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Library of Congress Control Number: 2023935197
ISBN 978-1-394-16210-9 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-394-16211-6 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-394-16212-3 (ebk)
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Introduction
About This Book
Foolish Assumptions
Icons Used in This Book
Beyond the Book
Where to Go from Here
Part 1: Leaping into Logic Pro
Chapter 1: Getting Logic Pro Up and Sprinting
Embracing Logic Pro
Adjusting Accessibility Settings
Transitioning from Other Software
Creating with Logic Pro
Connecting Your Logic Pro Studio
Chapter 2: Examining Logic Pro Projects
Starting Your Project
Augmenting Your Project
Customizing Your Project Settings
Tidying Up Your Project
Chapter 3: Exploring the Main Window and Tracks Area
Navigating Logic Pro
Taking Inventory of Your Track List
Zooming Tracks
Opening Your Logic Pro Toolbox
Keeping It Simple with Smart Controls
Navigating with Key Commands
Saving Workspaces with Screensets
Chapter 4: Embracing Tracks and Regions
Knowing Your Track Types
Around the Global Tracks
Sorting and Hiding Tracks
Creating Options with Track Alternatives
Knowing the Region Types
Editing Regions
Part 2: Digital Recording and Using Prerecorded Media
Chapter 5: Introducing Digital Audio and MIDI
Understanding Digital Audio
Connecting Your Audio Devices
Understanding MIDI
Connecting Your MIDI Devices
Chapter 6: Recording Audio
Preparing to Record Audio
Recording Your First Audio Take
Recording Multiple Takes in Cycle Mode
Recording Multiple Inputs
Punching In and Punching Out
Recording with Smart Tempo
Setting Up Multiple Monitor Mixes
Chapter 7: Recording MIDI
Preparing to Record MIDI
Recording Your First MIDI Take
Recording Multiple MIDI Takes in Cycle Mode
Creating Tracks in Cycle Mode
Overdubbing MIDI
Recording Multiple MIDI Inputs
Chapter 8: Adding Media to Your Project
Adding Apple Loops to Your Project
Adding Prerecorded Audio to Your Project
Importing Video to Your Project
Part 3: Making Music with Virtual Instruments
Chapter 9: Making Beats with Drum and Percussion Software Instruments
Playing with Your Virtual Drummer
Creating Beats with Ultrabeat
Synthesizing Drum Sounds with Drum Synth
Designing Electronic Drums Kits with Drum Machine
Designer
Chapter 10: Playing Virtual Vintage Instruments
Taking Stock of Vintage Instruments
Spinning Your Tone Wheels with the Vintage B3
Funking Up the Vintage Clav
Getting the Tone of Tines with the Vintage Electric Piano
Making Music with the Vintage Mellotron
Fusing Four Synths with Retro Synth
Chapter 11: Sound Design with Synths and Samplers
Exploring the Logic Pro Synths
Modeling Sounds Using Sculpture
Sampling with Sampler and Quick Sampler
Manipulating Samples with Alchemy
Chapter 12: Conducting a Virtual Orchestra
Building an Orchestral Template
Performing Your Orchestra
Playing with Studio Strings and Horns
Traveling the World Instruments
Part 4: Arranging and Editing Your Project
Chapter 13: Arranging Your Music
Working in the Tracks Area
Showing Your Global Tracks
Beat Mapping Your Arrangement
Arranging Regions in the Tracks Area
Creating Folder Tracks
Using Groove Templates
Chapter 14: Editing Audio Tracks
Knowing Your Audio Editors
Creating the Perfect Take with Quick Swipe Comping
Time Traveling with Flex Time
Tuning with Flex Pitch
Editing Audio in the Audio File Editor
Editing Tempo in the Smart Tempo Editor
Chapter 15: Editing MIDI Tracks
Knowing Your MIDI Editors
Editing MIDI in the Piano Roll Editor
Editing MIDI in the Step Sequencer
Editing MIDI in the Score Editor
Editing MIDI in the MIDI Transform Window
Editing MIDI in the Event List Editor
Editing Your MIDI Environment
Part 5: Mixing, Mastering, and Sharing Your Music
Chapter 16: Mixing Your Project
Understanding Important Mixing Concepts
Knowing Your Channel Strip Types
Using Meters to Visualize Volume and Levels
Adjusting Channel Strip Controls
Mixing in Spatial Audio
Taking Track Notes
Chapter 17: Shaping Your Mix with Effects
Adding Effects to Tracks
Controlling Signal Flow
Adjusting the EQ of Your Tracks
Adding Depth with Reverb and Delay
Adding or Removing Dynamics with Compression
Chapter 18: Automating Your Mix
Turning Your Mix into a Performance with Automation
Choosing Your Automation Mode
Adding Automation to Your Tracks
Recording Live Automation
Chapter 19: Mastering Your Final Track
Fine-Tuning EQ
Adding Multiband Compression
Turn It Up
Chapter 20: Bouncing and Sharing Your Music
Bouncing Your Project
Creating Stems and Alternate Mixes
Sharing Your Music
Part 6: The Part of Tens
Chapter 21: Ten Ways to Use an iPad with Logic
Pro
Playing Keys
Playing Guitar
Playing Drums
Editing Tracks and Your Arrangement
Using Your iPad Mixing Console
Recording Remotely
Commanding Logic Pro
Navigating Logic Pro
Adding Tracks with GarageBand for iOS
Importing iPad Audio
Chapter 22: Ten Tips to Speed Your Workflow
Keep Detailed Notes
Use Key Commands
Use Screensets
Save Track Stack Patches and Channel Strip Settings
Choose a Tool and Master It
Choose a Tool and Ignore It
Use the Fastest Way, Not the Right Way
Establish a Troubleshooting Strategy
Save and Back Up Frequently
Don’t Lose Sight of the Music
Index
About the Author
Connect with Dummies
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1-1: The Logic Pro Advanced Settings pane.
FIGURE 1-2: In the Audio Settings pane, choose and configure your audio hardwar...
FIGURE 1-3: A typical recording setup.
FIGURE 1-4: A studio of MIDI instruments.
FIGURE 1-5: A mixing studio.
FIGURE 1-6: A mobile audio rig.
Chapter 2
FIGURE 2-1: The New Tracks dialog is where you choose your first track.
FIGURE 2-4: Rename and remove project alternatives.
FIGURE 2-5: Set global settings for your project.
