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EDITION 2

VOLUME ONE

ATLAS OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY

PAUL S. TIWANA, DDS, MD, MS, FACS, FACD

Francis J. Reichmann Professor and Chair Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery College of Dentistry; Professor

Department of Surgery College of Medicine

The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Oklahoma United States

DEEPAK KADEMANI, DMD, MD, FACS

President and Medical Director

Minnesota Oral & Facial Surgery

Fellowship Director

Oral/Head & Neck Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Minneapolis, Minnesota United States

EDITION 2

VOLUME TWO

ATLAS OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY

PAUL S. TIWANA, DDS, MD, MS, FACS, FACD

Francis J. Reichmann Professor and Chair Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery College of Dentistry; Professor

Department of Surgery College of Medicine

The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Oklahoma United States

DEEPAK KADEMANI, DMD, MD, FACS

President and Medical Director Minnesota Oral & Facial Surgery Fellowship Director

Oral/Head & Neck Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Minneapolis, Minnesota United States

Elsevier

1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899

ATLAS OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, SECOND EDITION

Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-0-323-78963-9

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notice

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Previous edition copyrighted 2016.

Senior Content Strategist: Lauren Boyle

Content Development Specialist: Deborah Poulson

Publishing Services Manager: Shereen Jameel

Senior Project Manager: Manikandan Chandrasekaran

Book Designer: Brian Salisbury

Printed in India

This book is dedicated to the following individuals:

To my family for all your love and support.

To my patients who have given me the privilege to care for them.

To students of our specialty in their quest for knowledge.

Deepak Kademani

This book is dedicated to the following individuals:

To my family; especially my wife Karen, and my daughters Jespreet (17), and Simran (15).

To my former residents and fellows.

Paul S. Tiwana

Section Editors

Richard Allen Finn, DDS

Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Division

UT Southwestern Medical Center; Chief

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Veteran’s Administration North Texas Dallas, Texas

United States

Part I: Surgical Anatomy of the Head and Neck

Deepak G. Krishnan, DDS, FACS

Associate Professor—Surgery

Division of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery University of Cincinnati; Oral Maxillofacial Surgeon Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio

United States

Part II: Oral Surgery

Martin B. Steed, DDS, FACS

Professor and James B. Edwards Chair Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Medical University of South Carolina

James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine

Charleston, South Carolina

United States

Part III: Implant Surgery

Steven M. Sullivan, DDS, FACS, FACD

Professor and Chair

Department of Surgical Sciences/Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

United States

Part IV: Orthognathic Surgery

Paul S. Tiwana, DDS, MD, MS, FACS, FACD

Francis J. Reichmann Professor and Chair Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery College of Dentistry; Professor Department of Surgery College of Medicine

The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Oklahoma United States

Part V: Craniofacial Surgery

Ghali E. Ghali, DDS, MD, FACS, FRCS(Ed)

Director

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Willis Knighton Health System

Shreveport, Louisiana United States

Part VI: Cleft Lip and Palate

Alan S. Herford, DDS, MD

Chairman and Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Loma Linda University

Loma Linda, California

United States

Part VII: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma

Eric R. Carlson, DMD, MD, EdM, FACS

Professor and Kelly L. Krahwinkel Chairman Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine; Director

Oral/Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery Fellowship University of Tennessee Cancer Institute Knoxville, Tennessee

United States

Part VIII: Benign Pathology

Deepak Kademani, DMD, MD, FACS

President and Medical Director

Minnesota Oral & Facial Surgery

Fellowship Director

Oral/Head & Neck Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery

Minneapolis, Minnesota

United States

Part IX: Malignant Pathology

Brent B. Ward, DDS, MD, FACS, FACD

Professor, Chair and Fellowship Program Director

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, Michigan

United States

Part X: Reconstructive Surgery

Gary F. Bouloux, MD, DDS, MDSc, FRACDS, FRACDS(OMS), FRCS (Eng), FACS

J. David Allen Family Professor Division Chief

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Surgery

Emory University School of Medicine

Atlanta, Georgia

United States

Part XI: TMJ Surgery

Faisal A. Quereshy, MD, DDS, FACS Professor/Program Director

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio

United States; Medical Director

Facial Cosmetic Surgery

V isage Surgical Institute/V-Spa Medina, Ohio

United States

Part XII: Facial Cosmetic Surgery

Joseph E. Cillo Jr., DMD, MPH, PhD, FACS Division Chief and Program Director

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Allegheny General Hospital; Associate Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Allegheny General Hospital Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

