Vol 15 Myanmar by new wave

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Managing Editor Executive Editor Senior Editor Editor Research & Development Editor English Editor English Proof Consultant (Chinese) Chinese Editor Chinese Translation R & D Group DTP Marketing Group Distribution Manager Distribution Group Finance Group Reception Publisher Graphic Design Color Separation Printer Circulation Price

: Soe Yu Wai : Ko Htike : Aung Pho (Mg Phone-Law) Myint Swe : Thein Yu Wai : Tin Maung Aye : Dr Mg Mg Myint Than : Si Thu Kyaw Tin Arkar Maung : Stephen Lee : Sai Win : Thein Aung : Zan Bo Htet Tin Zarni Maung Naw Phu Ngone Ko Ko : Mya Thi Khaing : Su Myat Mon : Chan Lin Thu : Myint Myat Mon, Hnin Pwint Phyu : Nan Thuzar (Manager) : Moe Sandar : U Tin Maung Aye : Pwint Phyu : Color King : Color King : 1000 : 1500

Yangon Office Build A-3-1, Room (703) Myanma Gonyi Housing, Upper Pansodan St, Mingalar Taung Nyunt Township Post Code 11221, Yangon, Myanmar. Phone : + 95- 1 -393-102 + 95-95-200-200 + 95-95-158-838 + 95-95-174-887 Fax : + 95- 1 -392-099 Email : thefuturemyanmar@gmail.com

pDpOfolUpum; ,ckvtwGuf The Future rsuEf mS zH;k aqmif;yg;tm; wyfrawmfaeYtjzpf usi;f yaom awmfveS af &;aeYjzpfonfh rwfv (27) &ufaeY txdrf;trSwftjzpf pkpnf;xkwfa0 xm;ygonf/ ,ckuo hJ Ykd pkpnf;xkwaf 0&jcif;rSm tqdyk gaeYEiS hf ywfoufí ½Iaxmifah ygi;f pHrk S trsm;jynfo\l qE´tjrifrsm; xif[yf ay:vGifap&ef wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ ,ck The Future (Vol.15) rS wpfqifh jyefvnf trSw&f jcif;? jyefajymif; oH;k oyfrjd cif;? wpfpw kH pfck todynm wd;k yGm;jcif;? rSww f rf;tjzpf use&f jdS cif;rsm; &&So d nfqykd gu The Future tzGJUom;rsm;taejzifh BudK;pm;pkpnf;rItay: auseyfrdygonf/ xyfrHívnf; BudK;pm;oGm;ygrnf[k uwdjyK&if; . . . av;pm;pGmjzifh pdk;,ka0

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,lonf/ jrpfta&SUbufjcrf;rS *syefppfwyf\ wm0efom jzpfonf/ Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef; OD;pD; acgi;f aqmifuyG u f t J yk cf sKyo f nfh Armh vGwv f yf a&; wyfrawmfppfXmecsKyf? AdkvfrSL;BuD;aZ,s (udv k aS rmif) OD;pD;onfh wyfr (1)ESihf Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D ae0if; (ocif½aI rmif) OD;pD;onfh wyfr (2)ESihf txufjrefrmjynfoYkd NAw d o d Qe,fcsUJ wUkdukd tNy;D tjywf jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f rS wdu k cf u kd &f iS ;f vif; &ef csw D ufcMhJuonf/ odEYk iS hf Armhwyfrawmfonf 1942 ckEpS ?f arvwGif jrpfBu;D em; tp&So d nfh NrdKUrsm;udk *syefppfwyfrsm;ESifh &ifaygifwef;? csw D ufwu kd cf u kd o f rd ;f ,lNy;D txufjrefrmEdik if H wpf0Srf;vHk; odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhonf/ odkYaomf *syefwdkYu wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;udk uwd twdkif; aMunmay;jcif; r&SdMujyefyg/ *syefrsm;onf txufwiG f a&;om;azmfjy NyD;cJhonfh uwd(2)csufudk vHk;0zsufcJhonf/ 4if;jyif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmpOf uyif ,if;wd\Yk zufqpfvrf;pOft& rw&m;? twif;t"r® vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk Armh vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfu aumif;pGm od&Sd onf/ xdkYaMumifh zufqpf*syefudk qefYusif awmfvSefpdwfrsm; wzGm;zGm; ay:aygufvmcJh onf/ 1943 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif *syefu vGwv f yfa&;ay;onfqo kd nfrmS vnf;

twkta,mifom jzpfonf/ þodkYaomf *syef-jrefrm qufqHa&; tajctaewGif Armhvw G v f yfa&; wyfrawmf\ tajctaeudk wifjyoGm;ygrnf/ NAw d o d Quv kd ekd D e,fcsJUwdkYtm; ESifxkwfí EdkifiHwpf0Srf;udk jyefvnfodrf;ydkufNyD;onfhtcg wyfrawmf\ tiftm;onf ig;aomif;cefY &Sv d monf/ þ&Jabmf wyfom; tiftm;rsm;ESit hf wl jynfojl ynfom; wpf&yfvHk;uvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ acgi;f aqmifru I kd vH;k 0vufcv H mMuNy;D trsK;d om; acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfjyKMuonf/ 4if;jyif jynfolvlxkonf pnf;vHk;nDñTwf MuNy;D wdik ;f jynfvw G v f yfa&;twGuf wpfceJ uf axmufcHtm;ay;aomaMumifh atmifjrifpGm wdkufcdkufEdkifonfh tcsufrsm;udk *syefwdkYu aumif;pGm od&Sdonf/ NAw d o d Quv kd ekd D e,fcsUJwo Ykd nf 1824 ckEpS f rSpí 1942 ckEpS t f xd rdrw d ikd ;f jynfukd tqifh qifhodrf;ydkufNyD; tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf trsKd;rsKd; ajymif;vJum qefpyg;? uRe;f opf? a&eH? owåK ponfh o,HZmwypönf;rsm;udk aoG;pkyfjc,f vS,fí jynfwGif;ü umvMum&SnfpGm ajccs aexdik cf MhJ uonf/ xdjYk yif aer0iftifyg,mBu;D udk xlaxmifEdkifonfh tiftm;&Sdonfh e,fcsJU wdkYtm; wpfESpfrjynfhrD tcsdeftwGif; atmif

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfwyf&if; (2) wGif rdefYcGef; ajymMum;aepOf

jrifpGm awmfvSefwdkufcdkufEdkifjcif;rSm Armh vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf\ udk,fusKd;rzuf? &JpGrf;owåd? wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&; rkcsraoG &&rnf ponfhcdkifrmpGJNrJaom cH,lcsufESifh jynfov l x l \k tjynft h 0 axmufcrH &I &So d nf wdaYk Mumifh jzpfonf/ þae&mwGif av;eufpmG azmfjya&;om;vdkonfrSm jynfolvlxk\ vGwfvyfaom oabmqE´t& (ajcmufvSefY csKyfcs,fí r[kwf? EdkifxufpD;epfr[kwf) axmufcHrIonf wdkif;jynftwGuf rnfrQ ta&;Bu;D aMumif;yif jzpfonf/ jynfov l x l \k vGwv f yfaom qE´t& axmufcv H Qif atmif jrifrnf odkYr[kwfu usqHk;rnf/ taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh Armhvw G v f yfa&; wyfrawmfonf 4if;wdkYtwGuf tEÅ&m,f jzpfvmonfukd *syefwYkd odjrifvmaomaMumifh wyfrawmfukd zsuo f rd ;f &efyif &nf&, G o f nf/ tu,fí zsuo f rd ;f vdu k yf guvnf; *syefwu Ykd kd &Sdonfhvufeufjzifh jyefvnfawmfvSefrnfudk od&Sdem;vnf oabmaygufonf/ xdkYaMumifh *syefwo Ykd nf Armhvw G v f yfa&; wyfrawmfukd &Jabmftiftm; oHk;axmifrS ig;axmiftxd avQmhcsí ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfudk jyefvnf zGJUpnf;NyD; ydkrdkpepfuspGm ppfynm ykdrdkwwfuRrf;onfhwyftjzpf zGJUpnf;&ef AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tjcm; acgif;aqmif Bu;D rsm;tm; tBujH yKonf/ *syefwu Ykd vdrv f nf í y&d,m,foHk;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf Armh vGwv f yfa&; wyfrawmfu tiftm;avQmhcsjcif;udk vHk;0 rauseyfacs/ e,fcsJU NAdwdoQwdkYudk awmfvSef wdkufcdkuf&ef ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfodkY cHpm;csut f jynft h 0? ppfreS af om rsK;d csppf w d "f mwf tjynft h 0ESihf 0ifa&mufvmMuaom tiftm; pkBuD; NydKuGJoGm;rnfudk txl;rvdkvm;acs/ odaYk omf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;u atmufyg taMumif;rsm;aMumifh *syefw\Ykd tBujH yKcsuu f kd tajrmftjrifBuD;pGmjzifh vufcHcJhonf/ (1) Adv k cf sKyo f nf *syefwyfrsm;ESit hf wl jrefrm jynf vGwv f yfa&;twGuf awmfveS w f u kd f

*syefacwf jrefrmtpdk;&tzGJUtm; *syefbk&ifu aewHqdyfrsm; ay;tyfNyD;aemuf tjyefc&D;wGif awGUjrif&aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf jrefrmtpdk;&tzGJU

cdkufjcif;rSm *syefwdkY\ rl0g'udk ESpfouf ,HMk unfí r[kw?f rlvyxrwnf;uyif e,fcsJUwdkYudk wGef;vSefwdkufcdkuf&ef/ rnf onfEh ikd if jH cm; wdik ;f jynfrrS qdk ppfynmESihf vufeuf&,l&ef jzpfonf/ *syefrsm;rS þonfrsm;udk ay;rnf[k uwd&í *syefoYkd oGm;a&mufppfynm&,l oifMum;cJhjcif;/ (2) Armhvw G v f yfa&; wyfrawmfonf &Jabmf wyfom;tiftm;t& *syefudk ,SOfNydKif Edik yf gaomfvnf; ppfynmESihf ppftawGUtBuKH t& *syefukd awmfveS Ef ikd o f nfh tajctae vdktyfaeao;jcif;/ (3) jynfov l x l t k wGi;f ü xda&mufeuf½idI ;f pGm pnf;½Hk;rI&Sd&ef vdktyfaeao;jcif;/ odEYk iS hf tiftm; ig;aomif;cef&Y adS om wyf rawmfukd 1942 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f 27 &ufaeYwiG f tiftm; oHk;axmifcefYjzifh Armh umuG,fa&; wyfrawmftjzpf jyefvnfzUJpG nf;cJo h nf/ jynfol vlxkESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfwdkYu *syef\ aqmif&u G cf suu f kd vH;k 0rvdv k m;? rESpf NcdKufMuay/ *syefwdkYtm; jyefvnfawmfvSef wdkufcdkufvdkonfh pdwf"mwfonf vGefrif;pGm jyif;jyvsuf&Sdonf/ Armhvw G v f yfa&; wyfrawmfonf jynfol rsm;rS aygufzGm;vmonfh jynfolYwyfrawmf jzpfonfEiS t hf nD ArmhumuG,af &; wyfrawmf

onfvnf; jynfow Yl yfrawmfom;rsm;\ wyf jzpfayonf/ vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf JG qifE&JT rnf jzpfí ppfynmwwfuRr;f &rnf[al om &yfwnf csufESifh *syefrsm;uay;onfh ppfynmudk vGefrif;pGm tepfemcH? tyifyef;cHí &,lMu onf/ tpm;qif;&J? taeqif;&J? t0wfqif;&J 'Pfukd vspv f sL½Ixm;cJMh uonf/ cdik rf m? NrjJ ref aom &nf&, G cf surf mS Edik if aH wmf vGwv f yfa&; yif jzpfonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wyfrawmfudk wd;k csUJ zGUJ pnf;&ef *syefppfwyfoYkd tBujH yK wifjy cJhonf/ ppfBuD;NyD;qHk;onfhtcgrS wyfrawmf wd;k csUJ zGUJpnf;a&;udk pOf;pm;oifo h nf[íl jrefrm jynf e,fajrqdkif&m *syefppfaoemywdu ydwfyif[efYwm;cJhonf/ odkYaomfvnf; 1944 ckEpS yf ikd ;f wGif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf wyfom; opf ig;axmif odkYr[kwf ckESpfaxmiftxd pkaqmif;&ef pDrHaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1943-1944 ckEpS rf sm;wGif zufqpfemZD 0if;½dk;wef;EdkifiHrsm;udk r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;[k ac:wiG af om t*Fvyd -f tar&duefwu Ykd wefjyef xd;k ppfrsm;qifEíJT atmifjrifrrI sm; &&Sad eonf/ xdkodkY qifETJMu&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiHudk NAdwdoQ e,fcsUJ wu Ykd jyefvnford ;f ydu k &f ef tpDtpOfukd vnf; csrSwfcJhonf/ r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;u jrefrmEdik if H ppfrsuEf mS zGiv hf pS cf o hJ nf/ *syefwyf 5

rsm; 1944 ckESpfwGif pwifppfa&;edrfhcJhonf/ xdkaom tcsdeftcgusrS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ,cifu wifjycJah om wyfrsm; wd;k csUJprD u H ed ;f udk *syefrsm;u oabmwlcJhonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh EdkifiHa&;acgif; aqmifBu;D rsm;onf rdrEd ikd if H vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&; &&rnf [laom OD;wnfcsuf jyif;xefvmum zufqpf*syefwdkYudk awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&ef tpOfwpdu k f BuKd ;yrf;tm;xkwv f suf &SMd uonf/ rdrdwdkif;jynf tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifrIESifh vGwfvyfa&;twGuf vufeufudkifí awmf vSefwdkufcdkufrI jyKvkyfaqmif&GufrSomvQif &Edik rf nfjzpfonf/ zufqpf*syefwo Ykd nf zufqpf OD;xkyBf u;D udk xif&mS ;pGm aqmif;xm;onfrmS ay:viG x f if&mS ;aeayNy/D vGwv f yfa&;udv k nf; ay;rnfr[kwf/ jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&; wdkufyGJtwGuf jynfyrSaeí tultnD ay;ygrnf[al om yxru ay;cJo h nfh uwdukd *syefwdkY vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; arhaysmuf oGm;NyD jzpfonf/ ,aeYtcsed t f cgwiG f zufqpf*syefwt Ykd m; vufeufpGJudkifí awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&efom wpfckwnf;aom enf;vrf; &Sdawmhonf/ *syefppfwyfwdkYonf rdrdwyfrsm;xuf ppfynmuRrf;usifonf/ vufeuftiftm; aumif;rGefonf/ odkYaomf ppfwdkuf&mrSm pdwf"mwftiftm;onf ta&;ygaom tcsuf vnf; jzpfonf/ 4if;wdYk vdt k yfonfh vufeuf? cJ,rf;? rD;ausmuf? pm;eyf&u d m© rsm; ay;yd&Yk ef qufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;u a0;vHonf/ txl;ojzifh qufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;rSm r[mrdwfwyfrsm;\ avaMumif;wdkufcdkufrI aMumifh vHkNcHKrIvHk;0r&Sdawmhay/ *syefppfwyf wdkYonf tdE´d,ppfrsufESmwGif ppf½IH;vmNyDjzpf aomaMumifh pdwf"mwftxl;avsmhusaeMu onf/ rdrw d yfrsm;\ tajctaeudk Munfjh yefvQif wyfrsm;rSm ae&mtESUH tjym;wGif pcef;csvsuf &SdaeNyD; ppfa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk aqmif&Guf Muonf/ ppfynmudk aumif;rGepf mG oif,El ikd jf cif; r&Sdonfhtjyif vdktyfonfh avhusifhrIrsm;udk vnf; rjyKvyk fEdkifMuyg/ *syefwyfrsm;u Armh 6

wyfrawmf wyf&if;? wyfzGJUrsm;udk jyefvnf pnf;½H;k Ny;D avhusiahf &;rsm; jyKvyk af qmif&u G &f ef oabmwlnDcJhMuonf/ *syefrsm;onf jrefrmjynftm; vGwv f yf a&; ay;rnf[laomuwdrsm; tBudrfBudrf zsucf o hJ nfrsm;udk txufwiG f a&;om;azmfjy cJhNyD; jzpfonf/ 4if;jyif EdkifiH\ xGufukef[l orQukd aoG;pky, f o l nf/ *syefwyfom;rsm;ESihf uifaywdik af c: *syefppfyv k yd w f u Ykd jynfov l x l k tay: &ufpufMurf;MuKwpf mG ESyd pf ufni§ ;f yef;rI rsm;aMumifh jynfov l x l k jyif;xefpmG cHpm;Mu& onf/ vGerf if;pGm tepfemcHMu&onf/ jynfol vlxk (wyfrawmftygt0if)u *syefrsm;tay: &G&H mS pufqw k rf ek ;f wDaejcif;rsm; txG#t f xdyo f Ykd a&mufaeNyDjzpfonf/ wyfrawmfonf tpOfwpdkuf zufqpf *syefrsm;udk awmfveS w f u kd cf u kd &f ef BupH nfMu onf/ pnf;½Hk;Muonf/ odkYESifh zufqpf*syef rsm;udk awmfveS w f u kd cf u kd íf jynfwiG ;f rS armif; ESifxkwf&ef acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u qHk;jzwf vdkufonf/

