainable practices are being adopted not only in the world of fashion but also in other areas. This article shows the challenges that sustainable practices face and how to overcome these challenges and to make sure that sustainable practices are more acceptable to the masses than other environmentally burdensome practices.
Brooks, Andrew, Kate Fletcher, Robert A. Francis, Emma Dulcie Rigby, and Thomas Roberts. “Fashion, Sustainability, and the Anthropocene.” Utopian Studies 28, no. 3 (2017): 482–504. https://doi.org/10.5325/utopianstudies.28.3.0482.
This source looks at the Anthropocene epoch, how human consumption patterns have dominated this epoch, and how they have led to the pollution of the natural environment at a rate that has not been seen before this epoch. It is important to look at this article as a credible source because it defines human consumption routines and how these have been used to tax the natural world.
Claudio, Luz. “Waste Couture: Environmental Impact of the Clothing Industry.” Environmental Health Perspectives 115, no. 9 (2007): A448–54. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4626880.
This source highlights how the environment is being impacted by the fashion industry and what detrimental effects are being brought about by the fast fashion industry. It talks in detail about the amount of waste being created every year and how it is negatively affecting the environment. It looks at the aspects of globalization and the rotation of fabrics around the world to look at the environmental impact of fashion products that have been made
in one country but are found in another one and are being dumped in the waste areas of still another nation.
“Elise McMahon on Instagram: ‘��reminders of Love for the Big Blue Recycled Denim Chairs That We Made a Batch of for the @blueland NYC Office - These Are Stuffed W Shredded Denim as Alternative Stuffing to What’s Usually (in the Furniture Design World) Petroleum Based Foams and the Structure Is Primarily Industrial Paper Tubing ���� . Furniture Pieces Can Either Be Ordered Custom W an 8ish Week Lead Time or If We Have It in Stock in Our Hudson Showroom They Can Be Sent out the Following Week ���� by @kyle_knodell.’” Instagram. Accessed May 12, 2024. https://www.instagram.com/p/ CR4HPUxjQBY/?hl=en&img_index=1.
This source provides evidence on the use of denim as an alternative source of furnishings and how to use denim as a sustainable material for these purposes.
“EU’s Textile Waste and Used Clothing in Pakistan.” APTMA. Accessed March 28, 2024. https://aptma.org.pk/eus-textile-wasteand-used-clothing-in-pakistan/.
This source shows how the European Nations export fabric to Pakistan and how this fabric is contributing to the waste problem in the country. Thus it shows how fabric and fashion produced in one part of the world is being brought to another part of the world.
Igini, Martina. “10 Concerning Fast Fashion Waste Statistics.” Earth.Org, March 4, 2024. https://earth.org/statistics-about-fastfashion-waste/.
This source talks about the drastic statistics regarding the fast fashion industry and the way that it is leading to the pollution that is being caused by fabric use.
Nguyen, Amy. “From Textile Waste to Sound Insulation – the Acoustic Felt Made from Recycled Polyester.” Forbes, November
9, 2022. https://www.forbes.com/sites/amynguyen/2021/06/18/ from-textile-waste-to-sound-insulation--the-acoustic-felt-made-fromrecycled-polyester/?sh=30e98ea346e1.
This source is about the manufacture of sound insulation and the uses that it can be put to. This source is important as it shows how used fabrics and textile waste can be used to manufacture insulation materials used in construction.
Reeve, Julia. Journal of Design History 23, no. 3 (2010): 317–19. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40801991.
This article sheds light on the sustainable fashion practices highlighted in two books which are reviewed in this article. This shows how it is possible for consumers to change their fashion habits and be able to adopt more sustainable practices and try and purchase fashion items that make it possible for them to become more environmentally and socially responsible and to be able to lessen the load on the environment.
Safdie, ByStephanie. “All You Need to Know about Fast Fashion.” Greenly, November 2, 2023. https://greenly.earth/en-us/blog/ ecology-news/all-you-need-to-know-about-fast-fashion.
This source provides a link to the coinage of the term ‘fast fashion’ and how it came to be used in this terminology. This source is about the history of the term and how fast fashion came to be used in the fashion world and how it has been used and its association with pollution.
Schlossberg, Tatiana. “How Fast Fashion Is Destroying the Planet.” The New York Times, September 3, 2019. https://www.nytimes. com/2019/09/03/books/review/how-fast-fashion-is-destroyingthe-planet.html.
This site helps to inform about the different aspects of fast fashion and how it is destroying the natural environment. This source tells about the different aspects of fast fashion and how it is
becoming a nuisance for the natural world.
TEXtalks. “The Rising Global Need for Textile Recycling and Pakistan’s Potential to Cash the Opportunity - Textalks: Let’s Talk Textiles...” TEXtalks, February 7, 2023. https://textalks.com/therising-global-need-for-textile-recycling-and-pakistans-potential-tocash-the-opportunity/.
This source sheds light on how the fabric and fashion materials that have been produced in other countries are brought to Pakistan and how they are contributing to the overall pollution being created in the country. It states important information about the waste materials and how they contribute to the overall waste produced in Pakistan.
Textile waste becomes a resource for interior design. Accessed May 3, 2024. https://www.archiproducts.com/en/news/textile-wastebecomes-a-resource-for-interior-design_64321.
The use of textiles to make boards and other materials which can be used in interior design is something that this source stresses. It shows how a company is making these materials so that it can provide alternative materials to the designers who want to incorporate these materials in their design philosophies and also to allow them to have a more sustainable and environmentally friendly product lineup.
Thomas, Angharad. “Design, Poverty, and Sustainable Development.” Design Issues 22, no. 4 (2006): 54–65. http://www. jstor.org/stable/25224076.
This chapter highlights the importance of design to alleviate poverty and to allow the designer to provide long-term sustainable solutions for the people who cannot afford to pay for high-end items and who are looking for bargain sales. This is important because it highlights the issue where fast fashion is considered an important solution for the poor markets and therefore long-term sustainable solutions are considered to be less cost-effective and are not
considered.
Westwood, Vivienne. “Sustainability.” Vivienne Westwood®. Accessed May 12, 2024. https://www.viviennewestwood.com/enus/sustainability/.
This source provides evidence from one of the most well-known designers Vivienne Westwood and her approach to sustainability and the need to change consumer habits for a better environment.
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