FIGURE 2-6: The track import view of the all files browser.
FIGURE 2-7: Copy settings from other projects.
FIGURE 2-8: The Add Region to Apple Loops Library window.
FIGURE 2-9: Delete unused project data.
FIGURE 2-10: The consolidate function copies and includes all used assets in th...
Chapter 3
FIGURE 3-1: The Logic Pro main window.
FIGURE 3-2: The tracks area in the main window.
FIGURE 3-3: The tracks area toolbar.
FIGURE 3-4: The live loops grid in the main window.
FIGURE 3-5: The control bar.
FIGURE 3-6: The editors area.
FIGURE 3-7: The inspector.
FIGURE 3-8: A track header.
FIGURE 3-9: Track header configuration dialog.
FIGURE 3-10: A zoom-focused track on a selected track.
FIGURE 3-11: The tool menu in the tracks area.
FIGURE 3-12: The smart controls.
FIGURE 3-13: The smart controls inspector.
FIGURE 3-14: The scaling graph window.
FIGURE 3-15: The Key Commands window.
Chapter 4
FIGURE 4-1: The track list.
FIGURE 4-2: An audio track.
FIGURE 4-3: A software instrument track.
FIGURE 4-4: A drummer track.
FIGURE 4-5: An external MIDI track.
FIGURE 4-6: A track stack.
FIGURE 4-7: A folder track.
FIGURE 4-8: Folder track contents.
FIGURE 4-9: Global tracks.
FIGURE 4-10: Hiding tracks.
FIGURE 4-11: An audio region.
FIGURE 4-12: A MIDI region.
FIGURE 4-13: A drummer region.
FIGURE 4-14: The resize cursor.
FIGURE 4-15: The loop cursor.
Chapter 5
FIGURE 5-1: A sine wave in the audio file editor.
FIGURE 5-2: Audio project settings.
FIGURE 5-3: The Recording tab of Audio Settings.
FIGURE 5-4: The Devices tab of Audio Settings.
FIGURE 5-5: The General tab of Audio Settings.
FIGURE 5-6: The I/O Assignments tab in Audio Settings.
FIGURE 5-7: The Audio File Editor tab in Audio Settings.
FIGURE 5-8: The MP3 tab in Audio Settings.
Chapter 6
FIGURE 6-1: The Audio Track channel strip.
FIGURE 6-2: The track header.
FIGURE 6-3: The control bar modes and functions.
FIGURE 6-4: The metronome Project Settings.
FIGURE 6-5: The recording Project Settings.
FIGURE 6-6: The control bar transport.
FIGURE 6-7: A recorded audio region.
FIGURE 6-8: Cycle mode.
FIGURE 6-9: An audio take folder.
FIGURE 6-10: Auto-punch mode.
FIGURE 6-11: A region recorded with smart tempo.
FIGURE 6-12: The I/O Assignments Output tab.
Chapter 7
FIGURE 7-1: External MIDI track channel strip.
FIGURE 7-2: External MIDI track inspector.
FIGURE 7-3: The library menu and the software instrument track.
FIGURE 7-4: The musical typing keyboard.
FIGURE 7-5: The onscreen keyboard.
FIGURE 7-6: The step input keyboard.
FIGURE 7-7: A recorded MIDI region.
FIGURE 7-8: Project settings for the MIDI input filter.
FIGURE 7-9: A MIDI take folder.
Chapter 8
FIGURE 8-1: The loop browser.
FIGURE 8-2: Drag Apple loops to the tracks area.
FIGURE 8-3: The Add Region to Apple Loops Library window.
FIGURE 8-4: The project audio browser.
FIGURE 8-5: The all files browser.
FIGURE 8-6: The Open Movie dialog.
FIGURE 8-7: The movie inspector.
FIGURE 8-8: The global tracks movie track.
FIGURE 8-9: Movie scene markers.
Chapter 9
FIGURE 9-1: A drummer track and region.
FIGURE 9-2: The drummer editor.
FIGURE 9-3: The drummer library.
FIGURE 9-4: The Details area of the drummer editor.
FIGURE 9-5: The Sound Library Manager.
FIGURE 9-6: Drum Kit Designer.
FIGURE 9-7: Drum Kit Designer Exchange and Edit panels.
FIGURE 9-8: The Ultrabeat interface.
FIGURE 9-9: The Ultrabeat assignment section.
FIGURE 9-10: The Ultrabeat synthesizer section.
FIGURE 9-11: The Ultrabeat filter section.
FIGURE 9-12: The Ultrabeat output, LFO, and envelope section.
FIGURE 9-13: The Ultrabeat step sequencer.
FIGURE 9-14: The Ultrabeat step grid in full-view mode.
FIGURE 9-15: The Drum Synth interface.
FIGURE 9-16: The Snares and Claps group type.
FIGURE 9-17: Drum Machine Designer on a drummer track.
FIGURE 9-18: The Drum Machine Designer interface.
Chapter 10
FIGURE 10-1: Main window of the vintage B3 Organ.
FIGURE 10-2: The drawbars in relation to the harmonic series.
FIGURE 10-3: The vintage B3 Rotor Cabinet options panel.
FIGURE 10-4: The vintage Clav main window.
FIGURE 10-5: Vintage electric piano main window.
FIGURE 10-6: The Vintage Mellotron main window.
FIGURE 10-7: The Retro Synth main window.
Chapter 11
FIGURE 11-1: The EFM1 FM synth.
FIGURE 11-2: The ES1 subtractive synth.
FIGURE 11-3: The ES2 hybrid synth.
FIGURE 11-4: The ES E ensemble synth.
FIGURE 11-5: The ES M monophonic synth.
FIGURE 11-6: The ES P polyphonic synth.
FIGURE 11-7: The EVOC 20 vocoder synth.
FIGURE 11-8: The Sculpture-modeling synth.
FIGURE 11-9: The Sampler software instrument.
FIGURE 11-10: The Sampler mapping and zone panes.
FIGURE 11-11: The Quick Sampler software instrument.
FIGURE 11-12: The Alchemy interface.
FIGURE 11-13: The Alchemy advanced view.
FIGURE 11-14: The Alchemy arpeggiator.
FIGURE 11-15: The Alchemy effects section.
Chapter 12
FIGURE 12-1: The template chooser.
FIGURE 12-2: The Sound Library Manager window.
FIGURE 12-3: The track inspector.
FIGURE 12-4: The staff styles window.