Adkvfrdk;BudK; (AdkvfrSL;BuD; qlZluD;)

Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; onf zuf q pf awmfveS af &;twGuf atmufygvyk if ef;ESp&f yfukd pDpOf aqmif&Gufonf/ yxrrSm wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk ppfynm tjynfht0&&SdEdkifap&ef avhusifhrIrsm; jyKvkyf aqmif&Gufaponf/ 'kw, d rSm nDnw G af om Edik if aH &;tiftm; pkBuD; jzpfay:vmap&ef pnf;½Hk;onf/ jynfol vlxkESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDtoD;oD;wdkY nDnGwfpGm yl;aygi;f &ef vdt k yfaomaMumifh jynfoUl ta&; awmfykH ygwED iS hf uGejf rLepfygww D u Ykd kd odr;f oGi;f um ]zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolUtzGJUcsKyf} udk 1944 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f 23&ufwiG f zGUJpnf;cJh onf/ þtzGUJ csKyw f iG f Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf A[kOd ;D pD;tzGUJ Ouú|ESihf A[dpk pfaumifp\D obm ywdtjzpf ygvmonf/ odkYESifh zufqpf*syef rsm;udk awmfveS w f u kd cf u kd &f ef wdusaom pDrH csurf sm; csrw S Mfuonf/ þtcsed üf jynfov l x l k onf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf wyfrawmfwt Ykd ay: cspfcifav;pm;Muonf/ zufqpf*syefwt Ykd m; awmfveS w f u kd cf u kd f wGef;vSefypf&ef y&d,m,fvdktyfonf/ *syef wyfrsm;onf r[mrdwfwyfrsm;\ wefjyef xdk;ppfqifvmonfhtcg ½IH;edrfhvmMuonf/ xdaYk Mumifh Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;u y&d,m,fqifí Armhwyfrawmfu ppfrsuEf mS wpfczk iG &hf ef awmif; qdk&m *syefwdkYu oabmwlcJhonf/ odkYESifh zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolU tzGJUcsKyfudk zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;? jynfolU vGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf[k trnfajymif;NyD; awmfvSefa&;twGuf ppfe,fajrrsm;? wyfzGJU trnfrsm;udyk g owfrw S af y;um wm0efcrH sm;udk ceft Y yfco hJ nf/ txufArmjynf wdik ;f rSL; Adv k rf LS ; Axl;onf zufqpf*syefEiS hf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; OD;pD;tkyfcsKyfuGyfuJaom Armhwyfrawmfudkyg awmfvSefykefuefonfhtaejzifh 1945 ckESpf? rwfv 8 &ufaeYwGif zufqpf*syefwdkYudk wdkufcdkufcJhonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;pD; tkycf sKyo f nfh wyfrawmfukd awmfveS o f nfqkd onfrmS zufqpf*syefwt Ykd ay: y&d,m,f oH;k vkdufjcif;yif jzpfonf/

ocifvSNrdKifESifh AdkvfcsKyf

awmfveS af &;atmifjrifrt I wGuf y&d,m,f oHk;&onf/ enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd; oHk;&onf/ awmfveS af &;ppfe,fajra'orsm; owfrw S jf cif;? awmfveS af &; ppfe,fajrwm0efcrH sm; ceft Y yfjcif; rsm; Ny;D qH;k onfEiS hf wpfNyKdief uf ]ppfrsuEf mS wpfck topfzUJG&ef}[laom taMumif;jycsut f & awmf vSeaf &;wyfzUJG toD;oD;wdo Yk nf owfrw S x f m; NyD;onfh ppfe,fajrtoD;oD;wdkYudk AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;\ atmufygred cYf eG ;f udk Mum;cH,Nl y;D csDwufMuonf/ rdefYcGef;rSm ]&JabmfwdkY tus,cf sUJ Ny;D &Sn&f n S rf ajymcsib f ;l / tck ppfajrjyifukd xGu&f r,f/ qif;&Jr,f/ iwfr,f/ tcuftcJawGeJY &ifqdkif&r,f/ ArmyDyD Armh aoG;udkjyyg/ txufAdkvfrsm;&JU trdefYudk emcH Muyg/ txufAdkvfawGuvnf; omwlnDrQ &Jabmfpw d x f m;yg/ &Jabmfwu Ykd kd uwday;xm;wJh twdkif; usKyfudk,fwdkif &JabmfawGeJYtwl csD wufr,f/ Armh&efoludk acsrIef;Mu/ teD;uyfq;kH &efou l &kd mS Ny;D wdu k Mf u/'gy}J [k jzpfonf/ þodkYjzifh jynfolvlxkESifh awmfvSefa&; &Jabmfrsm; wpfaoG;wnf;? wpfom;wnf; &SMd uum rsK;d cspAf rmhwyfrawmf[k ac:wiG v f mNy;D 1945 ckEpS ?f rwfv 27 &ufaeYwiG f zufqpf *syefwu Ykd kd wpfEikd if v H ;kH wGif wNyKd iw f nf; pwif

awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJhMuonf/ jrefrmjynfol jynfom;rsm; aoG;pnf;nDnw G rf u I kd azmfxw k f jyovdu k jfcif; jzpfonf/ rdrw d ikd ;f jynf tcsKyt f jcm tmPmydik Nf y;D vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;&&S&d ef zufqpf *syefwdkYudk wdkufcdkufonfhaeY&ufjzpfaom 1945 ckEpS ?f rwfv 27 &ufaeYonf ]zufqpf *syefawmfveS af &;aeY}jzpfonf[k xifxif&mS ; &Sm; &SdvSayonf/ zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;aeY tcrf; tem;udk pwifusi;f yonft h cgwiG f ]wyfrawmfaeY} [k ac:a0:owfrw S cf jhJcif; r&Scd b hJ J ]zufqpf*syef awmfveS af &;aeY}[k ac:a0:co hJ nf/ rdrw d ikd ;f jynf onf 1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYü tcsKyt f jcmtmPmydik f vGwv f yfa&;&&So d nft h cg a&&Snt f ajrmftjrifEiS hf Edik if w H umqufqaH &; ajyjypfap&ef ]zufqpf*syef}[laom pmom; rsm;udk csev f yS íf ]awmfveS af &;aeY}[k *kP, f l 0Hh<um;pGm ac:a0:cJhonf/ ]awmfveS af &;aeY}tcrf;tem; usi;f yyHrk mS nae ae0ifcgeD;tcsdefwGif BudKwifowfrSwf xm;aom ]pk&yf} toD;oD;rS ppfaMumif;rsm; onf rD;wkwfrsm;udkifaqmifí ],aeYwdkif awmfveS af &;yef;Nc}H [k ac:wiG af eonfh XmeodYk pk½Hk;Muonf/ pk½Hk;MuNyD; umuG,fa&;0efBuD; Xmeu wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&aom wyfrawmf t&m&SBd u;D wpfO;D u awmfveS af &;ESihf ywfouf onfh rdefYcGef; ajymMum;onf/ ppfaMumif;rsm;

twGuf rnfonfv h NkH cKH a&;tpDt d pOfrS jyKvyk &f ef rvdkojzifh rvkyfMuyg/ wyfrawmfppfaMumif; toD;oD;rS t&m&Sd? tMuyfwyfom;rsm;udk jynfolvlxku cspfcifav;pm;MuNyD; 4if;wdkY todpdwf"mwf? udk,fydkifqE´jzifh rnfonfh vIaYH qmfjcif;rSjyK&bJ atmifoajyyef;pnf;rsm; ay;urf;í vufcyk ?f vuf0g;wD;um atmifoajy rsm;udk ajr§mufum? ajr§mufum ]atmifygap? atmifygap}[k atmfoHrnf[def;í [pfatmf a<u;aMumfum wpfcJeuftm;ay;ajr§mufpm; Muygonf/ 1941 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 27 &ufaeYjzpf aom ]wyfrawmfaeY} ESihf 1945 ckEpS ?f rwfv 27 &ufaeYjzpfaom ]awmfveS af &;aeY}wdo Yk nf 1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYwGif jrefrm Edik if \H tcsKyt f jcmtmPmydik f vGwv f yfa&;udk qGwfcl;EdkifaomaMumifh vGwfvyfa&;ordkif; rSww f ikd Bf u;D rsm;tjzpf a'gi;f zef0g ol&, d aerif; uJo h Ykd xGe;f awmufvsu&f adS eygí jrefrmjynfol jynfom;rsm;twGuf tNrJxm0pOf vHk;0rarh ypftyfbJ 0H<h um;pGm *kP, f al eMu&rnfh aeYx;l ? aeY&ufrsm; jzpfayonf/ ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudk pwifzGJU pnf;wnfaxmifcahJ om 1941 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv 27 &ufaeYonf ]wyfrawmfaeY} ppfppfjzpf aMumif; ppfrSefaomordkif;t& a&;om;cJhNyD; jzpfonf/ odkYygojzifh rSefuefaom ordkif;aMumif; udk ajymif;vGJí r&Edkif? vSD;vTJír&Edkif? rvkyf xdkufonfaMumifh ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; rwfv 27 &ufaeY onf zufqpf*syefukd awmfveS af om aeY ]awmfveS af &;aeY}jzpfovdk 'DZifbmv 27 &ufaeYonfvnf; wyfrawmfukd wnfaxmif wnfaqmufcJhonfhaeY ]wyfrawmfaeY} jzpf ayonf/ ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; 'DZifbmv 27 &uf aeYonf ]awmfveS af &;aeY} r[kwEf ikd o f uJo h Ykd rwfv 27 &ufaeYudkvnf; ]wyfrawmfaeY} [k ac:qdkEdkifjcif; rjyKEdkifacs/ (vGifOD;pmayrS xkwfa0 jzefYcsdonfh 68 ESpfajrmuf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;aeY txdrf;trSwfpmpkrsm; pmtkyfrS jyefvnf ul;,l azmfjyonf/) n 7

awmfvSefa&;aeY xufjruf 1945 ckESpf? rwfv (27)&ufaeY? zufqpf*syefwUkdukd pwifawmfveS cf ahJ om aeYukd ,cifu awmfvSefa&;aeY[k tpOfwpdkuf owfrSwfcJhaomfvnf; 1962 ck ppftpdk;& tmPm odrf;NyD;aemuf wyfrawmfaeY[k ajymif;vJac:a0:cJh\/ jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf tpOftvmBu;D rm;Ny;D Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; pwif xlaxmifvdkufonfh jynfolvlxkyg0ifaom wyfrawmf jzpfygonf/ wyfrawmfonf jynfol

\ om;orD;jzpfovdk wyfrawmf\ rdbrSm jynfolrsm;om jzpfonf/ wyfrawmfxJrS wyfom;0wfpkH 0wfxm;olrsm;rSpí umuG,f a&;OD;pD;csKy0f wfpkH 0wfxm;oltxd jynfou l zGUJ pnf;ay;cJNh y;D jynfou l kd tvkyt f auR;jyK&ef jynfo\l tusK;d pD;yGm;udk umuG,f apmifah &Smuf ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdavonf/ ,aeY jrefrmhwyfrawmf\ tpjyK&mrSm 1941 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (26)&uf? jrefrm

ouú&mZf 1303 ckEpS ?f jymodv k qef; (10)&uf? ,d;k ',m;jynf befaumufNrKd U rsK;d cspyf *k Kd¾ vBf u;D OD;vGef;az\ tdrfwGif pk½Hk;a&muf&Sdaeaom &JabmfoHk;usdyfwdkYu pwifzGJUpnf;vdkufaom Armh vGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf Burma Independent Army (BIA) jzpfonf/ xdt k csed f u bDtdkifat wyfrawmf[k ac:avonf/ vli,fwyfom;aygi;f 3776 a,mufjzifh pwif zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ befaumufNrdKUwGif &Jabmf

Memory

oH;k usyd 0f ifrsm;onf vufarmif;aoG;udk azmuf í vGwfvyfa&;twGuf toufay;wdkufyg rnf[k opömjyKcJhMuonf/ xdkbDtdkifat wyfrawmfukd OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyKco hJ rl mS Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef; jzpfavonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;udk bDtdkifat wyfrsm;u wdkufxkwfcJhNyD;aemuf bDtdkifat onf jynfolvlxk\ om;orD;rsm;tjzpf jynfolvlxk\ touftdk;tdrf pnf;pdrfwdkYudk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf ay;cJhavonf/ bDtdkif atESit hf wl ygvmaom *syefwyfrsm;rSm tajym wpfrsK;d ? tvkyw f pfrsK;d jzifh jynforl sm;udk &uf pufpGm n§if;yef;ESdyfpufcJhaomaMumifh 1945 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f (27)&ufaeYwiG f wpfEikd if v H ;kH ESihf wyfrawmfwpfckvHk;u zufqpf*syef wdkYudk wGef;vSefcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ *syefzufqpfwdkU\ uifaywdkifac: ppf ykvdyfrsm;onf Armjynfolrsm;ESifh bkef;awmf BuD;rsm;ygrusef olvQKd[k pGyfpGJum n§if;yef; ESyd pf uf owfjzwfaomaMumifh jynfo\ l om; orD;rsm;jzpfaom Armhwyfrawmfom;rsm;u *syefukd awmfveS zf Ykd jyifqifcMhJ uonf/ xdt k cg rsKd;cspfrsm;ESifh wyfrawmfu zufqpf wdkuf zsuaf &; jynfoUlvw G v f yfa&;tzGUJcsKyf (zwyv)

udk zGJUpnf;cJhMuonf/ xdktzGJU BuD;udk AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef; OD;pD;aom Armhwyfrawmf? ocifp;kd ? ocifoef;xGef;wdkY OD;aqmifaom Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD? jynfolUta&;awmfyHkygwDwdkY yl;aygi;f um 1944 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f wGif zGUJpnf; cJhMuonf/ xdzk UJpG nf;vdu k af om zufqpfwu kd zf suaf &; jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJU BuD;\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmfonf jynfov l x l Ek iS hf twl zufqpf*syefwu Ykd kd awmfveS f wdu k cf u kd cf hJ ojzifh *syefwdkYrSm jrefrmEdkifiH ppfajrjyifwGif tBuD;tus,f ½IH;edrfhusqHk;NyD; r[mrdwfwdkY\ ppfqifa&;rsm;rSm ydrk v kd sijf refpmG atmifyq JG ifEikd f cJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh 1945 ckESpf? rwfv (27) &ufaeYudk zufqpf*syef awmfvSefa&;aeY? wpfenf; zufqpfawmfveS af &;aeYtjzpf tpOf tquf jrefrmjynforl sm;u owfrw S cf o hJ nf/ wyfrawmfaeY[k owfrSwfcJhpOfu EdkifiHa&; orm;rsm;ESihf ynm&Sirf sm;u wyfrawmfaeYukd rwfv (27)&uftpm; Armhwyfrawmf pwif zGJUpnf;cJhonfh 'DZifbmv (26)&ufaeYudkom wyfrawmfaeY[k owfrw S o f ifo h nf[k qdMk u ygonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap 1945 ckESpf? rwfv

