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The Political Economy of Climate Change Adaptation 1st Edition Benjamin K. Sovacool
Climate Change Adaptation from Geotechnical Perspectives
Select Proceedings of CREST 2023
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
Volume 447
Series Editors
Marco di Prisco, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
Sheng-Hong Chen, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Ioannis Vayas, Institute of Steel Structures, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Sanjay Kumar Shukla, School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
Anuj Sharma, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
Nagesh Kumar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Chien Ming Wang, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Zhen-Dong Cui, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
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Organization
Organizing Committee
Chairperson
Prof. Hemanta Hazarika, Kyushu University, Japan
Honorary Chairpersons
Prof. Masayuki Hyodo, Professor Emeritus, Yamaguchi University, Japan
Prof. Osamu Kusakabe, International Press-in Association, Japan
Prof. Takaji Kokusho, Professor Emeritus, Chuo University, Japan
Prof. Kazuya Yasuhara, Professor Emeritus, Ibaraki University, Japan
Co-chairpersons
Prof. Gopal Santana Phani Madabhushi, University of Cambridge, UK
Prof. Mitsu Okamura, Ehime University, Japan
Prof. Anand Jagadeesh Puppala, Texas A&M University, USA
Prof. Takayuki Shimaoka, Kyushu University, Japan
Mr. Kunihiko Tanaka, Japan Foundation Engineering Co., Ltd., Japan
Mr. Hiroshi Yamada, NITTOC Construction Co., Ltd., Japan
Prof. Noriyuki Yasufuku, Kyushu University, Japan
Secretary General
Dr. Yoshifumi Kochi, K’s Lab Inc., Japan
Co-secretary General
Dr. Naoto Watanabe, KFC Ltd., Japan
Members
Mr. Shunichi Ikeda, Toa Grout Kogyo Co., Ltd., Japan
Mr. Shinichiro Ishibashi, Nihon Chiken Co., Ltd., Japan
Dr. Tomohiro Ishizawa, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan
Dr. Kentaro Kuribayashi, Eight-Japan Engineering Consultants Inc., Japan
Ms. Nanae Maeda, Corp Seiko, Japan
Dr. Suman Manandhar, Kyushu University, Japan
Mr. Daisuke Matsumoto, Japan Foundation Engineering Co., Ltd., Japan
Dr. Kenta Mizuno, Wakachiku Construction Co., Ltd., Japan
Dr. Masanori Murai, Shimizu Corporation, Japan
Dr. Atsunori Numata, Soil and Wood Research Institute, Japan
Mr. Yoshikazu Ochi, Kawasaki Geological Engineering Co., Ltd., Japan
Dr. Mai Sawada, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Dr. Tadaomi Setoguchi, Association of Disaster Experts in Kyushu Region, Japan
Prof. Daisuke Suetsugu, University of Miyazaki, Japan
Mr. Tsuyoshi Tanaka, Tokyo City University, Japan
Dr. Kentaro Yamamoto, Oita University, Japan
Steering Committee
Chairperson
Prof. Yasuhide Fukumoto, Kyushu University, Japan
Co-chairpersons
Prof. Haruichi Kanaya, Kyushu University, Japan
Prof. Naoaki Suemasa, Tokyo City University, Japan
Secretary General
Dr. Masanori Murai, Shimizu Corporation, Japan
Co-secretary General
Mr. Tsuyoshi Tanaka, Tokyo City University, Japan
Members
Prof. Takenori Hino, Saga University, Japan
Mr. Shinichiro Ishibashi, Nihon Chiken Co., Ltd., Japan
Dr. Yoshifumi Kochi, K’s Lab Inc., Japan
Dr. Kenta Mizuno, Wakachiku Construction Co., Ltd., Japan
Ms. Tomomi Nishi, Fukuoka University, Japan
Dr. Atsunori Numata, Soil and Wood Research Institute, Japan
Mr. Yoshikazu Ochi, Kawasaki Geological Engineering Co., Ltd., Japan
Dr. Osamu Otsuka, KFC Ltd., Japan
Prof. Kazunari Sako, Kagoshima University, Japan
Mr. Taisuke Sasaki, Nihon Chiken Co., Ltd., Japan
Dr. Tadaomi Setoguchi, Association of Disaster Experts in Kyushu Region, Japan
Prof. Daisuke Suetsugu, University of Miyazaki, Japan
Prof. Yuichi Sugai, Kyushu University, Japan
Dr. Kentaro Yamamoto, Oita University, Japan
Technical Committee
Chairperson
Prof. Stuart Kenneth Haigh, University of Cambridge, UK
Co-chairpersons
Prof. Toshiro Hata, Hiroshima University, Japan
Prof. Shinya Inazumi, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan
Dr. Eiji Kohama, Port and Airport Research Institute, Japan
Prof. Neelima Satyam, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
Prof. Yuichi Sugai, Kyushu University, Japan
Secretary General
Dr. Babloo Chaudhary, National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal, India
Co-secretary
Generals
Dr. Kohei Araki, National Institute of Technology, Tokuyama College, Japan
Dr. Suman Manandhar, Kyushu University, Japan
Dr. Sugeng Wahyudi, NITTOC Construction Co., Ltd., Japan
Members
Dr. Lutfian Rusdi Daryono, NITTOC Construction Co., Ltd., Japan
Dr. Zentaro Furukawa, Okayama University, Japan
Dr. Yi He, Southwest Jiaotong University, China
Dr. Toshiyuki Himeno, National Institute of Technology, Oita College, Japan
Dr. Keisuke Ishikawa, Tokyo Denki University, Japan
Dr. Atsushi Koyama, University of Miyazaki, Japan
Dr. Masaaki Katagiri, Nikken Sekkei Ltd., Japan
Dr. Tomokazu Ozawa, moAI, Japan
Mr. Kenichi Sakai, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan
Mr. Yasutaka Tabuki, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan
Mr. Tsutomu Tsuchiya, Chemical Grouting Co., Ltd., Japan
Dr. Kyohei Ueda, Kyoto University, Japan
Prof. Kenji Watanabe, University of Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Kentaro Yamamoto, Oita University, Japan
Logistics Committee
Chairperson
Dr. Yoshifumi Kochi, K’s Lab Inc., Japan
Co-chairperson
Mr. Daisuke Matsumoto, Japan Foundation Engineering Co., Ltd., Japan
Secretary General
Mr. Shinichiro Ishibashi, Nihon Chiken Co., Ltd., Japan
Members
Mr. Takashi Fujishiro, Institute of Geo-Disaster Prevention, Japan
Mr. Shunichi Ikeda, Toa Grout Kogyo Co., Ltd., Japan
Ms. Nanae Maeda, Corp Seiko, Japan
Ms. Mika Murayama, Kyushu University, Japan
Dr. Osamu Otsuka, KFC Ltd., Japan
Mr. Taisuke Sasaki, Nihon Chiken Co., Ltd., Japan
Mr. Akira Takeda, Okumura Corporation, Japan
Special Committee on SDGs
Chairperson
Dr. Atsunori Numata, Soil and Wood Research Institute, Japan
Co-chairperson
Dr. Naoki Sakai, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan
Secretary General
Dr. Tomohiro Ishizawa, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan
Co-secretary General
Dr. Mai Sawada, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Members
Prof. Chandan Ghosh, National Institute of Disaster Management, India
Dr. Yusaku Isobe, IMAGEi Consultant Corporation, Japan
Dr. Ik Joon Kang, Kyushu University, Japan
Prof. Taizo Kobayashi, Ritsumeikan University, Japan
Dr. Kentaro Kuribayashi, Eight-Japan Engineering Consultants Inc., Japan
Dr. Wei Feng Lee, Ground Master Construction Co., Ltd., Taiwan
Dr. Nguyen Thi Hoai Linh, Kyushu University, Japan
Dr. Mamiko Maeno, Fukuoka City Council, Japan
Ms. Alena Raymond, University of California Davis, USA
Mr. Tsuyoshi Tanaka, Tokyo City University, Japan
Dr. Tran Thi Thanh Thuy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Special Committee on Diversity
Chairperson
Prof. Fauziah Ahmad, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Co-chairpersons
Dr. Naoko Kitada, Geo-Research Institute, Japan
Ms. Kyoko Ohta, Fukuoka Prefectural Assembly, Japan
Dr. Atsuko Sato, Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region, Japan
Dr. Satoquo Seino, Kyushu University, Japan
Secretary General
Dr. Ryoko Senda, Kyushu University, Japan
Co-secretary General
Dr. Tomohiro Ishizawa, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan
Members
Dr. Amizatulhani Abdullah, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia
Ms. Tomomi Nishi, Fukuoka University, Japan
Dr. Tadaomi Setoguchi, Association of Disaster Experts in Kyushu Region, Japan
Sponsorship Committee
Chairperson
Mr. Hideaki Moriya, NITTOC Construction Co., Ltd., Japan
Co-chairpersons
Dr. Yusaku Isobe, IMAGEi Consultant Corporation, Japan
Dr. Nozomu Kotake, JAFEC USA, USA
