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An Introduction to Cyberpsychology

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Endorsements

‘The editorial team and contributors’ knowledge and understanding of the broad intersections of cyberpsychology research is second-to-none, given their years of experience teaching and writing about the impact of technology on human behaviour. This is a must have book for those starting to learn about, or wanting to keep pace with, the multi-disciplinary field of cyberpsychology’.

Dr Andrew J. Campbell, Associate Professor of Cyberpsychology, The University of Sydney, Australia

‘The second edition of An Introduction to Cyberpsychology offers a comprehensive and thought-provoking critical analysis of a range of contemporary topics in this ever-evolving field. With supporting online resources, this is an essential read for interested scholars and students across a range of disciplinary areas, not least in psychology. Highly recommend’.

Neil Coulson, Professor of Health Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK

‘The second edition of An Introduction to Cyberpsychology shares the most-up-to-date research on contemporary issues in cyberpsychology in accessible, easy-to-understand language. It is thorough and considers the multiple ways in which human behaviour shapes and is shaped by digital technology across all facets of life from developmental ages (youth and older age), work, education, sport, and interpersonal and romantic relationships. Chapters are written by leaders in the field and the online learning activities would enhance any cyberpsychology curriculum. I’m looking forward to using this in my own classrooms!’

Dr Melanie Keep, Director of Academic Education, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney

‘This book provides a comprehensive overview of cyberpsychology. It applies evidence-based literature from psychology and related disciplines to explore the impact of online technologies on a diverse range of topics including but not limited to health, education, social identity, consumer behaviour, and the workplace. In doing so it provides an

invaluable resource for students, instructors, policymakers, and any other stakeholders with an interest in the increasingly important discipline of cyberpsychology. The supplementary online resources provided that can be accessed by students are engaging and will provide a deeper understanding of the issues that the book discusses’.

Prof. John McAlaney, University of Bournemouth, UK

‘As technology progresses, the importance of cyberpsychology as an essential part of the wider psychology curriculum becomes more apparent. This book acts as an excellent introduction to the field, providing an in-depth overview of all the subject has to offer. Through interactive discussion questions and additional reading lists, the book provides a valuable and accessible resource for students and anyone intrigued to find out more about our digital behaviours. An essential addition to the existing literature, with contributions from leading experts in the field.

A great read!’

Dr Lisa Orchard, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, University of Wolverhampton, UK

‘The new edition of An Introduction to Cyberpsychology by Irene Connolly, Marion Palmer, Hannah Barton, and Gráinne Kirwan demystifies the relatively new field of cyberpsychology. Moreover, it communicates the nuts and bolts of strategies from several up-to-date approaches for studying digital technologies. The companion website provides informative supplementary materials that are easy to follow. This is an important addition to the cyberpsychology literature’.

Thomas D. Parsons, PhD, Grace Center Professor for Innovation in Clinical Education, Simulation Science, and Immersive Technology, Director: Computational Neuropsychology and Simulation (CNS) Lab, Arizona State University, USA

‘The second edition of An Introduction to Cyberpsychology is a valuable and much needed addition to the field. A must-read for those who are new to cyberpsychology as well as those who are looking to update their understandings. An Introduction to Cyberpsychology covers diverse topics at the forefront of cyberpsychology, which are highly applicable to life in the digital age. Importantly, An Introduction to Cyberpsychology provides readers with the building blocks to develop a nuanced and critical understanding of key issues in cyberpsychology’.

Dr Catherine Talbot, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, Bournemouth University, UK

‘An Introduction to Cyberpsychology does an amazing job of covering the current state of cyberpsychology and how its basic premises extend interdisciplinarily in both positive and potentially destructive ways. In addition to including many opportunities for the reader to think critically about this growing applied discipline within psychology, the editors and chapter authors have included many resources and relevant references that allow for extending the utility of the textbook outside of the very pages they appear on. As a cyberpsychological researcher and an academic teaching cyberpsychology at the graduate level, I found the focus on conducting online research particularly well-suited to my students’ needs, with several of the other chapters uniquely capturing the essence of what I want all of my first-year students to be aware of’.

Dr Scott Debb, Associate Professor, CyberPsychology Research and Program Coordinator, Norfolk State University, USA

AN INTRODUCTION TO CYBERPSYCHOLOGY

An Introduction to Cyberpsychology provides a comprehensive introduction to this rapidly growing discipline. Fully updated in its second edition, the book encourages students to critically evaluate the psychology of online interactions and to develop appropriate research methodologies to complete their own work in this field.

The book examines cyberpsychology and online research methodologies, social psychology in an online context, practical applications of cyberpsychology, and the psychological aspects of other technologies. This new edition has been carefully updated to include additional coverage of:

● Expanded content relating to major developments in the field and new content on gaming and screentime

● A new chapter examining the relationship between older adults and technology

● Cyberpsychology in focus feature boxes in each chapter that examine topics in depth

● Interviews with professionals working in fields relating to cyberpsychology

Each chapter includes key terms and a glossary, content summaries, discussion questions, and recommended reading to guide further study.