(27)&ufaeYrSm jrefrmjynfolwpf&yfvHk; Armh wyfrawmfESifhvufwGJum zufqpf*syefwkYu d dk awmfveS cf ahJ om awmfveS af &;aeYtjzpf pGNJ raJ e cJyh gonf/ rwfv (27)&ufaeYrmS wpfEikd if v H ;kH twdkif;twmtjzpf zufqpf*syefwdkYudk awmf vSecf jhJ cif;jzpfaomfvnf; tapmqH;k awmfveS f cJo h nfrmS txufjrefrmjynfrS Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D Axl; OD;aqmifaom wyfrawmfrS wyfom;rsm; jzpf ygonf/ ,ckqdkvQif zufqpf*syefwdkYudk awmfvSefcJhonfrSm 68 ESpf&SdcJhayNyD/ *syef awmfvSefa&;aeY[k owfrSwfvQif rwfv (27)&uf awmfveS af &;aeYrmS 68 ESpjf ynfh 69 Budrfajrmuf awmfvSefa&;aeY jzpfayNyD/ wyfrawmfaeY[k owfrw S yf gu Armhvw G v f yf a&; wyfrawmf wnfaxmifcJhonfh 1941 ckESpfudk t"duxm;NyD; owfrSwfvQif ydkrdk oifah vsmaf om owfrw S cf suf jzpfayvdrrhf nf/ rnfodkYyif jzpfap rwfv 27 &ufaeYum; wyfrawmf? jynfolESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; nDnn D w G n f w G Ef iS hf aoG;pnf;cJah om aeYwpfaeY tjzpf ordkif;wGif rSwfwrf;wifxdkufaom aeY&uf jzpfygawmhonf/ n

&JabmfoHk;usdyf0iftcsKdU

teDxJu Mu,fjzLyGifh opömeD

a'gufwmbarmf? ocifjr? a'gufwmodrf;armif wdkYESifhtwl/

uRefawmfonf &moDpmuAsmrsKd;a&;cJ vSonf/ a&;avhr&S/d odw Yk ikd f rwfv awmfveS af &; aeYudkawmh trSwfw&a&;zGJUcJhzl;onf/ (rdk;a0 r*¾Zif;trSwf 2? rwfv? 1968) q&mwm&m\ ]rwfvawmfveS af &;uAsm}onf uReaf wmfwYkd tm½Hx k w J iG f pGx J ifaeonf/ (wcsKUdae&mrsm;wGif uAsmtrnfudk ]teDxJu Mu,fjzLyGifh}[k ay;xm;wm awGUz;l onf/) xdk teDxu J Mu,f jzLyGifhqdkwJh pum;[m xif&Sm;aom ta&mif rsm;aMumifh uRefawmfwdkY tm½HkxJwGif pGJxif aeyHk&onf/ zufqpf*syefudk awmfvSefcJhpOf 10

uyif awmfvSefa&;wyfom;rsm;rSm ,leD azmif;u rjynfhpHk/ t&yfom; awmfvSefa&; orm;awGvnf; ygonf/ olwdkY oauFwu olwYkd vufarmif;wGif ywfxm;aom ]teDxu J Mu,fjzLyGifh} wpfxGmomomcefY t0wfp wpfco k m/ teDa&mifonf &J&ifjh cif;? tjzLa&mif Mu,fyGifhonf jzLpifjcif;ESifh awmufyjcif;/ rwfv 27 &ufaeYonf awmfveS af &;aeY/ jrefrmEdkifiHudk zdpD;ESdyfpufaeaom ppftmPm &Sif zufqpf*syefwu Ykd kd wyfrawmfEiS hf yl;aygi;f um wpfrsKd;om;vHk;u awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJh

aomaeY/ xdak eYonf awmfveS af &;aeY jzpfonf/ wyfrawmfaeY r[kwyf g/ wyfrawmfaeYwpfaeY owfrSwfcsifonf&Sdaomf? &JabmfoHk;usdyfwdkY opömqdkum bDtdkifat wyfrawmf pwifzGJU pnf;aom aeYuo kd m ]wyfrawmfaeY}[k owf rSwfoifhygonf/ 'DvdkvGJaewmawG &Sdonf/ rwfv (2)&ufaeYudk awmifolv,form;aeY owfrSwfxm;wmrsKd;/ wu,fawmh rwfv (2)&ufaeYonf awmfveS af &;aumifpu D tmPm odrf;um 'Drdkua&pDudk ajrjr§KyfoN*ØKvfcJhonfh aeYjzpf&m? xdkaeYwGif tcrf;tem;usif;yrnf

Memory

qdkvQif ]'Drdkua&pD atmufarhbG,f tcrf; tem;aeY}tjzpfom usi;f yzdYk oifo h nf/ ]awmif ol v,form;aeY} usif;yrnfqdkygu xdkaeY onf yJcl;wdkif;taemufbufjcrf; om,m 0wDc½dik w f iG f q&mpH OD;aqmifonfh awmifol v,form;ta&;awmfyBkH u;D pwifco hJ nfh 'DZif bmv 22&uf? 1930 omjzpfoifhavonf/ awmfvSefa&;aeY[k ac:&ajym&onfrS &ifxJu xGufvmonfh pum;vdk pl;pl;epfepf &So d nf/ Nred af &,Suaf & &So d nf/ t"dymÜ ,fvnf; jynf0h avonf/ rwfvonf waygi;f ? waygi;f onf aEGOD;? aEGOD;wGif &Gufa[mif;wdkY a<uí &Gufopfa0onf/ ta[mif;wdkY csKyfNidrf;jcif; oauFw/ topfwdkY arG;zGm;jcif; vu©Pm? awmfvSefa&;qdkaom a0g[m&u Mum;ol\ aoG;udk qlyGufaponf/ rw&m; zdESdyfrIudk wGef;vSefz,f&Sm;cJhonfhoabm/ bmaMumifh wpfcsed w f iG f ]awmfveS af &;aeY}qdak om ae&mü ]wyfrawmfaeY}[k ajymif;vJ oH;k pGcJ &hJ oenf;/ awmfveS af &; (Revolution) qdak om pum;udyk if rMum;csiaf vmufatmif &GUH aMumufaeíavm/ a&Twd*Hkbk&m; taemufbufrkcf yef;NcH

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf Adkvfawmufxdef

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ol&OD;a&Tref; (jynfolUvTwfawmfOuú|)

EdkifiHawmfor®w OD;odef;pdef? rwfv (1)&uf eHeuf 7 em&Du jynfolodkY ajymMum;onfh wwd,tBudrfajrmuf a&'D,dkrdefYcGef;rS

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]tck uReaf wmfwYkd uGi;f qif;wJt h cg wcsKUd Oya'ynm&SifawGu uRefawmfwdkYu yGifhyGifh vif;vif;ajymygqw kd mawmifrS rajym&J rqd&k eJ YJ taMumufw&m; Bu;D pd;k aew,f/ uReaf wmfwYkd jzpfapcsiw f mu ol&UJ ynmeJY qifjcifww kH &m;eJY odum© orm"deYJ vGwv f yfpmG w&m;pD&ifapcsif w,f/ 'gayrJh tckxd 'DvdkOya'ynm&SifawG udk,fwdkifu acguf½dk;usKd;NyD; taMumufBuD; aewJt h cgusawmh uReaf wmfwu Ykd awmfawmf udBk uKd ;pm;Ny;D vky&f r,f/ bmjzpfvv Ykd q J akd wmh ESpf 50 avmuf ½dk;wGif;jcifqDpGJaewJh[mudk aeYcsif;ncsif;awmh aysmufzdkY rvG,fygbl;/ enf;enf; enf;enf;awmh BudK;pm;,l&rSmyg/} azazmf0g&Dv 21 &ufaeYxkwf Envoy owif;*sme,fyg ]w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh wnfNidrfat;csrf;a&; aumfrwD twGif;a&;rSL; OD;0if;jrifhESifh pum;ajymjcif;}rS aumufEkwfcsuf

]uRefawmfwdkYEdkifiHrSm pme,fZif;qdkwm [m 'Drdkua&pD&SifoefzdkYtwGuf touf½I&ef avaumif;avoefYvdk ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ pme,fZif;avmuom;rsm;&JU Ed;k Mum;wuf<urI &Sdoavmuf pdwfapwemaumif;oavmuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;&JU 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf ta&GUudk wGef;tm;ay; ulnDEdkifygw,f/ pme,fZif; orm;rsm;&JU 'Davmufta&;BuD;wJh wm0efudk aumif;rGepf mG xrf;aqmifEikd &f atmifvYkd t[efY twm; enf;yg;oufomatmif wpfqifhNyD; wpfqifh aqmif&u G v f su&f ydS gaomfvnf; pmay pdppf½kyfodrf;NyD;oGm;csdefrSmawmh q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;eJY rdbjynforl sm;[m txuf azmfjywJt h wdik ;f pme,fZif;avmuxJu tqdyf tawmuf tcd;k taiGUawG rTex f v l maewmawG udkMunfhNyD; tem*wf bmom? omoema&; twGuv f nf;aumif;? rsK;d qufopfvil ,frsm;eJY tvGeEf ek ,fveG ;f vSwhJ uav;oli,frsm;twGuf vnf;aumif; &wufrat;zG,f ,aeYvufawGU BuKHawGUaeMu&ygw,f/ vTwaf wmf ud, k pf m;vS,f BuD;rsm;eJY uRefawmfwdkY&JU om;orD;rsm;? ajr;jrpfrsm;udk 'Dvdktqdyftawmuf ywf0ef; usirf mS 'Dtwdik ;f xm;ypfvMkd ur,f r[kwb f ;l vdkY uRefawmf ,HkMunfygw,f/ jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? jynfaxmifp0k efBuD;OD;atmifMunf rwfv 7 &uf? yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;vkyfief; Oya'Murf; jynfolYvTwfawmfodkY wifoGif;jcif;rS aumufEkwfcsuf

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ rdefY cGef;aumufEIwfcsufrsm; ]&JabmfwdkY tus,cf sUJ Ny;D &Sn&f n S rf ajymcsib f ;l / tck ppfajrjyifukd xGu&f r,f/ qif;&Jr,f/ iwfr,f/ tcuftcJawGeJY &ifqdkif&r,f/ ArmyDyD Armh aoG;udjk yyg/ txufAv kd rf sm;&JU trdeu Yf kd emcHMuyg/ txufAv kd af wGu vnf; omwlnDrQ &Jabmfpdwfxm;yg/ &JabmfwdkYudk uwday;xm;wJh twdkif; usKyfudk,fwdkif &JabmfawGeJYtwl csDwufr,f/ Armh&efoludk acsrIef;Mu/ teD;uyfqHk; &efoludk&SmNyD; wdkufMu/ 'gyJ} 1945 ckESpf? rwfv (17)&uf awmfvSefa&;yef;NcHwGif ajymMum;cJhonfh wyfxGufrdefYcGef;rS

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1945 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv? pwkw¬tBudrfajrmuf EdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;? tpnf;ta0;ü ajymMum;cJhonfh rdefYcGef;rS

usKk yt f aMumif;udk cifAsm;wdu Yk kd enf;enf; ajymcsiw f ,f/ tcktcg usKyf[m (ywfAvpfrSm ay:jyLvmjzpfaewJh vlyJ) 'gayrJh usKyf[m bk&m;vJr[kwf? arSmfq&m? rsufvSnfhq&mvJr[kwf? vlyJ/ ewfvJ r[kw?f vlavmufyJ tpGr;f &Srd mS yJ/ usKyt f ouf[m tifrwef i,fw,f/ usKyftck xrf;&wJh wm0ef[mvnf; wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;&JU wm0efudk a&SUqHk;u xrf;aew,f/ usKyfudk,fudk,f 'Dwm0efawG xrf;Edkifatmif t&nftcsi;f jynfph w kH ,fvYkd r,lqbl;/ Ny;D awmh usKypf w d w f w kd wfw,f qdw k mudv k nf; vltrsm;odMuwmyJ/ 'gusKyef *dyk /J tvky½f yI Nf y;D taESmifh t,Sufrsm;&if pdwfwdkwwfw,f/ 'gudk jyKjyifEdkiforQ jyKjyifzdkY BudK;pm; r,f/ odkYaomfvnf; cifAsm;wdkYvnf; pdwf&Snf&Snf xm;Muyg/ usKyf pdw&f n S &f n S x f m;Ny;D ? uaeYjywJh tiftm;rsK;d xuf qxufxrf;yd;k wd;k atmif vkyNf y;D ? usKyw f u Ykd cifAsm;wdt Yk wGuf vkyw f ahJ e&mrSm tm;ay;r,fq&kd if? usKyfwdkY vdkcsifwJh vGwfvyfa&;? vlxkaumif;pm;a&;awGudk &atmif ydv k yk Ef ikd rf ,f/ ydt k usK;d &Srd mS yJ/ 'gaMumifh vlxak wGukd qufawmifx h m;Mu ygOD;vdkYqdkwm xyfajymcJhcsifw,f/ 1946 ckESpf? pufwifbmv? puúLjzLpDrHudef;? uefYuGufqE´jyyGJü ajymMum;cJhonfh rdefYcGef;rS

usKyfwdkY[m awmfvSefa&;orm;yJ/ 'gudkvnf; cifAsm;wdkYtm;vHk; odwmyJ/ 'gayrJh usKyw f [ Ykd m &nf&, G rf eS ;f xm;csurf &Sb d ?J rsuu f ef;vdk vkyw f hJ awmfveS af &;rsK;d udak wmh rBuKd ub f ;l / trSepf ifppf awmfveS af &; qdw k m bmvJ/ usKyt f jrif ajym&r,fq&kd if awmfveS af &;qdw k m tMurf; ywrf;wdu k cf u kd w f u hJ pd u ö rkd S awmfveS af &;vdYk qdv k w kd mr[kwb f ;l / vuf&dS pepfa[mif;udk awmfvSefNyD; pepfopf bGm;ueJay:aygufvmwmudk qdkwmyJ/ tJ'Dawmh awmfvSefa&;qdkwm wqufwnf;jzpfaewmyJ/

wpfcsufwpfcsufusrS bGm;ueJ? bGm;ueJ t&nftwGufuaeNyD; t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIBuD;awGjzpfwmudk awmfvSefa&;vdkY qdkwmyJ/ qlwm ylwm? aomif;use;f wm? wdu k w f m? cdu k w f mawGqw kd m rvkyrf jzpfrS vkyf&wmrsKd;yJ/ bmyJjzpfjzpf? pwdkufcdkufcsifw,fqdkwm t"dyÜm,f r&Sb d ;l / Ny;D awmh ud, k v f ckd si&f mudk at;at;eJ&Y r,fq&kd if b,forl vdck sif &SdyghrvJ/ rvdkcsifwJhvl[m t½l;yJ/ NyD;awmh tJ'Dudk,fvdkcsif&mudk at;at;aq;aq;ESifh &atmifvnf; b,folrqdk ÚmPf&SdwJhvlrSef&if BudK;pm;csifwmyJ/ r&EdkifrS wjcm;enf;vkyf&rSmaygh/ 1946 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 18 &uf? armfvNrdKif? oHjzLZ&yfü ajymMum; cJhonfh rdefYcGef;rS (þrdefYcGef;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh ajymMum;cJhonf/)