United States

Part XIII: Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Contributor s

A. Omar Abubaker, DMD, PhD

Professor and Chairman

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

VCU Medical Center

Richmond, Virginia

United States

Julio Acero, MD, DMD, PhD, FDSRCS, FEBOMFS

Full Professor Surgery

Alcala University; Department Head

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Ramon y Cajal University Hospital Madrid, Spain

Ravi Agarwal, DDS

Program Director

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington District of Columbia

United States; Chairman

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Medstar Washington Hospital Center

Washington, District of Columbia

United States

Tara Aghaloo, DDS, MD, PhD

Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

UCLA School of Dentistry

Los Angeles, California

United States

Maryam Akbari, DMD, MD, MPH

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Mount Sinai

New York, New York

United States

Kyle P. Allen, MD, MPH

Tampa Bay Hearing and Balance Center;

Assistant Clinical Professor

Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery

University of South Florida

Tampa, Florida

United States

Dror M. Allon, DMD

Director

Orthognathic and TMJ Surgery Unit; Senior Lecturer

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Tel Aviv University

Tel Aviv, Israel

Fernando Almeida, MD, PhD, DDS, FEBOMFS

Clinical Professor

Department of Surgery

Alcalá University (UAH);

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University Hospital Ramón y Cajal

Madrid, Spain

Brian Alpert, DDS, FACS (Deceased) Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Louisville School of Dentistry

Louisville, Kentucky

United States

Mehmet Ali Altay, DDS, PhD

Associate Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Akdeniz University, School of Dentistry

Antalya, Turkey

Felix Jose Amarista, DDS

Assistant Professor

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

UT Health San Antonio

San Antonio, Texas

United States

Hatem Amer, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine

Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and The William J von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, Minnesota

United States

Suganya Appugounder DMD, MS, FACS, MAJ, USAR, DC

Clef t and Craniofacial Surgery

Charleston Area Medical Center

Charleston, West Virginia

United States

Shyam Prasad Aravindaksha, BDS, MDS

Private Practice

Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Greater Michigan Oral Surgeons Flint, Michigan

United States

Sharon Aronovich, DMD

Clinical Associate Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, Michigan

United States

Leon Assael, BA, DMD, CMM

Professor Emeritus

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Oregon Health & Science University

Portland, Oregon;

Affiliate Associate Professor

Public Health

University of California San Francisco

San Francisco, California

United States

Michael Awadallah, DDS, MD

Assistant Professor of Surgery

Weill Cornell Medicine

New York, New York

United States

Shahid R. Aziz, DMD, MD, FACS, FRCS (Ed)

Division Director

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Hackensack University Medical Center; Clinical Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Rutgers School of Dental Medicine

Newark, New Jersey;

Clinical Professor

Otolaryngology

Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine

Nutley, New Jersey

United States;

Visiting Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Update Dental College

Dhaka, Bangladesh

Shahrokh C. Bagheri, DMD, MD, FACS

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon

Georgia Oral and Facial Surgery

Atlanta, Georgia United States

Jonathan Bailey, DMD, MD, FACS

Clinical Professor

Department of Surgery

Carle Illinois College of Medicine; Associate Medical Director of Specialty Surgery

Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Division of Head and Neck Cancer

Carle Foundation Hospital

Urbana, Illinois United States

Andrew M. Baker, MD, DDS

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Providence Cancer Institute

Portland, Oregon United States

Karim Bakri, MBBS Consultant

Division of Plastic Surgery

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, Minnesota United States

Suzanne Barnes, DMD

Assistant Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky United States

Brian Bast, DMD, MD

Professor and Chair

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of California, School of Dentistry

San Francisco, California United States

Hussam Batal, DMD

Clinical Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine

Boston, Massachusetts United States

Dale A. Baur, DDS, MD

Professor and Chair, Vice Dean

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine; Division Chief, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University Hospitals/Cleveland Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

United States

Edmond Bedrossian, DDS, FACD, FACOMS, FAO, FITI

Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of the Pacific San Francisco, California