Supported by extensive online resources for students and instructors, this authoritative book is an essential core text for undergraduate modules in cyberpsychology, and an ideal primer for students of postgraduate programs in cyberpsychology.

To view the additional student and instructor resources for this book, please visit bpscoretextbooks.routledge com

Gráinne Kirwan is a Lecturer in Psychology at Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology, Ireland.

Irene Connolly is Lecturer in Developmental and Educational Psychology at Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology, Ireland.

Hannah Barton is a Lecturer in Psychology at Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology, Ireland.

Marion Palmer is the former Head of the Department of Technology and Psychology at Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology, Ireland.

BPS Core Textbooks Series

Routledge in partnership with British Psychological Society are pleased to present their flagship textbook program, the BPS Core Textbooks Series. Aimed at a global undergraduate readership, these volumes are designed to be core texts for course adoption, covering all key subject areas in Psychology.

Diversity, equity and inclusion is at the heart of the series. Each book includes a strong focus on all aspects of diversity, including decolonising the curriculum and an understanding of the value of multiple perspectives. There is also a spotlight on employability, to explain why a grounding in basic theoretical areas is necessary for careers in Psychology. There is also a focus on real-world applications and life skills, to help students explore the use of psychological theory to answer real-world questions. These full colour books include a range of pedagogical features, illustrations and figures, with content to emphasise critical thinking and study skills and the unpicking of pseudoscience.

Books are available in traditional print format, as well as our innovative enhanced eBook format. This includes integrative features such as pop-up keyword definitions, hypertext links to web-based resources, short-answer/open-ended questions, multiplechoice and true/false quizzes and video clips. There is a series website hosting additional digital resources for both students and instructors to tie in with learning objectives.

The books in the BPS Core Textbooks Series are essential reading in the core areas in any Psychology honours degree or conversion-level course. They are also relevant as secondary reading in related disciplines.

Titles in the series:

Cognitive Psychology in a Changing World

For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/our-products/ book-series/BPSCT

AN INTRODUCTION TO CYBERPSYCHOLOGY

2nd Edition

AND MARION PALMER

Designed cover image: © Getty

Second edition published 2024 by Routledge

4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Gráinne Kirwan, Irene Connolly, Hannah Barton, and Marion Palmer; individual chapters, the contributors

The right of Gráinne Kirwan, Irene Connolly, Hannah Barton, and Marion Palmer to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

First edition published by Routledge 2016

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Kirwan, Grainne, 1978- editor. | Connolly, Irene, editor. | Barton, Hannah (College teacher), editor.

Title: An introduction to cyberpsychology / [edited by] Grá inne Kirwan, Irene Connolly, Hannah Barton and Marion Palmer.

Description: Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2023. | First edition published by Routledge 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2023026232 (print) | LCCN 2023026233 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367636418 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367552299 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003092513 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032603520

Subjects: LCSH: Cyberspace–Psychological aspects. | Virtual reality–Psychological aspects. | Telematics–Social aspects. Classification: LCC HM1017 .I58 2023 (print) | LCC HM1017 (ebook) | DDC 303.48/34–dc23/eng/20230902

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023026232

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023026233

ISBN: 978-0-367-63641-8 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-367-55229-9 (pbk)

ISBN: 978-1-003-09251-3 (ebk)

ISBN: 9781032603520 (eBook+)

DOI: 10.4324/9781003092513

Typeset in Stone Serif

by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India

Access the instructor and student resources: bpscoretextbooks.routledge com

Dedicated to our families

The BPS Core Textbooks Series is committed to creating an inclusive environment for all our readers. We acknowledge that language use is constantly evolving and best endeavours have been made to ensure that our language guidelines are up to date at the time of publication. Further, in some cases, the terminology exists within original records and has been retained to inform users on viewpoints at the time. Therefore, textbooks may contain references to potentially challenging terminology relating to protected characteristics which could be considered offensive. It in no way reflects the attitudes of the authors, the British Psychological Society or Routledge.