uReaf wmfwYkd Edik if aH &;vkyMf uwJh ae&mr,f txl;ojzifh acgi;f aqmif vkyfwJhvl[m aemufvdkufvlawGxuf ydkNyD; tjrifus,f&w,f/ acgi;f aqmif[m [kv d al jym [kwEf ;kd Ed;k ? 'Dval jym [kwEf ;kd Ed;k ? a,mifcsmcsm vkyf&if acgif;aqmifr[kwfbl;/ acgif;aqmifvkyfwJh vlawG[m udk,f ,HMk unfwu hJ pd u ö kd wdik ;f oljynfom;awGukd ajym&J&r,f/ &Si;f jyEdik &f r,f/ toufpeG o Yf ifw h hJ ae&mr,f pGe&Yf &J r,f/ trsm;a,mifvYkd a,mif&w,f/ tarmifawmifreS ;f ajrmufreS ;f rod&if acgi;f aqmifr[kwb f ;l / ud, k u hf , kd f udk,f r,HkwJhvl[m b,ftcgrS wjcm;vludk r,Hkbl;/ udk,fhwdkif;ol jynfom;udkvnf; r,Hkbl;/ uRefawmfhtzdkY uRefawmfhudk uRefawmf ,Hkw,f/ cifAsm;wdkYudkvnf; ,HkMunfw,f/ b,fudpörqdk vkyf&if rSm;w,f/ rSefw,fqdkwm &mZ0ifu qHk;jzwfvdrfhr,f/ 1947 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 27 &uf? &efukef jrLeDpy,fvlBuD;rsm;ESifh NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;\ *kPfjyK{nfhcHyGJü ajymMum;cJhonfh rdefYcGef;rS

uRefawmfESifh tusifhqdk;rsm; (4) csrf;,OfvIdif

trSm;udk rjrifvdkjcif;ESifh trSefudk rjyif0Hhjcif; aMu;rHkowif;pmwGif pmwnf;BuD;\ ]trSm;udkjrif? trSefjyif}qdkonfh pmwnf; ½Iaxmifhudk zwf½IcJh&ygonf/ pmwnf;BuD;rS uRefawmfwdkY pmzwfy&dowfudk vlawmf vlaumif;rsm;jzpfap&ef? wuf<uaumif;rGef aom EdkifiHol? EdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfap&ef? xdkrS wqifh zGHU NzdK;aumif;rGefaom EdkifiHawmfBuD; jzpfay:Eikd af p&ef tajccHtw k jf rpfwpfck csvu kd f onf[k rSwf,lvdkuf&ygonf/ aumif;aom tBujH yKcsurf sm;udk vufawGUb0wGif rnfuo hJ Ykd toHk;jyK&rnfudk qifjcifrdygawmhonf/ trSm;udk rjrifvjkd cif;ESihf r&ifqikd v f jkd cif; uRefawmf\ i,fpOfb0wGif trSm;udk rvkyv f o kd nfh t"dutaMumif;&if;rSm rdbESihf q&morm;rsm;\ qlyrl EI iS hf Burd 'f Pfukd aMumuf&UHG rIwdkYaMumifh jzpfygonf/ rdbESifh q&mrsm;\ em;vnfatmif qdq k ;kH rrIEiS hf Burd 'f Pf avQmah ygh 14

jcif;rsm;onf trSm;ESifhtrSefudk ydkrdk qifjcif vmEdik Nf y;D trSm;rsm;udv k nf; ydrk 0kd efcw H wfonfh tusifhrsm; ESvHk;om;wGif udef;0yfcJh&ygonf/ 1985 ckEpS w f iG f uReaf wmf Edik if jH cm; wuúov kd f wpfcük ynmoifciG hf &&Scd yhJ gonf/ ausmif;aezuf zdvpfydkifEdkifiHom; ausmif;om;rS olwdkYEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;? vlraI &;? usqif;rIrsm;onf tmPm&Sif rmudUkp\f tkycf sKyrf aI Mumifh jzpfonf[k yGiv hf if; pGm 0efcHajymqdkonfudk Mum;&í tHhMordcJh& ygonf/ xdktcsdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; tmPm&Sif OD;ae0if; tkycf sKyaf eNy;D ? wdik ;f jynf\ pD;yGm;a&; cRwfNcHKusaeonfudk uRefawmf 0efrcH&cJ yhJ g/ tb,faMumifeh nf;/ t&Su d kd t&S?d trSefudk trSef? trSm;udk trSm; rqef;ppf &Jaom? 0efcrH wwfaom uReaf wmf\h tusiq hf ;kd aMumifhygwnf;/ þtusifhqdk;onf trSm;ESifh trSeu f kd qef;ppf&mS azG&mwGif taESmift h ,Suf tay;qHk; tusifhqdk;[k owfrSwf&ygonf/ þodkYjzifh uRefawmfuJhodkY trSm;0efrcH wwfaom tusiq hf ;kd ydik &f iS Of ;D a& jrefrmEdik if w H iG f

(AMK Foundation)

enf;yg;apygaMumif; yPmr qkawmif;vdu k &f ygonf/ trSm;ESifh trSef vkyfaqmifMu&mwGif þavmuwGif um,uH? 0pDu?H raemuH jzifh rdrdjyKvkyfrnfh tvkyfrsm;onf rSefonf? rSm;onfukd yxr od&&dS ef vdt k yfygonf/ rdrd vkyfaom tvkyfonf rSm;onf[k od&SdvQif qufrvkyo f nfu rsm;ygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh rSm;onf[k rod&Sdí qufvkyfMuonfu rsm;ygonf/ þwGif rSm;onf rSefonfudk qifjcif? a0zef? oH;k oyfEikd pf rG ;f tm;onf y"me usvmygonf/ wpfzef rSm;onft h vkyu f kd od&dS NyD;onfhtcgwGifvnf; 0efcHEdkifpGrf;tm; enf; wwfMuygonf/ wpfyg;olwdkY\ a0zefrIESifh txifao;rIrsm;udkvnf; &GHUwwfMuygonf/ NcKH Munfah omf trSm;udk odaomfvnf; Buw d rf w dS íf vkyfwwfMuygonf/ rwwfEdkifonfh tqHk;rS 0efcH jyKjyifwwfMuygonf/ trSeu f kd jyifEikd af om owåo d nf tajymvG,o f avmuf tvkyrf vG,f [k xifjrifryd gonf/ taumif;jrif a0zefrrI sm;udk tm;ay;oifyh gonf/ txifao;rIrsm;udak wmh vufrcHoifyh g/ wpfzef trSm;udk 0efco H w l u Ykd kd vnf; tBujH yKrrI sm;ESihf az;rtm;ay;rIrsm;jzifh taxmuftul ay;oifyh gonf/ A[dOk ;D pD;pepf\ tm;enf;csurf sm;udk 0efcíH 'Dru kd a&pDpepfukd jynfolYqE´ESifhtnD OD;aqmifcsDwufaeaom olrsm;udk csr;f ,OfvidI f cs;D usL;tm;ay;rdygonf/ a&SUavQmufrSmvnf; rSm;wm&SdvQif 0efcHNyD; trSew f &m;&SmazGí qufvufcsw D ufEikd af p&ef twGuf BuKdwifí aumif;csD;ay;rdygonf/ þenf;jzifh trSm;udk 0efcNH y;D trSeu f jkd yifEikd o f l

Opinion

OD;a& jrefrmjynfwGif ydkrdkrsm;vmygrnf/ þ urÇmwGif bk&m;&SifrSwpfyg; &mEIef;jynfhtrSef w&m; &SmazGEdkifol r&Sdyg/ vlwdkif;trSm;ESifh ruif;onfrSm obm0yg/ trSm;ESifh trSeftwGuf uRefawmf\ tjrif trSm;onf trSef\ qefYusifbufjzpfyg onf/ odkYygí trSefw&m;taMumif; OD;pGm avhvmoifhygonf/ trSefw&m;rSm tajccH tm;jzifh (2)rsKd; &Sdygrnf[k uREfawmfqifjcif rdygonf/ yxrtrsKd;tpm;rSm urÇmwnf oa&GU rSefuefaom (y&rwfw&m;)rsm; jzpf ygonf/ avmukw&å mtrSew f &m;onf jrwfpmG bk&m; a[mMum;aom w&m;rsm; jzpfygonf/ Oyrm- owåavmuwGif awGU BuKH &aom tedp?ö 'ku?© tewå w&m;rsm; ponfwYkd jzpfygonf/ avmuD trSefw&m;rsm;onf odyÜHynm&Sif rsm; &SmazGawGU&Sdxm;aom trSefw&m;rsm; jzpfygonf/ Oyrm-yef;oD;onf tyifay:rS urÇmq Y iJG iftm;aMumifh ajray:oYkd jyKwu f sonf/ (e,lwef\ Oya'o) 'kw, d trsK;d tpm;onf vlYywf0ef;usifwGif aeYpOf BuHKawGUae&aom tjzpftysuf tawGUtBuHKrsm;t& vlUtodkif; t0dkif;u owfrSwfxm;aom pHcsdefpHñTef; rsm;jzifh wdik ;f wmí&aom tajzay:wiG f rlwnf aeygonf[k csr;f ,OfvidI f rSwcf sucf sryd gonf/ pHcsed pf ñ H eT ;f owfrw S cf surf sm;ESihf udu k n f v D Qif rSeyf gonf/ rudu k n f v D Qif rSm;ygonf/ þwGif tjzpftysufwpfckudk pHcsdef pHñTef;wpfckjzifh wdkif;wmvQif rSefaeaomfvnf; aemufpHcsdef pHñeT ;f wpfcjk zifh wdik ;f wmvQif rSm;aeEdik yf gonf/ þtrSefw&m;rsm;onf tdkif;pwdkif;\ EIdif; ,SOrf I oDt&kd D (Relativity Theory) uJo h yYkd if jzpfayawmhrnf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ucsifjynf e,fwiG f tpd;k &wyfEiS hf KIA wyfrsm;\ wdu k yf JG

rsm; jyif;xefaeygonf/ tpdk;&wyfrSmvnf; olwYkd owfrw S x f m;aom pHcsed pf ñ H eT ;f owfrw S f csufrsm;jzifh csdefxdk;MunfhNyD; rSefonfqdkum wdkufyGJ0ifonf/ KIA bufrSvnf; olwdkY owfrSwfcsufjzifh csdefxdk;um rSefonf[kqdk um wdkufyGJ0ifygonf/ uRefawmf jynfol wpfOD;taejzifh tpdk;&wyfom;vnf; 'DEdkifiH om;? KIA wyfom;vnf; 'DEikd if o H m;? 'gaMumifh b,fbufuaoao uReaf wmf0rf;enf;&rSmygy?J b,folyJ'Pf&m&& uRefawmfylaqG;&rSmygyJ/ jrefrmEdkifiHom; wpfa,muf\ pHcsdefpHñTef;ESifh wdkif;wmygu þwdkufyGJrsm;onf rSm;aeyg onf/ þjzpfpOfrsKd;wGif rdrdbufrS owfrSwf xm;aom pHcsdef pHñTef; owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk w&m;ao udkifqGJxm;jcif;rsKd;udk a&Smif&Sm;Edkif &efESifh tjcm;bufrsm;rS pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;ESifh vnf; csifhcsdefEdkif&ef rdacsmif;rif;? a&cif;jy qdo k uJo h jYkd zifh csr;f ,OfvidI f ÚmPfro D avmuf tBuHjyKvdkuf&ygonf/

rdrd\ rdom;pktwGuf tusKd;&Sdapaom vkyf aqmifrIrsm;onf trSefw&m;yif jzpfayrnf/ odkY&mwGif rdrdywf0ef;usif? NrdKU? &GmESifh EdkifiHudk rxdcdkufapaom vkyfaqmifrIrsm;onfom jynfhpHkaom trSefw&m; jzpfayrnf/ rdr\ d NrKd U? &Gm? Edik if t H usK;d &Sad paom vkyf aqmifrIrsm;onfvnf; trSefw&m; jzpfay rnf/ xdkYtwl tjcm;NrdKU? &Gm? EdkifiHrsm;udk rxdcdkufaprS jynfhpHkaom trSefw&m;jzpfyg rnf/ trSew f &m;udk od&EdS ikd &f ef rdrv d yk af qmifrI rsm;udk jyefvnf oHk;oyfqifjcifEdkifpGrf;&Sd&yg rnf/ odrYk o S m rdr\d vky&f yfonf rSe?f rrSeEf iS hf jynfph akH om trSef w&m;jzpf? rjzpfukd od&EdS ikd yf g rnf/ tESpfig;q,fcefY txufrSay;aom ñTefMum;csufrsm;udkom wpfaoGrwdrf; vkyf aqmifc&hJ ojzifh tvkyw f pfck vkyaf qmifNy;D wdik ;f tay:uo kd m armhMunfw h wfaom tusiq hf ;kd Bu;D uReaf wmfww Ykd iG f pGu J yfcyhJ gNy/D ab;bDukd rMunfh wwfawmhyg/ trSefESifh trSm; qifjcifEkdif pGrf;tm;rsm;vnf; usqif;cJh&ygNyD/ omrmefjynfolrsm;twGuf trSm;trSef ,aeY 'Drdkua&pDvrf;aMumif;ay:wGif qifjcifjcif; avQmufvrS ;f &mwGif txufrS ñTeMfum;csurf sm;udk omrmefjynfolwpfOD;taejzifh rdrdESifh vkyaf qmif&mwGi4f if;? rdrÚd mPfjzifh vkyaf qmif

tmPm&Sif-rm;udkYpf

tmPm&Sif-OD;ae0if;

