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Preface
There have been tremendous efforts put into developing smart materials as stimuli-responsive multifunctional materials with actuation, energy-harvesting, and sensing capabilities, as well as companion thermal, electromagnetic, and chemical functions. There are only a few textbooks available, which only cover a shortlist of stimuli-responsive smart materials. These existing textbooks have been partially reviewed in various chapters of this book in the context of materials science, chemistry, medicine, physics, or engineering.
Smart materials appear to be playing a fundamental role in the advancement of engineering, science, technology, and medicine. This textbook intended for seniors and graduate students briefly reviews the fundamentals of more than twenty-five families of smart materials, defined as materials with some actuation, energy harvesting, and sensing capabilities among other chemical, fluid, thermal or electromagnetic properties. Today, many researchers around the world are actively involved in searching for new smart materials.
In what follows, the scene will be set for showing the importance and significance of multi-functional stimuli-responsive smart materials, particularly with some actuation, energy harvesting, and sensing characteristics and some additional companion properties such as sensing thermal, fluid, chemical, physical and solid mechanical interactions and be capable of producing such fields in a reverse manner.
Senior undergraduate and graduate students, majoring in engineering, materials chemistry, biomedical engineering, medicine and materials science, as well as chemistry and physics, tested the content of the present book, which tries to cover as many as possible smart materials families. This education is reflected in the book content, which covers a broad range of topics, from piezoelectrics to self-healing. Being stimuli responsive, smart materials typically require an input, as a trigger to execute the instructions and perform the desired functions.
In essence, the main objective of this book is to provide comprehensive and concise reviews of over twenty-five families of stimuli-responsive smart materials. In particular, piezoelectric materials, piezoresistive materials, electrostrictive materials, fibrous polyacrylonitrile (PAN) materials as linear fibrous artificial muscles, giant magnetostrictive materials (GMS), giant magnetoresistive materials (GMRs), magnetic gels (MGs), electrorheological fluids (ERFs), magnetorheological fluids (MRFs), dielectric elastomers (DEs), shape–memory alloys (SMAs), magnetic shape–memory alloys (MSMs), shape–memory polymers (SMPs), smart materials for controlled drug release, mechanochromic and metamaterials, ionic polymer–metal nano composites (IPMCs), smart ionic liquids (ILs), conductive polymers (CPs), liquid crystals (LCs) and liquid crystal elastomer (LCEs), chemomechanical polymers and smart nanogels for biomedical applications, smart self-healing materials and smart Janus particles are reviewed.
Earlier versions of this book were assigned as textbooks for the editor's Smart Materials graduate course and went through many iterations. The editor is very grateful to all of the University of Maine students who used the content of this book and provided useful feedback and insight.
The chapters are arranged such that there is an introduction to the subject followed by a description of the properties of the materials and their applications with example problems followed by brief modeling of the constitutive equations, a brief discussion on fabrication and manufacturing, followed by conclusions and references. There are 24 chapters, all of include exercises and
homework problems. An important educational, Appendix A, is a listing of the short synopses of books on smart materials published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. This list of materials in Appendix A is numerically greater than the 25 families of the smart materials covered in this textbook.
In the chapters that follow, the importance and significance of multi-functional smart materials, particularly with some actuation, energy harvesting, and sensing characteristics, as well as some additional companion properties, such as sensing, chemical, thermal, fluid and solid mechanical interactions and being capable of producing such fields in a reverse manner, will be shown.
Maine
Mohsen Shahinpoor University of
Acknowledgements
The editor would like to thank a number of individuals who greatly helped the creation of this textbook on the fundamentals of smart materials. Sincere thanks and appreciation are extended to Professor Hans-Jörg Schneider, FR Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany, for all his mentorship and guidance throughout the preparation of this textbook. Thanks are also extended to the Royal Society of Commissioning Editors Dr Leanne Marle, MRSC, and Dr Robin Driscoll for all their efforts in promoting, expanding and reviewing the Smart Materials Series, as well as the current textbook on the Fundamentals of Smart Materials. Thanks are also extended to the Royal Society of Chemistry for editorial support from Connor Sheppard for great help towards reviewing and revising the manuscripts of various chapters. Last but not least, our thanks are extended to the Royal Society of Chemistry for the publication of the Smart Materials Series, as well as this textbook Fundamentals ofSmartMaterials.