FIGURE 12-5: Score editor page view.
FIGURE 12-6: The woodwind smart controls.
FIGURE 12-7: The Sampler mapping pane.
FIGURE 12-8: The Studio Strings interface.
Chapter
13
FIGURE 13-1: The Go to Position dialog.
FIGURE 13-2: The region inspector.
FIGURE 13-3: The track inspector.
FIGURE 13-4: The track icon menu.
FIGURE 13-5: The global tracks.
FIGURE 13-6: The marker list editor.
FIGURE 13-7: The signature list editor.
FIGURE 13-8: The Time Signature window.
FIGURE 13-9: The Key Signature window.
FIGURE 13-10: The tempo track.
FIGURE 13-11: The tempo list editor.
FIGURE 13-12: The tempo operations window.
FIGURE 13-13: The beat-mapping track.
FIGURE 13-14: Set Beats by Guide Region(s) window.
FIGURE 13-15: The tool menu.
FIGURE 13-16: A marquee tool selection.
FIGURE 13-17: The region inspector.
FIGURE 13-18: Audio region crossfade.
FIGURE 13-19: The Remove Silence window.
FIGURE 13-20: A folder track.
FIGURE 13-21: A region alias.
FIGURE 13-22: The groove track.
FIGURE 13-23: The track and region inspector.
Chapter 14
FIGURE 14-1: The audio track editor.
FIGURE 14-2: The audio file editor.
FIGURE 14-3: The smart tempo editor.
FIGURE 14-4: A take folder.
FIGURE 14-5: Tracks with flex mode enabled.
FIGURE 14-6: The track inspector flex parameters.
FIGURE 14-7: Transient markers.
FIGURE 14-8: Flex pitch in the tracks area.
FIGURE 14-9: Flex pitch in the audio track editor.
FIGURE 14-10: The audio file editor.
FIGURE 14-11: The prelisten channel strip.
FIGURE 14-12: The Audio Settings window.
FIGURE 14-13: The smart tempo editor.
Chapter 15
FIGURE 15-1: The piano roll editor.
FIGURE 15-2: The score editor.
FIGURE 15-3: The step sequencer.
FIGURE 15-4: The smart tempo editor.
FIGURE 15-5: The event list editor.
FIGURE 15-6: The MIDI environment.
FIGURE 15-7: The MIDI transform window.
FIGURE 15-8: The piano roll editor.
FIGURE 15-9: The Automation/MIDI lane.
FIGURE 15-10: Steps in the step sequencer.
FIGURE 15-11: The part box.
FIGURE 15-12: The step input keyboard.
FIGURE 15-13: The event inspector.
FIGURE 15-14: The region inspector.
FIGURE 15-15: The MIDI transform window.
FIGURE 15-16: The event list editor.
FIGURE 15-17: The MIDI environment object inspector.
Chapter 16
FIGURE 16-1: Ideal speaker placement and listening position.
FIGURE 16-2: Drum Kit from the audience’s perspective.
FIGURE 16-3: The channel strips in Logic Pro.
FIGURE 16-4: The inspector channel strips.
FIGURE 16-5: The Loudness Meter plug-in.
FIGURE 16-6: The group inspector.
FIGURE 16-7: The 3D Object Panner.
FIGURE 16-8: The Dolby Atmos plug-in.
FIGURE 16-9: Track notes.
Chapter 17
FIGURE 17-1: An insert effect slot.
FIGURE 17-2: The MIDI Arpeggiator plug-in.
FIGURE 17-3: A multi-output instrument.
FIGURE 17-4: The Channel EQ plug-in.
FIGURE 17-5: The Match EQ plug-in.
FIGURE 17-6: The Space Designer plug-in.
FIGURE 17-7: The ChromaVerb plug-in.
FIGURE 17-8: The Delay Designer plug-in.
FIGURE 17-9: The Compressor plug-in.
FIGURE 17-10: The Limiter plug-in.
Chapter 18
FIGURE 18-1: Track automation in the tracks area.
FIGURE 18-2: Track automation control points.
FIGURE 18-3: The automation settings.
Chapter 19
FIGURE 19-1: The Linear Phase EQ plug-in.
FIGURE 19-2: The Match EQ plug-in.
FIGURE 19-3: The Multipressor plug-in.
FIGURE 19-4: The Adaptive Limiter plug-in.
Chapter 20
FIGURE 20-1: The Bounce Track in Place dialog.
FIGURE 20-2: The Bounce window.
FIGURE 20-3: The Share to Music window.
FIGURE 20-4: The Share to SoundCloud window.
Chapter 21
FIGURE 21-1: The Logic Remote library.
FIGURE 21-2: The acoustic guitar chord strips.
FIGURE 21-3: The drum kit view.
FIGURE 21-4: Logic Remote key commands.
FIGURE 21-5: The mixer.
FIGURE 21-6: Logic Remote settings.
FIGURE 21-7: The ruler.
FIGURE 21-8: GarageBand smart drums.
FIGURE 21-9: The GarageBand touch instrument browser.
Introduction
At its near-permanent spot in the top-ten grossing apps in the entire Mac App Store, Logic Pro has proven itself to be in high demand. You shouldn’t expect anything less than stellar software from Apple. And there’s a good reason why Logic Pro is professionally competitive. Apple designs intuitive software that music producers love at the best possible value. And unlike other digital audio workstations that have moved to a subscription pricing model, Logic Pro remains a relatively inexpensive one-time purchase with free updates included.
In line with Apple’s mission, I wrote Logic Pro For Dummies to add value to your Mac and Logic Pro. You learn how to record, arrange, edit, mix, and share your music, becoming a selfsufficient musician with your computer and Logic Pro. This book will guide you to make more music.
AboutThisBook
If I could give people one superpower, I would give them instant musical talent. My world would be a curious musical, filled with willing musical partners. Logic Pro For Dummies is my honest attempt to make musical partners out of every reader, including you.
This book is designed to get you making music fast. You don’t even need to know how to play an instrument to make music with Logic Pro because it includes additional content you can use in your projects. Regardless of your current capabilities, the step-bystep instruction in this book guides you through everything you need to know to make music quickly.
I’m happy you came to me to learn Logic Pro because I have been coaching Logic Pro users since 2007 and know people's common frustrations and mistakes. I want you to feel confident using the software so you can complete more projects and share your music — with others and with me. This book gives you the most important information you need to quickly meet your musical goals and turn your ideas into completed projects.
