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Fig. 241. Lips of a Wrasse, Labrus festivus.
The “Wrasses” are a large family of littoral fishes, very abundant in the temperate and tropical zones, but becoming scarcer towards the Arctic and Antarctic circles, where they disappear entirely. Many of them are readily recognised by their thick lips, which are sometimes internally folded, a peculiarity which has given to them the German term of “Lip-fishes.” They feed chiefly on mollusks and crustaceans, their dentition being admirably adapted for crushing hard substances. Many species have a strong curved tooth at the posterior extremity of the intermaxillary, for the purpose of pressing a shell against the lateral and front teeth by which it is crushed. Other Wrasses feed on corals, others on zoophytes; a few are herbivorous. In all Wrasses the upper pharyngeal bones seem to be jointed to the basi-occipital; but whilst in Labrus the basi-occipital is raised on each side into a large flattish condyle, fitting into a concavity of the upper pharyngeals, in Scarus the mode of articulation is reversed, the basioccipital having a pair of long grooves, in which the oblong condyles of the upper pharyngeals slide forwards and backwards. Beautiful colours prevail in this family, permanent pigmentary colours as well as passing iridescent reflections of the scales. Some species remain very small, others grow to a weight of fifty pounds. The larger kinds especially are prized as food, the smaller less so.
Remains of Labridæ, recognised by their united pharyngeals, which bear molar-like teeth, are not scarce in tertiary formations of France, Germany, Italy, and England. Such remains from Monte Bolca and the Swiss Molasse have been referred to the genus Labrus. Others, Nummopalatus and Phyllodus, are allied, but cannot be assigned, to one of the recent genera; the latter genus is first represented in cretaceous formations of Germany. Another genus, Taurinichthys, from the Miocene of France, represents the Odacina of the living fauna. Egertonia, from the Isle of Sheppey, differs so much from all recent Labroid genera that its pertinence to this family appears doubtful.
[See J. Cocchi, Monografia dei Pharyngodopilidæ, 1866; and E. Sauvage, Sur le genre Nummopalatus, in Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 1875.]
L .—Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size, in more than forty transverse series; snout more or less pointed; imbricate scales on the cheeks and opercles; none or only a few on the interoperculum. Teeth in the jaws conical, in a single series. Dorsal spines numerous, thirteen or twenty-one, none of which are prolonged; anal spines three. Lateral line not interrupted.
Young “Wrasses” differ from mature specimens in having the præoperculum serrated. The headquarters of this genus are the Mediterranean, whence it ranges, gradually diminishing towards the north, along all the shores of Europe. Nine species are known; British are the “Ballan Wrasse” (L. maculatus), and the “Striped or Red Wrasse” or “Cook” (L. mixtus). The two sexes of the latter species are very differently coloured; the male being generally ornamented with blue streaks, or a blackish band along the body, whilst the female has two or three large black blotches across the back of the tail.
C are Labrus with serrated præoperculum; the number of their dorsal spines varies from thirteen to eighteen, and the scales are arranged in less than forty transverse series
The range of this genus is co-extensive with Labrus. C. melops, the “Gold-sinny,” or “Cork-wing,” is common on the British coasts.
T . Body compressed, oblong, covered with small scales; scales on the cheek rudimentary, opercles naked. Teeth in the jaws conical, in double series; no posterior canine tooth Dorsal spines seventeen, anal spines three Lateral line not interrupted
The “Tautog,” or “Black-fish,” is common on the Atlantic coasts of temperate North America, and much esteemed as food.
C . Body oblong, covered with scales of moderate size; imbricate scales on the cheeks and opercles. Teeth in the jaws in a band, with an outer series of stronger conical teeth; no posterior canine tooth. Dorsal spines from sixteen to eighteen; anal spines three. Lateral line not interrupted.
Four species, from the Mediterranean and the temperate parts of the North Atlantic, Ct. rupestris being common on the British, and Ct. burgall on the North American coasts.
A . A Wrasse with five or six anal spines, and with the teeth in a band.
From the Mediterranean and British coasts (A. palloni).
C Wrasses with four or five anal spines, and with the teeth in a single series
Two species are known from Madeira and the Canary Islands, and one from northern Europe and Greenland. The latter is scarce on the British coasts, but bears a distinct name on the south coast, where it is called “Rock-cook.”
L from the West Indies, and M from Juan Fernandez, are Labroids, closely allied to the preceding North Atlantic genera.