List of Figures and Table

Figures

6.1 Technology can bring couples together or create distance between them 99

11.1 While copyright infringement is not a recent development, analogue media such as video cassettes, audio cassettes, and vinyl records were more difficult to copy than modern digital files 178

11.2 Internet offences which have pre-existing offline equivalents have sometimes been referred to as “old wine in new bottles” 180

17.1 Time on technology 272

17.2 Gaming in action 276

19.1 A process for designing interactive experiences 311

19.2 An example of a low-fidelity prototype for a mobile social networking app 315

21.1 Virtual reality head mounted display 340

21.2 Gesture recognition in virtual reality 342

21.3 Virtual cafe scenario with a variety of settings 349

22.1 Searle’s “Chinese room argument” is a critique of the validity of the Turing test as a measure of artificial intelligence 359

22.2 Young children frequently give their toys personalities and ascribe human-like characteristics to them 360

Table

20.1 Video game genres 326

Notes on Contributors

Hannah Barton holds an MA in Psychology from University College Cork and is a previous coordinator of the MSc in Cyberpsychology. She has been lecturing in personality and social psychology in IADT for over 20 years, teaching on both the BSc (Hons) in Applied Psychology and the MSc in Cyberpsychology degrees. Her research has included altruism and positive psychology, mobile learning (podcasting), and group dynamics in both online and offline settings.

Liam Challenor, PhD, is a chartered psychologist accredited by the Psychological Society of Ireland and Psychology Lecturer in IADT. He lectures undergraduate and postgraduate students on research methods and statistics, cyberpsychology, persuasion, and cybersecurity and computer-mediated communication. Dr Challenor’s research interests focus on technology and its impact on human behaviour and wellbeing. This includes misinformation, cybersecurity, social media use, cyberbullying, and their impact in workplace and educational settings. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1974-9535.

Irene Connolly, PhD, is a Lecturer of Developmental and Educational Psychology at Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology (IADT) and a member of the Psychological Society of Ireland. Irene holds a PhD in Educational Psychology from Trinity College Dublin, specialising in the area of bullying. Her research has focused on areas such as bullying, cyberbullying, and online learning. She is also a research fellow with the National Anti-Bullying Research and Resource Centre, Dublin City University (DCU). ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7843-7657.

Andrew Errity, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer and Head of Department of Technology and Psychology at IADT. This department includes the complementary disciplines of computing, design, and psychology. He is a graduate of Dublin City University, having been awarded both a BSc (Hons) in Computer Applications [Computer Science] and a PhD in Speech Signal Processing. His areas of expertise and research interests include software development, UX design, human–computer interaction, and spoken dialogue systems. He has actively taught, supervised, reviewed, published, and consulted in these areas. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4041-1408.

Cliona Flood holds an MSc in Work and Organisational Psychology from Dublin City University and a BSc in Psychology from the Open University and has studied counselling and psychotherapy with Dublin Business School. Cliona also holds a postgraduate diploma in teaching and learning awarded by Athlone Institute of Technology. Cliona lectures on the Psychology programme at IADT and is currently a PhD candidate with Lancaster University. Her research is related to how images in presentation technologies enhance teaching and learning. ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3925-9629.

Nicola Fox Hamilton, PhD, holds an MSc in Cyberpsychology from IADT and a PhD from the University of Wolverhampton. Her research examines the connection between language, personality, culture and attraction, and the consistency of expression of personality in online platforms. Nicola was founding secretary of the Psychological Society of Ireland’s Special Interest Group for Media, Art and Cyberpsychology. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6334-704X.

John Greaney, PhD, is a Lecturer in Applied Psychology at IADT. He holds a BSc (Hons) in Mathematics and Psychology and a PhD in Psychology, and has worked for the Royal National Institute for the Blind, Hewlett Packard Labs, and Frontend. He has held lectureships at the Universities of Birmingham and Manchester, and is an associate fellow of the British Psychological Society.

David Hayes is a PhD candidate in the School of Psychology, University College Dublin. His research focuses on conceptualising the psychological experience of video game entertainment and, through this, he has developed the Integrated Gameplay Entertainment Model – a comprehensive and validated account of the player experience. David has also lectured on video game effects at both undergraduate and postgraduate level and has most recently published a systematic scoping review on the use of gamification and serious games for addressing pollution. ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0484-4182.

Olivia A. Hurley, PhD, holds a BSc (Hons), an MSc, and a PhD in Psychology from University College Dublin (UCD). She is a lecturer on the BSc (Hons) Applied Psychology programme at the Institute of Art, Design and Technology (IADT, Dún Laoghaire). She is also a guest lecturer in RCSI and UCD. Olivia is a chartered psychologist with the Psychological Society of Ireland (PSI). She is also one of Sport Ireland’s Approved Sport Psychology Consultants. Olivia has published numerous academic papers and book chapters, as well as speaking at national and international conferences. She is a frequent guest on various media outlets. Her first solo book, Sport Cyberpsychology, was published by Routledge in 2018. ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1357-3951.

Gráinne Kirwan, PhD, is a chartered psychologist with the British Psychological Society and a Lecturer in Psychology in IADT. She teaches on both the BSc (Hons) in Applied Psychology and the MSc in Cyberpsychology. Gráinne holds a PhD in Criminology as well as an MSc in Applied Forensic Psychology, a Postgraduate Certificate in Third Level Learning and Teaching, and an MLitt in Psychology. She has co-authored two books on forensic cyberpsychology with Dr Andrew Power: Cybercrime (Cambridge University Press, 2013) and The Psychology of Cybercrime (IGI Global, 2012) as well as co-editing Cyberpsychology and New Media (Psychology Press, 2014). ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6011-5510.