United States

Edmond Armand Bedrossian, DDS

Private Practice

San Francisco, California

United States

R. Bryan Bell, MD, DDS, FACS, FRCS (Ed)

Physician Executive and Director

Division of Surgical Oncology, Radiation Oncology and Clinical Programs

Providence Cancer Institute; Medical Director

Providence Head and Neck Cancer Program

Providence Cancer Institute; Associate Member

Earle A. Chiles Research Institute

Providence Cancer Institute

Portland, Oregon

United States

David A. Bitonti, DMD

Clinical Associate Professor Department of Surgery

F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Bethesda, Maryland;

Dental Service Chief

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon

Hampton Veterans Affairs Medical Center Hampton, Virginia

United States

Behnam Bohluli, DMD, FRCD(C)

Clinical Instructor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario Canada

Genevieve C. Bonin, BSc, MASc, DMD, FRCD(c), Dipl. ABOMS

Oral and Maxillofacial surgeon

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Verdun Hospital, University of Montreal Montreal, Quebec Canada

Gary F. Bouloux, MD, DDS, MDSc, FRACDS, FRACDS(OMS), FRCS (Eng), FACS

J. David Allen Family Professor

Division Chief

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Department of Surgery

Emory University School of Medicine

Atlanta, Georgia

United States

Meaghan Bradley, DMD

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Boston University Boston, Massachusetts United States

Omar Breik, BDSc (Hons) MBBS, MClinSc, FRACDS (OMS)

Consultant Maxillofacial/Head and Neck Surgeon Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital; Senior Lecturer

School of Dentistry/School of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland Australia

Hans C. Brockhoff II, DDS, MD, FACS

Chief, Oral/Head and Neck Oncology and Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

El Paso Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center of El Paso;

Assistant Professor Department of Surgery

Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; Program Director

El Paso Head & Neck and Microvascular Surgery Fellowship;

High Desert Oral & Facial Surgery

El Paso, Texas

United States

Daniel Buchbinder, DMD, MD

Professor and System Chief, Division of Maxillofacial Surgery

Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

New York, New York

United States

Tuan G. Bui, MD, DMD

Affiliate Assistant Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Oregon Health and Sciences University; Head and Neck Surgical Associates Portland, Oregon United States

Patrick Byrne, MD, MBA

Chairman

The Head and Neck Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio

United States

John Francis Caccamese Jr., MD, DMD, FACS

Professor and Vice Chairman

Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Maryland Dental School; Clinical Professor

Pediatrics and Otorhinolaryngology

University of Maryland School of Medicine; Co-Director

Randolph B. Capone Cleft Program at GBMC; Adjunct Professor

Bioengineering University of Maryland; Baltimore, Maryland United States

Ron Caloss, DDS, MD

Private Practice

Aligned Oral and Facial Surgery

Baptist Medical Center; Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, Mississippi United States

Courtney Caplin, MD, DMD

Cosmetic Surgery Affiliates; Clinical Assistant Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Oklahoma Oklahoma City, Oklahoma United States

Eric R. Carlson, DMD, MD, EdM, FACS

Professor and Kelly L. Krahwinkel Chairman Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine; Director

Oral/Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery Fellowship University of Tennessee Cancer Institute

Knoxville, Tennessee

United States

Nardy Casap, DMD, MD Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center Jerusalem, Israel

Carrie E. Cera Hill, MD, MBA Pure Dermatology PLLC Denver, Colorado United States

Swagnik Chakrabarti, MBBS, MS, MCh Chairperson

Chandan Cancer Institute Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India

Ravi Chandran, DMD, PhD, FACS

Chairman and Residency Director

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology

University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, Mississippi United States

Blake Chaney, DDS, MD

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania United States

Allen C. Cheng, MD, DDS, FACS

Medical Director

Head and Neck Surgical Associates

Head and Neck Surgery; Attending Surgeon

Providence Oral, Head and Neck

Providence Health; Assistant Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Oregon Health Sciences University; Medical Director

Oral/Head and Neck Oncology

Legacy Good Samaritan Portland, Oregon United States

Radhika Chigurupati, DMD, MS

Associate Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Boston University

Boston, Massachusetts

United States

Nam Cho, DDS, MD

Assistant Clinical Professor

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Ostrow School of Dentistry

Los Angeles, California

United States

Joli Chou, DMD, MD

Associate Professor

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Sidney Kimmel Medical College

Thomas Jefferson University

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

United States

Louis J. Christensen, DDS

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

HealthPartners;

Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Regions Hospital

Saint Paul, Minnesota;

Assistant Clinical Professor

Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Minnesota School of Dentistry