Dr. Chakravarthy R. Parthasarathy, Sarathy Geotech and Engineering Services Pvt. Ltd., India
Dr. Yasuo Shirai, Kiso-Jiban Consultants Co., Ltd., Japan
Dr. Lin Wang, Chuo Kaihatsu Corporation, Japan
Secretary General
Dr. Masanori Murai, Shimizu Corporation, Japan
Co-secretary Generals
Dr. Akira Ishikawa, Shimizu Corporation, Japan
Dr. Tadaomi Setoguchi, Association of Disaster Experts in Kyushu Region, Japan
Members
Mr. Takayoshi Inukai, Zeta Sekkei Inc., Japan
Mr. Daisuke Matsumoto, Japan Foundation Engineering Co., Ltd., Japan
Dr. Kenta Mizuno, Wakachiku Construction Co., Ltd., Japan
Mr. Katsuji Takematsu, Japan Foundation Engineering Co., Ltd., Japan
Mr. Tsuyoshi Tanaka, Tokyo City University, Japan
Public Relations Committee
Chairperson
Dr. Kenta Mizuno, Wakachiku Construction Co., Ltd., Japan
Co-chairpersons
Prof. Netra Prakash Bhandary, Ehime University, Japan
Dr. Kiyoharu Hirota, Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd., Japan
Secretary General
Mr. Tsuyoshi Tanaka, Tokyo City University, Japan
Co-secretary Generals
Dr. Kentaro Kuribayashi, Eight-Japan Engineering Consultants Inc., Japan
Dr. Guojun Liu, Takenaka Corporation, Japan
Dr. Tadaomi Setoguchi, Association of Disaster Experts in Kyushu Region, Japan
Members
Mr. Yoshikazu Ochi, Kawasaki Geological Engineering Co., Ltd., Japan
Ms. Nanase Ogawa, GIKEN Ltd., Japan
Youth Endeavor Committee
Chairperson
Dr. Kentaro Yamamoto, Oita University, Japan
Co-chairpersons
Dr. Keita Lee, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., Japan
Prof. Kazunari Sako, Kagoshima University, Japan
Prof. Daisuke Suetsugu, University of Miyazaki, Japan
Dr. Norimasa Yoshimoto, Yamaguchi University, Japan
Secretary General
Dr. Taichi Hyodo, Toyama Prefectural University, Japan
Co-secretary Generals
Dr. Zentaro Furukawa, Okayama University, Japan
Dr. Shintaro Miyamoto, National Defense Academy, Japan
Members
Mr. Yuta Ichikawa, Shimizu Corporation, Japan
Mr. Katsuya Ogo, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., Japan
Preface
Climate Change Adaptation from Geotechnical Perspectives is a compilation of carefully selected and peer-reviewed papers from the 2nd International Conference on Construction Resources for Environmentally Sustainable Technologies (CREST 2023). This conference, hosted by Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, was held in Fukuoka International Congress Center, Fukuoka, from November 20 to 22, 2023. It was co-hosted by the University of Cambridge, International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (ISSMGE), Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE), Japanese Geotechnical Society (JGS), The Japan Landslide Society, ISSMGE Technical Committee 307 (TC307), ISSMGE Technical Committee 215 (TC215), ISSMGE Asian Regional Technical Committee 1 (AsRTC1), ISSMGE Asian Regional Technical Committee 3 (AsRTC3), International Press-in Association (IPA), and Global Society for Smart Geo-Sustainnovation (GLOSS). Further support to this conference was extended by the Kyushu Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan, Fukuoka Prefecture, Fukuoka City, Consulate General of India Osaka-Kobe, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED), UN-HABITAT Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Fukuoka, Kyushu Branch of Japanese Geotechnical Society (JGS), The Society of Materials Science Japan (JSMS), Japan Federation of Construction Contractors (JFCC), Japan Civil Engineering Consultants Association (JCCA), Japan Geotechnical Consultants Association (JGCA), Organization of Geowaste Technology for a Recycled Based Society, Applied Slope Engineering Association (ASERG), and the Local Resilience Research Institute (LRRI).
The principal aim of CREST 2023 was to disseminate knowledge and foster discussions concerning issues related to natural disasters and disasters associated with anthropogenic activities. Additionally, it sought to proffer solutions through the utilization of alternative resources, groundbreaking technologies, and adaptable disaster mitigation strategies. All these endeavors converged toward the common objective of establishing a resilient and sustainable society from a geoengineering perspective. The conference’s themes spanned across a wide range of interdisciplinary areas that align with the Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction (DRR).
The holistic approach, based on the Sendai Framework for DRR, includes the integration of disaster risk reduction into development strategies, thereby cultivating resilience in nations and communities against future disasters. The conference was centered on the themes of sustainability, the promotion of innovative concepts, and advancements in the design, construction, and maintenance of geotechnical structures. All these efforts were geared toward contributing to climate change adaptation and disaster resilience, in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set forth by the United Nations (UN). The conference aspires to unite scientists, researchers, engineers, and policymakers from around the world, creating a platform for robust debate and discussion on these pressing issues.
The proceedings of CREST 2023 are thoughtfully partitioned into five volumes. This volume encompasses four fundamental issues, namely (i) innovative techniques toward low carbon footprint, (ii) innovative case studies for sustainable design and construction, (iii) socio-economic and environmental aspects in sustainable construction, and (iv) geological and hydrological aspects. Comprising a total of 38 contributions. Each manuscript underwent rigorous reviews, subjected to evaluation by at least two reviewers chosen from an international panel of experts.
The publication of Climate Change Adaptation from Geotechnical Perspectives was made possible through the unwavering dedication of the core members of the technical committee of CREST 2023, along with the contributions of the staff from the Research Group of Adaptation to Global Geo-Disaster and Environment, Kyushu University, Japan. The editors extend their heartfelt gratitude to all those who have played a part in this endeavor. The editors also wish to convey their heartfelt appreciation to all the reviewers for generously dedicating their time and efforts to meticulously review the manuscripts, thereby enhancing the overall content.
The editors hold the hope that this book will prove valuable to students, researchers, professionals, and policymakers. The editors also firmly believe that, in the years to come, the knowledge encapsulated within this volume will contribute significantly to the realization of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.
Fukuoka, Japan
Cambridge, UK
Surathkal, India
Tokyo, Japan
Fukuoka, Japan
Hemanta Hazarika
Stuart Kenneth Haigh
Babloo Chaudhary
Masanori Murai
Suman Manandhar
Acknowledgments
Financial Supports
The Organizing Committee of the 2nd International Conference on Construction R esources for Environmentally Sustainable Technologies (CREST 2023) and the editors of this book gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the following organizations: The Maeda Engineering Foundation, Tokyo; Fukuoka Convention and Visitors Bureau Fukuoka; Japan Tourism Agency, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Government of Japan; and Consulate General of India, Osaka-Kobe. The editors also would like to acknowledge all our sponsors (Diamond, Gold, and Silver), without which holding off the conference and this publication would not have been possible.
Panel of Reviewers
The manuscript for each chapter included in this book was carefully reviewed for the quality and clarity of technical contents by at least two members from the review panel, consisting of the following international experts. The editors wish to express their sincere gratitude to all the reviewers for their valuable time and efforts.