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Contents
1 1.1
General Introduction to Smart Materials
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Introduction
Homework Problems
Abbreviations and Acronyms
2
Review of Piezoelectric Materials
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Introduction
Piezoelectric Ceramic Actuators, Energy-harvesters, and Sensors
Constitutive Modeling of Piezoelectric Materials
Applications
Homework Problems
References
3
Review of Piezoresistive Materials as Smart Sensors
4
Mohsen Shahinpoor
The Piezoresistivity Effect
Piezoresistive Strain/Stress Sensor Configuration
Piezoresistive Strain Sensors
Physical Causes of Piezoresistivity
Merit of Piezoresistive Sensors vs. Capacitive Sensors
Piezoresistivity Components
Methods for Compensating for the Temperature Effect
Summary
Homework Problems
References
Review of Electrostrictive Materials
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Introduction
Constitutive Equations and Electrostrictive Properties
PMN Impedance Mismatch
PMN Suppliers
Electrostrictive Materials Compared to Piezoelectric
Materials
Conclusions
Homework Problems
References
5 5.1
Review
of the use of Fibrous Contractile Ionic Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in Smart Materials and Artificial Muscles
Variations in the Length of Modified PAN Fibers versus the pH Variations of the Solutions in Which they are Contained Effect of Different Anions on the Generative Force Characteristics
Generative Force Characteristics: Effect of Acidity
Performance of a PAN Bundle Artificial Muscle
Electrical Activation of Conductive PAN (C-PAN) Muscles
Electric Current Effect on Force Generation
Mathematical Modeling of the Contraction and Swelling of Active PAN Muscles
Modeling of the Expansion and Contraction of PAN Muscles
Based on Electrocapillary Effects
Conclusions
Homework Problems
References
Review of Magnetostrictive (MSMs) and Giant Magnetostrictive Materials (GMSs)
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Introduction
Various Magnetostrictive Effects
Terfenol-D Availability
Properties of Terfenol-D
GMS Constitutive Equations
Conclusions
Homework Problems
References
Review of Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR)
Materials
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Introduction
Ordinary Magnetoresistance (OMR)
Spintronics and GMR Effect
Applications of GMR
Modeling
Role of Electron Spin in GMR
GMR in Granular Structures
GMRs as Smart Sensors
Hard Disk Drives
Conclusions
Homework Problems
References
8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6
Review of Magnetic Gels as Smart Materials
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Introduction
Magnetoviscoelasticity of Ferrogels
Constitutive Equations for Ferrogels
Analysis of Dynamics of Magnetic Gel Actuators in a Magnetic Field
Nonhomogeneous Deformation of Ferrogels
Concluding Remarks
Homework Problems
References
Review of Electrorheological Fluids (ERFs) as Smart Material
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Introduction
Giant Electrorheological Effects (GERF)
Modeling of ERFs
The Bingham Model
Krieger–Dougherty
Kinetic Chain Model
Applications
Automatic Transmission and ERFs
Conclusion
Homework Problems
References
10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4
Review of Magnetorheological Fluids as Smart Materials
Norman M.Wereley andYoung Choi
Magnetorheological Fluids
Rheological Models of MRFs
Nondimensional Numbers for MRFs
Sedimentation
Homework Problems
References
11
Review of Dielectric Elastomers (DEs) as Smart Materials
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Introduction
Fundamentals of Dielectric Elastomer Actuation
The Challenge of Mounting Compliant Electrodes on DEAs
Constitutive Equations for Dielectric Elastomer Actuators
Actuator Design: Geometry and Structure
Artificial Muscles for Biomimetic Robots
DE Sensors
The Future: Materials Development for New Elastomers
Conclusions
Homework Problems
References
12
Review of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) as Smart Materials
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Introduction
Shape Memory Effect (SME)
Stress–Strain–Temperature Dependence of SMAs
SME Variations
One-way SME (OWSME)
Two-way SME (TWSME)
Constitutive Equations for SMAs
Tanaka Model
The Liang and Roger Model
The Brinson Model–
Cardiovascular Superelastic Stents
Medical Applications
SMA Engineering and Industrial Applications
Conclusions
Homework Problems
References
Review of Magnetic Shape Memory Smart
Materials
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Introduction
MSMA Actuators
Sensing and Multi-functional Properties of MSMMs
Typical MSMA Materials
Manufacturing of MSMAs
MSM Mechanism
Magneto–Mechanical Constitutive Modeling of MSMs
Some Additional Applications of MSMs
Conclusions
Homework Problems
References
14
Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) as Smart
Materials
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Introduction
Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) in Temperature Fields
Thermoplastic SMPs
SMP Product Development
Thermomechanical Constitutive Equations for SMPs
Conclusion and Outlook
Homework Problems
References
Review of Smart Materials for Controlled Drug Release
Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo andAngelConcheiro
Introduction
Drug Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems
Interest of Smart Materials for Controlled Drug Release
Stimuli to Be Exploited and Applications
Conclusions and Future Aspects
Homework Problems
References
Review of Smart Mechanochromic and Metamaterials
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Introduction
Introduction to Mechanochromic Materials
Some Examples of Mechanochromic Polymers
Mechanochromic Devices Based on Marine Biological Systems
Introduction to Mechanical Metamaterials
Background to Metamaterials
Electromagnetic Metamaterials
Elastic Metamaterials
Acoustic Metamaterials
Structural Metamaterials
Nonlinear Metamaterials
Cloaking Devices
Seismic Protection
Antennas
Absorber
Super Lens
Optical Metamaterials
Conclusions
Homework Problems
References
Review of Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites (IPMCs) as Smart Materials
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Introduction
Three-dimensional Fabrication of IPMCs
Electrically-induced Robotic Actuation
Distributed Nanosensing and Transduction
Modeling and Simulation
Conclusions
Homework Problems
References