&mwGi4f if;? ab;ywf0ef;usiu f kd avhvmqifjcif oH;k oyfNy;D rS vkyaf qmifwwfaom tusirhf sm; arG;jrLjcif;jzifh trSm;ESifhtrSefudk jynfhpHkatmif qifjcifwwfvmayrnf/ txl;owdjyK&efrSm 'Dru kd a&pDacwfrwdik cf ifu trSew f &m;rsm;onf ,aeYcsdefwGif rSefcsifrS rSefygawmhrnf/ vTwfawmfrsm;twGuf trSm;? trSef qifjcifjcif; 'Dru dk a&pDacwfwiG f Edik if aH wmfEiS hf jynfol wdu Yk kd vrf;aMumif;ay;aeaom ae&mrsm;onf vTwfawmftoD;oD;yif jzpfayonf/ vTwf awmfrsm;onf trSefrsm;rsm; vkyfEdkifrS EdkifiH wdk;wufí jynfolrsm;vnf; taeoufom ygrnf/ arQmfvifhcsufaumif;rsm;vnf; ydkrdk ay:xeG ;f vmygrnf/ vTwaf wmfrsm;wGif trSm;? trSet f wGuf pHcsed pf ñ H eT ;f rsm;rSm jynfoUl tusK;d ESihf jynfoUl qE´rsm;yif jzpfoifyh gonf/ jynfoYl tusKd;ESifh qE´ESifh udkufnDygu trSefw&m; jzpfNy;D rudu k n f yD gu trSm;w&m;rsm;yif jzpfay rnf/ odyYk gí jynfoUlqE´? vTwaf wmfqE´ ponfh aqmifyk'frsm;yif ay:xGef;vmayonf/ þwGif jynfpakH om 'Dru kd a&pD tESpo f m& rsm; ay:xGef;vmap&ef jynfolUtusKd;ESifh qE´rsm;udk rnfonfah ywHjzifh wdik ;f wmrnfenf; qdkonfh ar;cGef;onf ta&;ygvmygonf/ 'Drdkua&pDrqefaom vTwfawmfrsm;? tpdk;& rsm;onf udk,fvkyfcsifaom tvkyfrsm;udk jyKvyk íf jynfoUl qE´ jynfoo Yl abmxm;[lí uifyGef;wyfavh&Sdygonf/ odkYygí jynfolU tusK;d ESihf qE´rsm;udk wdik ;f wmrnfh pHcsed pf ñ H eT ;f rsm; tjrefay:aygufapa&;onf vTwfawmf rsm;\ wm0efwpf&yfjzpfonf[k uRefawmf ,lqrdygonf/ þae&mwGif jynfot Yl usK;d ESihf jynfolYqE´wdkYonfvnf; o[Zmw jzpf&ef vdt k yfayonf/ o[Zmwrjzpfygu a&&Snw f iG f trSm;w&m;bufoYkd qdu k af &mufwwfygonf/ vwfwavm jynfolYqE´ESifh rudkufnDaomf vnf; a&&Snw f iG f jynfot l usK;d jzpfrnfh udpö 16

rsm;udv k nf; jynfow l Ykd em;vnfoabmayguf atmif &Sif;jyEkdifpGrf; &Sd&ygrnf/ jynfolYqE´twGuf pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;udk Oyrmay;í tBujH yK&aomf jynfol wpfaxmif txuf vufrw S x f ;kd awmif;qdak omf vTwaf wmf wGif xnfo h iG ;f aqG;aEG;jcif;? jynfol wpfoed ;f txuf vufrSwfxdk; awmif;qdkaomf vTwf awmfwGif ta&;wBuD;udpötjzpf aqG;aEG; jcif;? jynfol q,foed ;f txuf vufrw S x f ;kd awmif;qdak omf ta&;wBu;D vTwaf wmf ac:,jlcif; ponfwdkY jzpfayrnf/ ,aeYvTwfawmfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;onf jynfolwdkY\ qE´ESifh tusKd;? EdkifiH\ tusKd;

twGuf &mEIe;f rnfrQ jznfq h nf;ay;Edik o f enf; qdkonfh ar;cGef;rsm;udk qef;ppfay;Edkifrnfh tzGUJtpnf;rsm; tvQit f jrefay:xeG ;f &ef vdt k yf aeonf[k uReaf wmf ,HMk unfryd gonf/ jynfoUl vTwaf wmfwiG f tpd;k &\ uwdu0wfrsm; pDppf avhvmaom aumfrwD ay:xGef;aeonfudk od&Sd&í ueOD; 0rf;omrdygonf/ trSm;? trSeq f ifjcifEik d &f ef jynfow l pfO;D \ qE´wifjyjcif; jynfolwpfOD;taejzihf jrefrmEdkifiHudk pD;yGm;a&;t& wd;k wufapcsiyf gonf/ xdt Yk wl vlraI &;? use;f rma&;? ynma&; u@toD;oD; wGiv f nf; wd;k wufapcsiyf gonf/ tukev f ;kH udk

tvGefaumif;apcsifygonf/ 'gqdk avmb tvGeBf u;D ayNyaD yg/h rawmfavmbqd&k ifvnf; qdkEdkifygonf/ pD;yGm;a&; pHcsdefpHñTef;taejzifh trsK;d om; jynfwiG ;f xkwu f ek w f efb;kd (GSP) &mEIef; rnfrQwdk;wufrnfpojzifh owfrSwf oifhygonf/ xdkYtwl vlrIa&; pHcsdefrsm;tjzpf ESpfpOf tedrfhqHk;vpm? vlrsm;\ oHk;pGJEdkifrI pGrf;tm; (Buying Power)? qif;&Jcsrf;om uGm[csufESifh vlrsm;\ aysmf&TifEdkifrIpGrf;tm; (GHP) ponfwdkYjzifh owfrSwfoifhygonf/ Edik if aH wmfor®w\ rdecYf eG ;f rsm;wGif jrefrm jynf\ trsKd;om; xkwfukefudk rnfuJhodkY jr§ifhwifrnf? rnfonfhESpfwGif b,fESpfqjzpf atmif BuKd ;yrf;rnf[al om pHcsed pf ñ H eT ;f rsm;udk csjyygonf/ tpd;k &tzGUJu csjyaom pHcsed pf ñ H eT ;f rsm;udk oufqikd &f mvTwaf wmf tzGUJtpnf;rsm;? pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m (NGO) rsm;? oufqkdif&m wuúov kd rf sm;ESihf ynm&Sirf sm;rS pDppf? oH;k oyf a0zeftBujH yKrrI sm; jyKvyk o f ihyf gonf/ odrYk o S m ydkrdkjynfhpHk rSefuefEdkifygonf/ t½Sdefudk vdktyfonfxufydkjr§ifhwifygu ysufpD;EdkifouJhodkY avQmhaerdyguvnf; ydkí aemufuscJhygrnf/ jrefrmha&ajrESifh udkufnD aom pHcsed pf ñ H eT ;f ? &nfreS ;f csurf sm; (Optimum Specification & Goals) jzpfro S mvQif jynfph kH aom trSew f &m;rsm;jzpfay:í rudu k n f yD gu trSm;w&m;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifrdygrnf/ tcsKyftm;jzifhqdkaomf aMu;rHkowif;pm pmwnf;Bu;D \ trSm;udjk rif? trSejf yifqakd om pum;&yfonf csrf;,OfvIdifwdkYvdk omrmef jynfolrsm;twGufomru vTwfawmfrsm;? tpd;k &rsm;ESihf A[dOk ;D pD;pepfrS 'Dru kd a&pDpepfoYkd ajymif;ump jrefrmEdik if t H wGuf tvGet f a&;yg aMumif; ESvHk;om;xJ udef;0yfaerdygonf/ trdjrefrmEdkifiH wdk;wufygapaMumif;twGuf uRefawmf jrifrdorQ odorQ a0iSvdkuf&yg awmhonf/ þaqmif;yg;udk a0zef? tBuHjyK yg&efvnf; arwåm&yfcHtyfygonf/ n

Memory

zufqpfawmfvSefa&; ol&Jaumif; AdkvfrSL; Axl;ESifh ol&JU ajymufusm; ppfAsL[m 0if;xG#faZmf uReaf wmfwYkd Edik if &H UJ ordik ;f twGuf ta&; ygvw S hJ ouú&mZf&xm;Bu;D wpfp;D ckwaf rmif; oGm;cJhwm[m ,aeYqdk&if ESpfaygif; ajcmuf q,fh&SpfESpfyif MumjrifhcJhygNyD/ odkYayrJh xdk &xm;BuD;&JU ckwfarmif;oHawG[m ,aeYwdkif atmif uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiHeJY ordkif;tay:rSm ½dkufcwfaeqJyJ jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHrSm qifETJcJhwJh zufqpf awmfveS af &;eJY vGwv f yfa&; wdu k yf t JG aMumif; ajymMur,fqdk&if b,fvdkrS csefvSyfxm;vdkY r&EdkifwJh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD; &Sdygw,f/ xdkyk*¾dKvf uawmh Armhwyfrawmf&JU taemufajrmuf wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;Axl;ygyJ/ 1945 ckESpf? rwfv twGif;u AdkvfrSL; Axl;u ol&JU ppfXmecsKyfukd rEÅav; r[m jrwfrkedbk&m;BuD; ausmif;wdkufrSm ½Hk;pdkuf xm;ygw,f/ AdkvfrSL;Axl;&JU ppfbufqdkif&m wm0efwpfcku pufrIvufrIwyf&if;udk BuD; MuyfuyG u f w J hJ wm0efjzpfw,f/ odaYk yrJh tjcm; wm0efuawmh *syefzufqpfawGukd wdu k cf u kd f &rJh awmfvSefa&; wm0efyJ jzpfygw,f/ wu,fawmh xdkpOfu AdkvfrSL;Axl;[m

txufjrefrmEdkifiH&JU zufqpf qefYusifa&; jynfolUvGwfajrmufa&; tzGJUcsKyf&JU wdkufcdkuf a&;acgif;aqmif jzpfygw,f/ AdkvfrSL;Axl;&JU vufatmufrSm ppfudkif; Adkvfodef;OD;&JU puf tajrmufwyfcGJ? jrpfi,f Adkvf&Jacgif&JU puf tajrmufwyfcGJ? rEÅav; rsufyg;&yf Adkvf tmVm0u&JU puftajrmufwyfcw JG Ykd &Syd gw,f/ Adv k rf LS ;Axl;[m ajratmuf awmfveS af &; &JabmfawGudk tdE´d,eJY jrefrm e,fpyfwpf avQmuf ul;vl;oGm;vm&mrSma&m awmfveS af &; vkyif ef;awG aqmif&u G &f mrSmyg tumtuG,f ay;cJhw,f/ awmfveS af &; pmapmifawG xnfx h m;wJh vG,ftdwfudk vG,fNyD; wyfxJ 0ifoGm;wJh &Jabmfwpfa,muf[m wyfwGif;rS jyefxGuf vmcsdefrSmawmh ppf0wfpHk0wfNyD; "m;vG,fudk cg;rSm csw d u f m xGuv f mwmudk awGUEikd yf gw,f/ xdkpOfu AdkvfrSL;Axl;&JU wyfwGif;rSm EdkifiHa&; oifwef;awGudkvnf; ydkYcscJhw,f/ xdt k csed rf mS awmh &JabmfawG tm;vH;k [m ra0;uGmvSwhJ aeY&ufwpf&ufrmS *syefzufqpf awGudk vufeufeJY awmfvSefMu&awmhr,f

ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmpOf/

jrefrmhwyfrawmf\ *kPfxl;aqmif AdkvfrSL;BuD; Axl;

qdkwmudk od&Sdxm;ygw,f/ odkYayrJh b,faeY b,f&ufrmS awmfveS af &;Bu;D pwifr,fqw kd m udkawmh b,folrS twdtusrodMuygbl;/ awmfvSefa&;udk BudKNyD; pwifcJh& xdkpOfu wpfEdkifiHvHk;rSm wpfNydKifeuf wnf; awmfveS af &; pwifMuzdYk Adv k cf sKyef w YJ uG awmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmifBuD;awG qHk;jzwf xm;wJh aeU&ufuawmh {NyDv (2)&ufyg/ odaYk yrJh uav;0? a&OD;? a&Tbkd pwJh a'oawG bufu csDwufvmwJh t*FvdyfwyfawG[m rwfv (7)&uf? (8)&ufaeYawGrSm rwå&m teD;udk a&mufaeMuygNyD/ wu,fvo Ykd m rlvu owfrw S x f m;wJh twdkif; {NyDv (2)&ufaeYrS awmfvSefa&; pwifr,fqdk&if AdkvfrSL;Axl;&JU wyfawG[m *syefwyfawG 0dik ;f ydwNf y;D wdu k cf u kd w f mudk cH& Edkifygw,f/ 'ghtjyif em;vnfrI &xm;wJh r[mrdwt f *Fvyd af wG&UJ txiftjrifvw JG mudk vnf; cH&Edkifygw,f/ 'ghtjyif rwfv (8)&uf eHeufrSmawmh *syefppf tBuaH y; t&m&Sw d pfp[ k m jrpfi,frmS &SdwJh Adkvf&JacgifxHudk vma&mufum ppful 17

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(0JrS,m) Adkvf&efatmif? AdkvfausmfaZm? Adkvf&JxG#f (aemufwef;) Adkvfjrifhatmif? AdkvfAxl;

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The Future

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Questions & Answers

raxG; (tif'D;&m;em;) - r*Fvmyg/ uRefr emrnfu raxG;vdkY ac:ygw,f/ jynfoUl acwf*sme,frmS a':p&k UJ aqmif;yg;udk pmaypdppfa&; tzGUJ u uif;vTwcf iG ahf y;vdu k Nf y;D azmfjycGihf jyKvu dk w f mudk a':pk b,fvkd xifjrifcHpm;&ygovJ/ aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ a':atmifqef;pkMunf - Edik if w H pfEikd if rH mS 'Dru kd a&pD taqmufttHak wG cdkifNrJzdkYqdk&if pmaya&;om; xkwfa0jzefYcsda&; vGwfvyfrI vdkygw,f/ 'gaMumifh uRerf aqmif;yg;rd&Yk ,fvYkd r[kwyf gb;l / ,cifu xkwaf 0Edik cf iG hf r&cJw h hJ pmayta&;tom;awG wcsKUd tck xkwaf 0ydik cf iG hf &vmwmudk BudKqdkygw,f/ aemft;kd &Si;f (tar&duefjynfaxmifp)k - tefwpD &k iS hf orD;uawmh tar&duef jynfaxmifpk e,l;a,mufrmS aewJh aemft;dk &Si;f jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmjynf[m tajymif;tvJjzpfEdkifwJh tajctaerSm a&mufaeNyDvdkY urÇmY Nird ;f csr;f a&;aeYrmS tefwaD jymqdck w hJ mudk Mum;&ygw,f/ 'DtwGuf orD;wdYk t&rf; 0rf;omrdw,f/ 'Dtajymif;tvJawG[m b,fawmhavmuf yDyDjyifjyif jzpfvmEdkifr,fvdkY xifygovJ&Sif? tefwDpk usef;rmygapvdkY qkawmif;vdkufygw,f&Sif/ a':atmifqef;pkMunf - tajymif;tvJ jzpfEkdifwJh tajctaeawG a&mufaeNyDqdkawmh vrf;pjrifae&NyDvdkY qdkvdkwmyg/ qufavQmuf vSr;f zdu Yk vJ &Sad o;w,fav/ b,fvykd ekH YJ b,favmufjrefjrefomG ;r,f qdw k mudk jrifEikd v f mrSyJ c&D;b,favmuf &Snrf ,fqw kd m cefrY eS ;f Edik rf mS jzpfygw,f/ tjrefqHk; jynfolawG&JU arQmfvifhcsufawG jynfhEdkifzdkYawmh BudK;pm;ygr,f/ tda&Tpif (vef'ef) - tarpk r*Fvmyg/ uRefruawmh rtda&Tpif jzpfygw,f/ vef'efNrdKUrSm aeygw,f/ uRefr ar;csifwJh ar;cGef;av; uawmh OD;odef;pdeftpdk;& zGJUr,fh jynfwGif; Nidrf;csrf;a&;aumfrwDrSm tarhudk yg0ifoifhw,f qdkNyD;awmh ygvDrefxJrSm tqdkjyKwifoGif; xm;w,fvdkY od&ygw,f/ tJh'DaumfrwDrSm tar yg0ifzdkY tpDtpOf &Syd govm;/ &Sw d ,fq&kd if b,fvt kd aetxm;rsK;d eJY yg0ifr,f qdw k mudk odcsifygw,f/ aus;Zl; trsm;BuD;wifygw,f/ a':atmifqef;pkMunf - aumfr&SifrSm tarhudk xnfhzdkY tqdk wifoiG ;f xm;w,fvaYkd wmh Mum;cJyh gw,f/ 'Dtqdt k & jzpfajrmufvmr,f rjzpfajrmufvmzl;qdw k mudak wmh rodao;vdYk orD;odcsiw f mudk ajzEdik w f hJ tajctae r&Sdao;ygbl;/ tajzay:vmawmh orD;wdkY od&rSmaygh/ n