Dr. Amizatulhani Abdullah, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia
Dr. Kohei Araki, National Institute of Technology, Tokuyama College, Japan
Prof. Lilia Austriaco, Angeles University, Philippines
Dr. Babloo Chaudhary, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India
Dr. Gabriele Chiaro, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Dr. Lutfian Rusdi Daryono, NITTOC Construction Co., Ltd., Japan
Dr. Rohit Divyesh, TechFab India Industries Ltd., India
Dr. Kevin Franke, Brigham Young University, USA
Dr. Tjie-Liong Gouw, GTL Geotechnical Consultant, Indonesia
Prof. S. Mohsen Haeri, Sharif University of Technology, Iran
Dr. Kenji Harada, Fudo Tetra Corporation, Japan
Dr. Yi He, Southwest Jiaotong University, China
Dr. Taichi Hyodo, Toyama Prefectural University, Japan
Prof. Shinya Inazumi, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan
Prof. Toru Inui, Osaka University, Japan
Dr. Akira Ishikawa, Shimizu Corporation, Japan
Dr. Keisuke Ishikawa, Tokyo Denki University, Japan
Dr. Koichi Isobe, Hokkaido University, Japan
Dr. Eiji Kohama, Port and Airport Research Institute, Japan
Prof. Seiki Kawagoe, Fukushima University, Japan
Ms. Minimol Korulla, Maccaferri Environmental Solutions Pvt. Ltd., India
Dr. Shiv Shankar Kumar, National Institute of Technology Patna, India
Dr. Suman Manandhar, Kyushu University, Japan
Prof. Hiroshi Miwa, Tottori University, Japan
Dr. John McDougall, Edinburgh Napier University, UK
Dr. Kenta Mizuno, Wakachiku Construction Co. Ltd., Japan
Dr. Shintaro Miyamoto, National Defense Academy of Japan, Japan
Dr. Kentaro Nakai, Nagoya University, Japan
Prof. Yukio Nakata, Yamaguchi University, Japan
Prof. Satoshi Nishimura, Hokkaido University, Japan
Prof. Kyriazis Pitilakis, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
Dr. Doni Prakasa Eka Putra, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
Dr. Mai Sawada, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Prof. Shui Long Shen, Shantou University, China
Dr. Yasuo Shirai, Kiso-Jiban Consultants Co., Ltd., Japan
Prof. Naoaki Suemasa, Tokyo City University, Japan
Dr. Mohd Khaidir Abu Talib, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia
Dr. Van Cong Trinh, Thuyloi University, Vietnam
Dr. Kyohei Ueda, Kyoto University, Japan
Dr. Naoto Watanabe, KFC Ltd., Japan
Dr. Sugeng Wahyudi, NITTOC Construction Co., Ltd., Japan
Innovative Techniques Towards Low Carbon Footprint
Analysis of Operational Energy Cost of Typical Residential Building (in Guwahati Located in Northeastern India) with Foam Concrete as Walling Material .......................................
Chandrashekhar Dattatray Wagh, Indu Siva Ranjani Gandhi, and Vishal Shrivastava
Contribution of Vetiver Grass Towards Slope Stability Via Mechanical Root Reinforcement
Ujwalkumar D. Patil, Myeong-Ho Yeo, Else Demeulenaere, Daniel Mabagos, and Surya Sarat Chandra Congress
Effect of Change in Penetration to Rotation Rate on Screw Pile Performance in Loose Sand
Experimental Study on the Bearing Capacities of Sheet Pile Foundation in Saturated Clay Ground ............................... 33 Xi Xiong, Jiayu Chen, Tatsunori Matsumoto, and Yukihiro Ishihara
Hydro-Mechanical Effect of Vetiver Root on Laterite Soil ............. 47
T. T. Safa, D. Mahima, P. K. Jayasree, and K. Balan
Influence of Relative Stiffness on Integral Bridge Design .............. 57
Douglas G. Morley, Yazan B. Asia, Gopal S. P. Madabhushi, Indrasenan Thusyanthan, and Dennis Sakufiwa
Study on Compaction and Unconfined Compressive Strength Characteristics of Magnesium Carbonate Mixed Soils ................. 69
Navya Ann Eldho and Hailong Wang
Sustainable Handling of Soft Soils During the Design of Major Infrastructure Projects ............................................. 81
Martin Tanderup, Michael Rosenlund Lodahl, Kristina Thomassen, and Lars Bo Ibsen
Transient Simulation of Ground Source Heat Pump in Tropical Region Considering Groundwater Flow 93
Arif Widiatmojo and Youhei Uchida
Innovative Case Studies for Sustainable Design and Construction
2D Model Tests of Sheet Pile Reinforcement Method for Existing Pile Foundations .................................................. 105
Takatoshi Sagawa, Tsubasa Ohata, and Hidetoshi Nishioka
Application of Phase Change Materials for Thermal Stabilization of Soils in Cold Regions ............................................ 115
Ekaterina Kravchenko and Charles Wang Wai Ng
Case Study on Application of an Innovative Method of Pulling Out the Earth Retaining Pile with Less Ground Surface Settlement ........ 127
Michiho Taoka, Yoshinori Fukubayashi, Hiroaki Watanabe, and Yasuhiko Nishi
Case Studies of Vibration Method to Evaluate Residual Tensile Force of Ground Anchors 137
A Case Study of Multi-point Temperature Logging for Effective Groundwater Drainage in High Embankment ........................
Masanori Murai, Masaya Kawata, Yuta Ichikawa, and Atsuo Takeuchi
Effect of Groundwater Filtering on Clogging of Recharge Well ........
Hidehiko Hayashi, Akira Ishikawa, and Nobuaki Kohsaka
Infiltration Depth Prediction Model Considering Soil Properties and Rainfall Conditions for Aeolian Sand Subgrade ..................
321
331
345
353
363 Xintong Song, Yaqi Zhang, Pengcheng Wang, Li Zhang, and Peng Jing
Integrated Water Resources Management Considering Geologic Features Under Climate Change: Development of an Analytical Tool for Langat River Basin in Malaysia .............................
Mitsuru Yabe, Hiroki Ohashi, and Tadashi Yoshioka
Multiphysics Numerical Modeling of Transient Transport of PFAS
375
387 Arvin Farid and Pierrette Iradukunda
Observations and Analysis of Vertical One-Dimensional Rainfall Seepage Flow Phenomenon
Seepage Model Experiment of Earth Fill Dam Due to Heavy Rains .....
401
415 Namihiko Tanaya, Shuichi Kuroda, Kentaro Kuribayashi, and Tadashi Hara
The Use of Field Water Retention and Ambient Temperature for Developing the Soil Water Characteristic Curve ...................
Randhilini Liyanage, Ahmad Mousa, Ankit Garg, Fauziah Ahmad, and Vivi Anggraini
427
About the Editors
Prof. Hemanta Hazarika is currently a professor in the Graduate School of Engineering and Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. Professor Hazarika’s research activities include disaster prevention and mitigation, soil-structure interaction, stability of soilstructures during earthquakes and tsunami, ground improvement, application of recycled waste and lightweight materials in constructions, stability of cut slopes, and landslides and their protection. He has more than 350 technical papers in various international journals, international conferences, workshops and symposia to date. He has also authored two textbooks on soil mechanics and their Japanese versions. In addition, Prof. Hazarika served as the editor of six books on diverse topics. Prof. Hazarika has several years of experience in teaching, research as well as geotechnical practice and consulting both within and outside Japan. He is currently a foreign expert of the world’s first research center in Palu, Indonesia on liquefaction research called “The National Research Center for Liquefaction.” Currently, Prof. Hazarika is the chairman of Asian Technical Committee on “Geotechnical Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Changeinduced Geo-disasters in Asia-Pacific Regions” of International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE). He is also Founding President of a general incorporated corporation called GLOSS (Global Society for Smart Geo-Sustainnovation).
Prof. Stuart Kenneth Haigh is a professor in Geotechnical Engineering at Cambridge University and a fellow of Trinity College. In addition, Prof. Stuart Kenneth Haigh is Assistant Director of the Schofield Centre. He has a wide range of research interests centered around physical modelling at 1g and utilizing centrifuges and numerical modelling using FE and MPM. His 25 years of experience in developing complex centrifuge experiments includes developing earthquake actuators, highg robots, and an in-flight tunnel boring machine. He also delivered the Geotechnic Lecture on Mobilizable strength design for flexible retaining walls in November 2021. He has published more than 100 papers in several journals of repute.