18 18.1 18.2 18.3
Review of Smart Ionic
AliEftekhari
Introduction
Polymerized Ionic Liquids
Liquids
Stimuli-responsive Behaviour
Homework Problems
References
19
Review of Conductive Polymers as Smart Materials
Mohsen Shahinpoor
20
19.1 19.2
Introduction
Conductivity of Conductive Polymers
Electro–Chemo–Mechanical Properties
Experimental Observations on Conductive Polymers (CPs)
Bending Structures
Fabrication and Manufacturing
Conclusions
Homework Problems
References
Review of Liquid Crystal Elastomers
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Introduction
Brief Background on Liquid Crystals
Nematic, Cholesteric and Smectic Phases of Liquid Crystals
Mechanochromic Fluorescent Materials: Phenomena, Materials and Applications
Cell Surface Engineering: Fabrication of Functional Nanoshells
Functional Nanometer-Sized Clusters of Transition Metals: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Biointerfaces: Where Material Meets Biology
Supramolecular Materials for Opto-Electronics
Photocured Materials
Semiconductor Nanowires: From Next-Generation Electronics to Sustainable Energy
Chemoresponsive Materials: Stimulation by Chemical and Biological Signals
Functional Metallosupramolecular Materials
Bio-Synthetic Hybrid Materials and Bionanoparticles: A Biological Chemical Approach Towards Material Science
Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs): Smart Multi-
Functional Materials and Artificial Muscles, Complete Set
Conducting Polymers: Bioinspired Intelligent Materials and Devices
Smart Materials for Advanced Environmental Applications
Self-cleaning Coatings: Structure, Fabrication, and Application
Functional Polymer Composites with Nanoclays
Bioactive Glasses: Fundamentals, Technology, and Applications
Smart Materials for Tissue Engineering: Two-volume Set
Magnetic Nanomaterials: Applications in Catalysis and Life Sciences
Biobased Smart Polyurethane Nanocomposites: From Synthesis to Applications
Inorganic Two-dimensional Nanomaterials: Fundamental
Understanding, Characterizations, and Energy Applications
Ionic Liquid Devices
Polymerized Ionic Liquids
Nanogels for Biomedical Applications
Reactive Inkjet Printing: A Chemical Synthesis Tool
Electrochromic Smart Materials: Fabrication and Applications
Layered Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion
Smart Membranes
Cucurbituril-based Functional Materials
Subject Index
1
General Introduction to Smart Materials
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Mechanical Engineering Dept., University of Maine, USA
Email: shah@maine.edu
1.1
Introduction
Before elaborating on the nature of this textbook, let us redefine smart materials as stimuli-responsive multifunctional materials with actuation, energy-harvesting, and sensing capabilities, along with companion thermal, electromagnetic, chemical, and physical functions. As mentioned in the preface, there are only a few smart materials textbooks available, which only cover a shortlist of stimuliresponsive smart materials. The current textbook reviews some 25 families of smart materials.
In this introductory chapter, the spirit and structure of this book are presented. In general, some fundamental aspects of various smart materials are described, and the stage is set for the coverage of the current family of smart materials as special stimuli-responsive smart materials capable of a variety of actual functions needed for a large family of engineering, scientific, industrial and medical applications. These functions include actuation, energy harvesting, and sensing, plus some other complimentary physical or chemical properties changed via external or internal stimuli such as electric or
magnetic fields, fluid-thermal fields, strain and stress fields, plus others such as the ionic field within the materials.
The chapters are presented such that initially an Introduction is given followed by applications with example problems, followed by brief Modeling on Constitutive Equations, a brief discussion on Fabrication and Manufacturing followed by Conclusions and References where ‘properties’ is used in the broad sense of the word. ‘Stimuli-responsive’ or ‘Multi-functional’ could cover just about any material, but here these terms are meant as special functions, such as actuation, energy harvesting, and sensing, among others. The chapters are also equipped with exercises and solutions, as well as homework problems. The book also has a solutions manual for the homework problems, available as ESI. † This book will have twenty four chapters, including this chapter, which is an general introductory chapter on the fundamentals of smart materials. Each chapter will describe the characteristics of a particular material and system that is currently available and can be manufactured or fabricated to act as stimuli-responsive multi-functional smart actuators, sensors, and energy harvesters, among other functions and properties.
Let us briefly present a summary of the book to prepare the students for more comprehensive coverage of the materials and topics. Because of their long history, a review on piezoelectric materials, such as piezoceramics like PZT and piezo polymers like PVDF is presented. The piezoelectric effect describes a reversible electrodynamic relationship that exists in some solid crystalline structures with embedded dipoles. These crystalline solids possess microscopic regions containing dipole charges such that when placed under an applied mechanical stress, they change their internal arrangements of embedded electrical dipoles, generating a voltage across the material boundaries. Conversely, an applied voltage to the solid crystalline changes the orientation of the embedded internal dipole charges and generates deformation or strain in the solid. The description of piezoelectric materials is then followed by a review on piezoresistive materials as smart sensors. Piezoresistivity is a
property of certain materials such as semiconductors for which the materials electrical resistance changes purely due to mechanical pressure, force, acceleration, strain, and stress. It is the physical property of certain materials that have been widely used to convert a mechanical signal into an electrical signal, in smart sensors, accelerometers, tactile sensors, strain gauges, flow meters, and similar devices and microdevices. The piezoresistive effect is present in semiconductors such as germanium, amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, silicon carbide, among other materials.