C —Body compressed, oblong, with scales of moderate size; snout more or less pointed; imbricate scales on the cheeks and opercles; basal portion of the vertical fins scaly. Lateral line not interrupted. Teeth in the jaws in a single series; four canine teeth in each jaw anteriorly; a posterior canine tooth. Formula of the fins: D. 12/9–11, A. 3/12.
Twenty species are known from the tropical zone and coasts adjoining it; some, like G. gouldii from Tasmania, attain a length of three or four feet.
C . Body compressed, oblong, covered with large scales; lateral line interrupted; cheeks with two series of scales; præoperculum entire; teeth in a single series, two canines in each jaw; no posterior canine tooth; lower jaw not produced backwards Dorsal spines subequal in length; formula of the fins: D 9–10/10–9, A 3/8
Common in the tropical Indo-Pacific, whence more than twenty species are known. Hybrids between the different species of this genus are not uncommon.
E . Closely allied to the preceding genus, but with a very protractile mouth, the ascending branches of the intermaxillaries, the mandibles, and the tympanic being much prolonged
This fish (E. insidiator) is said to seize marine animals by suddenly thrusting out its mouth and engulphing those that come within the reach of the elongated tube. It attains a length of twelve inches, is common in the tropical Indo-Pacific, and varies much in coloration.
A Distinguished by its singular dentition, the two front teeth of each jaw being prominent, directed forwards, compressed, with cutting edge D 9/12, A 3/12
Beautifully coloured fishes from the tropical Indo-Pacific. Ten species.
P . Scales in thirty or less transverse series; lateral line not interrupted. A posterior canine tooth. Dorsal spines nine.
Small beautifully coloured Coral-fishes, abundant in the equatorial zone and the coasts adjoining it. Some eighty species are known (inclusive of the allied genera Stethojulis, Leptojulis, and Pseudojulis).
N . Body strongly compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size; head compressed, elevated, obtuse, with the supero-anterior profile more or less parabolic; head nearly entirely naked Lateral line interrupted No posterior canine tooth D 9/12, A 3/12; the two anterior dorsal spines sometimes remote or separate from the others
Twenty-six species are known from the tropical zone, and the warmer parts of the temperate zones. They are readily recognised
by their compressed, knife-shaped body, and peculiar physiognomy; they scarcely exceed a length of twelve inches.
J . Scales of moderate size; lateral line not interrupted. Head entirely naked. Snout of moderate extent, not produced; no posterior canine tooth. Dorsal spines ten.
Co-extensive with Platyglossus in their geographical distribution, and of like beautiful coloration and similar habits. Some of the most common fishes of the Indo-Pacific, as J. lunaris, trilobata, and dorsalis, belong to this genus.
C . Scales small, in fifty or more transverse series; lateral line not interrupted Head entirely naked Dorsal spines nine
Twenty-three species, distributed like Platyglossus; two reach the south coast of England, Coris julis and C. giofredi, said to be male and female of the same species. Some belong to the most gorgeously coloured kinds of the whole class of fishes.
Genera allied to the preceding Labroids are—Choerops, Xiphochilus, Semicossyphus, Trochocopus, Decodon, Pteragogus, Clepticus, Labrichthys, Labroides, Duymæria, Cirrhilabrus, Doratonotus, Pseudochilinus, Hemigymnus, Gomphosus, Cheilio, and Cymolutes.
P . Scales of moderate size; lateral line continuous; cheeks and opercles scaly. Each jaw armed with two pairs of broad incisors, and with a cutting lateral edge; teeth of the lower pharyngeal confluent, pavement-like. Dorsal spines eleven.
One species (P. moluccensis) from the East Indian Archipelago.
S Jaws forming a sharp beak, the teeth being soldered together The lower jaw projecting beyond the upper A single series of scales on the cheek; dorsal spines stiff, pungent; the upper lip double in its whole circuit The dentigerous plate of the lower pharyngeal is broader than long.