Logic Pro For Dummies is organized for easy access. It’s your productivity advisor and your reference for quickly finding the information you need. And because many people learn more quickly by watching someone else, I provide free videos and project templates to accompany the book at https://logicstudiotraining.com/bookextras.
Throughout the book, I use certain conventions to show you what to do. For example, when you choose items from menus, I use the command arrow, such as Choose File ⇒ Edit. Links to websites are presented like this: https://logicstudiotraining.com. If you purchased the e-book, links are live and will take you directly to the web page. Finally,
Logic Pro uses the term key commandfor any combination of keys that can act as a shortcut to a function; when I refer to the Command key, I use the ⌘ symbol.
FoolishAssumptions
As I said, I want to give you instant talent, but I have to make some assumptions about you, my friendly reader. I’m pretty sure you have the music bug. But you may want to only record audio with Logic Pro, such as voice-overs, podcasts, or live seminars. This book covers those topics, but I’m also writing for the musician in you.
I believe you bought this book not only to learn how to use software but also to create music. Logic Pro is the tool, and your music is the reason it exists.
I also assume that you’re not making as much music as you could be making. I know I’m not. I’m sure we could all be bringing more music into the world, and I often aggressively push for it. I love to train musicians because they are great listeners. Great listeners make great leaders, and if I didn’t push for more great leaders, I would feel that I wasted a golden opportunity to inspire you to greatness. The more music you make, the better listener you become.
Even if you’re a beginner, I assume you’ll be able to make music that sounds great with Logic Pro. It might be a foolish assumption, but given everything Logic Pro can do for you, I don’t think so. Finally, I make the safe assumption that you’ll enjoy your time with Logic Pro.
IconsUsedinThisBook
You’ll see helpful icons throughout this book. Scan for them, and you’ll find useful information that will help pull everything together and even broaden your perspective. Readers love to scan, and I love to write for scanners.
The Tip icon is usually designed to give you an “aha” moment. Tips go beyond step-by-step instruction into strategies and techniques to make better sounding music. Pay close attention to the tips!
The Remember icon points out information that you need to keep in mind as you use Logic Pro. In some cases, you’ll be given key commands that are important to remember. Other times, you’ll see a short refresher on information relevant to the topic and covered elsewhere in the book. Whenever you see this icon, it’s important to at least store the information in your short-term memory. After all, the book remembers everything for you in the long term.
The Technical Stuff icon points out information that can be skipped or treated as extra credit. The information in these sections shouldn’t be beyond your understanding, but you don’t need to know how the engine works to drive a car.
The Warning icon is reserved for potential mistakes that could cause you to sound bad. That’s the last thing I want, and fortunately, sounding bad is hard to achieve with Logic Pro. So when you see the Warning icon, please read it!
BeyondtheBook
As mentioned, I deliver content outside this book through videos and project files. Where appropriate, I've added a link to a web page with further instructions. These videos should help you visualize the book's content, and the project files are excellent resources for getting started.
In addition, For Dummies books include one of my favorite tools of all time, the cheat sheet. I make cheat sheets for a hobby, and I’m excited to give you what I’ve got. To get to the cheat sheet, go to www.dummies.com and type Logic Pro For Dummies cheat sheet in the Search box.
WheretoGofromHere
Although I wrote the book to be somewhat linear and to follow a logical progression, you can start anywhere you want. Because I reference chapters throughout the book, you should be able to open any chapter and follow along.
If you’re new to Logic Pro, you’ll at least want to skim the first four chapters. These chapters make up Part 1 and will get you started using Logic Pro and understanding how it works. Part 2 shows you how to record audio, load and play software instruments, and add prerecorded media to your project. If you’re upgrading from previous versions of Logic Pro, you might skip to Part 3 and learn about the new software instruments or head over to Part 4, where you learn how to use the exciting new editing features such as flex pitch.
Part 5 is dedicated to mixing audio so that the final result sounds good and is ready to share with the world. From the beginning of the book to the end, you have a powerful music production blueprint. I hope you get what you need. If you should have a question, you can find me online at https://logicstudiotraining.com or https://grahamenglish.com.
Another random document with no related content on Scribd:
1899:
"German economists are not exaggerating when they say this Empire's people and capital are operating in every part of the world. Not only Hamburg, Bremen, Stettin, Lübeck, and Kiel i. e., the seaport cities but towns far inland, have invested millions in foreign enterprises. In the Americas, North and South, in Australia, in Asia, in a large part of Africa, German settlements, German factories, German merchants, and German industrial leaders are at work. Nor is it always in settlements under the Empire's control that this influence is strongest. In Senegambia, on the Gold Coast, the Slave Coast, in Zanzibar and Mozambique, in Australia, Samoa, the Marshall Islands, Tahiti, Sumatra, and South and Central America, there are powerful commercial organizations aiding the Empire. From Vladivostock to Singapore, on the mainland of Asia, and in many of the world's most productive islands, the influence of German money and thrift is felt. In Central America and the West Indies, millions of German money are in the plantations; so, too, in the plantations along the Gold Coast. In Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil, etc., German capital plays a very important part in helping to develop the agricultural and in some cases the manufacturing and commercial interests. A consequence of this development is seen in the numerous banking institutions whose fields of operation show that German commerce is working more and more in foreign parts. These banks look after and aid foreign investment as well as the Empire's other commercial relations. They help the millions of Germans in all parts of the world to carry on trade relations, not only with the Fatherland, but with other countries.
"These are the links in a long and very strong chain of gold uniting the colonies with the Mother Country. Quite recently, large quantities of German capital have been invested in various industries. The Empire's capital in United States
railroads is put down at $180,000,000. In America, Germans have undertaken manufacturing. They have used German money to put up breweries, hat factories, spinning, weaving, and paper mills, tanneries, soap-boiling establishments, candle mills, dye houses, mineral-water works, iron foundries, machine shops, dynamite mills, etc. Many of these mills use German machinery, and not a few German help. The Liebig Company, the Chilean saltpeter mines, the Chilean and Peruvian metal mines, many of the mines of South Africa, etc., are in large part controlled by German money and German forces. Two hundred different kinds of foreign bonds or papers are on the Berlin, Hamburg, and Frankfort exchanges. Germany has rapidly risen to a very important place in the financial, industrial, and mercantile world. Will she keep it? Much will depend on her power to push herself on the sea."
United States Consular Reports, September, 1899, page 127.