Ref : RFA (Radio Free Asia)

aEGOD;yHk&dyf odkYr[kwf teDxJu Mu,fjzLyGifh csrf;Nidrf; ]waygi;f &,fwhJ rde&f moD &Guaf [mif;udk avESiv f Ykd yefawmf0if a&TtifMuif;i,f oif;ysUH cJhNyD/} OMowGefoH Mum;&avNyD/ waygif;wefcl; &moDtul;wGif jrL;wl; &,foGrf; aEGvufo&rf;aMumifh ajrouf usa&muf &GufajcmufESifhtwl yif,HxufrS OMooHonf jznf;jznf;rSefrSef wGefavNyD/ aqmif;uRwv f Nk yD aEG&moDvnf; ryDwwfao; 0d;k 0g;axG;[k a&S;pmqdw k pfO;D pyfco hJ vdk awm awmifa&ajr pdrfhprf;utp ½IzG,frqHk;aom jrifuiG ;f wdw Yk iG f t&m&mwdik ;f onf &moD pyfu;l rwful;umvü ryD0dk;w0g; jrLrsm; &pfqdkif; aewwfonf/ xdktcsdefonf awmolawmifom;wdkY pyg;ay:NyD; aiG&Tifcsdef? yJodrf;csdef? xef;oD; csKdifNyD; xef;vsufcsufcsdefvnf; jzpfonf/ aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;ü bk&m;yGJusif;ycsdef? oJyHkapwDyJG usif;ycsdefvnf; jzpf\/ rMumrD wmoBuFefumv usa&mufvmawmhrnf jzpfygonf/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ed'gef; 1940 jynfv h eG Ef pS rf sm;u xdo k Ykd r[kwyf g/ 'kw, d urÇmppfr;D aMumifh tNrw J ap at;at; vlvl aewwfaom awmolawmifom; jrefrm jynfot l rsm;pkonf v,fxJ ,mxJ aumif;pGm xGe, f uf r&? pdu k yf sK;d r&? taetpm; qif;&J pGmjzifh us;D vefpY mpm; aexkid cf &hJ onf/ &Jabmf oHk;usdyfOD;aqmifrIESifh bDtdkifat (Armh vGwv f yfa&;wyfrawmf)onf *syefwEYkd iS t hf wl jrefrmjynftwGi;f odYk ppfaMumif;Bu;D rsm; cGu J m 22

ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmpOf/

0ifa&mufcNhJ y;D ESpaf ygi;f wpf&mausmMf um pd;k rd;k aeaom NAw d o d Qwt Ykd m; armif;xkwf wdu k cf u kd f cJhNyD;aemuf at;at;vlvlae&awmhrnf[k jrefrmjynfolwdkY awG;xifírSrqHk; zufqpf wdkYu ZmwdjyMuavawmhonf/ 1942ckESpf? Zefe0g&v D (31)&ufaeYwiG f armfvNrKd i?f rwfv (8)&ufaeYwGif &efukef? arv (8)&ufaeYwGif jrpfBuD;em;udk odrf;ydkufNyD;aomfvnf; *syef wdkYonf rlvu xm;&SdcJhonfh uwdtwdkif; jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;udk csufcsif; raMunmcJh? jrefrmjynfudk odrf;ydkufxm;aom zufqpf *syefwdkY\ umeDAdk? *dk½Id? rpfqlbD&SD tp&Sdaom ukrP Ü BD u;D rsm;u NAw d o d Qw\ Ykd bDtpdk ?D &GKd upf f ukrP Ü rD sm;ae&m tpm;xd;k 0ifa&mufNy;D pD;yGm; a&; vuf0g;Bu;D tky&f ef ta&SU tm&SomwlnD rQa&;[k a<u;aMumfum udkvdkeDjyK&ef ½kyfvHk; azmfvmMuonf/ xkdYtjyif uifaywdkif[k ac: aom *syefppfykvdyf wdkYuvnf; jrefrm

jynfolrsm;tm; yg;½dkuf? em;½dkuf? aeylvSrf;? vufonf;cGm? usifpufwdkY? vHSpGyfxdk; ponfh zufqpfenf;rsm;jzifh trsK;d rsK;d ESyd pf uf½rkH Qru trsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf oHCmawmfrsm;udyk g wjznf; jznf; apmfum;vmMuonf/ *syef0ifpOfu oajyyef;ESifh vSrf;qufcJhaom jrefrmjynfol wdu Yk tHMh oaMuuG&J avonf/ wnfrw d hJ bk&m; vif;wyifem;em; qdk½dk;pum; &Sdaomfjim; q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;uyif ]rif;wdkY yifhvmwJhbk&m; rif;wdkY jyefac:oGm;} [lí rsKd;cspfjrefrm vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ajymMum;cJhonf/ xdktcsdefuwnf;u Armh wyfrawmfESifh jrefrmjynfol jynfom;wdkY pdwf0,f *syefudk jyefvnfawmfvSef&ef wtHk aEG;aEG; tHwBudwfBudwf jzpfaeavNyD/ 1944 ckESpf Mo*kwfvwGif *syefu ESpo f rd o hf nfh oabmjzifh a&T&nfprd f vGwv f yf a&; ay;aomfvnf; wpfzufü jrefrm

Memory

acgif;aqmifrsm;onf zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolU vGwfvyfa&;tzGJU BuD;udk zGJUpnf;&ef wdww f qdwf jyifqifcMhJ uonf/ aemifwpfcsed f z.q.y.v tzGJUcsKyfBuD;tjzpf ay:aygufvm rnfjzpfaom z.w.y.v tzGUJ csKyu f kd uGejf rLepf ygw?D jynfoUl ta&;awmfyykH gwED iS hf tm&Svil ,f tpnf;t½Hk;wdkY pkpnf;í zGJUpnf;cJhMuonf/ *syef0ifpuyif tdE, d´ odYk wdww f qdwf xGuf cGmoGm;aom ocifodef;azESifh &Jabmf wifa&T wdu Yk vnf; r[mrdwEf iS hf qufo, G &f ef BuKd ;pm; Muovdk ocifpdk; OD;aqmifaom ajratmuf ajymufusm;rsm;u jrpf0uRef;ay:a'owGif vlxt k m; pnf;½H;k odr;f oGi;f Edik cf u hJ m vufeuf rsm;udkvnf; wdwfwqdwfjzefYa0ay;cJhonf/ &cdik jf ynfe,fwiG f jrefrmbke;f awmfBu;D OD;ynm oD[ESihf udn k Kd xeG ;f wdu Yk ajymufusm;ppf qif ET&J ef v,form;wdt Yk m; wdww f qdwf ppfynm ay;vsuf&Sdonf/ jyifqifjcif; tiftm; BuD;xGm;vmaom ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf (bDtkdifat)udk ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmf (bD'Dat)tjzpf tiftm;csnehf aYJ tmif zufqpfwu Ykd tiftm;avQmh zGUJpnf;ay;cJah omfvnf; wyfrawmf\ tjrKawrSm

jynfov l x l yk if jzpfygonf/ Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;? AdkvfaZ,s? AdkvfvusfmwdkY acgif;aqmifaom Armhwyfrawmfonf jynfow l \ Ykd tm;udk ,lí vQdKU0SufwyfzGJUrsm; wdwfwqdwf zGJUpnf;cJh&m ajymufusm;tiftm; &Spaf omif;ausmf &Sv d monf/ wtHkaEG;aEG; tHwBudwfBudwfjzifh tajctae aumif;udk apmifhqdkif;í *syeftm; xcs&ef "m;aoG;aeMuNyD/ Armhwyfrawmfonf a&S; OD;pGm o&ufNrKd UwiG f taemufwikd ;f ESihf rEÅav; NrdKUü taemufajrmufwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfudk zGifh vSpcf o hJ nf/ ,if;aemuf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;u txufjrefrmjynfwyfrsm;udk AdkvfrSL;Axl; tkycf sKyíf ppfaMumif;zGihf wdu k cf u kd &f ef? ppfXme csKyftzGJUESifh ppf0efBuD;½Hk;tzGJU tm;vHk;udk AdkvfrSL;BuD; aZ,s tkyfcsKyfí o&ufpcef;rS rif;wkef;pcef;odkY csDwuf&ef pDrHcJhNyD; atmuf jrefrmjynfü Armhwyfrawmfu wdkif; 7 wdkif; zGJUpnf;um zufqpfwdkYtm; wdkufcdkuf&ef vQKdU0SufpGm BuHpnfcJhavonf/ ,if;odkYaom tajctaewGif Oa&myü zufqpf *smreDESifh tDwvDwdkY ½IH;edrfhum jrefrmjynf ppfwvif;jyifüvnf; 1944 ckEpS ?f rwfv rPdyl& tifzmwdkufyGJwGif ppfa&;

csed cf iG v f Qm ajymif;vJomG ;onf/ ,if;rSm xd;k ppf qifvmaom *syefwyfrBu;D rsm;udk r[mrdwf wdkYu BuHhBuHhcH wGef;vSefvdkufNyD; r½IrvS ½IH;edrfhcJh&aom *syefwyfrsm;aemuf wefjyef xdk;ppfqifavonf/ r[mrdwfESifh tquf toG,f&cJhaom Armhwyfrawmfonf tcsdef tcgaumif; tcGifhtcgaumif; usa&muf awmhrnfukd od\/ Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; OD;aqmif aom Armhwyfrawmf acgif;aqmifrsm;onf zufqpfwdkYtm; vdr®myg;eyfpGm t,HkoGif;í r[mrdww f t Ykd m; wdu k cf u kd &f ef taMumif;jyum wpfrsK;d om;vH;k vTwaf jrmufa&;twGuf awmf vSef&ef jyifqifavonf/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf vQdKU0Suf trnf ay;Mu&m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk OD;aemifcsKd? ocifpdk;udk OD;xGef;a0? ocif oef;xGef;udk OD;barmif[lí owfrSwfcJh Muonf/ awmfvSefjcif; ½IyfaxG;aeaom tajctaersm;Mum; uyif awmfvSefvdkpdwf jyif;jyvSonfh rsKd;cspf jrefrm wdkif;&if;om; trsm;tjym;onf *syef uifaywdkifwdkY\ vufcsufjzifh &uf&ufpuf puf n§if;yef;cH&um aoG;ajrus touf qHk;½IH;cJh&onf/ xdkYtxJwGif NrdKUae vltrsm; omru aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;rS wm0efod awmifol v,form;rsm;? wHig aus;vufrS wHig a&vkyfom;rsm;? rsKd;cspfpdwf jyif;jyvGef; aom trsKd;orD;BuD;i,frsm;txd yg0ifcJh\/ vlrod olrod tnMw aoqH;k cJ&h aom qif;&J om;jynforl sm;um; renf;/ odaYk omf awmfveS f aoG;opöm wdik w f nfou H m; wdwq f w d rf oGm;? b0*f nHatmif yJw h ifxyfvsuf aeavonf/ wpfcak om wefc;l vwGiu f m; aumuf½;kd yHx k ?J pyg;usDxJ ½dkifz,f aoewfrsm; a&mufvm onf/ wHigonfrsm;\ avS0rf;AdkufxJ ig;yd? 23

[dkifeefppfoifwef;ausmif;wGif &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm; ppfajryHk avhvmaeMuyHk/

ig;ajcmufrsm;atmuf vufeufcJ,rf;rsm; a&mufvmonf/ avSrsm;? vSnf;rsm;jzifh tqifhqifh vQdKU0Sufo,faqmifum vufeuf rsm; wpfjynfvHk; jzefYa0NyD;avNyD/ &efukefNrdKU a&Twd*HkapwDawmf taemuf ajrmufbuf&Sd uGif;jyif (,ck awmfvSefa&; yefNc)H ü ppfa&;jy tcrf;tem;wpf&yfukd usi;f y um ppfaoemywdESifh ppf0efBuD; AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;onf teD;qH;k &efo&l mS Ny;D wdu k Mf u [lí &J&Jawmuf ppfxGuf rdefYcGef;ajymMum; NyD; udk,fwdkifvnf; o&ufc½dkif ykPÖm;uRef; wGif zGifhvSpfxm;aom wyfrawmfXmecsKyfqD ppfcsDavonf/ ,if;aemuf 1945 ckEpS ?f rwfv (27)&uf (wefcl;vjynfaeY)n (7)em&DwGif zufqpf *syefwdkYtm; jrefrm wpfrsKd;om;vHk;u awmf vSev f u kd Nf yjD zpfaMumif; aMunmcsuf wpfapmif twdtvif; xkwjf yefum ordik ;f 0if zufqpf awmfveS af &;udk qifEaJT vonf/ Armh wyfrawmf udkvnf; jynfolESifh wpfom;wnfjzpfatmif 24

]jynfolY wyfrawmf}[k ajymif;vJ owfrSwf cJhonf/ jynfoUlwyfrawmfonf &cdik b f ufrS jzwf í qkwfcGmvmaom *syefwdkYudk o&ufc½dkif ESifh jynfc½dkifrS rEÅav;ESifh rdw¬DvmwdkYrS qif;vmaom *syefwyfrsm;udk ysOf;rem;? awmifi?l yJc;l c½dik ?f z½dzk &J <uif;useaf om *syef wyfcGJwyfusefrsm;udk jrpf0uRef;ay:ESifh &cdkif a'orS ,d;k ',m;vrf;rBu;D ü cHppf wnfaqmuf aeaom *syefwyfrsm;udk weoFm&Dwikd ;f trSwf (5)wdu Yk tjyif;txef wku d cf u kd Mf uavonf/ ,if;odYk wdu k cf u kd jf cif;aMumifh *syefbufrS 8826 OD;usq;kH um 2304 OD; 'Pf&m&Ny;D 215 OD;udk vuf&zrf;qD;Edik cf o hJ nf/ 1945 ck Zlvikd v f 23 &ufaeYwGifum; jynfolYwyfrawmf udk rsK d ; cspf A rmh w yf r awmf trnf a jymif ; um zufqpf*syefwt Ykd m; jrefrmhajray:rS &Gy&f yG cf RcH RH wdkufxkwfEdkifcJhojzifh *syefppfom; 3200 rSm ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;ü r½IrvS usqHk;cJh&onf/ xdt Yk wl awmfveS af &;twGi;f ArmhwyfrawmfEiS hf

rsK;d cspjf ynfoUl ajymufusm; wyfzUJG0iftcsKUdvnf; toufudk tyfESif;cJh&avonf/ zufqpfawmfveS af &;\ &v'fonfum; vGwfvyfa&;\ tajccH tkwfjrpfjzpfaom pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrIudk wnfaqmufEdkifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ xdktajccHtkwfjrpfrSpí ordkif;0if yifvHknDvmcHudk usif;yum wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk xyfrH wnfaqmuf EdkifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ pifppfwGifrlum; jrefrm wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk; pnf;vHk; nDnGwfpGm wdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom tqdkyg awmfvSefa&;onf vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;udkom awmfvSefjcif; r[kwf? xdktcsdefu urÇmü tjrpfpGJcdkifrmatmif 0g' jzefYaeaom zufqpfpepfudk wdkufzsufjcif; om jzpfayonf/ xdkuJhodkY jrefrmEdkifiH ordkif;wGif azsmuf zsufí r&onfh ordkif;wefzdk;BuD;rm;onfh ]awmfvSefa&;aeY} onf vmrnfh rwfv (27)&ufaeYwGif ESpfaygif; 68 ESpfwdkifcJhNyD jzpfayonf/ n

Poem

rwfv awmfvSefa&; rdk;ukyfukyf0,f tdk ½kwfw&uf? rsOf;jzLpufí uGJtufaMumif;&m? [ [ vmNyD; rdk;jymudkjzwf? ywåjrm;&nf pD;vnft[kef? eDjref;ukefonf t½kPfay:p 0dk;w0g;/ l

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ca&yGifhvQif? a<u&ifh0g0g ajrürSmvQif? a&mumaygif;,Suf a[mif;opf&GufESifh? w0ufarmif;eD a0hvnfvnfudk? avcsDokwfjzL; eD0gu;l onf? aEGO;D aygurf Ykd a&mf&u G af <u/