Dr. Babloo Chaudhary is an assistant professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK) Surathkal, India. He completed his Ph.D. from Kyushu University, Japan. He was a postdoctoral fellow at Kyoto University, Japan. His research activities include geo-disaster prevention and mitigation, dynamic soil-structures interaction, coastal geotechnics, renewal energy, ground improvement, energy geotechnics. His expertise extends from physical model tests, including 1g model tests and centrifuge model tests, to numerical simulation in the domain of geotechnical Engineering. He has published around 100 technical papers in various international and national journals, conferences, workshops and symposia. Dr. Chaudhary is recipient of Shri M. S. Jain Biennial Award given by Indian Geotechnical Society in 2017.
Dr. Masanori Murai has had a distinguished career as a senior engineer with Shimizu Corporation, a leading construction company in Japan, after receiving his Ph.D. from Kochi University in Japan. Throughout his career, he has specialized in the field of geotechnical engineering and has played a key role in the design, construction, and maintenance of a wide range of infrastructure projects. In addition to his work on infrastructure projects, Dr. Murai has also been involved in research and development activities related to geotechnical engineering. He has published numerous papers in peerreviewed journals and presented at conferences around
the world, sharing his expertise and insights with other professionals in the field. Overall, Dr. Murai’s career at Shimizu Corporation has been characterized by a strong focus on safety, sustainability, and innovation. His expertise in geotechnical engineering and commitment to excellence have made him an asset to the company and the field of engineering as a whole.
Dr. Suman Manandhar is a Research Fellow in the Department of Civil Engineering at Kyushu University, Japan. He completed his post-doctoral research from Kyushu University and enhanced his career from a lecturer to guest/visiting associate professor at the Institute of Lowland and Marin Research, Saga University, Japan. He also served in different academic and professional sectors in Nepal. He is one of the founder members of Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies (GIIS) in Nepal. He has published more than 70 papers in refereed journal and proceedings in different SCI and Scopus-indexed journals. His major research areas cover risk sensitive land use plan and multi-hazard assessments, geo-disasters, DRRM, foundation, ground improvement, stability analysis, liquefaction analysis, numerical modeling, and compaction on embankment slopes.
Innovative Techniques Towards Low Carbon Footprint
Analysis of Operational Energy Cost of Typical Residential Building (in
Abstract The building construction sector is known around the world for its huge energy consumption with a significant proportion contributed by the building’s operations phase alone. This encourages us to investigate alternative building materials in order to reduce the energy consumption of buildings. Foam concrete (FC) is one such energy-saving material with special attributes such as low density (400–1850 kg/m3 ) and excellent insulating characteristics. The main facet of the present study includes investigations on operational energy cost of typical G + 1 bungalow located in the Guwahati city (in Northeastern region of India) for different scenarios of walling materials (FC, autoclaved aerated concrete block (AAC) and clay brick). Experimental outcomes indicated that thermal conductivity of AAC block and FC of density 1000 kg/m3 are found to be very much lower than that of conventional clay brick. Further results on energy simulation analysis showed that building with AAC block (density 660 kg/m3 ) and FC (density 1000 kg/m3 ) as walling material exhibited yearly energy consumption of 15,188.24 and 15,608.75 kWh, respectively, which is comparatively lower than that of clay bricks (16,187.13 kWh). Adding to above, use of better insulating walling material also results in reduction of CO2 emission by 53.99 and 31.26 tons for AAC block and FC (density 1000 kg/m3 ), respectively. The above results highlight that FC can serve as a better energy-efficient alternative to conventional walling material.
Keywords Thermal comfort · Life cycle · Carbon footprint
C. D. Wagh I. S. R. Gandhi (B) V. Shrivastava
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
Over a period of time, building sector has turned out to be major consumer of energy. A recent survey indicates that the total energy utilization in buildings has reached 40% of the total global demand, surpassing the transportation sector. Further, this contributes to more than 30% of the worldwide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [1]. On a similar note, energy demand of building sector from Indian context accounts for 33%, with heating and cooling accounting for more than half of this requirement. It is expected that this energy usage will increase steadily by 8% annually in the coming years [2]. Moreover, in the present scenario, with the publication of energysaving design standards and building energy-saving requirements becoming more stringent, there is an arduous requirement for energy-efficient solutions to reduce the operational energy of buildings [3]. In this line studies carried out by various researchers have showed that the annual energy consumption of building can be reduced significantly by 27–77% through simpler means of incorporation of better thermal insulating materials for roof and wall during construction [4, 5]. Numerous research on energy-efficient structures have demonstrated that walls with thermal insulation play a significant role in reducing the amount of energy needed for heating and cooling without relying heavily on mechanical air-conditioning, particularly during inter-seasonal months [6]. Thermal insulation in walls and roofs not only leads to a reduction in the size of the required air-conditioning system, but also reduces the building’s overall operational energy demand, resulting in a decrease in the annual energy cost and carbon footprint of the buildings. In similar context, Comaklı and Yuksel’s [7] investigations proved that 50% reduction in CO2 emissions can be realized through provision of insulation of optimum thickness for external wall and through other energy-saving methods. Thus it can be inferred from above discussion that adopting the right thermal insulation walling system is one of the effective ways to reduce energy needed for cooling and heating of buildings.
Sustainability being the key trend of construction, in present scenario, various passive insulation techniques are being developed to produce energy-efficient structures. One such promising way of achieving energy efficiency is through use of foamed concrete in construction which is globally accepted as an effective thermal insulation material. Foamed concrete is a type of cellular concrete with randomly distributed air voids in the mortar or cement paste with a wide range of density ranging from 150 to 1800 kg/m3 [8, 9]. Owning to its wide range of density, foam concrete has thermal conductivity values ranging from 0.05 to 0.90 W/mK [8]. This wide range of density and excellent thermal insulating properties has facilitated the use of foam concrete predominantly in building sector as a walling material. The present study evaluates the potential of foam concrete in reduction of operational energy consumption of G + 1 house with foam concrete as walling material.
Guwahati (26°10' N, 92°49' E) the capital of the Indian state of Assam is chosen as the study location for this research. This urban region is around 262 km2 in size and has a population of approximately 12 lakh people (Census of India, 2011) expected to reach 21.74 lakh by 2025. The city’s and region’s general climate is warm
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is why new sprouts come from potatoes as we see them now. That was why this potato at Makiki was called Ualakaa, because it rolled [down hill]. Another name which I heard [applied to it] was Iolekaa (rolling rat). Another has it that Kaauhelemoa pecked at the stem of this potato and it rolled to Kapanaia’s field, because Pupuulima chased after it.
Makiki o Ualakaa, no ka kaa ana o ua ualo la. A kekahi inoa a’u i lohe ai o Iolekaa. O kekahi hoi, na Kaauhelemoa i kiko ke anakiu o ua uala la, a haule i ka mala a Kapanaia, no ke alualu ia ana mai e Pupuulima.
STORY OF PUULAINA. MOOLELO NO PUULAINA.
Concerning the origin of this hill,44 some say that it was begotten by two mountains, Eeke45 and Lihau.46 Eeke was the husband and Lihau was the wife. They were real persons, but it will be shown later the reason for their being changed to mountains. [534]After they had lived as man and wife, a child was born to them, a son, the
Na kumu kahi i puka mai ai keia puu. Wahi a kekahi poe i hanau maoli ia mai no e kekahi mau kuahiwi, oia ke kuahiwi o Eeke ame Lihau. O Eeke ke kane, a o Lihau ka wahine, he mau kanaka maoli no keia, aka, mahope aku e ike no kakou i ke [535]kumu o ka lilo ana i mau kuahiwi. I ko laua noho a kane a wahine ana, hanau mai la ka laua keiki, he
subject of this story which we are considering. But after some time Eeke became entangled, for he saw a beautiful woman, Puuwaiohina from Kauaula, and they committed adultery Because of this, Lihau thought to choke the child to death, so that the two of them could go and do mischief; this caused them to quarrel. Eeke took the child to his mother, Maunahoomaha,47 and left him with her. After that their god, Hinaikauluau, placed a restriction over them; they were not to live together, nor were they to have any intercourse with others; but ten days after this order, Eeke again committed adultery with Puuwaiohina above referred to, who was a younger sister to Lihau. Because of this their god punished them by making Eeke a mountain and Puuwaiohina a mountain ridge; that is the ridge prominent at Kauaula. There is, it seems, a hole below the highest point of this ridge. When sound issues from this hole, that is the time the kauaula48 wind blows a fierce gale.