Derek A. Laffan currently works as a researcher in the Dublin City University Anti-Bullying Centre and teaches on the MSc Cyberpsychology programme in Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design, and Technology. He has published peer-reviewed research related to cyberpsychology across areas such as digital gaming, adolescent wellbeing, online schooling during the COVID-19 lockdown, anti-cyberbullying, and K-Pop fandom. Derek sits on the committee of the Special Interest Group for Media, the Arts, and Cyberpsychology (SIGMAC) at the Psychological Society of Ireland. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5780-1840.

Emma Mathias, PhD, is a Lecturer in Applied Psychology in the Institute of Art, Design, and Technology (IADT) and an Occasional Lecturer in the School of Politics and International Relations, University College Dublin (UCD). Emma teaches a cognitive psychology module to secondyear undergraduate students in IADT and a module on the application of psychology to IT. Emma’s PhD research focused on the interactions between culture and mental health using qualitative research methods. She is currently working on a project to develop an ethical toolkit for use by researchers across disciplines such as business, psychology, and design.

Marion Palmer, PhD, is a higher education consultant. She retired as Head of the Department of Technology and Psychology at Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology, Ireland, in 2016. Marion worked on the MSc in Cyberpsychology with a particular focus on learning in cyberspace. She researched teaching in Irish Institutes of Technology for a doctorate in education from Queen’s University Belfast and was a national Award of Teaching Excellence winner in 2011. Marion is a member of the Board of the National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning, (www.teachingandlearning.ie). ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0678-9025.

Brendan Rooney, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the UCD School of Psychology and Director of the Media and Entertainment Psychology Lab. He previously held appointments at Columbia University, the Dún

Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology, and the National College of Art and Design. Brendan’s research interests include social cognition, (visual) perception, and how cognitive and emotional processes interact in the context of media, arts, and entertainment. Through his research and teaching, he has worked in a number of interdisciplinary and international research teams, with creative and entertainment industry experts (such as animators, filmmakers, and designers), philosophers, computer scientists and engineers, film and humanities scholars, and cognitive neuroscientists. Brendan founded the Psychological Society of Ireland’s Special Interest Group for Media, the Arts and Cyberpsychology, and he is a member and fellow of the Society for the Cognitive Studies of the Moving Image (www.scsmi-online.org). ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9842-1492.

Audrey Stenson, PhD, holds a PhD from the University of Wolverhampton in Psychology. She holds an MSc in Cyberpsychology from IADT, an MA in Psychoanalysis by Clinical Specialisation from Dublin Business School, and a BSc in Information Systems from Trinity College Dublin. She is currently a graduate member of the British Psychological Society. In addition to this, Audrey has over ten years of industry experience in software development and project management roles. She is a lecturer in the field of business, technology, information systems, project management, psychoanalysis, and psychology. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3388-9868.

Conall Tunney, PhD, completed a PhD by research at University College Dublin in the area of technology for well-being. He works on the Pesky Gnats project, which designs and develops technology-based cognitive behavioural therapy interventions for children who are experiencing anxiety or low mood. His research uses mixed methods, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses, qualitative focus groups, and randomised controlled trials. He has also lectured at IADT on the psychology of new media and entertainment and on gaming and media psychology. Conall maintains a clinical focus in psychology with a part-time post as an assistant psychologist at the Children’s University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9667-5832.

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secreto alguno, entendieron que se les començaua a descubrir, y ansi[615] acordaron de se hurtar[616] y venirse en Brauante, por no caer en las manos del Rey que con cruel muerte castigara ambos a dos. El qual con mano armada vino a esta tierra por los auer; y porque el duque los defendió hizo tanto daño y mal en esta tierra que..... Como el huesped llegaua aqui dieron a las puertas del meson golpes con gran furia, y como yo estaba tan deseoso que viniesse Arnao arremeti a las puertas por las abrir, y vile que se queria apear. Regoçijosseme el alma sin conparaçion y di graçias a Dios por hazerme tan gran merced. Senti en Beatriz vna tristeza mortal, porque çierto aquella noche esperaua ella hazer anatomia de mi coraçon, por ver qué tenia en él. Luego dimos de çenar a Arnao y se acostó con su muger. Otro dia de mañana partimos de alli con mucho regoçijo, avnque no mostraua Beatriz tanto contento, pareçiendole a ella que no se le auia hecho a su voluntad. En esta manera fuemos continuando nuestras xornadas hasta llegar a Paris, donde llegados procuró Beatriz proseguir su intinçion[617] y ansi en todos los lugares donde