A concise review on the response of electrostrictive materials is then given. Electrostriction is the nonlinear electromechanical coupling in all electrical-nonconductors (dielectric materials). Under the application of an electric field, these materials show deformation, strain, and stress. Generally speaking, all electrostrictive materials exhibit second-order nonlinear coupling between the elastic strains or stresses and dielectric terms, such as the strain tensor. For a single uniaxial strain (deformation), the induced strain (deformation) is directly proportional to the square of the applied electric field (voltage).
Contractile ionic polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers are then introduced to mimic mammalian muscles. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers in an active form (PAN or PAN gel modified by annealing/cross-linking and partial hydrolysis) elongate and contract when immersed in pH solutions (caustic and acidic solutions, respectively). Activated polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers can also contract and expand in polyelectrolyte when electrically and ionically activated with cations and anions, respectively. The change in length for these pH-activated fibers is typically greater than 100%. However, more than 900% contraction/expansion of PAN nanofibers (less than 1 micron in diameter) have been observed in our laboratories. PAN muscles present great potential as artificial muscles for linear actuation, and PAN fibers can convert chemical energy directly into mechanical motion.
Magnetostrictive materials are then introduced, in which deformation is observed in ferromagnetic materials when they are subjected to a magnetic field. This effect was first identified in 1842
by James Joule when observing a sample of nickel (the Joule Effect). At the fundamental level, the change in dimensions results from the interactive coupling between an applied magnetic field and the magnetization and magnetic moments of the material's magnetic dipoles, for a material initially under some stress. A review of giant magnetoresistive (GMR) materials is then presented. Magnetoresistance is defined as the property of a material whereby it can change its electrical conductivity or inverse electrical resistance when an external magnetic field is applied. In 1851, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) discovered that when pieces of iron or nickel are placed within an external magnetic field that the electrical resistance increases when the current is in the same direction as the magnetic force which is aligned with the magnetic N–S vector and decreases when the current is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic force. Lord Kelvin was unable to reduce the electrical resistance of any metal by more than about 5%. This effect is commonly called the ordinary magnetoresistance (OMR) effect to differentiate it from the more recent discovery of GMR. GMR materials generally possess alternating layers of ferromagnetic and non-magnetic but conductive layers made up of iron–chromium and cobalt–copper. Following the information on GMR, a brief review of magnetic gels (ferrogels) is presented by Zrinyi and co-workers. A prelude to the development of ferrogels was a classic paper by Rosenzweig in 1985 on ferrohydrodynamics. A colloidal ferrofluid, or a magnetic fluid, is a colloidal dispersion of monodomain magnetic particles. Typically, monodomain magnetic particles have typical sizes of around 10–15 nm, and they are superparamagnetic, in which magnetization can randomly flip direction under the influence of temperature.
A review of electrorheological fluids (ERFs) is then presented. ERFs belong to a class of smart materials capable of changing from a liquid phase to a much more viscous liquid and then to an almost solid phase in the presence of a dynamic electric field. They are essentially colloidal suspensions of highly polarizable particles in a nonpolarizable solvent. The solid phase of an ERF typically has mechanical properties similar to a solid like a gel and can undergo a
phase change from liquid to a thick liquid like honey and then solid or in reverse from a solid transform to a thick liquid and then a thin liquid in a matter of a few milliseconds. This effect is called the “Winslow effect” after its discoverer Willis M. Winslow, who obtained a US patent on the effect in 1947 and published an article on it in 1949. The effect is better described as electric field dependent shear yield stress. Magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) are then introduced, which are suspensions of micron-sized magnetic particles such as iron carbonyl powder in a host liquid, usually a type of oil with some additives, to minimize particle sedimentation and particle wear and tear. When the MRF suspension is placed in a magnetic field, the suspended colloidal particles reconfigure to form chains in the direction of the magnetic flux and make the solution more solid-like than liquid.
A review of dielectric elastomers (DEs) is then presented. If rubbery elastomers like a silicone rubber sheet are sandwiched between two compliant electrodes, then any imposed electric field induces electrostatic forces (attraction) between the electrodes. Thus, the rubber sheet in between them can be compressed by the electrostatic forces, which then causes the rubbery sheet to expand sideways due to the Poisson's ratio effect and actuation results. In 1880, Röntgen demonstrated this actuation using two glasses as dielectrics, and once the opposing surfaces of these glasses were charged, small thickness changes were observed. Later, electrostatically-induced pressures acting to compress dielectrics became known as the “Maxwell stress.” It was, however, Pelrine, Kornbluh, and Joseph in 1998 who introduced dielectric elastomer technology with compliant electrodes. They concluded that by deliberately choosing polymers with relatively low moduli of elasticity, the field-induced strain response due to Maxwell stress could be large.