keiki kane, oia ka mea nona ka moolelo a kakou e kamailio nei. Aka, i kekahi manawa, loaa iho la ka hihia ia Eeke, no ka mea, ua ike aku la o Eeke i ka wahine maikai o Puuwaiohina, no Kauaula ia, a ua hana laua i ka hewa. No ia mea, manao iho la o Lihau e umi i ke keiki, a hele pu aku no hoi i ke kalohe; a noia mea, hoopaapaa ae la laua. Lawe ae la o Eeke i ke keiki na kona makuahine e hanai, oia hoi o Maunahoomaha. Ma ia hope iho hookapu mai la ko lakou akua, o Hinaikauluau, aole e noho pu laua, aole hoi e launa aku me kekahi mea e; aka he anahulu mahope iho o keia olelo, haule hou iho la o Eeke i ka hewa, me Puuwaiohina, oia kela mea mua i hai ia ae nei, a o ko Lihau muli iho nohoi ia. No ia mea, hoopai mai la ua akua nei o lakou, a hoolilo ia o Eeke i mauna, a o Puuwaiohina hoi i kualapa, oia no kela kualapa i Kauaula e ku mai la. A aia ka ma ka welau o ua pali la malalo iho, he puka; ina e kani ana ua puka nei, oia iho la ka wa e pa ai ke kauaula, aole o kana mai.
After that, Lihau was possessed with love for their child, so she asked Maunahoomaha for permission to meet her son. That was agreeable to her mother-inlaw, and when she met her child she was glad. When she realized what a handsome man her favorite son had grown to be, she gave him for husband to Molokini,49 one of the noted beauties of that time, because she was the wife intended for him.
But at some time, a man sailed from Hawaii to Kahikinuilaniakea; his name was Kanilolou. He possessed also an eel body. That is why an eel is named Puhikanilolou. Arriving there, he saw that it was a land not as fair as Hawaii (but Hawaii was not the name at that time). Therefore he bragged, saying: “This can not compare in beauty with my country; there are no stones for the feet to strike against.”
When Pele heard this boast, she replied: “When you return, your country is no longer beautiful; it
Mahope iho oia manawa, kupu mai ke aloha ia Lihau no ka laua kamalei; nonoi mai la ia ia Maunahoomaha, e ike mai i kana keiki. He mea oluolu ia i kona makuahonowai, a ike ia i kana keiki, alaila, oluolu kona manao. A ike hoi i ke kanaka maikai o kana kamalei, alaila, hoomoe aku la ia me Molokini, kekahi kaikamahine puukani oia kau, no ka mea, oia no ka wahine i upu ia nana.
Aka, i kekahi manawa, holo aku la kekahi kanaka mai Hawaii i Kahikinuilaniakea, o Kanilolou ka inoa; a he kino puhi hoi kekahi ona, a nolaila no ka e kapaia nei ka puhi la, he Puhikanilolou. A hiki aku la ia ilaila, aole i maikai ia wahi elike me Hawaii nei (aole nae o Hawaii ka inoa ia manawa). Alaila, kaena iho la ia, me ka olelo ana: “Aole aku no ka e like me ko’u aina ka maikai, aohe pohaku e kuia ai ka wawae.”
A lohe o Pele i keia olelo kaena alaila pane mai la ia ia: “Hoi aku oe, aohe maikai o ko aina, ua
is covered with rocks from the mountain to the sea.” When he returned and landed first at Kauai, he found the land destroyed; he sailed on to Maui, it was as bad; and so it was when he arrived at Hawaii.
However, arriving on Maui, this was one of Pele’s cruel deeds: one of her younger sisters saw how handsome Puulaina was, so she asked Molokini to let her have him for husband. The other refused, for she was greatly in love with her own husband; so she was changed into a little island, and she has remained so to this day.
When Lihau heard of this, she grieved for her daughter-in-law, so she went to consult Pele on the matter. But Pele replied gruffly: “If that is the case, then I say to you that you will die; also your son.” Lihau was there and then changed into a hill where Pele resided for some time; the son also died. But the one whose was the desire, earnestly entreated and begged that her husband be spared. But the red-
paa i ke a-a mai uka a kai.” I hoi mai ka hana, a pae mua ma Kauai, he ino wale no; holo mai hoi a hiki i Maui nei, he ino wale no; a pela aku a hiki i Hawaii.
Eia nae i ka hiki ana mai i Maui nei, eia keia hana ino a ka Pele; ike ae la kekahi o kona mau pokii i ke kanaka maikai o Puulaina, nonoi aku la ia Molokini nana ke kane a laua. Hoole mai kela, no ka mea, ua kupouli loko ia Kanehoa i ke aloha o ke kane; nolaila, hoolilo ia aku la ia i wahi mokupuni a hiki i keia manawa.
A lohe o Lihau i keia mea, he mea kaumaha ia i kona manao no kana hunona wahine, alaila, hele aku la ia, a kamailio pu me Pele no keia mea. Aka, olelo huhu mai o Pele: “Ina pela, alaila ke hai aku nei au e make ana oe; make pu hoi me ko keiki.” Ia manawa, lilo koke o Lihau i puu, a noho ka Pele malaila i kekahi manawa, a make pu iho la no hoi ke keiki; aka nae, o ka mea nona ka makemake, uwalo aku
bleary-eyed50 did not wish it that way. That was how the son became a hill and has remained such until this day.
After this Pele traveled until she came to Aheleakala51 the large mountain of [536]Maui at the rising of the sun. That is a misnomer, Haleakala; Aheleakala is the correct name.
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Formerly there was no hill there, but after Pele arrived, this hill was brought forth. But it was not given a name at that time; afterwards it was called Puulaina. This was the reason for so naming it: At that time a chief was living on the other side of the hill, and because he was tired of seeing it standing there obstructing his view, and preventing him from seeing the breadfruit grove of Lahaina, he ordered his men to go and construct a ti-leaf house on its top; and the hill was called Puulai. And because it was
la ia me ke noi ana i ola ke kane, aka, aole pela ka manao o ua wahi makole-ulaula nei. A pela i lilo ai ua keiki nei i puu a hiki i keia manawa. A mahope iho, hele aku la o Pele a [537]hiki ma Aheleakala, ke kuahiwi nui o Maui, i ke kukuna o ka la. Ua hewa ke kapaia ana i keia manawa o Haleakala; o Aheleakala ka pololei.
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Wahi a kekahi poe, na ka Pele no i hoohuai mai keia puu. Aole puu malaila mamua, aka, i ka hiki ana mai o ka Pele, puka mai ai keia puu. Aole nae i kapaia kona inoa ia manawa; aka, mahope mai, kapaia kona inoa Puulaina. Penei nae ke kumu i kapaia ai: I kela manawa e noho ana kekahi alii ma o aku o ua puu la, a no kona uluhua i ke ku aku o keia puu mamua e alai ai, a hiki ole ke ike aku i ka mala ulu o Lele, nolaila, kena ae la oia i kona poe kanaka e hele e kukulu i hale lai iluna; a kapaia aku la ua puu nei, o Puulai. A no ke
sightly to those viewing it from Lahaina it was called Puulaina.
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Some time after the happenings above mentioned, this chief constructed a large heiau on the farther side of this hill, on the makai side, and people died there frequently. When a person died, he was buried on this side, and because the dirt slid down when graves were being dug, on account of the great number of the dead buried there, this side was named Puuheehee.52 There are some graves on this hill, those of the brothers of Kamikioi, wife of Nuhi of Auwaiawao.
What is suitable for us to reflect on is what we should preserve.
D. M. K.
kupono loa i ka malu ulu o Lele i ka nana aku nolaila, kapaia aku la ua puu nei o Puulaina.
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Mahope mai o keia mau mea i hai ia ae nei, kukulu iho la ua alii nei i ka heiau nui ma kela mana aku o ua puu nei, ma ka aoao makai, a malaila no e make pinepine ai na kanaka; a make kanaka, alaila, ma keia mana maanei e kanu ia ai, a no ka hehee aku o ka lepo i ka wa e eli aku ai ka poe nana e kanu ka poe i pepehi ia, no ka piha loa i kanaka, nolaila kapaia aku o Puuheehee. A he mau ilina no hoi kekahi maluna o ua puu la, oia hoi na kaikunane o Kamikioi, wahine a Nuhi o Auwaiawao. O ka mea i kupono i ko kakou noonoo aku, oia ka kakou e malama.