{248}
GERMANY: A. D. 1899. Military statistics.
A report presented to the Reichstag showed the total number of men liable for service in 1899, including the surplus from previous years, was 1,696,760. Of these 716,998 were 20 years of age, 486,978 of 21 years, 362,568 of 22 years, and 130,216 of more than 22 years. The whereabouts of 94,224 was unknown, and 97,800 others failed to appear and sent no excuse; 427,586 had already undertaken military duties, 579,429 cases were either adjourned or the men rejected (for physical reasons), 1,245 were excluded from the service, 43,196 were exempt, 112,839 were incorporated in the naval reserve, 226,957 were called upon to join the colors, leaving a surplus of 5,187; there were 23,266 volunteers for the army and 1,222 for the navy. Of the 226,957 who joined the colors 216,880 joined the
army as combatants and 4,591 as non-combatants, and 5,486 joined the navy. Of the 5,486 the maritime population furnished 3,132 and the inland 2,354. There were 21,189 men who entered the army before attaining the regulation age, and 1,480 under age who entered the navy; 33,652 of the inland population and only 189 of the maritime were condemned for emigrating without leave; while 14,150 inland and 150 maritime cases were still under consideration at the end of the year.
GERMANY: A. D. 1899 (February). Chinese anti-missionary demonstrations in Shantung.
See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1899.
GERMANY: A. D. 1899 (February). Purchase of Caroline, Pelew and Marianne Islands from Spain.
See (in this volume)
CAROLINE AND MARIANNE ISLANDS.
GERMANY: A. D. 1899 (May-July). Representation in the Peace Conference at The Hague.
See (in this volume) PEACE CONFERENCE.
GERMANY: A. D. 1899 (May-August). Advice to the South African Republic.
See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1899 (MAY-AUGUST).
GERMANY: A. D. 1899 (June). State of German colonies.
The following report on German colonies for the year ending June 30, 1899, was made to the British Foreign Office by one of the secretaries of the Embassy at Berlin:
"The number of Europeans resident in the German African Protectorates, viz., Togoland, Cameroons, South-West Africa, and East Africa, at the time of the issue of the latest colonial reports in the course of 1899 is given as 4,522 men, women, and children, of whom 3,228 were Germans. The expense to the home government of the African colonies, together with Kiao-chao in the Far East, the Caroline and Samoa Islands in the South Seas, and German New Guinea and its dependencies, is estimated at close upon £1,500,000 for 1900, the Imperial Treasury being asked to grant in subsidies a sum nearly double that required last year. Kiao-chao is included for the first time in the Colonial Estimates, and Samoa is a new item. The Imperial subsidy has been increased for each separate Protectorate, with the single exception of the Caroline Islands, which are to be granted £5,000 less than last year. East Africa receives about £33,000 more; the Cameroons, £10,000; South-West Africa, £14,000; Togoland, £800; New Guinea, £10,000; and the new items are: £489,000 for Kiao-chao (formerly included in the Naval Estimates), and £2,500 for Samoa. A Supplementary Vote of £43,265 for the Protectorate troops in the Cameroons is also now before the Budget Committee. …
"Great efforts have been made to encourage German trade with the African colonies, and it is shown that considerable success has been attained in South-West Africa, where the total value of goods imported from Germany amounted to £244,187, as against £181,961 in the previous year, with an appreciable falling-off in the value of imports from other countries. In East Africa the greater part of the import trade still comes from India and Zanzibar about £450,000 worth of goods out of the gross total of £592,630, having been imported thence. The export trade is also largely carried on through
Zanzibar."
Great Britain, Parliamentary Publications (Papers by Command: Miscellaneous Series, Number 528, 1900, pages 3-5).
GERMANY: A. D. 1899 (August).
Defeat of the Rhine-Elbe Canal Bill. Resentment of the Emperor. An extraordinary edict.
Among several new canal projects in Germany, those of "the Dortmund-Rhine Canal and the Great Midland Canal (joining from the east to west the rivers Elbe, Weser, and Rhine) are the most important. The first involves an expenditure of over £8,000,000 altogether, and the second is variously estimated at from £10,000,000 to £20,000,000, according to its eventual scope. The latter is intended to amalgamate the eastern and western waterways of the nation and to join the Dortmund-Ems Canal to the Rhine system, in order to give the latter river an outlet to the sea via a German port, instead of only through ports in the Netherlands. It will also place the Rhine-Main-Danube connection in direct communication with all the streams of North Germany."
United States Bureau of Statistics, Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance, January, 1899.
The Rhine-Elbe canal project is one which the Emperor has greatly at heart, and when, in August, 1899, a bill to promote it was defeated in the Prussian Landtag by the Agrarians, who feared that canal improvements would promote agricultural competition, his resentment was expressed in an extraordinary edict, which said: "The royal government, to its keen regret, has been compelled to notice that a number of officials, whose duty it is to support the policy of His Majesty the King, and to
execute and advance the measures of His Majesty's government, are not sufficiently conscious of this obligation. … Such conduct is opposed to all the traditions of the Prussian administration, and cannot be tolerated." This was followed by an extensive dismissal of officials, and excited strong feeling against the government in a class which is nothing if not loyal to the monarchy.
GERMANY: A. D. 1899 (November). Railway concession in Asia Minor, to the Persian Gulf.
See (in this volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1899 (NOVEMBER).
GERMANY: A. D. 1899 (November).
Re-arrangement of affairs in the Samoan Islands. Partition of the islands with the United States. Withdrawal of England, with compensations in the Tonga and Solomon Islands and in Africa.
See (in this volume) SAMOAN ISLANDS.
GERMANY: A. D. 1900. Military and naval expenditure.
See (in this volume) WAR BUDGETS.
GERMANY: A. D. 1900. Naval strength.
See (in this volume) NAVIES OF THE SEA POWERS.
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (January). Introduction of the Civil Code.