auia oportunidad y se podia ofreçer mostraua con todos los sentidos de su cuerpo lo que sentia su coraçon; y vn dia que se ofreçió entrar en casa y hallarla sola, como ya no podia disimular la llaga que la atormentaua, ençendido su rostro de vn vergonçoso color se determinó descubrir su pecho diziendo padeçer por mi amor: que la hiziese tanta graçia que no la dexasse más penar, porque no tenia ya fuerças para más lo encubrir; y yo le respondi. Señora, Arnao ha sido conmigo tan liberal, que despues de auer arriscado en el mar su vida por mi me ha puesto toda su hazienda y casa en poder, y más dispongo yo della que él, y sola tu persona reseruó para sí. ¿Cómo podria yo hazer cosa tan nefanda y atroz faltando a mi lealtad? y ansi a muchas vezes que me dixo lo mesmo le respondi estas palabras; y vna mañana suçedió que vistiendose Arnao para yr a negoçiar la dexó en la cama, y sin que ella lo sintiesse se entró Arnao en vn retrete junto a la cama a vn seruidor que estaua a la contina alli, y luego suçedió que entré yo preguntando por Arnao: y como ella me oyó pensando que Arnao era ya salido de casa me mandó con gran importunidad llegar á sí,

y como junto a su cama me tubo apañóme de la capa fuertemente y dixo: Alberto, echate aqui, no me hagas mas penar; y yo dexandole la capa en las manos me retiré fuera no lo queriendo hazer; y luego me sali de casa por no esperar mayor mal; y ella como se sintio menospreçiada començó a llamar sus criados a grandes bozes diziendo que la defendiessen de Alberto que la auia querido forçar; y que por muestra de la verdad mostraua[618] la capa que le auia yo dexado en las manos y que a las bozes auia yo echado a huyr, y añadió: llamadme aqui a Arnao porque vea de quien fia su hazienda y muger. Y a estas sus bozes salió Arnao del retrete donde estaua y dixole: Calla Beatriz, que ya tengo visto que corre él mas peligro contigo que tú con él; y fue tanta la afrenta y confusion que ella reçibio de ver que todo lo auia visto Arnao que luego alli delante de todos sus criados y gente de su casa subitamente murio; y como el buen Arnao vio su desdicha, auer perdido tan afrentosamente el amigo y la muger acordó lo mas disimuladamente que pudo enterrar a ella y yrme a mi a vuscar, y ansi de mi peregrinaje y

del suyo sabras en el canto que se siguirá.

Fin del nono canto del gallo.

NOTAS:

[566] G., acordado que por esa causa estuue en punto de perder vn amigo.

[567] (Tachado) Siguesse el nono canto del Gallo de Luçiano, orador griego, contrahecho en el castellano por el mesmo autor.

[568] G., fagrosa.

[569] G., Los vientos soberuios.

[570] G , çercauan

[571] G., andauan.

[572] G , oyrse

[573] G., grande.

[574] G , reconoçio

[575] G., y.

[576] G , deuia

[577] G., nuestro socorro y remedio.

[578] G , podimos

[579] G., la.

[580] G , intinçion

[581] G., podria ser mediçina.

[582] G , Dezia

[583] G., intençion.

[584] G , parte

[585] G., a.

[586] G , naçieron

[587] G., reçibian.

[588] G., dormiendo.

[589] G , presa de sus amores

[590] G., podiesse.

[591] G , alguna caça

[592] G., veniendosele.

[593] G., bessa.

[594] G., pensatiua.

[595] G., cauallero afeminado.

[596] G., de.

[597] G., porque auian.

[598] G., del Rey.

[599] G., partes de.

[600] G , importunaua

[601] G., su liçençia dellos.

[602] G , su

[603] G., y le.

[604] G , briales y joyeles

[605] G., la.

[606] G , de gozar los amores de Melisa

[607] G., ricas y hermosas.

[608] G , conoçio

[609] G., y.

[610] G , caualleria

[611] G., la.

[612] G , y ansi siendo despojados de todos sus paños, despidiendo su compañia, quedaron solos en una cama ambos dos y sin luz

[613] G., vna.

[614] G , contandole

[615] G., por lo qual.

[616] G , salir secretamente

[617] G., intençion.

ARGUMENTO DEL DEÇIMO CANTO

En el deçimo canto que se sigue el auctor prosigue lo mucho que Arnao hizo por cobrar a Alberto despues que su muger se murio. En lo qual mostró bien el valor de su amistad, y quales todos los amigos deuen ser[619] .

G.—Despierta, ¡o Miçilo! yo te ruego porque quiero oy entre los otros dias admirar con mi facundia tu humana capaçidad, quando veas por vn gallo admirablemente mostrada la grande y incomparable fuerça de la santa y diuina amistad. Verás con quanta razón dixeron los antiguos que en este solo don y virtud os quiso Dios hazer semejantes a si. Exemplo

admirable nos dio, pues por esta se hizo él semejante a vos, vistiendo vuestra naturaleza y miserable ser.