D. M. K.
A LEGEND OF MAUI. HE MOOLELO NO MAUI.
Maui53 was a son of Hinalauae and Hina. Their residence was at Makaliua,54 above Kahakuloa, and in a northerly direction from Lahainaluna.
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While this child was yet in the womb, and its parents realized that there was a child, on one day when the sky was clear, the mountains were green, and the sea no longer reverberated in its breaking, some men went out on canoes to fish for uhu.55 Arriving at the fishing grounds, they saw a handsome child diving from the precipice into the water. He was given chase; he ran and hid in the waterfall at Makamakaole;56 the water fell from above, but back of that was dry; he waited there and finally came out thinking to get back to the
O Maui he keiki keia na Hinalauae laua o Hina. O ko lakou nei wahi i noho ai aia ma Makaliua, maluna aku o Kahakuloa, akau ponoi mai Lahainaluna nei aku.
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I ka wa o ua keiki nei e noho ana iloko o ka opu, a, ua hoomaopopo kona mau makua he keiki io keia, a i kekahi manawa malie kalae ka lani, omaomao na kuahiwi, pau ke poi kupinai ana a ka nalu, hele aku na kanaka i ke kaka uhu maluna o ka waa, a ma kahi kupono i ka lawaia, ike nae lakou nei i keia keiki e lele kawa ana me na hiohiona maikai. Alualu ia maila keia, holo keia a pee ma ka auwai paki, aia ma Makamakaole, he wai lele mai maluna, a, he maloo aku o loko; noho keia a puka iwaho me ka
mother’s womb; but he was again seen and again pursued. He ran and entered the house. Hina was making kapa.
The men entered and asked: “Where is the child who came into this house?” “There is no child; I am alone.” Her husband saw this, so he came with the intention of killing these men (because it was against the law to have any man enter a house [538]where a woman was and her husband not present). The husband asked: “Why are you here?” “We pursued a child. He ran and entered this house.” “There is a child, but it is in that one’s womb. What shall be done?” asked the husband. The men went to seek a pig, a white chicken, black coconut, red fish, red kapa and awa root, and offered them as sacrifice to the child;57 after which they went off. He was named Maui; but he was not yet born.
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manao e hoi a komo iloko o ka opu; ike e ia nae, a, alualu hou ia, holo no ua keiki nei a komo iloko o ka hale, e kuku ana o Hina.
Komo ana ua mau kanaka a ninau ana: “Auhea la ke keiki i komo mai nei iloko nei?” “Aohe keiki; o wau wale no.” Ike maila kana kane, holo maila oia me ka manao e pepehi ia laua (nokamea he kapu ke komo kekahi kanaka i ka wa e noho wale [539]ana ka wahine aohe kana kane ponoi). Ninau mai ua kanaka nei: “Heaha ka olua o onei?” “I alualu mai nei maua he keiki; holo mai nei no ua keiki nei a komo iloko nei.” “He keiki aku no aia iloko o ka opu oiala.
Pehea auanei e pono ai?” wahi a ua kane nei. Ko laua nei hele noia e imi i puaa, moa lawa, niu hiwa, ia ula, kapa ula, ame ka awa. A mohai imua o ua keiki nei o ka puka aku la noia. A kapa ia ihola kona inoa o Maui. Aole nae i hiki i ka wa hanau.
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While Maui was living with his parents, he felt sorry for his mother because of what she had to dry. The sun did not tarry long on its journey; it arose and set very quickly. The idea sprung up in him to go and snare the sun so that it would go slower. He went and at the cape of Hamakua he saw Moemoe58 sleeping in the cave of Kapepeenui at Wailohi; he saw the sun rising at Hana; he climbed Haleakala59 and inspected it and found it satisfactory. He went back to his parents’ place; he noticed that the sun still kept on in its old ways. So he came along to Peeloko60 at Waihee and threw down a lot of coconuts; he secured a plenty of husk and with it he went off to snare the sun.
Moemoe called out sarcastically, “You can not catch the sun for you are a low down farmer.” Maui answered, “When I conquer my enemy and satisfy my desire I shall kill you.” He came to Haleakala, and when the sun passed directly over him
I ka wa o ua Maui nei e noho ana, a, i kekahi manawa, nui loa kona aloha i kona makuahine no kana mea kaulai; aole e liuliu iho ke kau ana a ka la, puka aela no a napoo koke aku la no, kupu ka manao e kii i ka la e alehe, i hele malie. Hele keia a hiki i ka lae o Hamakua, ike keia ia Moemoe e moe ana i ka lua pao o Kapepeenui o Wailohi; ike keia i ka puka o ka la ma Hana, hele keia a ma Haleakala nana keia a he kupono; hoi keia a hiki i kahi o na makua, nana hou keia i ka la o kana hana a mau no. Hele keia a hiki ma Peeloko i Waihee, luku aku ana keia i ka niu apau i lalo, kii keia i ka pulu, hana a nui, hele keia e alehe i ka la.
Pane kikoi mai o Moemoe: “Aohe e loaa ka la, he lopakuakea;” pane aku o Maui: “Make kuu enemi, a ko kuu iini, make oe ia’u.” Hele keia a hiki i Haleakala, a kau pono maluna oia nei, e alehe ae ana keia i ka pulu niu, haki kahi kukuna, alehe
he snared it with the coco-husk, and broke some of its rays; he repeated this and broke all the strong rays of the sun. He said: “I am killing you because you travel so fast.” The sun requested, “Let me live; you watch how I travel.” He looked and beheld that it traveled slower, so he desisted from going after it again. That is why the sun goes slowly. And the name “Haleakala” given to it now is not correct; it should be Alehela, on account of Maui’s snaring the rays of the sun.
On his return he called at Moemoe’s place. It was absent. Maui traced it to Kawaiopilopilo. This place is between Kekaa61 and James’ canefield; Moemoe62 saw him, and it went on in an irregular manner, now towards the mountain and now towards the sea. Maui became greatly angered, so he flew right on and caught the other above Kekaha; he killed it; it turned, however, into a rock. That rock is still lying along there makai of the new road. Its length is nearly seven feet. While Maui was off on this
hou keia pau na kukuna ikaika o ka la. I aku keia: “Make oe i a’u no ko holo wikiwiki loa.” I mai ka la: “E ola au, e nana mai oe i kuu hele aku;” nana keia ua lohi ka hele ana, pau ko ianei manao kii hou. Oia ka mea i hele lohi ai o ka la. A o Haleakala e kapa ia nei, aole oia ka pololei, o Alehe la; no ke alehe ana a Maui i ke kukuna o ka la.
Ma ia huli hoi ana mai ana, a hiki i ko Moemoe wahi, aole kela, huli loa maila no a loaa i Kawaiopilopilo. Aia ia wahi mawaena o Kekaa ame ka ulu ko a Kimo ma; ike nae ua Moemoe nei, holo i uka, i kai pela kona hele kekee ana. Nui loa ihola ka huhu o Maui, e lele mai ana keia maluna a loaa mauka iho o Kekaa pepehi keia a make; ua lilo nae i pohaku. Aia no ia pohaku makai iho o ke alanui hou e moe loihi ala; o kona loa ua aneane ehiku kapuai. Aia i keia wa a Maui e
journey his mother became pregnant with and bore another child, an owl.
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On Maui’s return to his birthplace at Makaliua he saw that an owl was being raised by his parents. Maui did not treat him with contempt. What he did on his return this time was to go fishing. His favorite mode of fishing was pole fishing at night: one night he went out and while he was idling away a canoe came along looking for a [540]man to be offered in sacrifice by the king; Maui was taken prisoner and brought to the chief at Halulukoakoa. This place is at Moalii, Maui, in a westerly direction from Lahainaluna. He was to be placed on the altar the following day. At this time Hina saw in a vision what was happening to Maui. So Hina and the owl followed along and at Pohakuawahinemauna63 Hina
hele nei, aia no kona makuahine ua hapai hou, a hanau he pueo, ke keiki.