On the first day of the year 1900 a great revolution was effected in the laws of Germany, by putting into operation the new German Civil Code. "Since the close of the fifteenth century Germany has been the land of documentary right. The Roman judicial code was recognized as common law; while all legal procedure distinctly native in its origin was confined to certain districts and municipalities, and was, therefore, entirely devoid of Imperial signification in the wider sense. The Civil Code of the land was represented by the Corpus Juris Civilis, a Latin work entirely incomprehensible to the layman. {249}
This very remarkable circumstance can be accounted for only by the weakness of mediæval German Imperialism. In England and France royalty itself had, since the fourteenth century, assumed control of the laws in order that a homogeneous national code might be developed. German Imperialism of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, however, was incapable of such a task. …
"An incessant conflict has been waging in Germany between the Roman Law of the Empire and the native law as perpetuated in the special enactments of the separate provinces and municipalities. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the preponderance of power lay with the Roman system, which was further supported by the German science of jurisprudence a science identified exclusively with the common law of Rome. Science looked upon the native systems of legal procedure as irrational and barbarous; and as Roman judicature exercised complete dominion over all legislation, the consequence was that it steadily advanced, while native and local law was gradually destroyed. Only within the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries has the native law of Germany been aroused to the defence of its interests, … the signal for the attack upon Roman Law being given by King Frederick William I, of Prussia. As early as 1713 this monarch decreed that Roman law was to be abrogated in his dominions, and replaced by the native law of
Prussia. The movement became general; and the era of modern legal codes was ushered in. The legal code of Bavaria was established in 1756; Prussia followed in 1794; France, in 1804 (Code Civil); Baden, in 1809; Austria, in 1811 (Das Oesterreichische Buergerliche Gesetzbuch); and finally Saxony, in 1863 (the designation here being similar to that adopted by Austria). Everywhere the motto was the same; viz., 'Emancipation from the Latin Code of Rome.' The native code was to supplant the foreign, obscure, and obsolete Corpus Juris. But the success of these newly established codes was limited; each being applicable to its own particular province only. Moreover, many of the German states had retained the Roman law; confining their reforms to a few modifications. …
"The reestablishment of the German Empire was, therefore, essential also to the reestablishment of German law. As early as 1874 the initial steps for the incorporation of a new German Civil Code had already been taken; and this work has now at last been completed. On August 18, 1896, the new system, together with a 'Law of Introduction,' was promulgated by Emperor William II. It will become effective on January 1, 1900, a day which will ever be memorable as marking the climax of a development of four centuries. At the close of the fifteenth century Roman law was accepted in Germany; and now, at the end of the nineteenth, this entire system is to be completely abolished throughout the Empire. As a means of education, and solely for this purpose, the Roman Code will be retained in the universities. As a work of art it is immortal; as a system of laws, perishable. The last relic of that grand fabric of laws, which once dominated the whole world, crumbles to-day. The national idea is victorious; and German law for the German Empire is at last secured."
R. Sohm,
The Civil Code of Germany (Forum, October, 1800).
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (January-March).
The outbreak of the "Boxers" in northern China.
See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1900 (JANUARY-MARCH).
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (February).
Adhesion to the arrangement of an "open door" commercial policy in China.
See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1890-1900 (SEPTEMBER-FEBRUARY).
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (February-June).
Increased naval programme.
With much difficulty, and as the result of strenuous pressure, the Emperor succeeded in carrying through the Reichstag, in June, a bill which doubles the programme of naval increase adopted in 1898.
See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1898 (April).
"After the way had been prepared by a speech of the Emperor to the officers of the Berlin garrison on January 7, 1900, and by a vigorous Press agitation, this project was brought before the Reichstag on February 8. In form it was an amendment of the Sexennate, or Navy Law of 1898, which had laid down a six years' programme of naval construction. By the new measure this programme was revised and extended over a period of 20 years. Instead of the double squadron of 10 battleships, with its complement of cruisers and other craft, it was demanded that the Government should be authorized to build two double squadrons, or 38 battleships and the corresponding number of cruisers. The Bill also provided for a large increase in the number of ships to be employed in the protection of German
interests in foreign waters. The Centre party, both through its speakers in the Reichstag and through its organs in the Press, at first took up a very critical attitude towards the Bill. Its spokesmen dwelt especially upon the breach of faith involved in the extension of the programme of naval construction so soon after the compromise of 1898 had been accepted, and upon the difficulty of finding the money to pay for a fleet of such magnitude. The Clerical leaders, however, did not persist in their opposition, and finally agreed to accept the main provisions of the Bill, with the exception of the proposed increase in the number of ships employed in foreign waters. They made it a condition that the Government should incorporate with the Bill two financial projects designed to provide the money required without burdening the working classes. Both the Stamp Duties Bill and the Customs Bill were adopted by the Government, and the Navy Bill was carried with the aid of the Centre."
Berlin Correspondent, London Times.
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (May).
The Lex Heinze.
The Socialists won a notable triumph in May, when they forced the Reichstag to adopt their views in the shaping of a measure known as the Lex Heinze. This Bill, as introduced by the Government, gave the police increased powers in dealing with immorality. The Clericals and the Conservatives sought to extend its scope by amendments which were denounced by the Radicals and Socialists as placing restrictions upon the "liberty of art and literature." After a prolonged struggle, in which the Socialists resorted to the use of obstruction, the most obnoxious amendments were withdrawn.
{250}
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (May).
Passage of the Meat Inspection Bill.
A much discussed and sharply contested bill, providing for a stringent inspection of imported meats, and aimed especially at the obstructing of the American meat trade, was passed by the Reichstag on the 23d of May. It prohibits the importation of canned or sausage meat entirely, and imposes conditions on the introduction of other meats which are thought to be, in some cases, prohibitory. The measure was originally claimed to be purely one of sanitary precaution. It "had been introduced in the Reichstag early in 1899, but the sharp conflict of interests about it kept it for more than a year in committee, When the bill finally emerged for discussion in the Reichstag, it was found that the Agrarian majority had distorted it from a sanitary to a protective measure. Both in the new form they gave the bill and in their discussions of it in the Reichstag, the Agrarians showed that it was chiefly the exclusion of foreign meats, rather than a system of sanitary inspection, that they wanted. As finally passed in May the bill had lost some of the harsh prohibitory features given it by the Agrarians, the latter contenting themselves with the exclusion of canned meats and sausages. To the foreign student of German politics, the Meat Inspection Law is chiefly interesting as illustrating the tendency of the general government to seize upon functions which have hitherto been in the hands of the individual states and municipalities, as well as of bringing the private affairs of the people under the control of governmental authority. It is another long step of the German government away from the principle of 'laissez-faire.' The task undertaken by the government here is itself a stupendous one. There is certainly no other great government in the world that would endeavor to organize the administrative machinery for inspecting every pound of meat that comes upon the markets of the country."
W. C. Dreher, A Letter from Germany
(Atlantic Monthly, March, 1901).
