6
Donald Trump
How political correctness culture created the GOP behemoth
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Bengals
The Bengals reach a new low as they gift a playoff win to the Pittsburgh Steelers
THE NEWS RECORD / UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI THURSDAY, JAN. 14, 2016
Skipping TEXTBOOK COSTS classes can ADD WEIGHT be costly EVERY YEAR SOPHIA GAINES | COLLEGE LIFE EDITOR
GRAPHIC BY RUSSELL HAUSFELD
SOPHIA GAINES | COLLEGE LIFE EDITOR
The cost of a college education and the debt it entails continues to rise, with required textbooks becoming a large part of the equation. Textbook costs are now over three times the cost of inflation on average, having increased 1,041 percent from 1977 to 2015, according to an analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics. The College Board, a nonprofit that administers the SAT and other tests, found the average full-time public university student spends about $1,200 on “books and supplies” every year. Because textbook costs aren’t regulated and most students are still willing to pay, they continue to rise. Bookstores keep about 21.6 cents of every dollar spent on a new textbook, according to the National Association of College Stores (NAC). One cent of every dollar goes to freight and shipping costs. For instance, if a student buys a $289 calculus book, about $62 goes to the bookstore, $3 goes to shipping costs and $224 goes to the publisher. NACS’ most recent data is from 2008, when about 15.4 cents of every dollar went toward marketing, 11.7 cents to authors and 32.2 cents to costs such as paper, printing, and the publishers’ employees. US News said that publishers claim the cost matches the amount of labor put into making textbooks. Bruce Hildebrand, executive director of higher education at the Association of American Publishers, said in an article, “If you want a concept book in black and white…it will be incredibly cheap…What faculty are looking for are calculus books that have interactive components and have applications.” Students are encouraged by University of Cincinnati Libraries to rent books from the UC Bookstore or use e-books, which they report cost 40 to 60 percent less than new books. Amazon also has a discounted Prime membership for students that allow them to get textbooks in only a couple of days or get the Kindle version. E-books are also less bulky and have extra features that printed books do not, such as a search bar, hyperlinks to references and the ability to change font size, as well dictionary and translation features.
Some classes at UC require students to buy online codes that come with an e-book or new physical textbook from programs such as Vista Higher Learning or McGraw-Hill Connect. In a German 1001 class, a Supersite Plus Code and online text that allows students to do assignments on the Vista website can cost $155. With many UC courses, specifically foreign language classes, requiring codes to access content, it eliminates costeffective means like renting. In some states textbooks are taxable, while other states allow textbooks to be tax exempt. In Sept. 2015, Ohio legislators proposed a bill to make textbooks tax-free in Ohio. State Rep. Mike Duffey, (R-Worthington) said, “nobody would ever suggest that tuition should be taxed, and books, to me, are part and parcel of tuition,” according to the Columbus Dispatch. Dealing with the overall issue of expensive textbooks requires working with multiple publishers. Publishers are able to charge high prices because in some areas of study that rely heavily on textbooks, not having the required textbook results in a low grade, forcing students to buy them. An Introduction to Animal Behavior class at UC last fall did not require a textbook. Instead, the instructor assigned online readings of scholarly articles or news stories. These cost little to nothing and can supplement a class in a similar way to textbooks. “We skimmed the surface of many topics but didn’t delve too deeply into the underlying details,” said Erin Curry, instructor of Introduction to Animal Behavior “Because of that, it’s relatively easy to find relevant, supplemental material online or in the current literature, so I don’t rely on textbooks.” Curry also said that textbooks can be valuable for more advanced courses that require in-depth understanding of subject matter or great attention to detail. Another option utilized by instructors is using plays or books that can be found used at bookstore for just a few dollars. Many scholarly articles are available online for free, taking away the trouble of copyright issues. Another aspect of dealing with the high cost of books is sometimes professors assign texts they or a colleague has written.