Shape-memory alloys (SMAs) are then reviewed. The shapememory effect (SME) is a property of materials that are capable of solid-phase transformation from a body-centered tetragonal form called thermoelastic martensite to a face-centered cubic superelastic called austenite. These materials are named shape-memory
materials (SMMs) and the thermal versions are called SMAs. These martensitic crystalline structures are capable of returning to their original shape in the austenite phase, after a large plastic deformation in the martensitic phase and return to their original shape when heated towards austenitic transformation. These novel effects are called thermal shape-memory and superelasticity (elastic shape-memory), respectively. Magnetic shape-memory (MSM) alloys (materials) are then described. MSMs, often also referred to as ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys (FSMAs), have emerged as an interesting extension of the class of SMMs. FSMAs combine the attributes and properties of ferromagnetism with a reversible martensitic crystalline solid phase transformation. MSM phenomena were originally suggested by Ullakko, O'Handley, and Kantner and were demonstrated for a Ni–Mn–Ga alloy in as early as 1996. Naturally, the SME is now extended to polymers as shape-memory polymers (SMPs). SMPs belong to the family of SMMs, and are stimuli-sensitive polymers that can be deformed into a predetermined shape under some specific applied fields or parameters such as temperature, electric or magnetic field, as well as strain and stress. These shapes can be relaxed back to their original field-free shapes under thermal, electrical, magnetic, strain, stress, temperature, laser, or environmental stimuli. These transformations are essentially as a result of the elastic energy stored in SMMs during the initial deformation.
Smart materials for controlled drug release are then described. Systemically-administered controlled release systems allow finetuning of drug bioavailability, via regulation of the amount and rate at which the drug reaches the bloodstream, which is critical for the success of the therapy. Some drugs pose important efficacy and safety problems (e.g., antitumor drugs, antimicrobials) and suffer from instability problems in the biological environment (e.g., gene materials), and thus the therapeutic performance of these drugs is improved when they are selectively directed (targeted) from the bloodstream to the site of action (tissues, cells or cellular structures). Both macro-dosage forms and nano-delivery systems may notably benefit from stimuli-responsive materials. Differently, to
pre-programmed drug release systems, formulations that provide discontinuous release as a function of specific signals (stimuli) are advantageous in many situations. The when, where and how drug release triggering occur require detailed knowledge of the changes that the illness causes, in terms of physiological parameters. These changes can be characterized in terms of biomarkers (e.g., glucose, specific enzymes, or quorum sensing signals in the case of infection) and physicochemical parameters (pH, ions, temperature, glutathione) that may be exploited as internal stimuli. When the physio-pathological changes are too weak or non-specific, the application of external stimuli may be an alternative. External sources of temperature, ultrasound, light, and magnetic or electric fields may allow for the focal switch on/off of drug release.
Mechanochromic smart materials, as well as mechanical metamaterials, are then reviewed. In particular, two recent families of smart materials, namely mechanochromic materials and mechanical metamaterials, respectively, are described. Mechanochromic materials change their optical properties, and in particular, photoluminescence characteristics, if subjected to mechanical loading. Metamaterials are materials that are not ordinarily produced in nature. Smaller units rather than the properties of the host material play a fundamental role in materials behavior. Metamaterials are nanocomposite materials made up of periodically repeated micro or nano units of metals, alloys, and plastics that exhibit properties different from the natural properties of the participating materials.
Ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMCs) are then reviewed. Ionic polymeric networks contain conjugated ions that can be redistributed by an imposed electric field and consequently act as distributed nano actuators, nanosensors, and energy harvesters. This chapter briefly presents the manufacturing methodologies and fundamental properties and characteristics of ionic polymers such as IPMCs. Gel-based and chitosan-based conductor composites have also been considered as electrically active composite smart materials similar to IPMCs. Following the description of IPMCs, a review of smart ionic liquids is then presented. Ionic solids such as sodium
Another random document with no related content on Scribd:
again. You don’t wait for anything of the kind: you engage another Lawyer to draw up some pretty Oil Stock Paper with nice flowered edges. Looks like a marriage license—only worse. Then you start selling the stock, claiming that the BoHunk Oil Company are putting down a Well on Smith 29, North East 40 of South West 80. Then if they do strike something, they shut it up and claim it was a Duster.
Then they get another Local Lawyer who knows everybody around that neck of the Woods, to go out and buy up or lease all the adjoining land. Then, when they get it all leased, they go back and pick the stopper out of this. Well, double the Capitalization of Stock under the direction of still another Lawyer, and then they are in a position to hire more Lawyers to investigate getting a Lease from Persia, or Jugo-Slavia. This just kinder gives you a rough idea of what all these Lawyers do and why we can’t get any to help prosecute this Oil Scream.
The Illiterate Digest will have to take Editorial attention of the resignation of Sectry Denby. Mr. Denby was requested by the Senate to resign. Now that in itself is a mighty good Omen that he is an unusually able man. Of course, where I think he got in bad was in saying, if he had the same thing to do over again he would do it. It is always bad for any one on trial to say he would do the same thing over again. American People like to have you repent; then they are generous.
But you see lots of times a man gets in wrong just by an ill timed remark. Look at Mr. Doheny’s reported remark that he would “make 100 million out of the Elk Hills lease.” That will go down in History as the highest priced Gag ever pulled. That’s why Mr. Coolidge never gets in bad. If a man will just stay hushed he is hard to find out.