M.—Prosigue ¡o bien auenturado[620] gallo, que no tengo yo menos voluntad de te oyr que tú de dezir, y llamote generoso y bienauenturado pues en algun tiempo mereçiste tener vn amigo de tanto valor.

G.—Pues sabras que luego como Arnao enterró su Beatriz se salió de su patria y casa con intinçion de no boluer hasta me hallar y ansi le pareçió que yo me abria ydo para los amigos que teniamos en Londres y Ingalaterra para nuestras mercaderias; y ansi partio derecho para allá, donde me buscó con gran diligençia; y dexemosle a él que con todo el estudio y trabajo posible me sale a vuscar; y quiero te dezir de lo que suçedió en mi peregrinaçion; yo luego que de casa de Arnao sali me fue sin parar momento en la çiudad el más solo, el más miserable y aflito que nunca en el mundo se vió, y acordandome de lo mucho que yo deuia a Arnao auiendo puesto la vida por mi, como fuesse llamado de su muger y le dixiesse lo que ella fingió, que yo la auia querido forçar y como ella le muestre la

capa que en las manos le dexé, tan bastante indiçio de mi culpa, qué dirá? que pensará? que juzgará? que será razon de dezir? Dirá luego: ¡o maluado! ¡o sin fe! esto te mereçí yo; o este pago te mereçió el peligro en que yo me puse por ti? ¿En qué entrañas sino fueran de un tigre cupiera tan gran ingratitud? Pareçe que vuscaste la espeçie de injuria en que más me pudiste lastimar, por mostrar más tu peruersa condiçion. Pues si su nobleza y su gran valor instigado del buen destino que anda siempre vnido con el estimulo de la verdad; si esta lumbre de Dios que nunca al virtuoso desamparó me quissiese en ausençia faboreçer, ¿qué alegará por mi parte? ¿que dirá para me desculpar? ¡O! si yo estuuiesse presente; y por tenerme tan gran affiçion deseasse oyr de mí alguna razon avnque fuesse fingida ¿qué color le podría dar yo quanto quiera que fuesse verdadera? ¿o qué fuerça ternia afirmando el contrario su mujer? ¿Qué podrá concluyr, sino, vete infiel, maluado, ingrato, vilissimo, no parezcas más ante mí? y ansí yo le digo agora que no presuma de mi ser yo de coraçon tan de piedra que en mi vida parezca ante él; y ansi acabadas estas

razones enxugando algun tanto los ojos que yuan llenos de lagrimas, que en ninguna manera las podia contener ni agotar, me apresuré al camino. Determiné en my intinçion ofreçerme a los peçes del mar si me quisiessen comer, o rendirme de mi propria voluntad a cosarios turcos infieles que acabassen mi vida en perpetua mazmorra, o prision; y ansi yo me fue con la mayor furia que pude hasta Marsella, donde estauan a punto çiertas galeras que haçia el Rey de Françia de armada para yr por el mar, en las quales me asenté por mi sueldo, y como estuvo todo a punto y nos dimos a la vela, no huvimos salido del puerto ocho leguas quando vimos asomar vna grande armada, de la qual avnque luego no alcançamos a ver más de seys fustas, yendonos juntando más vimos hasta diez, y despues muchas más, y quando venimos a reconoçer la deuisa de la naçion hallamos que eran turcos; y como nos vimos tan çercados de nuestros enemigos y que ni podiamos, ni era seguro, ni honrroso huyr, avnque vimos que era su flota doblada que la nuestra nos determinamos defender; y ansi estando la vna flota a rostro de la otra y en distançia que a vn golpe de los

remos se podian juntar, leuantamos por el ayre de ambas las partes tan grande alarido que el tropel de los remos no sonauan con la grita, ni las trompetas podiamos oyr ninguno de la pelea; y a este tiempo como los remos hirieron a vna las aguas con todas sus fuerças, ambas las flotas se encontraron con gran furia rostro con rostro, y todos acudimos a la popa por herir cada qual a su enemigo; y ansi començó tan cruda la vatalla que los tiros cubrian el ayre, y los que cayan fuera de las galeras cubrian el agua. Estauan vnas con otras tan trabadas que no pareçian las aguas, por estar fuertemente aferradas con fuertes gauilanes de hierro y cadenas, de manera que todos podiamos ya pelear a pie quedo como en campo llano. Estauamos tan apretados vnos con otros que ni los remos podian aprouechar. Estaua el mar cubierto de galeras que ningun tiro heria de lexos; pero cada qual estaua en su galera ahinojado alcançando a herir al enemigo avn con el espada. Era tanta la mortandad de los vnos y de los otros que ya la sangre en el mar hazia espuma y las olas andauan cubiertas de sangre quaxada, y cayan tantos cuerpos entre las galeras por el