Though skipping classes may sometimes seem like a good idea, the long-term ramifications academically, as well as financially, can haunt a student all semester. When a student doesn’t attend a class they paid for, they fail to take advantage of all of the services their tuition provides. In 2014, Harvard University’s Initiative for Learning and Teaching filmed 10 lecture halls without the consent of about 2,000 students in order to track attendance rates. The students weren’t informed in order to prevent a skew of results. In the beginning of the semester, the rate was 79 percent and by the end it was 43 percent. Attendance averaged 60 percent. According to Forbes, skipping a class in 2015 at a public institution cost about $51.02 and $69.40 at a private institution. Students who took classes that required attendance earned better grades than those in classes that did not require it. Researchers at the University of California Santa Cruz also conducted a study in an economics class that concluded that those who scored below average on a midterm and attended every class after that scored higher on the final exam. Carlos Dobkin, professor of economics at UC Santa Cruz and co-author of the study, said that in a small seminar, students miss out on more than in a large lecture, “where the lecture slides are on the internet and the lecture is videotaped, maybe the cost of skipping that is zero.” While attendance often does not affect grades, different instructors have different policies on attendance and how they enforce it. Some instructors take attendance by a headcount, while others use pop quizzes as incentives to attend. In some cases, if a student misses a certain amount of classes, they will automatically fail unless they have a valid excuse such as an emergency or illness. Instructors can also take points off for every class missed. To find out how much attendance in college courses correlates to grades, authors affiliated with State University of New York at Albany conducted a study in 2010 that found class attendance is a better predictor of grades than SAT scores and studying skills. They also found that as the percentile of class attendance increased, so did the average grade percentage. The attendance-grade relationship was found to be more prevalent in science classes than in non-science classes. Looking at the attendance-grade relationship from studies since 1980, there hasn’t been much change. According to the study, this could mean that the increased use of online resources and improved textbooks have not decreased the importance of attending class. Although a lot of information is put on sites like Blackboard, instructors also provide material that is only available in person. SEE SKIPPING PG 4
Obama’s orders place emphasis on firearm safety HUY NGUYEN | NEWS EDITOR
President Barack Obama jammed unauthorized guns in his recent executive order in an attempt to increase control methods and mental health treatment. The United States was reported to have 33,636 firearm deaths in 2013, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. As part of his executive order, Obama released a memorandum Jan. 4 to the Department of Defense, the Department of Justice and the Department of Homeland Security ordering for an investment in technology that reduces gun violence. The memorandum demands three important directives for the federal departments. 1.Research and Development: The federal departments will conduct or sponsor research into gun safety technology to reduce accidental and unauthorized use of firearms, as well as track lost and stolen firearms. The Secretary of Defense, Attorney General and Secretary of Homeland Security are required to report their outlines to enact these technologies by April 3, 2016. 2.Department Consideration of New Technology:
Departments must regularly review availability of safety technology and how they can be improved. 3.General Provisions: The memorandum orders will not be used to break the law or provide unfair benefits to anyone in the United States. Obama has previously directed the Department of Justice review gun safety technology in 2013. The DOJ confirmed the plausibility of increased safety due to such technology and invested millions of dollars in the research. Much of the safety technology in development is being directed towards “smart” guns in response to Obama’s executive order.“Smart” guns and attachments are designed and marketed to stop anyone except the owner from firing it. A new firearm device called “Identilock” latches onto the trigger of a gun and prevents firing until quickly activated by a fingerprint scanner. The attachment was developed by Detroit engineer Omer Kiyani and is still in the prototype phase, but is set to release by summer of 2016. Other “smart” gun innovations include combination-locked guns, electronic ammunition and radio-frequency identification, which uses radio waves from special objects like a ring.
Such leaps in technology will not only help reduce gun violence, but could also help lower rates of suicide by firearms. Four out of 10 youth suicides are due to firearms — of which 82 percent were owned by a family member, according to a study
executive order.“Let’s just not assume that, every few weeks, there’s a mass shooting that gets publicity.” “That is not something that we can be satisfied with.”
by the National Violence Injury Statistics System. Only a minority of firearms were noted to be stored and locked. The use of such revolutionary gun technology cannot stop all gun-related incidents, since there are more guns than people in the United States. With the addition of gun control methods to individual guns, there may at least be a reduction in situations of gun theft, unauthorized use and total gun-related deaths. “Let’s try some things,” said Obama on his GRAPHIC BY RUSSELL HAUSFELD
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