Personally and Editorially, I don’t think Mr. Denby is guilty at all of any wrong-doing that he knew of. But somebody has got to go in this thing, and before it’s all over you are mighty apt to find a few innocent along with all the guilty strewn along by the Pipe Line.
By the way, sometime this Country, just by accident, is going to get some man Sectry of the Navy who has at least received a Picture Post Card of Annapolis, sometime during his career. Josephus
Daniels had never been in anything bigger than a Row Boat up to the time he was made Sectry of the Navy. The first Battleship he got on he kept looking for the Paddle Wheels on the side that made it go. He found the Officers in those days had Cocktail and Cordial Glasses with their Table wear. He made them throw them all overboard. He thought they would sink the Ship. What he lacked in seamanship, he made up in morality.
Then came Mr. Denby who had received his Maritime Education by looking at the Detroit River (which is so thick with Booze Boats that you can’t see the Water) naturally his Aquatic viewpoint is rather warped.
I guess Young Theodore Roosevelt comes nearer being an Old Salt than anyone connected with our Ex Oil Owners (The Navy). He did live in Oyster Bay overlooking Long Island Sound, and had to look at the Joy Line cruising, 1$ daily, to Providence. Then he had to Subway under the East River to get to New York. So I guess he is the only Sectry we have that knows just by looking at one, which end of a Battleship is the front.
Judging by the previous experience of some of our sectrys, of various things in our Cabinets, it has always been a source of great anxiety to me just why a Vetenerian has never been appointed either Sectry of War or PostMaster General.
Now by the time this reaches our Scandal loving Public I don’t know who will be left in Washington. The chances are, when I visit the old stamping ground again, I will have to make entirely new acquaintances. But I will always have the feeling, “Well the old Boys were not so bad. They were just unfortunate in getting caught.”
It certainly looks like a tough year. Politicians are so busy trying to hold down their own Jobs that they won’t have any time to look out for anyone else. They will be voting a Bonus to men who lost their livelihood in the great morality Panic of 1924.
Children in future years will ask their Parents, “Father how much did you get in the great Year 1924?”
It’s been a fine thing for Washington. The Hotels are crowded. Every time a Guest registers the Clerk asks him, “I suppose you will be here until you testify.” It’s a bigger thing for Washington than the Shriners’ Convention, because it has all of them, besides a lot more.
If they would all tell the truth the first time they testify they wouldn’t have to testify again like they are doing now, and they would get the thing over a lot quicker. They ought to pass a rule in this Country that in any investigations, if a Man couldn’t tell the truth the first time he shouldn’t be allowed to try again.
Now we have another Scandal in the Veterans’ Bureau. But we are just in such shape that we can’t take care of but one Scandal at a time. If any other small affairs come up during the coming season that look like they might develop into a Scandal I will try to let you know.
ANOTHER HOT CONFESSION IN THE OIL SCANDAL
THEY ARE FROM TULSA. I WILL BE RIGHT OUT.
ANOTHER HOT CONFESSION IN THE OIL SCANDAL
I wish this Oil Scandal would hurry up and be settled as it is very hard for one writing on affairs of our Country to tell, in writing of our Officials, whether to speak of them as Secretary So and So, or ExSecretary So and So. Up to now I claim a very unique distinction. I am the only Person I know of that has not been mentioned as receiving something in the nature of a Fee from some Big Corporation. But I am going to get in early and tell just what I received so when my name comes up later on people will say: “Well there is a Man who has accepted Fees but he was honest about them and come to the front and told it.” As I can’t get to Washington to testify I want to tell through the Digest, for which I am Scandal Correspondent, just what happened to me. If I was in Washington I probably couldn’t get to testify as there is so many ahead of me that it will take years for just the People who work for the Government to tell who gave them something.
I know a Man that went to Washington to testify as to money he had received and there was 29 Cabinet and Ex Cabinet Members in line ahead of him so he had to just write it and send it in. Now this whole thing was a strictly Republican affair until Mr. Doheny (who never lets Politics interfere with his Business) appeared before the Commission, and when it looked like he was the only Oil bespattered sheep in the Democratic Fold, he just kicked over an Oil Can and hiding behind it were a flock of Democrats that reached almost as far back as Jefferson’s Administration.
Personally I am glad that he did unearth members of both Parties for if this thing had gone through showing no one but Republicans, it would have cast a reflection on the shrewdness of the Democratic Party. In other words they would have looked rather dumb to be standing around with all these Oily Shekels falling all around them
and not opening their Pockets to catch a few For the American people are a very generous people and will forgive almost any weakness, with the possible exception of stupidity.
But to get back to my confession for I want to be set right before the people by the time we meet in Madison Square Garden in June to select the worst man. Mine starts out like a Fairy Story.
Once upon a time, I had just gone to work for Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr., and was playing in what was called Ziegfeld’s Midnight Frolic, on the Roof of the Amsterdam Theatre, New York. Prohibition and my Jokes were equally responsible in closing the place up. Now my home is (as I think I mentioned before) Claremore, Oklahoma, (The home of the best Curative Waters in the World) and, by the way, one of the best towns in the World to live in if any of you are thinking about making a change.