The fishes of this genus, and the three succeeding, are known by the name of “Parrot-wrasses.” Of Scarus one species (S. cretensis) occurs in the Mediterranean, and nine others in the tropical Atlantic. The first was held in high repute by the ancients, and Aristotle has several passages respecting its rumination. It was most plentiful and
of the best quality in the Carpathian Sea, between Crete and Asia Minor, but was not unknown even in early times on the Italian coasts, though Columella says that it seldom passed beyond Sicily in his day. But in the reign of Claudius, according to Pliny, Optatus Elipentius brought it from the Troad, and introduced it into the sea between Ostium and Campagna. For five years all that were caught in the nets were thrown into the sea again, and from that time it was an abundant fish in that locality. In the time of Pliny it was considered to be the first of fishes (Nunc Scaro datur principatus); and the expense incurred by Elipentius was justified, in the opinion of the Roman gourmands, by the extreme delicacy of the fish. It was a fish, said the poets, whose very excrements the gods themselves were unwilling to reject. Its flesh was tender, agreeable, sweet, easy of digestion, and quickly assimilated; yet if it happened to have eaten an Aplysia, it produced violent diarrhœa. In short, there is no fish of which so much has been said by ancient writers. In the present day the Scarus of the Archipelago is considered to be a fish of exquisite flavour; and the Greeks still name it Scaro, and eat it with a sauce made of its liver and intestines. It feeds on fucus; and Valenciennes thinks that the necessity for masticating its vegetable diet thoroughly, and the working of it with that intent backwards and forwards in the mouth, may have given rise to the notion of its being a ruminant; and it is certain that its aliment is very finely divided when it reaches the stomach.
S . Differing from Scarus only in having flexible dorsal spines.
Two species from the Indo-Pacific.
C Differing from Scarichthys in having the upper lip double posteriorly only
Nine species from the tropical zone.
P . Jaws forming a strong beak, the teeth being soldered together. The upper jaw projecting beyond the lower. Two or more series of scales on the cheek. The dentigerous plate of the lower pharyngeal longer than broad.
This tropical genus contains by far the greatest number of Scaroid Wrasses, some seventy species being known, and a still greater number of names being introduced into the various Ichthyological works. They are beautifully coloured, but the colours change with age, and vary in an extraordinary degree in the same species. They rapidly fade after death, so that it is almost impossible to recognise in preserved specimens the species described from living individuals. Many attain to a rather large size, upwards of three feet in length. The majority are eaten, but some acquire poisonous properties from their food, which consists either of corals or of fucus.
O . The edge of each jaw is sharp, without distinct teeth. The dentigerous plate of the lower pharyngeal triangular, much broader than long Cheeks and opercles scaly; scales of the body small or rather small; lateral line continuous Snout conical Dorsal spines rather numerous, flexible
Fig. 243. Odax radiatus.
Six species from the coasts of Australia and New Zealand. Small. The species figured (O. radiatus) is from Western Australia.
C . Jaws as in Odax, head naked. Scales of the body small; lateral line continuous. Snout of moderate extent. Dorsal spines numerous, flexible.
The “Butter-fish,” or “Kelp-fish” of the colonists of New Zealand (C. pullus), is prized as food, and attains to a weight of four or five pounds. It feeds on zoophytes, scraping them from the surface of the kelp, with its curiously formed teeth. Its bones are green, like those of Belone.
O , from King George’s Sound, has scales of moderate size, but agrees otherwise with Coridodax.
S . Head and body very elongate, snout long, as in Fistularia; upper jaw terminating in a long, pointed, skinny appendage; opercles and cheeks scaly; scales of moderate size; lateral line continuous Dorsal spines numerous, flexible Jaws as in Odax; the dentigerous plate of the lower pharyngeal very narrow
S. argyrophanes, from King George’s Sound, is the most aberrant type of Wrasses, whose principal characters are retained, but united with a form of the body which resembles that of a Pipefish.
T F —E .
Body compressed, elevated or oblong, covered with cycloid scales; lateral line continuous. One dorsal fin, with a spinous portion, and with a scaly sheath along the base, which is separated by a groove from the other scales; anal with three spines and numerous rays; ventral fins thoracic, with one spine and five rays. Small teeth in the jaws, none on the palate. Pseudobranchiæ present. Stomach siphonal, pyloric appendages none. Viviparous.
Marine Fishes characteristic of the fauna of the temperate North Pacific, the majority living on the American side, and only a few on the Asiatic. All are viviparous (see Fig. 70, p. 159). Agassiz describes the development of the embryoes as a normal ovarian gestation, the sac containing the young not being the oviduct but the ovarian sheath, which fulfils the functions of the ovary. This organ presents two modes of arrangement: in one there is a series of triangular membranous flaps communicating with each other, between which the young are arranged, mostly longitudinally, the head of one to the tail of another, but sometimes with the bodies curved, to the number of eighteen or twenty; in the other, the cavity is divided by three membranes converging to a point, into four compartments, not communicating with each other except towards the genital opening, the young being arranged in the same longitudinal manner. The proportionate size of the young is very remarkable. In a female specimen 10½ inches long, and 4½ inches high, the young were nearly 3 inches long and 1 inch high. Seventeen species are known, the majority of which belong to Ditrema, and one to Hysterocarpus. They do not attain to a large size, varying from three-quarters to three pounds in weight.