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I ka hoi ana o Maui a hiki i kona wahi hanau ai ma Makaliua, ike keia he pueo ke hanai ia ana e kona mau makua, aole no o Maui i hoowahawaha iaia. O kana hana ia manawa ana i hoi aku ai, o ka lawaia; o kana lawaia makemake loa o ke kamakoi po; a i kekahi po hele keia i ka lawaia, a, iaia nei e nanea ana, hiki ana ka waa huli heana [541]na ke alii (he kanaka e kau ai i ka lele), loaa keia lawe ia keia i heana na ke alii ma Halulukoakoa, aia ia wahi ma Moalii, Maui komohana, mai Lahainaluna nei aku; a i kekahi la e kau ia ai i ka lele. Ia manawa loaa ia Hina ma ka hihio no na mea e pili ana no Maui, o ko Hina hele maila noia me ka pueo a hiki i Pohakuawahinemauna, aia ia
stayed there. This place is between Keawaawa and Kakonamoku. The owl flew on to where Maui was being guarded; the guards were not asleep. He saw that Maui was tied up with coconut-husk cords. The owl waited until early dawn, but the guard would not sleep.
wahi mawaena o Keawaawa
ame Kokonamoku, noho o Hina ilaila, lele akula ka pueo a hiki i kahi i kiai ia ai. Aole no i pau na kiai i ka moe. Ike akula keia ua paa o Maui i ka hauhoa ia i ka aha (puluniu ua hilo ia). Pela ke kiai ana o ua pueo nei a wanaao, aole no he moe iki o keia kiai.
Maui then spoke: “O thou Aina,64 retard the night that it may be prolonged!” The night was prolonged and everyone went to sleep. The owl entered and came to him; he struck at his bonds and they fell off. They set off; they came to where Hina was waiting. It was then daylight. Hina hid Maui [under the stone] and she sat right outside of him. The sun rose. She opened her sleeping garment and spread it on her lap and looked for fleas. The owl had flown to the height of Kekaa. The searching party appeared and asked, “Have you seen the man which was to be offered by the chief for a sacrifice?” “No; I have just now arisen, and because of the
Olelo ae o Maui: “E Aina e, koia ka po i loihi.” Loihi hou ka po, a pau loa na mea apau i ka moe. Ke kono akula noia o ua pueo nei a loaa keia, a pai akula no ia i na mea i hoopaa ia ai, hemohemo aela; ko laua hele akula no ia a hiki i kahi a Hina i noho ai, o ke ao koke noia. E hookomo aku ana o Hina ia Maui a mawaho aku no keia. Puka maila ka la; wehe ae la keia i kahi kapa moe, a halii ihola iluna o na uha, haule aku; a o ua pueo nei ua lele akula a luna o Kekaa. Hiki ana ka huli, ninau ana: “Aole anei oe i ike i ka heana a ke ’lii?”
“Aole, o ko’u ala ana aela noia la, a o ka pumehana hoi o ka la, haule ihola i ka uku o kahi kapa.” Ia lakou la no a hala, ko lakou nei pii akula no ia mauka;
warmth of the sun I sought after the fleas in my kapa.”
No sooner had the others gone when these started going mauka. The owl led, while Maui followed and Hina came last. They went on in this way until they arrived at home. That was how Maui escaped death.
This is the end of what was told me; the other trips were outlined to me; how he made the circuit of Hawaii and other islands, how he rubbed the forehead of the mudhen,65 and so forth.
L K. N. P J .
mamua o ka pueo, o Maui mawaena, o Hina nohoi mahope a hiki i ko lakou wahi. Pela i pakele ai o Maui i ka make.
O ka pau keia o kahi i hai ia mai ia’u, a, ua hai ano nui ia mai, kona hele ana e kaapuni ia Hawaii ame na moku e ae, ame kana hia ana i ka lae o ka alae, a pela aku.
L K. N. P J .
RELATING
TO KEKAA. KUMUMANAO NO KEKAA.
This is one of the famous hills on Maui; it is a noted landmark of the kingdom of Hawaii nei. The stories concerning it are Kekahi no keia o na puu kaulana o Maui nei, a wahi pana no hoi keia no ke aupuni Hawaii nei. Ua kakau nui ia no na moolelo ma ka Moolelo Hawaii.
profusely written in the Moolelo Hawaii.
Some of the ancestors of this Hawaiian race thought that Papa begat these islands, or that Wakea made them with his own hands, while still others held that they originated from Kumuhonua, or they simply appeared; while yet the intelligent folk, the people of the civilized age, say that volcanic forces raised these islands from the bottom of the sea; so it is with Kekaa.66 It may be that Kekaa was obtained through one of the agencies above guessed at.
Elike me ka manao ana o na kupuna o keia lahui Hawaii, na Papa mai no i hanau keia pae aina, a i ole ia na Wakea maoli i hana, me kona lima ponoi. Ua manao hoi kekahi mai a Kumuhonua mai i loaa ai o Hawaii nei; o kekahi poe hoi, manao lakou ua hoea wale mai no keia pae aina, aka, o ka manao o ka poe naauao, ka poe hoi o ke au o ka malamalama, ke olelo nei lakou, na ka Pele i hapai mai keia paemoku mai loko mai o ka moana hohonu, pela no o Kekaa, me he la elike me keia mau mea i manao wale ia pela no paha i loaa mai ai o Kekaa.
Here is another thing: Kekaa was the capital67 of Maui when Kaalaneo68 was reigning over West Maui. It is said that there were many people there. Many houses were constructed and the people cultivated a great deal of potatoes, bananas, sugar-cane, and other things of a like nature. From what I have
Eia kekahi: O Kekaa, oia kekahi kulanakauhale ’lii o Maui nei, i ka wa e noho alii ana o Kaalaneo, i alii no Maui Komohana nei, ua olelo ia, he nui loa na kanaka ma ia wahi; ua kukulu nui ia na hale, ua mahiai nui na kanaka i ka uala, maia, ko, a [543]me na mea ano like e ae. Ma kuu lohe mai, ua paa i ke kanu ia mauka iho o
been told that country [542]from above Kekaa to Hahakea and Wahikuli, that country now covered with cactus in a northwesterly direction from Lahainaluna, was all cultivated; Kekaa became a city populated by a great many; this chief [Kaalaneo] also planted the breadfruit and kukui trees down at Lahaina.
One time this chief and his people planted breadfruit trees. While they went ahead planting, Kaululaau69 followed after pulling them up. Some of these trees, southwest of the Lahaina fort, were called the breadfruit trees of Kauheana. This Kaululaau was banished to Lanai, where ghosts were plentiful, with the idea that he would be killed; but it did not turn out that way. After some time a fire was seen burning [on Lanai], therefore the chiefs wondered whether or not Kaululaau was dead on account of this lighted fire. The important point from these explanations is that Kekaa was the birthplace of Kaululaau, the famous one who traveled all over Lanai fighting
Kekaa a hiki i Hahakea, a me Wahikuli, ma kela kula panini N. W. mai Lahainaluna nei aku; ua lilo no hoi o Kekaa i kulanakauhale lehulehu loa o na kanaka; a na keia alii (Kaalaneo) no hoi i kanu na ulu makai o Lahaina, a me na laau kukui.
I kekahi manawa a keia alii e kanu ulu ana, a me kekahi o kona poe kanaka, hele no lakou mamua, uhuki mai no o Kaululaau i na ulu, mahope, ua kapaia kekahi o keia mau kumu ulu, S. W. mai ka papu aku o Lahaina, o ka ulu Kauheana. Ua hoolei ia keia Kaululaau ma Lanai, kahi nui o ke akua, me ka manao ia e make, aole nae pela. A hala kekahi manawa, ua ike ia aku no ke ahi e a mai ana, nolaila, kahaha na ’lii, kai no paha ua make o Kaululaau, ke a maila no ke ahi. O ka mea nui i loaa mai ma keia mau wehewehe ana, o Kekaa, ke one hanau o Kaululaau ka mea kaulana nana i nai o Lanai a puni me ka hakaka ana me na
the numerous ghosts there and made it a land fit to be inhabited by human beings as it is at the present time.
Another noted thing which was done there was cooking whales70 during the life-time of Keokiko, a half-white. When he was living this was one of his occupations, that is to cook whales; he gave a great deal of his time to this work. He caught many fish, he cooked many whales there during the years 1849–1859, if I mistake not. It was also a place for cooking sharks’ liver. At that place is a large pot for cooking whales, also a box for confining whales.71 Many people went there to see and examine that strange thing during those years.