Well, after I had finished my little 15 minutes of annoyance in the Frolic one night, one of the Waiters (for instead of having Ushers to hand you a Programme, they had Waiters to hand you a drink, and I tell you, you can’t beat some of the old customs). Well this well tipped Waiter come to my dressing room, which I used to hang my ropes in, and said, “There is a Party of folks out front at one of the Tables from Oklahoma, and they want you to come out and see them.” I asked what place in Oklahoma did they come from, and he said, “I don’t know but they certainly got the Dough; they have ordered everything in the place but the Kitchen Stove.” I said, “They are from Tulsa. I will be right out.”
Well I hid what few dollars I had down in my Sock, and went out to see them. It was Mr. Harry Sinclair. I had never heard of him before, for he hadn’t bought Zev or the Teapot Dome up to then. But we soon felt like we knew each other, on account of him being from Tulsa (a Residential Suburb of Claremore where we park our millionaires to keep them from getting under our feet). He knew my Father who had been a member of the Constitutional Convention, which drafted the Charter of Oklahoma.
Well, this Mr. Sinclair was an awful nice fellow. We hit it off pretty good. We kinder consoled each other, on account of being so far
from home, and trying to eke out an existence from these shrewd New Yorkers. He took a fatherly interest in me, and asked, “Now, Will, you are working here but what are you doing with your money?” So I told him just what I was doing with it, that the last three months’ wages had gone to paying a Doctor and a Nurse, for assisting us in accumulating another Baby, and that the three months previous to that my wages had gone to making the first payment on a second hand Overland car, and that the year still previous to that I had bought a Baby Buggy and a Victrola.
Well, he seemed mighty pleased that I was putting my money into such staple commodities. So I asked him what he was doing with his. He said, “I struck Oil, but Oil is no good unless its Capitalized.”
Well, that was news to me. I thought you could just sell the Oil itself. But I learned that you can get twice as much for the Capital as you can for the Oil.
So then he asked me the names of my Private Herd. I told him I had gone to a great deal of trouble and thought in naming them and after months of research among pretty and odd names of Novels and Poems, I had decided to name the Children, Bill, Mary and Jim.
Well, he had never heard of anything more original. The names I thought struck him very odd, as he wrote all three of them down on the back of an Envelope. So I left the Table as I didn’t want to be there when the Waiter presented his check. For I had seen several Casualties from this same cause.
I never thought much more about it. I went home and told my Wife about meeting him, and what do you think happened! In a couple of days here comes three official letters addressed to Bill, Mary and Jim, and they had enclosed a Share each of Sinclair Oil Stock free. Well we thought that was a mighty fine thing for him to do to be so thoughtful of our little Tribe. I accepted it in as good faith as McAdoo did his Fee.
I don’t know if the Senate investigating Committee will get around to them soon or not. Of course they will have to get through before Election for the whole thing will be a total loss after election. All I
have to say is that the Children were Private Citizens and did not promise to use any influence in any way. Of course, I, as the Father and Guardian of the Children, will be apt to come in for considerable criticism, and I may go so far as to lose any chance I may have as being named as a Presidential possibility.
Now I hate this for the Children’s sake that all this must come out for it is liable to put a stigma on their names that they will be two Campaigns living down. One thing, of course, will be in their favor when it all does come out and that is that it was sent openly through the mails. It was not delivered in a Suit Case.
They have had these shares for years and have also received at various times a Dollar or so Interest on said Stock. When this Expose came out Bill and Mary were for resigning and sending in their Stock, so they could show that they were not connected with the Corporation, but Jim, the youngest, who has a touch of Republicanism in him, why, he said, “No, let’s stick until they throw us out. Let them prove we took these Stocks for some other reason than Charity!”
What makes it look bad is, that my Wife wrote a note and thanked him. But the children did not sign the Note. So when he is called upon to testify he will have her Note but it won’t have the Children’s Signature on it. Of course he can say it was tore off, or that his Wife has that part of it, or some other equally good reason. But I want the Public to be lenient with both him and the Children, for as past events have proven they haven’t done a thing for him to warrant them getting those Stocks. So I honestly believe he meant no harm when he gave them.
As for Mr. Doheny giving me or mine anything, we live right near him here in Beverly Hills. His son did promise me a key, so I wouldn’t have to ride clear around his Estate when out horseback riding, but I never got it yet.
THE WHOLE TRUTH AND NOTHING BUT THE TRUTH
I OBJECT TO THE SENATOR FROM MASSACHUSETTS’ SLURRING REMARKS.
Comedy Drama
Entitled
THE WHOLE TRUTH AND NOTHING BUT THE TRUTH
P —Washington, D. C.
T —From 1924 to 1930.
S —One of the 40 Investigating Rooms of the U. S. Senate.
C C —Everybody that ever worked for, or just Worked the United States.
H —Senator Walsh, assisted by Lenroot and accomplices.
V —Entire list of Who’s Who in America.
The Scene opens on a greasy Monday morning with J F. M being quizzed by S W .