&ifah <uanmif;onf?h &Guaf [mif;pGeUf ypf b0opfodkY? oepfajymif;rnf zl;opfrSDonf? teDxJrS <u,fjzLyGifh/ l

w&m;rQwrI 'óe armifMunfopf vlrsK;d a&; cGjJ cm;rI? tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;rI ESifh vdifcGJjcm;rIwdkYaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom rw&m;rIwdkYESifh ywfoufí pOf;pm;NyD; tajz &Sm&mwGif odyrf cufcv J yS g/ ,if; rw&m;rIwYkd onf vlwdkY\ rSm;,Gif;aom vkyfaqmifcsuf aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfjzpf&um; þodYk cGjJ cm; qufqHrI rjyKvkyfEdkifap&ef wm;qD;jcif;tm; jzifh ajz&Si;f Edik af yrnf/ vlrsK;d jcm;rsm;ESihf tom; ta&mif rwlolrsm;udk xdkufwefaom vkyfc ay;&ef jiif;qdkonfh tvkyf&Sif? a,musfm;ESifh rde;f rcGjJ cm;í qufqaH om ukrP Ü t D zGUJ tpnf; wdkYtm; w&m;Oya'jy|mef;í ta&;,l wm; jrpfEdkifayonf/ odkY&mwGif vlom;wdkY\ rSm;,Gif;aom ya,m*aMumifh r[kwb f J jzpfay:vmaom rnD rQrIrsm;? rw&m;rIrsm;taMumif;udk pOf;pm;í tajz&Sm&mwGifrl tawmfyif½IyfaxG;í cufcJ vSonfudk awGU&ayonf/ vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yftwGif; qif;&J csKdUwJhaom rdbrsm;rS arG;zGm;vmolwdkYrSm rdrd wd\Yk rSm;,Gi;f aom vkyaf qmifcsuf wpfpw kH pf&m ryg&ydS gbv J suEf iS hf b0wGif tajccH pm;0wfae a&;rStp ynma&;? use;f rma&;? tvkyt f udik f wdkYtxd nHhzsif;? edrfhyg;? csKdU iJh aeMu&onf/ þodkYjzpf&onfrSm uHraumif; taMumif; rvSí jzpf&wmyg[kqdkum vlom;wpfOD;pD\ uHMur®mtay: yHck svu kd &f rnfavm? pOf;pm;ÚmPf &So d rl sm; vufcEH ikd o f nfeh nf; r[kwaf cs/ tvkyf jzpfrnfh ajz&Sif;csufvnf; r[kwfacs/ þodkYqdkvQif ,if;rnDrQrI? rw&m;rIwdkY onf csrf;omol olaX; ol<u,frsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vm&onf[k qdk&rnfavm/ vlYtzGJU tpnf;wpf&yftwGif; vlwdkY rnfodkY csrf;om vmMuoenf;[laom tcsuu f kd OD;pGm pOf;pm; Munf&h ayrnf/ tcsKUdu csrw S x f m;aom Oya' 26

ESifhtnD aumif;a&mif; aumif;0,fvkyfum csrf;omvmMu\/ tcsKdUurl enf;vrf;aygif;pHk oHk;um 'kp½dkufvkyfief;rsm;aMumifh rw&m;rI rsm; jzpfay:vm&onf[q k v kd Qif ,if; 'kp½du k f aumifrsm;tm; vIyf&Sm;vkyfudkifcGifhay;aom vlYtzGJUtpnf; odkYr[kwf tpdk;&onfvnf; tvdyk g jzpfojzifh tjypfruif;ay/ ,if;wdt Yk m; w&m;rQwrIudk vkdvm;onfh vlom;wdkY\ yifudk,fpdwf\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh wpfcsdefcsdefwGif y,fzsufypfEdkifrnfom jzpfayonf/ odkYaomf vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; vltcsKdU onf tjcm;olrsm;xufyíkd pD;yGm;a&; tuGuf jrifum aiGaMu;&SmazG pkaqmif;wwfMu\/

ypönf;Opöm ydkí &SmazGwwfMu\/ xdkYaMumifh ydkifqdkifrI ydkí ydkírsm;jym;vmum csrf;om <u,f0vmMu\/ olwo Ykd nf rdrw d \Ykd om;orD; rsKd;qufrsm;udk bufaygif;pHk aumif;pGm axmufyEhH ikd Mf u\/ rdrw d cYkd sr;f omol vlwef;pm; tcsi;f csi;f aygi;f oif;qufqH vufxyfMu\/ þodjYk zifh rsK;d quf wpfqufNy;D wpfquf ydík ydkí csrf;omvmMuNyD; olwdkYESifh tjcm;vl trsm;tjym; vlrIrwlnDcsufrsm; social inequalities jzpfay:vmayonf/ ,if; rnDrQ csuo f nf xdx k akd om vlcsr;f omrsm;\ rSm;,Gi;f aom rormrIrsm;aMumifh ay:ayguf vm& onf[k vufn§dK;xdk;pGyfpGJí &Edkifygrnfavm/

Political trSepf ifppf olw\Ykd rsK;d ½d;k pOfquf tarGtESpf ydkifqdkifrI? aiGaMu; &SmazGpkaqmif;wwfrI? om;orD;wdkYtm; taxmuftyHhaumif;pGm ay;EdkifolwdkYonf rSm;,Gif;aom vkyfaqmif csufrsm;? rormrIrsm;[k owfrSwfajymqdkEdkif rnf r[kwfacs/ odkYaomf olwdkY\ vkyfaqmif csufrsm;aMumifh xGufay:vmaom &v'furl pdwrf ouf omp&m jzpf&onf/ xd&k v'fum; tjcm;vltrsm;onf vlUb0udk vlom;tjzpf taetm;jzifh rqDavsmf rxkdufwefvSonfh qdk;&Gm;edrfhusonfh tajctaewdkYjzifh pwif Mu&jcif; jzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; vlrI rnDrQcsufrsm;udk jzpfay:apaom t"du taMumif;&if; ESp&f yf&o dS nf[k qdEk ikd af yonf/ 4if;wdrYk mS vlwaYkd rG;zGm;&aom vlrI pD;yGm;a&; b0 tqifhtwef;rwl uGJjym;rIESifh vlwpfOD; csif;pD&Sd vkyfief;uRrf;usifrI pGrf;aqmif&nf? yifudk,f udk,f&nfudk,faoG; jcm;em;csufwdkY jzpfayonf/ þtaMumif;w&m;wdkYonf vlom;wdkY\ ,if;rnDrQcsufrsm;? rw&m;rI rsm;onf b0uHay &v'frsm;om jzpfonf[k cH,lvdkufygvQif aemufxyfbmrQ qufvuf pOf;pm; aqG;aEG;zdkYvdkawmhrnf r[kwfay/ uka#<u,foal X;rsm;\ uk, d yf ikd af iGaMu; oHk;pGJrI? rdom;pkb0 aexdkif[efyef? tvkyf tudkif a&G;cs,fcefYxm;EdkifrItp&Sdaom yk*¾v a&G;cs,fcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufírl wdkuf½dkuf

0ifa&mufpu G zf uf xde;f csKyíf roifah wmfay/ odaYk omf 4if;wd\Yk Opöm"eydik q f ikd rf u I kd oG,0f u kd f í 0ifa&mufxed ;f csKyEf ikd af om enf;vrf; wpf&yf &S\d / ,if;rSm tcGeaf umufcjH cif; (Taxation) enf;jzpf\/ 0ifaiGceG ?f ukeyf pön;f cGe?f vkyif ef; cGefrsm;udk csrf;omolrsm;tay: ydkrdkpnf;Muyf aumufcHjcif; jzpfonf/ þenf;rSm qif;&J csrf;om uGm[rI BuD;xGm;vmjcif;udk avsmh yg;oGm;ap&ef tpd;k &u toH;k jyKEikd af om enf; jzpfonf/ tcGefaumufcHjcif;xuf ydkíta&;BuD; onfrSm aumufcH&&SdaiGudk cGJa0oHk;pGJjcif; jzpf\/ tcGeaf umufcjH cif;trsK;d rsK;d rS &&Sv d maom jynfolUb@maiG trsm;pkudk qif;&Jom; atmufajc vlwef;pm;wdkYtwGuf ynma&;? use;f rma&;? tpm;tpm? aetdr?f t0wftpm; vdktyfcsufrsm;udk wwfEdkiforQ jznhfqnf; axmufyahH y;&rnf jzpfonf/ vltrsm;twGuf b0wnfaqmufrI tcGit hf vrf;rsm;udk zGiahf y; &rnfjzpf\/ þodkYaom jynfolUb0 vlrI zlvakH &; vkyif ef;pOfrsm;onf vlrI rnDrQcsuf rsm;udk wdu k ½f u kd f wdu k zf suaf y;aom tpDtrH rsm; jzpfayonf/ yifudk,f vkyf&nfudkif&nf odkYr[kwf ud, k &f nfu, kd af oG; uGm;jcm;rIaMumifh jzpfay: vmaom vlraI &; rrQwrIrsm;ESihf ywfoufírl 0ifa&mufpGufzuf xdef;n§dzdkYqdkonfrSm ydkí cufcJvSayonf/ txl;ojzifh yk*¾v t&nf

taoG;pGr;f aqmif&nf NyKd iq f ikd rf u I kd cGijhf yKaom pD;yGm;a&;pepf (Compitative Economic System) twGif;ü ydkí cufcJvSayonf/ vkyif ef;&Siu f olUvyk if ef;twGuf ydrk pkd rG ;f aqmif &nf&Sdaom tvkyform;udk vdkcsifayonf/ pm;yGJxdk;csif; twlwl? refae*smcsif; twlwl ydrk kd vky&f nfuikd &f nf&adS om pm;yGx J ;kd udk vdck sif ayonf/ ydkrdk pDrHcefYcGJwwfaom refae*smudk vpmydak y;Ny;D iSm;&rf;rnfom jzpfonf/ ESpcf sKyf tjrwf0ifaiGydkí &Smay;Edkifaom trIaqmif t&m&SdcsKyf (CEO)udk vpmaiG tqrwef ay;í cefYxm;rnfom jzpfonf/ aumfydk&dwf tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ trIaqmif t&m&SdcsKyfawG? aumfyakd &;&Si;f ñTeMf um;a&;rSL;awG? pm;aomuf qdik f pm;yGx J ;kd awG ud, k v hf yk if ef;tvku d f vpm 0ifaiG wpfajy;nD wpfrsKd;wnf; ,l&rnf[k A[du k csKyu f ikd Nf y;D owfrw S v f u kd v f Qif vkyif ef; xda&mufatmifjrifrI usqif;NyD; 0ifaiGvnf; ,kwfavsmhNyD; tajctaeydkí qdk;&Gm;nHhzsif; oGm;rnfom jzpfayonf/ vlom;wdkY\ pGrf; aqmif&nf udk,f&nfudk,faoG;udk usqif; oGm;aprnfom jzpfayonf/ þodkYaom tcGefpnf;Muyfí jynfolU b@maiG pkaqmif;NyD; 0ifaiGedrfhyg;ol qif;&J om;rsm;tm; jyefvnfcGJa0axmufyHhaom enf;udk a0zefuefYuGufolrsm;vnf; &SdMu ayonf/ odkYaomf vuf&Sd vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ taetxm;t&qdkvQif xdkvkyfief;pOfonf toifhawmfqHk;? vufcHEdkifqHk; jzpfonf[k qdk&ayrnf/ odaYk omf tcGepf nf;Muyfí jynfoUl b@m aiG pkaqmif;rIudpöwGif t"dutcef;u@u wm0ef,v l yk af qmif&aom tpd;k &onf rnfoYkd aom tpd;k &jzpfoenf;/ odum© ? orm"d&adS om? w&m;rQwaom? oef&Y iS ;f aom tpd;k &omvQif xdkudpöudk xdxda&mufa&muf aqmif&Guf taumiftxnfazmfEdkifrnf jzpfayonf/ n

EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI enf;ynmrsm;tm; avhvmjcif; a'gufwm armifarmifjrifhoef; jynfaxmifpkor®wEdkifiH\ taxGaxG wd;k wufajymif;vJrrI sm;twGuf t"duusaom pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrI tcef;u@wGif ta&;ygvo S nfh jrefrmEdik if H Edik if jH cm;&if;ES;D jrK§ yEf rHS I Oya' (2012)tm; 2012 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv (2) &ufaeYwGif EdkifiHawmfrS twnfjyK jy|mef;cJhyg onf/ Oya'\ tajccHoabmt& jy|mef;Oya' wpfcktm; rnfodkYrnfyHk taumiftxnfazmf usifhoHk;&rnf[laom udpö&yfrsm;wGif u@ tvdu k f pepfwus&adS p&efEiS hf enf;vrf;wus vdkufemusifhoHk;Edkif&ef enf;Oya'rsm; xyfrH xkwjfyef&ayonf/ odt Yk wGuaf Mumifh jynfaxmifpk or®w jrefrmEdik if aH wmftpd;k & trsK;d om;pDru H ed ;f ESihf pD;yGm;a&;zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufrI 0efBu;D Xmeonf EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya' yk'fr (56) yk'frcGJ (u)t& tyfESif;xm;aom vkyfydkifcGifhudk usifhoHk;í jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJU\ oabm wlncD sujf zifh ]Edik if jH cm;&if;ES;D jrK§ yEf rHS I enf;Oya' rsm;}udk trdeaYf MumfjimpmtrSwf 11^2013 jzifh 2013 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&v D (31)&ufaeYwiG f xkwjfyef jy|mef;cJhygonf/ enf;Oya'wGif atmufygtwdik ;f tcef; (22)cef;jzifh yg0ifzGJUpnf;xm;ygonf/ (1) tcef; (1) trnfESifh t"dyÜm,fazmfjy csuf/ (2) tcef; (2) oufqdkifonfh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;/ 28

(3) tcef; (3) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIyHkpH/ (4) tcef; (4) aumfr&SifzGJUpnf;jcif; ESifh tpnf;ta0;usif;yjcif;/ (5) tcef; (5) cGifhjyKrdefYavQmufxm;jcif;/ (6) tcef; (6) tqdjkyKcsut f ay: qufvuf aqmif&Gufjcif;/ (7) tcef; (7) tqdkjyKcsufudk pdppfjcif;/ (8) tcef; (8) cGifhjyKrdefY xkwfay;jcif;/ (9) tcef; (9) cGifhjyKrdefY&&SdNyD;aemuf quf vufaqmif&Gufjcif;/ (10) tcef; (10) wnfaqmufru I mv owf rSwfjcif;/ (11) tcef; (11) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI vkyfief;rsm; tm; iSm;&rf;jcif;? aygiEf jHS cif;? tpk &S,f,mvTJajymif;jcif;? vkyfief; vTJajymif;jcif;/ (12) tcef; (12) tmrcHxm;&Sdjcif;/ (13) tcef; (13) trIxrf;rsm;ESihf tvkyo f rm; rsm; cefYxm;jcif;/ (14) tcef; (14) uif;vTwfcGifhESifh oufom cGifhrsm;/ (15) tcef; (15) ajrtoHk;jyKcGifh/ (16) tcef; (16) EdkifiHjcm;rwnfaiG&if;/ (17) tcef; (17) EdkifiHjcm;aiGajymif;EdkifcGifh/ (18) tcef; (18) Edik if jH cm;aiGa&;aMu;a&;udp/ö (19) tcef; (19) Xmeqdik &f m yl;aygi;f vkyif ef; tzGJU/

(20) tcef; (20) pDrcH efcY aJG &;qdik &f m jypf'Pfrsm;/ (21) tcef; (21) tjiif;yGm;rI ajz&Sif;jcif;/ (22) tcef; (22) taxGaxG xdt Yk jyif Z,m; (4)ckjzifh aemufqufwJG azmfjyNyD; EdkifiHom;rsm; vkyfudkifEdkifaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;? Edik if o H m;rsm;om vkyu f ikd f Edik af om pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk jy|mef; owf rSwfxm;onf/ (1) Z,m; (1) EdkifiHom;rsm;om vkyfudkif Edik o f nfh ukex f w k v f yk if ef;rsm; 0ef a qmif r I v k y f i ef ; rsm; (enf;Oya'-7 udk &nfñeT ;f onf/) (2) Z,m; (2) EdkifiHom;rsm;om vkyfudkif Edkifonfh v,f,mpdkufysKd; a&;vkyif ef;ESihf ESpw f Ekd pS &f n S f pdkufysKd;a&; vkyfief;rsm; (enf;Oya'-8 udk &nfñeT ;f onf/) (3) Z,m; (3) EdkifiHom;rsm; vkyfudkifEdkif onfh arG;jrLa&;vkyif ef;rsm; (enf;Oya'-9 udk &nfñeT ;f onf/) (4) Z,m; (4) EdkifiHom;rsm; vkyfudkifEdkif onfh jrefrmhyifv,fjyif ig; zrf; vkyif ef;rsm; (enf;Oya' -10 udk &nfñTef;onf/)