Minneapolis, Minnesota

United States

Joseph E. Cillo Jr., DMD, MPH, PhD, FACS

Division Chief and Program Director

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Allegheny General Hospital; Associate Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Allegheny General Hospital

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

United States

Scott T. Claiborne, DDS, MD

Minnesota Oral and Facial Surgery

Co-Fellowship Director

Oral/Head and Neck Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery

Minneapolis, Minnesota

United States

David Collette, DMD, MD

Medical Director

The Oral Surgery Center Of Albuquerque

Albuquerque, New Mexico

United States

Gisela Contasti-Bocco, DDS

Assistant Professor

Orthodontics Department

Nova Southern University

Fort Lauderdale, Florida United States

Bernard J. Costello, DMD, MD, FACS

Associate Dean for Faculty Affairs

Professor and Fellowship Program Director

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Pittsburgh, School of Dental Medicine; Chief

Pediatric Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh;

Professor and Fellowship Program Director

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye and Ear Institute UPMC

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania United States

Sebastian Cotofana, MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Anatomy Department of Clinical Anatomy

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, Minnesota United States

Marcus A. Couey, DDS, MD

Assistant Professor

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Boston University

Boston, Massachusetts United States

Larry Cunningham Jr., MD, DDS

Professor and Chair

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania United States

William J. Curtis, DMD, MD

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Northern Nevada Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Reno, Nevada

United States

Angelo L. Cuzalina, MD, DDS

Cosmetic Surgery

Private Practice

Tulsa Surgical Arts;

Adjunctive Faculty

OSU Medical School

Otolaryngology Department

Tulsa, Oklahoma

United States

Rushil R. Dang, BDS, DMD

Maxillofacial Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery Fellow

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Boston Medical Center and Boston University

Boston, Massachusetts

United States

Renie Daniel, MD, DMD, FACS

Assistant Professor

Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

The University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina

United States

David J. Dattilo, DDS

Director of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Retired)

Allegheny Health System

Allegheny General Hospital

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

United States;

Associate Professor of Surgery

Drexel University School of Medicine

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

United States

Jeffrey S. Dean, DDS, MD, FACS

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Dakota Dunes, South Dakota

United States

Shaun C. Desai, MD

Associate Professor

Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Baltimore, Maryland

United States

Jasjit K. Dillon, MBBS, DDS, FDSRCS, FACS

Professor, Chief & Program Director

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Washington

Seattle, Washington

United States

Jean-Charles Doucet, DMD, MD, MSc, FRCDC

Assistant Professor and Division Head of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences

Dalhousie University;

Staff Surgeon

IWK Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Team

IWK Health Centre;

Staff Surgeon

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

QEII Health Science Centre

Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada

Stephanie Joy Drew, DMD

Associate Professor

Emory School of Medicine

Atlanta, Georgia United States

Donita Dyalram, DDS, MD, FACS

Associate Professor; Program Director/Associate Fellowship Director

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland United States

Sean P. Edwards, DDS, MD

Clinical Associate Professor; Director, Residency Program;

Chief, Pediatric Oral, and Maxillofacial Surgery

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Hospital Dentistry

University of Michigan Health System

Ann Arbor, Michigan United States

Hany Emam, BDS, MS, FACS

Associate Professor and Interim Chair

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

The Ohio State University College of Dentistry

Columbus, Ohio United States

Max R. Emmerling, MD, DDS

Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Cook County Health Chicago, Illinois United States

Mark Engelstad, DDS, MD, MHI

Associate Professor

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Oregon Health & Science University

Portland, Oregon United States

Helaman Erickson, DDS, MD, FACS

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Permian Basin Oral Surgery and Dental Implant Center Midland, Texas United States

Maria Evasovich, MD

Associate Professor Department of Surgery

University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota United States

Adam P. Fagin, DMD, MD

Private Practice

Peninsula Oral and Facial Surgery

San Mateo, California United States

Christopher A. Fanelli, DDS, FRCD(C)

Private Practice

Interface—Centre for OMFS

London, Ontario Canada;

Attending Surgeon—Consultant Surgery—Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

London Health Sciences Centre, St Thomas Elgin General Hospital

St. Thomas, Ontario Canada

Joseph J. Fantuzzo, MD, DDS, FACS

Clinical Associate Professor

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York United States

Tirbod Fattahi, DDS, MD, FACS

Professor and Chair

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Florida, College of Medicine