agua que nos hazian apartar avnque estauan fuertemente afferradas, de manera que nos hazian perder muchos tiros, y muchos cuerpos que cayan al agua medio muertos tornauan a sorber su sangre, y apañados entre dos galeras los hazian pedazos, y los tiros que desmentian en vaçio de las galeras quando llegauan al agua herian cuerpos que avn no eran muertos, que con su herida los acabauan de matar: porque todo el mar estaua lleno de entrañas de hombres que los reçibiessen. Aconteçieron alli cosas dignas de oyr y de notar, en las quales se mostraua la fortuna a partes donde queria espantosa y arriscada. Acaeçio a vna fusta françesa que ençendidos en la pelea todos los que estauan en ella se pusieron a vn borde dexando del todo vaçio el otro lado por donde no auia enemigos, y cargando alli el peso se trastornó la fusta tomando debajo todos los que yuan dentro, que no tuuieron poder para estender sus braços para nadar, pero[621] todos pereçian[622] en el mar acorralados en agua çerrada. Suçedió tambien que yendo nadando vn mançebo françes por el mar, que auiamos formado amistad poco auia él y yo, se

encontraron dos fustas de rostro que cogiendole en medio no bastaron sus mienbros ni huesos, tan molidos fueron, a que no sonassen las fustas ambas vna con otra, por quedar él hecho todo menuzos y molido como sal. En otra parte de la vatalla se hundió vna galera françesa, y viniendose los della todos nadando a socorrer a otra compañera, con el agonia de escapar de la muerte alçauan sus[623] braços asiendose a ella para subir; y los miserables de dentro temiendo no se hundiessen todos si aquellos entrauan los estoruauan que no llegassen y ellos[624] con el temor de las aguas echando mano de lo más alto que podian de la nao, cortauanles desde ençima los braços por medio, y dexandolos ellos colgados de la fusta que auian elegido para socorro cayan de sus propias manos, y como yuan sin braços a manera de troncos no se podian más sufrir sobre las aguas, que luego eran sorbidos. Ya toda nuestra gente estaua sin armas, que todos nuestros tiros auiamos arrojado; y como el furor que trayamos nos daua armas, vno toma el remo y rebuelue con él a su contrario; otro toma un pedaço de la galera y no le faltan fuerças para tirarlo;

el otro trastorna los remadores para sacar vn vanco que poder arrojar. En fin, las fustas que nos sostenian deshaziamos para tener con qué pelear, o con qué nos defender. Avn hasta aqui te he contado el peligro sufridero; pero avn el daño que nos hazia el fuego con ninguna defensa se podia euadir ni huyr Porque nos tirauan los turcos hachos empegados con sufre, pez, çera y resina, que arrojauan de si gran fuego vibo, y como llegauan a nuestras fustas luego ellas lo[625] reçebian y los alimentauan de su mesma pez de que estauan nuestros nauios labrados y calafeteados; y ansi las llamas eran tan fuertes y tan vibas que no bastauan las aguas del mar a las vençer y apagar, mas antes yua en pedaços ardiendo la fusta por el mar adelante con todo furor. De manera que los que yuan nadando ya no se podian socorrer de las tablas que yuan por el mar; porque visto que el fuego vibo que en ellas estaua ençendido los abrasaua, escogian antes ahogarse en las crueles hondas, o a lo menos gozar lo que pudiessen de aquella miserable vida con esperança de poder de alguna manera ser saluos, antes que faboreçerse del fuego que luego en llegando a la

tabla los abrasaua y consumia. Ya inclinaua a la clara la vitoria y nos lleuauan a todos de corrida sin poderlos resistir: de manera que nos fue forçado rendirnos, porque ya avn no auia quien nos quisiesse dar la muerte, porque eran tantos nuestros enemigos que todo su ardid era prendernos sin poder ellos peligrar Y ansi como nos entraron fuemos todos puestos en prision; y dexado lo que de los otros fue, de mí quiero dezir que fue puesto en vna cadena por el pescueço con otros diez, y puestas vnas esposas a las manos; y ansi nos metieron en vna[626] susota debajo de cubierta. Estauamos tan juntos vnos con otros, y tan apretados que ningun genero de exerçiçio humano auia lugar de poner en effecto sin nos ofender. En fin en esta manera boluieron para su tierra con esta presa, y llegados a vna gran fuerça de Grecia en la Morea fuemos todos sacados de las galeras y metidos en prision allí. Con aquella mesma dispusiçion de hierros y miseria fuemos lançados en vna honda y horrible mazmorra y carçel de vna humida y obscura torre, donde quando entramos fuemos reçebidos con gran alarido de otra gran multitud de presos cristianos que de gran tiempo estauan allí.