Business

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rxif&awmhatmif t½dk;pGJpGm vufcHusifhoHk; aeMuaom "avhp½du k q f ;kd rsm;udk jyKjyif ajymif;vJ usio hf ;kH Mu&awmhrnfh tcsed v f nf; jzpfygonf/ Oya'jyKolrsm;rSmvnf; vlom;rsm;om jzpfygonf/ trSm;uif;Edik rf nf r[kwyf g/ tcsed f tcgt&vnf;aumif;? awmif;qdkvmaom tajctaersm;t&vnf;aumif;? vufawGU rusaom trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;udk qefY usiaf om? jy|mef;csurf sm;&Sad eygu &Sv d mygu jy|mef;Oya'? pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh tnD aemufq;kH tajctae tcsed t f cgEiS hf vdu k f avsmnDaxGrI &Sad p&ef udu k n f rD &I adS p&ef jyKjyif &OD;rnf jzpfygonf/ ed*;kH jyK&aomf csrw S x f m;aom pnf;urf; enf;vrf;rsm;ESit hf nD vkyif ef;taumiftxnf azmfMu&mwGif Oya'? enf;Oya'rsm;tm; t"dymÜ ,f aumuf,jl cif;udpo ö nfvnf; ta&; Bu;D vSygonf/ odyYk gí vkyif ef;rpwifrD em;vnf wwfuRrf;olrsm; vufawGUtaumiftxnf azmfaeolrsm;? wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESifh pepfwus wdik yf ifaqG;aEG; vkyaf qmifjcif;jzif?h trSm;enf;Ny;D atmifjrifrI&rnfjzpfaMumif; aqG;aEG;wifjy vdkufygonf/ n

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Photo Essay

1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dvu ArmEkdifiH ½kyf&SifESihf jyZmwftpnf;t½Hk;rS BuD;rSL; usif;yonhf a&Twd*HktaemufrkcfjyyGJü awGY&onfh jynfolxJu jynfolwpfOD;/

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jrefrmEdkifiH owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifhtwl eD;eD;uyfuyf w&if;wESD;/ (1947 ckESpf? arv 30 &ufaeY)

uRefawmf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;orm; Munfpdk;xGef; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ½kyf&SifZmwfñTef;udk a&;awmhrnf[k pdwyf ikd ;f jzwfvu kd o f nfah eYwiG f ZmwfñeT ;f a&;q&monf tjcm;bmtaMumif; t&mudkrS rpOf;pm;awmh? bmudpöudkrSvnf; rvkyfawmhacs/ eHeufrdk;vif;onfrS nrdk;csKyf onftxd Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; taMumif;t&m awGuckd sn;f pOf;pm;onf/ Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; ESifh ywfoufaom pmtkyfawGudkcsnf; zwfcJh onf/ eHeufvif;onfEiS hf Ncx H w J iG f pm;yGw J pfv;kH cif;í ZmwfñeT ;f a&;&ef jyifonf/ A4 pm&Guf tvGwf? abmvfyifteD? abmvfyifteuf? abmvfyiftjym? aywHwpfacsmif;? AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;ESifh ywfoufaom pmtkyfrsm; xnfhxm;onfh jcif;BuD; ]ESpf}jcif; 0J? ,m csxm;onf/ abmvfyifteufu tcef;acgif;pOfawG a&;zdkYESifh ZmwfaumifemrnfawG a&;zdkYjzpfNyD;? abmvfyiftjymu ZmwfaumifvIyf&Sm;yHkESifh pum;ajymrsm;udk a&;&efjzpfonf/ olUtyk pf Ek iS o hf l cGjJ cm;Edik &f ef aywHEiS hf cJwo H ;kH &onft h cg oH;k & jyefonf/ ZmwfñeT ;f qdo k nfrmS twwfynmESihf tEkynm acgif;pnf;xm;aom ynm&yfrsKd;

jzpfyg\/ wdus&onf/ pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;&Sd& onf/ 0w¬KZmwfvrf;awGvkd zGUJ EGUJ ír&/ vd&k if; wdk&Sif; a&;&onf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ½kyf&Sif jzpfvmzdkYtwGuf pmtñTef;yif jzpfavonf/ y&rf;ywm pnf;rJhurf;rJh vkyfwwfavh &Sad om ZmwfñeT ;f q&monf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; ZmwfñTef;udkawmh ayghayghwefwefrvkyf&J/ ZmwfñTef;wdkY\ t*Fg&yfESifhtnD wdwdusus pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;&Sdatmif a&;enf;xHk;ESifh avsmfnDpGm a&;om;zefwD;cJh&onf/ a&;xH;k enf;pmtkyu f v kd nf; rSjD irf;&ovdk tcsuftvufjynfhpHkatmifvnf; pmtESHUzwf &onf? cHpm;csujfzpfay:vmatmifvnf; BuKd;pm; zefw;D cJ&h onf/ þodaYk om tcsut f vufrsm; jynfph akH pzdYk ZmwfñeT ;f q&monf ocifatmifqef;? w½kwjf ynf trGKd iNf rKd UoYkd aemfa0Edik if yH ikd f [dik ;f vD oabFmjzifh vdu k yf gpOfutp Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; b0 &Jabmfo;kH usyd Ef iS hf jynfawmfjyefvmonf txd ajcz0g;xyfcsyf vdu k yf gc&hJ onft h aMumif; ,cifaqmif;yg;rsm;wGif azmfjycJhNyD;avNyD/ xdo k Ykd bDtikd af tppfaMumif;rsm;ESihf vdu k yf g cJhaomaMumifhvnf; Adkvfapmatmif? Adkvfrdk;? Adv k n f mP? tp&Sad om &Jabmfo;k H usyd f ol&aJ umif; rsm;taMumif;udkvnf; a&;cJhzl;avNyD/ 1942 ckESpf? ZGefvrStpjyKí bDtdkifat wyfudk bD'Datwyftjzpf jyefvnfzGJUpnf;cJh onf/ *syefzufqpfwdkY\ vufatmufwGif n§if;yrf;ESdyfpufrI trsKd;rsKd;udk cHpm;cJh&aom jynfolESifhtwl AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wyfrawmfBu;D udk tiftm;Bu;D atmif BuaH qmif &if; usef;rma&;xdcdkufvmcJhavonf/ xdkY aMumifh aq;½Hw k ufa&mufuo k &mrS tqd;k xJu taumif;taejzifh zl;pm&Sif rcifMunfESifh qHkpnf;cJh&onf/ zufqpf*syefw\Ykd Edik x f ufp;D eif;vkyrf rI sm; tvGerf sm;jym;vmonft h avsmuf jrefrmvlrsK;d

rsm;\ &ifxJwGif *syefudk jyefvnf wGef;vSef vdpk w d f ay:ayguaf eaMumif;? Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; od&Sd em;vnfNyD; jzpfonf/ odkYaomf AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;onf *syefukd rvdv k m;aomfvnf; y&d,m,fjzifh [efaqmifyl;wGJ vkyfaqmifcJh& &Smonf/ xdo k Ykd vkyaf qmifaeonfh tcsed t f wGi;f rSmyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ pum;tcsKdUu ol\ &ifwGif;rS cHpm;csufrsm;udk jyoEdkifcJhonf/ Oyrm-*syefwaYkd y;cJo h nfh vGwv f yfa&; wpfEpS f ajrmufaeYwGif a[majymcJhonfh rdefYcGef; -

]tck Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;&wm wpfEpS f aphvmNy?D 'DtawmtwGi;f rSm usKyw f Ykd bmawG &cJhMuovJ? trSefajym&&ifawmh usKyfwdkY wdik ;f oljynfom;awG[m vGwv f yfa&;t&om qdkwm rcHpm;&ao;bl;? cHpm;&wJhvlawG[m vlenf;pkyJ jzpfw,f/ uRefawmftygt0if usKyfwdkYtxufu tpdk;& t&m&SdBuD;awG? 'DvlawGudk uyfajr§mifNyD; pm;aewJhvlawG? tjrwftpGef;BuD;BuD;,lNyD; vlawG&JU'ku©udk &if;ES;D Ny;D pD;yGm;&SmaeMuwJh acwfysuo f al X;awG tJ'gawGavmufyJ} ]trSefuawmh tckvGwfvyfa&;[m trsm;odMuwJhtwdkif; pmay:vGwfvyfa&;yJ &Sad o;w,f/ vufawGUoabm txnfeYJ ud, k ef YJ j'yfeJY taumiftxnfudk rjrif&? rawGU&? rcHpm;&ao;bl;/ usKyfwdkYa&SUqufNyD; pcef; oGm;EdkifOD;rS vGwfvyfa&; taumiftxnf BuD;udk jrif&r,f/ tckrjrif&ao;bl;/}

Memory zufqpf*syeftyk cf sKyrf aI tmufwiG f Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef;ajymcJhonfh &J&JawmufrdefYcGef; jzpfavonf/ þrdecYf eG ;f onf aemifwpfEpS af usmt f Mum zufqpfukd awmfveS o f nfah eYtwGuf rsK;d aphqu kd trSm;Edkifygacs/ ZmwfñeT ;f q&monf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; oGm;orQ vmorQ aeorQ xdik o f rQ ajymorQ qdo k rQ tm;vH;k udk rSwo f m;ae&onf/ t&m&m tm;vHk;udk ZmwfñTef;twGif;odkY xnfha&; oGif;&efawmh rjzpfEkdif/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ZmwfñeT ;f rjzpfbJ wpfaxmifw h pfn ZmwfñeT ;f jzpfoGm;rSmvnf; pdk;&drf&onf/ onfawmh ta&;BuD;wmawG xnfha&; &onf/ ta&;rBu;D wmawG csev f yS yf pfc&hJ onf/ wu,fawmh Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; taMumif;t&m rSeo f rQtm;vH;k u pdw0f ifpm;p&m? tm;vH;k u ta&;Bu;D wmawG csn;f yJjzpfw,f/ cufvu kd yf kH rsm; tukex f nfah &;csiv f u Ykd vnf; b,fvrkd rS &/ onfawmh ta&;Bu;D onfxifonft h &mudk OD;pm;ay;xnfha&;&onf/ a&G;cs,f&onf/ ud, k u f ta&;rBu;D [kxifNy;D csev f yS x f m;cJah om t&mudk wpfpw kH pfa,mufu ta&;Bu;D onf[k xifaejyefvQifvnf; &Sif;avOD;awmh rNyD;Edkif rpD;Edkif/ odkYaomf rwwfEdkifNyD/ cdkifrmonf?

rSefuefonf? pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf? ta&;Bu;D onf[k pdww f iG x f ifaom taMumif; t&mrsm;udk a&G;xkwfum ZmwfñTef;tjzpf zefwD;&onf/ ZmwfñTef;a&;&onfu tyif yef;rBu;D / a&G;cs,&f onft h vkyu f wm0efBu;D vGef;vSonf/ *syef awmfvSefa&;umvtaMumif; ZmwfñeT ;f a&;&awmhr,fqakd omtcg ,cifu vlydef;odxm;ovdk 1945 ckESpf? rwfv 27 &ufaeYwGif ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfu *syefwt Ykd m; nDnn D w G n f w G f jyefvnfweG ;f vSef wdu k cf ikd Ef ikd íf jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f rS armif;xkwf vdkufavawmhonf[k a&;½Hkjzifhr&/ *syeftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh teD;uyfae&aom Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;b0? *syefrodatmif *syefukd awmfvSefzdkY tpDtrHvkyfcJhyHkrsm;rSm &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif; vG,v f , G u f u l l r[kwyf gacs/ *syef awG ,HMkunfatmifvnf; aejy&onf/ wpfzuf u r[mrdwfawGESifhvnf; vQdKU0Suf tquf toG,fawG vkyf&onf/ aemufqHk; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf (rdwfaqGjzpfvdkaom) &efolr[mrdwfrsm;udk ppfrsuEf mS zGi&hf ef ppfxu G &f rnfah eY 1945 ckEpS ?f rwfv (17)&ufaeYwGif (,ck awmfvSefa&; yefNcHae&mü) ppfxGufrdefYcGef; ajymcJh&onf/

pifppf xdrk ed cYf eG ;f onf te,fe,f t&yf&yf wGi&f adS eaom *syefuakd wmfveS v f o kd nfh jrefrm tm;vH;k udk tcsujf yvdu k o f nfh rdecYf eG ;f qdv k Qif rrSm;acs/

]&JabmfwYkd tus,cf sUJNy;D &Sn&f n S af 0;a0; rajymcsifbl;/ tck ppfajrjyifudk xGuf&r,f/ qif;&Jr,f? iwfr,f? tcuftcJawGeYJ &ifqikd f &r,f/ ArmyDyD ArmhaoG;udk jyMuyg/ txuf Adv k rf sm;&JU trdeu Yf ekd mcHMuyg/ txufAv kd af wG uvnf; omwlnrD Q &Jabmfpw d x f m;yg/ &Jabmf wdu Yk kd uwday;xm;wJt h wdik ;f usKyu f , kd w f ikd f &JabmfwdkYeJYtwl csDwufr,f/ Armh&efoludk acsreI ;f Mu/ teD;uyfq;kH &efou l &kd mS Ny;D wdu k Mf u 'gyJ} ]'gyJ} qdkaomfjim;vnf; awmfvSefa&; pwifrnft h csed u f m; jywfjywfom;om; r&Scd /hJ yxrawmfvSefa&;aeYudk {NyDv (2)&ufaeYudk a&TUqdkif;cJh&onf/ xdkrSwpfzef AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmu *syef wyfrsm; wpfpwpfp &dyfrdaeNyDjzpfí {NyDv (2) &ufrS rwfv (25)&ufoYkd a&TUay;&ef trdeYf awmif;cHpma&mufvmojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmif qef;onf wyftm;vH;k tqifajypGm awmfveS f Edkifrnfh rwfv (27)&ufaeYodkY ajymif;a&TU owfrSwfEdkifcJhonf/ þodjYkzifh 1945 ckEpS ?f rwfv (27)&ufaeY onfum; zufqpf*syefwdkYtm; jrefrmwdkY &Gy&f yG cf RcH RH awmfveS w f u kd cf u kd cf ahJ om ordik ;f 0if awmfvSefa&;aeY jzpfcJhavawmhonf/ pifppf xdak eYxt kd cgu ZmwfñeT ;f q&monf tnma'o &Gmav;wpf&mG rS aus;&Gmol rdcif\ 0rf;Mumwdu k t f wGi;f cdak tmif;ump umvav; rQomjzpfyg\ odkYaomf ESpaf ygi;f (68)ESpMf umaomtcg ZmwfñeT ;f q&monf twdwfpuf0dkif;BuD;udk aemufjyef vS n f h N yD ; Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; wd k Y E S i f h t wl awmfveS af &;ppfyu JG kd (ZmwfñeT ;f ay:ü) &Gy&f yG f cRHcRH qifETJvsuf &Sdaeygawmhownf;/ n

e,fpyf ukefoG,fa&;pcef; 13 ckrS tar&duefa':vm oef; 180 ausmf ydkrdk&&Sd

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ESifh MAI avaMumif;vdkif;wdkY yl;aygif; aqmif&Guf&ef pDpOf

MAI avaMumif;vdik ;f onf Air France Consulting

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