Jacksonville, Florida United States

Rui P. Fernandes, MD, DMD, FACS, FRCS (Ed) Professor

OMS, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic, Surgery

University of Florida College of Medicine

Jacksonville, Florida United States

Richard Allen Finn, DDS

Professor

Surgery—Div OMFS UTSWMC; Chief

OMFS

Veteran’s Administration North Texas Dallas, Texas United States

Peter B. Franco, DMD, FACS

Carolinas Center for Oral and Facial Surgery

Charlotte, North Carolina United States

David Gailey, DDS, FACS

Surgical Cleft Director Pediatric Surgery

Providence Children’s Hospital; President

Inland Oral Surgery

Spokane, Washington United States

Pooja Gangwani, DDS, MPH

Assistant Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Rochester Medical Center

Rochester, New York United States

Ghali E. Ghali, DDS, MD, FACS, FRCS(Ed) Director

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Willis Knighton Health System

Shreveport, Louisiana United States

Waleed Gibreel, MBBS

Assistant Professor

Craniofacial Surgery

Division of Plastic Surgery

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, Minnesota United States

Sabine C. Girod, MD, DDS, PhD, FACS

Professor Emeritus

Department of Surgery

School of Medicine, Stanford University

Stanford, California

United States

Brent Golden, DDS, MD, FACS

Fellowship Program Director

Pediatric Craniomaxillofacial Surgery

Orlando Health Arnold Palmer Medical Center Orlando, Florida

United States

Jorge Gonzalez, DDS

Private Practice

Advanced Dental Implant Solutions

Fort Worth, Texas

United States

Marianela Gonzalez, DDS, MS

Clinical Associate Professor and Director

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Dentistry

Baylor University Dallas, Texas

United States

Eric J. Granquist, DMD, MD

Assistant Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Pennsylvania; Director

UPenn Center For Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

United States

Jaime Grant, MBChB, BDS (Hons), MRCS (Ed), FRCS (Ed) (OMFS)

Consultant Craniofacial/Maxillofacial Surgeon

Craniofacial/Maxillofacial Surgery

Birmingham Children’s Hospital/Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, United Kingdom

Mingyang Liu Gray, MD, MPH

Resident Physician

Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

New York, New York

United States

Cesar A. Guerrero, DDS

Private Practice

ClearChoice Houston

The Heights Hospital Houston, Texas United States

Danny Hadaya, DDS, PhD

Resident

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

UCLA School of Dentistry

Los Angeles, California United States

David Hamlar, MD, DDS

Assistant Professor

Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery

University of Minnesota Medical Center

Minneapolis, Minnesota United States

Daniel A. Hammer, DDS, FACD, FACS

V ice Chair and Director of Research

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry

Naval Medical Center San Diego

San Diego, California; Associate Professor of Surgery Department of Surgery

Uniformed Services University Bethesda, Maryland; Voluntary Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery Department of Otolaryngology

UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California United States

Curtis Hanba, MD

Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery

The University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota United States

Andrew Alistair Heggie, AM, MBBS, MDSc, BDSc, FRACDS (OMS), FFDRSC(I), FRCS (Ed)

Clinical Professor, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery

Royal Children’s Hospital of Melbourne

Parkville, Victoria Australia

Mariana Henriquez, DDS

Santa Rosa Maxillofacial Surgery Center

Central University of Venezuela

Caracas, Venezuela

Andrew Henry, DMD, MD

Assistant Professor

Associate Director of Residency Training

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine Boston, Massachusetts United States

Alan S. Herford, DDS, MD

Chairman and Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Loma Linda University

Loma Linda, California United States

Brandyn Herman, DMD

Assistant Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Kentucky College of Dentistry Lexington, Kentucky United States

David Hinkl, DMD

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Oklahoma Oklahoma City, Oklahoma United States

Anthony David Holmes, AO, MB.BS, FRACS

Diplomate, American Board of Plastic Surgery

Clinical Professor, University of Melbourne

Dept. of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery

Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Victoria Australia

James B. Holton, DDS, MSD

Staff

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

UT Health Tyler

Tyler, Texas

United States

Mehran Hossaini-Zadeh, DMD

Professor and Chair

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Temple University School of Dentistry

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States

Reem H. Hossameldin, BDS, MSc, PhD

Associate Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University

Cairo, Egypt

Tsung-yen Hsieh, MD

Assistant Professor

Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Division of Facial Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery

University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

Cincinnati, Ohio

United States

Allen Huang, DDS, MD

Assistant Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Southern California