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (June).
Opening of the Elbe and Trave Canal.
"The new Elbe and Trave Canal, which has been building five years and has been completed at a cost of 24,500,000 marks ($5,831,000) of which Prussia contributed 7,500,000 marks ($1,785,000) and the old Hansa town of Lübeck, which is now reviving, 17,000,000 marks ($4,046,000) was formally opened by the German Emperor on the 16th [of June]. The length of the new canal-which is the second to join the North Sea and the Baltic, following the Kaiser Wilhelm Ship Canal, or Kiel Canal, which was finished five years ago at a cost of 156,000,000 marks ($37,128,000)-is about 41 miles. The available breadth of the new canal is 72 feet; breadth of the lock gates, 46 feet; length of the locks, 87 yards; depth of the locks, 8 feet 2 inches. The canal is crossed by twenty-nine bridges, erected at a cost of $1,000,000. The span of the bridges is in all cases not less than 30 yards and their height above water level about 15 feet. There are seven locks, five being between Lübeck and the Möllner See the highest point of the canal and two between Möllner See and Lauenburg-on-the-Elbe."
United States, Consular Reports, September, 1900, page 8.
A memorandum by the British Charge d'Affaires in Berlin on the Elbe-Trave Canal says that the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal injuriously affected the trade of Lübeck. This was foreseen, and in 1894 a plan was sanctioned for the widening of the existing canal, which only allowed of the passage of vessels of about thirty tons. The direction of the old canal was followed only to some extent, as it had immense curves, while the new bed was fairly straight from Lübeck to Lauenburg, on the Elbe above Hamburg. The memorandum states
that the undertaking is of great importance to the States along the Elbe, as well as to Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Russia. It will to some extent divert traffic from Hamburg, and possibly reduce somewhat the revenue of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal.
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (June-December). Co-operation with the Powers in China.
See (in this volume) CHINA.
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (September). Government loan placed in America.
Great excitement and indignation was caused in September by the action of the imperial government in placing a loan of 80,000,000 marks (about $20,000,000) in the American money market. On the meeting of the Reichstag, the finance minister, Dr. von Miquel, replying to attacks upon this measure, explained that in September the state of the German market was such that if they had raised the 80,000,000 marks at home the bank discount rate would have risen above the present rate of 5 per cent. before the end of the year. In the previous winter the bank rate had been at 6 per cent, for a period of 90 days, and during three weeks it had stood at 7 per cent. The government had been strongly urged to do everything in its power to prevent the recurrence of such high rates of discount. The London rate was rapidly approaching the German, and there was reason to fear that there would be a serious flow of gold from Germany. It was therefore urgently desirable to attract gold from abroad, and there was no country where money was so easy at the time as in the United States. This was due to the extraordinarily favorable balance of American trade and the remarkable increase in exports out of all proportion to the development of imports. Another reason was the American Currency Law, which enabled the national banks to issue as
much as 100 per cent. of their capital in loans, whereas they formerly issued only 90 per cent. There was no doubt that the 80,000,000 marks could have been obtained in Germany, but the public must have been aware that other loans of much greater extent were impending. There was going to be a loan of about 150,000,000 marks for the expedition to China, and it was certain that before the end of the year 1901 considerable demands would be made upon the public.
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (September). Proposal to require leaders of the Chinese attack on foreigners to be given up.
See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1900 (AUGUST-DECEMBER).
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (October). Anglo-German agreement concerning policy in China.
See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1900 (AUGUST-DECEMBER).
{251}
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (October 9).
Lèse-majesté in criticism of the Emperor's speech to soldiers departing for China, enjoining no quarter and commending the Huns as a military example. Increasing prosecutions for Lèse-majesté.
On the 9th of October, a newspaper correspondent wrote from Berlin: "The Berlin newspapers of yesterday and to-day chronicle no fewer than five trials for 'lèse-majesté.' The most important case was that of Herr Maximilian Harden, the editor of the weekly magazine 'Zukunft.' Herr Harden, who enjoyed the confidence of the late Prince Bismarck, wields a very satirical pen, and has been designated 'The Junius of
modern Germany.' In 1898 Herr Harden was convicted of lèse-majesté and was sentenced to six months' incarceration in a fortress. In the present instance he was accused of having committed lèse-majesté in an article, 'The Fight with the Dragon,' published in the 'Zukunft' of August 11. The article dealt with the speech delivered by the Emperor at Bremerhaven on July 27, 'the telegraphic transmission of which, as was asserted at the time, had been forbidden by Count von Bülow.' The article noted as a fact that the Emperor had commanded the troops who were leaving for China to give no quarter and to make no prisoners, but, imitating the example of Attila and the Huns, to excite a terror in East Asia which would last for a thousand years. The Emperor had added, 'May the blessing of God attend your flags and may this war have the blessed result that Christianity shall make its way into China.' Herr Harden in his comments on this speech had critically examined the deeds of the historic Attila and had contrasted him with the Attila of popular story in order to demonstrate that he was not a proper model to set up for the imitation of German soldiers. The article in the 'Zukunft' had also maintained that it was not the mission of the German Empire to spread Christianity in China, and, finally, had described a war of revenge as a mistake." No publicity was allowed to be given to the proceedings of the trial. "Herr Harden was found guilty not only of having been wanting in the respect due to the Emperor but of having actually attacked his Majesty in a way that constituted lèse-majesté. The Court sentenced him to six months' incarceration in a fortress and at the same time directed that the incriminated number of the 'Zukunft' should be destroyed.
"The 'Vossische Zeitung' remarks: 'We read in the newspapers to-day that a street porter in Marburg has been sentenced to six months' imprisonment for insulting the Empress, that in Hamburg a workman has been sentenced to five months' imprisonment for lèse-majesté, that in Beuthen a workman has been sentenced to a year's imprisonment for lèse-majesté, and
that in Dusseldorf a man who is deaf and dumb has been sentenced to four months' imprisonment for the same offence. The prosecutions for lèse-majesté are multiplying at an alarming rate. We must emphatically repeat that such proceedings appear to us to be in the last degree unsuited to promote the principles of Monarchy. … The greater the number of political prosecutions that are instituted the more accustomed, under force of circumstances, does the Press become to the practice of writing so that the reader may read between the lines. And this attitude is to the advantage neither of public morals nor of the Throne. … We regret in particular that the case of yesterday (that of Herr Harden) was tried 'in camera.' … It has justly been said that publicity is more indispensable in political trials than in prosecutions against thieves and murderers. … If there is no prospect of an improvement in this respect the Reichstag will have to devote its serious attention to the question how the present administration of justice is to be dealt with, not only in the interest of freedom of speech and of the Press, but also for the good of the Crown and the well-being of the State.'"