S W
Do you work for a Man that runs a Newspaper?
M . M
I draw a salary from him.
S W
What right have you to send Telegrams to a Man in Palm Beach if you are only working for him?
M . M
I couldn’t get him on the Telephone.
S W
What did you tell him in your Telegrams?
M . M
What was going on in Washington.
S W
What did he tell you in his Telegrams to you?
M . M
What was going on in Palm Beach.
S W
What was going on at the time in Washington?
M . M
Why the Senate Committee was investigating somebody.
S W
Who were they investigating?
M . M
They didn’t know themselves.
S W
What did he say was going on in Palm Beach?
M . M
I am ashamed to tell you.
S W
Who were these Telegrams from in Palm Beach?
M . M
I can’t remember.
S W
Did you lease a Wire from Palm Beach to Washington?
M . M
I can’t remember.
S W
Why did you lease the Wire?
M . M
So we could say we had a Wire to Palm Beach. It was good advertising.
S W
Who operated this wire?
A Telegraph Operator.
What was his name?
M . M
S W
M . M
I think it was Jones, or Smith; maybe it was Brown.
S W
Who operated the wire from Palm Beach?
M . M
Johnny.
Johnny who?
Johnny Johnnnny.
S W
M . M
S W
Did the operator on this end work at the White House also?
M . M
Yes he was the Waiter there.
S W
Did he work there during the Republican or Democratic Administration?
S L
Mr. Committee, I object to that question. This is not a Partisan affair; I refuse to have the honor and the glory of the Great Republican Party dragged into a thing where up to now their fair name has never been.
S C
Mr. Committee, I object to the Senator from Massachusetts’ slurring remarks of the Democratic Party; a Party which has housed such illustrious names as Jefferson, Cleveland, Akron, Youngstown, Bryan, McAdoo, and sometimes Jim Reed.
M . M
Senator Walsh have you got a Cigarette on you?
S W
No I just got some cubebs here.
M . M
Never mind I will go across the Street and get some. See you next time I am called.
S W
Gentlemen, I think the Committee should retire for a week to consider the Testimony of the Gentleman who has just testified.
S L
But Mr. Chairman, Mr. Doheny’s Yacht is waiting to take him on a Cruise of the Mediterranean, and I don’t think it’s fair to keep him waiting.
S W
Mr. Chairman, I make a motion, that the Committee make a motion, that Attorney General Daugherty resign.
S L
Mr Chairman, I object. His motion is out of order I had a motion before the Committee asking the Committee asking the Committee to make a motion, to ask him to stay. Now, by all the rules of Parliamentary motion making, mine anti-dates his. And I will stake a Reputation on it that goes back to the first class Passengers that landed from that Mother Ship of mine the Mayflower, who have so gloriously populated the fair state of Massachusetts.
S R
Mr. Chairman, I object. The fair state of Arkansas houses one direct descendant of that Plymouth Rock Expedition. And I protest when the Gentleman from Massachusetts claims the entire Cargo of that ill-fated Voyage. Never as long as I represent the majority constituency of my Glorious state will I stand by and hear the ozone swept Ozarks spoken of disparagingly, especially by that Moron State of Massachusetts.
S W
Gentlemen, I don’t think that Mr. Daugherty should be let out without a trial.
S W
Why, he has had three year’s trial already. His trial is what’s letting him out.
S W
Who will we call next?
D
Why just get a Census return, and call anybody’s name on it; they are waiting outside.
S L F
Why don’t you call somebody unexpectedly, and maybe in their confusion they will tell the truth accidentally.
S L
Who said anything about wanting the truth?
S H
I want to ask the Committee why they called on Mr. Fall at his hotel in private.
S W
We wanted to see where he got the hundred thousand. We may retire ourselves some day.
S H
Why didn’t you tell at the time that you went to see him?
S W
Wait a minute, who is running this investigation? Am I supposed to ask the questions, or to answer them?
S L
Where is Sinclair?
M . Z
(whose running name is Zev.)
My Client, Mr. Sinclair has gone to the races and it will be impossible for him to appear until after the season is over
S W
Well how about McLane? Can we get him?
S C
You can get him by Telegraph, I guess. Everybody else has.
S W
Well, where is Detective William J. Burns? He was supposed to testify here today.
D
Mr. Chairman, I met him on the Street and he couldn’t find the Capitol Building.
S M
I make a motion that we examine the Income Tax and see what Mr Doheny contributed to the Democratic Campaign Fund.
S J R
I object. Senator Moses is a Republican and he is only throwing a smoke Screen to try and hide his Party behind it. This is not a Partisan question and I object to politics being dragged into it in any way. Let’s handle this thing in a dignified way, and don’t let Politics play any part. As it was the Republicans that did it, I am in favor of justice being served.
D
Mr. Forbes is here and wants to testify.
E S
“My Lord, Is he in this, too?”
P. S.—This play to be continued until somebody tells the truth.
WELL, WHO IS PRUNES?
“THERE’S A BELLBOY AT MY HOTEL AND HE JUST GOT IT FROM THE CHAUFFEUR OF A PROMINENT OIL-MAN.”