Era aquel lugar de toda miseria, que en breue tiempo se acabauan los honbres por la dispusiçion del lugar, porque demas de otros daños grandes que tenia era grande su humidad, porque estauan en dos o tres lugares dél manaderos de agua para el seruiçio de la fuerça. Teniamos el cuerpo echado en la tierra, los pies metidos en vna viga que cabian çincuenta personas, y el cuello en la cadena, y ningun exerçiçio humano se auia de hazer sino en el mesmo lugar. De manera que solo el infiçionado olor que de aquella carçel salia era de tanta corruçion[627] que no auia juizio que en breue tiempo no le bastasse corrromper, sino al mio, que huya la muerte de mi. Ni yo nunca padeçi en ningun tiempo muerte que no fuesse de mejor suerte que aquella vil y miserable vida que alli passé. No teniamos otra recreaçion sino sacarnos en algunos tiempos alguna cantidad de nosotros a trabajar en los edifiçios y reparos de los muros y fuerças de la çiudad, y ansi saliamos cargados de hierros, y solo pan de çeuada, o zenteno, era nuestro mantenimiento[628]; y avn pluguiera a dios que dello alguna vez nos pudieramos de mediar. Esto quiero que notes; que a la contina los maestros de

las obras escogian los mejores y mas dispuestos trabajadores. De manera que conuenia esforçarnos en la mayor flaqueza nuestra a trabajar más que lo sufrian nuestras fuerças, por gozar de aquella miserable recreaçion. En fin comprauamos con nuestros seruiles trabajos aquella captiua libertad de algun dia que al trabajo nos querian elegir. En esta vida, o por mejor dezir muerte, passé dos años, que del infierno no auia otra differencia sino la perpetuidad. Aqui auia vna sola esperança de salud, y era que quando se aparejaua armada, escogia el capitan entre nosotros los de mejor dispusiçion para el remo, y aquellos salian que él señalaua; desnudos y aherrojados a vn banco los ponian vn remo en la mano y los auisauan que remassen con cuydado; sino con vn pulpo o anguilla que traya en la mano el capitan de la galera los çeñia por todo el cuerpo que los hazia despertar al trabajo. Esta era la mas cierta ventura en que nos podiamos libertar, porque yendo aqui el suçesso de la batalla era de nuestro mal ó bien ocasion; y ansi suçedió que por mandado del gran turco aparejó vna gran flota Baruarroja para correr la Calabria y el reyno de Siçilia, y

quisieron los mis hados que fuesse yo elegido con otros cristianos captivos para vn remo, donde fue puesto en aquella dispusiçion que los otros; y ansi pasando el mar Adriatico salio de Genoua Andrea Doria capitan de las galeras de la cristiandad[629] con gran pujança de armada, y dio en la flota turca con tan gran ardid que en breue tiempo la desuarató echando a lo hondo quatro galeras, y prendio dos, en la vna de las quales venia yo; y el cosario Baruarroja se acogio con algunas que le pudieron seguir. Pues suçedio que luego nos metieron con la presa en el puerto de Genoua, y como se publicó la vitoria por la çiudad, todos quantos en ella[630] auia acudieron al agua a nos ver Agora oye, Miçilo, y verás como a lo que Dios ordena no podemos huyr.

M.—Dichoso gallo, dy, que muy atento te estoy.

G.—Pues como ya te dixe, Arnao auia corrido a Londres y toda Ingalaterra, Brauante, Flandes, Florençia, Sena, Veneçia, Milan, y todo el Reyno de Napoles y Lombardia vuscandome con la diligençia y trabajo posible; y no me auiendo hallado en dos años passados

vino a Genoua por ver si podria auer alguna nueua de mi, y ansi suçedió llegar al puerto por ver desembarcar la gente del armada, donde entre la otra gente alcançó a me uer y conoçer, de lo qual no reçibio poca alegria su coraçon, y auiendo conçebido que por causa del temor y empacho que dél yo ternia por ningunos regalos ni palabras se podria apoderar de mí, ni yo me confiaria dél, mas que en viendole echaria yo a huyr, por tanto penso lo que deuia de hazer para cobrar el amigo tan deseado; y ansi con este auiso lo mas diligentemente que pudo se fue al gouernador y justiçia de la çiudad, haziendole saber que en aquella gente que venia en las galeras tomadas a Baruarroja auia conoçido vn honbre que auia adulterado con su muger; que le demandaua[631] le pusiesse en prisiones hasta que del hecho y verdad diesse bastante informaçion, y fuesse castigado el adulterio conforme a justiçia y satisfecha su honrra; y estando ansi, que el capitan me queria libertar, llegó la justiçia muy acompañada de gente armada por me prender, y como llegó con aquel tropel de ruydo y armas que la[632] suele acompañar y apañaron con gran furia de mi diziendo: sed preso; yo respondi;

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