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (October 18).
Change in the Imperial Chancellorship.
On the 18th of October it was announced in the "Imperial Gazette" that" His Majesty the Emperor and King has been graciously pleased to accede to the request of the Imperial Chancellor, the President of the Ministry and Minister for Foreign Affairs, Prince Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince of Ratibor and Corvey, to be relieved of his offices, and has at the same time conferred upon him the high Order of the Black Eagle with brilliants. His Majesty has further been graciously pleased to appoint Count von Bülow, Minister of State and Secretary of State to the Foreign Office, to be Imperial Chancellor and Minister for Foreign Affairs." Count von Bülow is the third of the successors of Prince Bismarck in the high
office of the Imperial Chancellor. The latter was followed by Count von Caprivi, who gave way to Prince Hohenlohe in 1894. Prince Hohenlohe had nearly reached the age of 82 when he is said to have asked leave to retire from public life.
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (November).
Withdrawal of legal tender silver coins.
"Germany has lately taken a step to clear off the haze from her financial horizon by calling in the outstanding thalers which are full legal tender, and turning them into subsidiary coins of limited legal tender a process which will extend over ten years. At the end of that time, if no misfortune intervenes, she will be on the gold standard as surely and safely as England is. Her banks can now tender silver to their customers when they ask for gold, as the Bank of France can and does occasionally. When this last measure is carried into effect the only full legal-tender money in Germany will be gold, or Government notes redeemable in gold."
New York Nation, November 29, 1900.
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (November-December).
The Reichstag and the Kaiser. His speeches and his system of personal government.
In the Reichstag, which reassembled on the 14th of November, "the speeches of the Kaiser were discussed by men of all parties, with a freedom that was new and refreshing in German political debates. Apart from the Kaiser's speeches in connection with the Chinese troubles, the debates brought out some frank complaints from the more 'loyal' sections of German politics, that the Kaiser is surrounded by advisers who systematically misinform him as to the actual state of public opinion. It has long been felt, and particularly during the past few years, that the present system of two cabinets one of
which is nominally responsible to the Reichstag and public opinion, while the other is merely a personal cabinet, responsible to neither, and yet exercising an enormous influence in shaping the monarch's policies has been growing more and more intolerable. This system of personal government is becoming the subject of chronic disquietude in Germany, and even the more loyal section of the press is growing restive under it. Bismarck's wise maxim, 'A monarch should appear in public only when attired in the clothing of a responsible ministry,' is finding more and more supporters among intelligent Germans."
W. C. Dreher, A Letter from Germany (Atlantic Monthly, March, 1901).
{252}
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (December).
Census of the Empire.
Growth of Berlin and other cities.
Urban population compared with that in the United States.
A despatch from Berlin, February 26, announced the results of the census of December, 1900, made public that day. The population of the German Empire is shown to have increased from 52,279,901 in 1895 to 56,345,014. Of this population 27,731,067 are males and 28,613,947 females. Over 83 per cent. of the whole population is contained in the four kingdoms; of these Prussia comes first with (in round figures) 34,500,000 inhabitants, and Bavaria second with 6,200,000. The figures for Saxony and Würtemberg are 4,200,000 and 2,300,000 respectively. More than 16 per cent. of the population is resident in the 33 towns of over 100,000 inhabitants. Of these 33 towns the largest is Berlin, while the smallest is Cassel, of which the inhabitants number 106,001.
The Prussian Statistical Office had already published the results of the census, so far as they concern Berlin and its suburbs. It appears that the population of the German capital now amounts to 1,884,151 souls, as against 1,677,304 in 1895 and 826,3!1 in 1871. The population of the suburbs has increased from 57,735 in 1871 and 435,236 in 1895, to 639,310 in 1900. The total population of the capital, including the suburbs, is given as 2,523,461 souls, as against 2,112,540 in 1895, an increase of over 19 per cent. Some figures relating to other cities had previously appeared, going to show "an acceleration of the movement of population from the country toward the great cities. The growth of the urban population in five years has been astonishing. The population of Berlin, for example, increased more than twice as much in the last five years as in the preceding five. The fourteen German cities now having a population of above 200,000 have increased more than 17 per cent since 1895. … No other European capital is growing so fast in wealth and numbers as Berlin; and the city is rapidly assuming a dominant position in all spheres of German life."
W. C. Dreher,
A Letter from Germany
(Atlantic Monthly, March, 1901).
The percentage of growth in Berlin "has been far outstripped by many other cities, especially by Nuremberg; and so far as our own census shows, no American city of over 50,000 inhabitants can match its increase. In five years it has grown from 162,000 to 261,000 60 per cent increase. That would mean 120 per cent in a decade.
"But though Germany has only one city of more than one million, and one more of more than half a million, and the United States has three of each class, Germany has, in proportion to its population rather more cities of from 50,000 to 100,000 inhabitants, and decidedly more of from 100,000 to 500,000, than the United States. In the United States
8,000,000 people live in cities of over 500,000 inhabitants, against some 3,000,000 in Germany; yet in the United States a larger percentage of the population lives in places which have under 50,000 inhabitants."
The World's Work, March, 1901.
GERMANY: A. D. 1901 (January).
Celebration of the Prussian Bicentenary.
See (in this volume)
PRUSSIA: A. D. 1901.
GERMANY: A. D. 1901 (January).
Promised increase of protective duties.
In the Reichstag the Parliament of the Empire on the 26th of January, the Agrarians brought in a resolution demanding that the Prussian Government should "in the most resolute manner" use its influence to secure a "considerable increase" in the protective duties on agricultural produce at the approaching revision of German commercial policy, and should take steps to get the new Tariff Bill laid before the Reichstag as promptly as possible. In response, the Imperial Chancellor, Count von Bülow, made the following declaration of the policy of the government, for which all parties had been anxiously waiting: "Fully recognizing the difficult situation in which agriculture is placed, and inspired by the desire effectively to improve that situation, the Prussian Government is resolved to exert its influence in order to obtain adequate protection for agricultural produce by means of the Customs duties, which must be raised to an extent calculated to attain that object."