Concerning the frequent death of all those who went alone. This was a strange phenomenon connected with this hill. From the time I commenced living down at Lahaina, A.D. 1859–1872, it seemed there were nine persons who died there without any apparent cause. Keokiko was
akua he lehulehu o Lanai, a lilo ia i aina no kanaka i keia manawa.
O kekahi mea kaulana i hana ia malaila, o ke puhi kohola i ka wa e ola ana o Keokiko, he hapahaole ia. O kekahi o kana mau hana i kona wa e ola ana, oia keia, puhi kohola; ua hooikaika nui oia ma keia hana, ua loaa nui na ia, ua puhi nui ia ke kohola malaila A.D. 1849–1859 paha, ke ole au e kuhihewa, a he wahi puhi no hoi na ake mano. Aia malaila he ipuhao i puhi kohola a he pahu hoopaa kohola no hoi kekahi; ua hele nui na kanaka malaila e nana, a e makaikai ia mea hou iloko oia mau makahiki.
O ka make pinepine ana o na kanaka apau e hele mehameha ana: he mea kupanaha no keia i ike ia ma ia puu, mai kuu hoomaka ana mai e noho makai o Lahaina, A.D. 1859–1872, me he la, ua eiwa kanaka i make malaila, me ke akaka ole o ke kumu, o Keokiko no kekahi
one of the corpses buried there, and is there at this time; that is the white thing on top of that hill.
Concerning the great amount of human bones at this place. On account of the great number of people at this place there are numerous skeletons,72 as if thousands of people died there; it is there that the Lahainaluna students go to get skeletons for them when they are studying anatomy. The bones are plentiful there; they completely cover the sand.
This is also a ghostly place. Some time a number of people came from Kaanapali (from the other side) going to Lahaina during dark. When they came to Kekaa stones rolled down from the top of the hill without any cause. Listening to it, it seemed as if the hill was tumbling down; the people going along were startled and they explained, “Kekaa is ghostly! Kekaa is ghostly!” Certainly this is a strange thing for this hill to do.
kupapau e waiho la malaila, a hiki i keia wa, oia kela mea keokeo maluna o kela puu.
O ka lehulehu loa o na iwi
kanaka ma ia wahi; me he la, no ka nui loa o na kanaka ma ia wahi, nolaila, lehulehu loa na iwi kanaka me he la he mau tausani kanaka i make ma ia wahi, a malaila no hoi e kii mau ai ko
Lahainaluna nei poe, i mau iwi na lakou ke hiki i ka wa e ao ia ai ka Anetomio a ua lehulehu loa ia mea malaila, ua uhi paapu ia na one.
He wahi lapu no hoi keia. I kekahi manawa, hele maila kekahi poe mai Kaanapali mai, ma kela aoao mai, e hele ana i Lahaina ae nei i ka wa poeleele, a hiki ma Kekaa, helelei maila na pohaku nui mailuna mai o ka puu, me ke kumu ole; i ka hoolohe ana aku, me he la, ua hiolo okoa mai no ka pali, puiwa aela ka lehulehu o ka poe a pau e hele ana, me ka olelo ana, “Lapu o Kekaa e! lapu o Kekaa e!” He mau hana kupanaha no keia a keia puu.
It is said that when a person dies his spirit journeys to Kekaa; if he has a friend there who had previously died, that one would drive it away when the spirit is nearing Kekaa. Sometimes the spirit of a person would return and re-enter the body, and [544]cause it to come to life73 again; that is what has happened to those who are living again. Many souls came to this place, Kekaa. It is called the Leina-aka-uhane, the leaping place of the soul. Only the spirits of subjects go to Kekaa; the souls of farmers74 and the souls of chiefs go to the volcano when they die. If they have friends there some of them are driven back [whence they re-enter the body] and live again.
Ua olelo ia, aia a make ke kanaka, hele ka uhane i Kekaa; a ina he makamaka kona malaila, ua make mua, nana no e kipaku mai i ka wa e kokoke aku ana e lele ka uhane i Kekaa. I kekahi manawa, ua hoi hou ka uhane o ke kanaka a komo hou iloko [545]o kona kino, a ola hou aela ia, oia ka poe e ola hou mai nei; ua nui no na uhane i hele ma keia wahi o Kekaa. Ua kapaia ia wahi o leina a ka uhane. Ko na kanaka makaainana mau uhane wale no ke hele ma Kekaa; ko na lopa mau uhane a pau, o ko na ’lii hoi, ma na lua pele e hele ai ko lakou mau uhane i ko lakou wa e make ai. A ina hoi he mau makamaka ko lakou malaila kipaku ia mai no kahi poe o lakou, a ola hou no.
At Kekaa lived Maui and Moemoe; the great desire of one was to sleep; his head on the pillow, there he would lie until Welehu75 became the month. This person was Moemoe. The other desired to travel. When Moemoe slept, Maui was traveling, each according to his
Ma Kekaa e noho ana o Maui a me Moemoe; o ka puni a kekahi o ka hiamoe; kau ke poo i ka uluna o Welehu ka malama, oia hoi o Moemoe. O ka puni a kekahi o ka hele. I ka wa i moe ai o Moemoe, a hele no hoi o Maui elike me ka laua puni, i ka wa e moe ana o Moemoe, a
taste. While Moemoe was sleeping a freshet came down and covered him with debris, with the exception of his nostrils; a kukui nut, however, rested on his nostrils and commenced to grow. It grew tall and at the same time tickled the nostrils of Moemoe; so he awoke and said: “Here I am at my favorite pastime, asleep, and yet I am awakened by this cursed kukui tree.” So he made up his mind to give up this to which he was addicted and to search for his friend, Maui.
A road on the northeast side of Kekaa was named after one of these men; it is called “ke alanui kikeekee a Maui”—the zizgag pathway of Maui. The first one who trod this pathway, however, was Eleio, the fast runner of Kaalaneo, the excellent king of that period.
Therefore I advise all of you, friends of enlightened civilization of this age, those who are being educated at this famous institution of learning, not to allow your thoughts to be
kahe mai ka wai, paapu loa ua Moemoe la i ka lepo, a koe ka puka ihu, a kau ka hua kukui ma kona puka ihu, a kupu keia kukui a loihi iki ae, ia manawa ua maneo ka puka ihu o Moemoe, nolaila, ala kona hiamoe, a olelo iho oia penei: “O ka’u puni hoi o ka moe, ala ana ka hoi i keia wahi laau kukui ino,” nolaila, kupu ka manao iloko ona e hoopau i kona puni a e imi ia Maui kona hoa.
A ua kapaia, mamuli o kekahi o keia mau kanaka kekahi alanui e pili ala ma ka aoao akau hikina iki o Kekaa, “o ke alanui kikeekee a Maui.” O ka mea nae nana i hele mua ia alanui o Eleio, ke kukini mama a Kaalaneo, ke alii kupu eu oia wa.
Nolaila, ke kau leo aku nei au ia oukou a pau, e na makamaka o ke au malamalama o keia manawa, ka poe hoi e ao ia nei ma ke kahua hohonu o ka naauao, mai lilo ko oukou
swayed by, nor approve of, these things of an age of ignorance; let us not glance back and look upon the gross darkness of Kane. The old order of things with its wickedness has passed away; we have entered a new era and its excellence.
January 24, 1872.
S. K .
manao a hooiaio i keia mau mea o ke au pouli, ke au hoi o ka naaupo; mai haliu hou aku kakou a nana i ke au poliakua a Kane. Ua hala ke au kahiko a me kana mau haukae; eia kakou i ke au hou, a me kana mau pono.
January 24, 1872.
S. K .
A STORY OF KAUIKI. HE MOOLELO NO KAUIKI.
Kauiki76 is a hill which stands on the eastern side of Maui, right in front of Hana, East Maui; it is seen by those who sail on vessels from here to Hawaii. Of this hill is the saying by some people of this time: “Kauiki is beloved floating on the sea, as if it were a bird.”
O kauiki he wahi puu keia e ku nei ma ka hikina o Maui nei, ma ke alo ponoi aku no hoi o Hana, i Maui Hikina; a ua ike nui ia e ka poe e holo ana ma ka moku, mai ianei aku, a i Hawaii; a no keia puu ka olelo ia ana e kekahi poe i keia wa, “He aloha no Kauiki, au i ke kai, me he manu la.”
This is a hill famous from olden A he wahi puu kaulana no keia,