Los Angeles, California United States

Pamela J. Hughes, DDS

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Kaiser Permanente

Portland, Oregon United States

Tanisha Hutchinson, MD

Facial Plastic Surgery Glasgold Group Princeton, New Jersey United States

Matthew R. Idle, BDS (Hons), MFDS, MBChB, FRCS (OMFS) Consultant

Oral and Maxillofacial/Head and Neck Surgery

University Hospitals Birmingham Birmingham, United Kingdom

Shyam Sunder Indrakanti, DDS, MD

Private Practice

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Parkland Memorial Hospital Dallas, Texas United States

Michael Jaskolka, DDS, MD, FACS

Director, Maxillofacial Surgery

Director, Cleft and Craniofacial Program

Physician Executive, Novant Health, Children’s Institute, Coastal Region

Novant Health, New Hanover Regional Medical Center

Wilmington, North Carolina United States

Jonathan James Jelmini, DDS, MD

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Oregon Health & Sciences University; Resident

Trauma and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service

Legacy Emanuel Medical Center Portland, Oregon

United States

Ole T. Jensen, DDS, MS

Adjunct Professor

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

School of Dentistry, University of Utah

Salt Lake City, Utah

United States

Ashok R. Jethwa, MD

Head and Neck Surgical Oncology/Microvascular Reconstruction

Otolaryngology

University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, Minnesota

United States

Baxter Jones, DDS

Resident

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Carle Foundation Hospital

Urbana, Illinois

United States

Deepak Kademani, DMD, MD, FACS

President and Medical Director

Minnesota Oral & Facial Surgery

Fellowship Director

Oral/Head & Neck Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery

Minneapolis, Minnesota

United States

David R. Kang, MD, DDS

Medical Director

Surgery, Head & Neck Surgery

Methodist Dallas Medical Center

Dallas, Texas

United States

Herman Kao, DDS, MD

V ice Chairman

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

John Peter Smith Health Network; Associate Professor

Surgery

TCU and UNTHSC Medical School

Fort Worth, Texas

United States

Vasiliki Karlis, DMD, MD, FACS

Associate Professor

Director OMS Training Program

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

College of Dentistry

New York University

Bellevue Hospital Center

New York, New York

United States

Beomjune Kim, DMD, MD, FACS

Head and Neck/Microvascular Surgeon

Cancer Treatment Centers of America – Part of City of Hope

Newnan, Georgia

United States

D. David Kim, DMD, MD, FACS

Jack W. Gamble Endowed Chairman

Oral and Maxillofacial/Head and Neck Surgery

Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport;

Edward and Freda Green Endowed Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial/Head and Neck Surgery

LSU Health Science Center Shreveport; Fellowship Director, Head and Neck Oncology and Microvascular Reconstruction

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

LSU Health Science Center Shreveport

Shreveport, Louisiana

United States

Roderick Y. Kim, DDS, MD, MBA, FACS

Director of Research, Co-Fellowship Director, Vice Division Director

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

John Peter Smith Health Network; Assistant Professor Surgery

Texas Christian University Fort Worth, Texas

United States

Paul Kloostra, DDS, MD Fellowship Director Cleft & Craniofacial Surgery

Charleston Area Medical Center

Charleston, West Virginia

United States

Antonia Kolokythas, DDS, MSc, MSed, FACS

Professor and Chair

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Augusta Univerity

Dental College of Georgia

Augusta, Georgia

United States

David A. Koppel, MB, BS, BDS, FDS, FRCS

Associate Professor

Faculty of Medicine/Faculty of Dental Medicine & Oral Health Sciences

McGill University Montreal, Quebec Canada

Deepak G. Krishnan, DDS, FACS

Associate Professor—Surgery

Division of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery

University of Cincinnati; Oral Maxillofacial Surgeon

Division of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Department of Surgery

Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio

United States

Moni A. Kuriakose, MD, FRCS

Professor and Director

Surgical Oncology Chief Head and Neck Oncology

Mazumdar Shaw Cancer Center; Director

Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research

Narayana Health Center

Bangalore, Karnataka India

Li Han Lai, DDS

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Washington Seattle, Washington United States

Zvi Laster, DMD

Maxillofacial Surgery Department

Poriya Governmental Hospital

Tiberias, Israel

Amir Laviv, DMD, MPH

Senior Lecturer

Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Tel-Aviv University

Tel Aviv, Israel

Andrew W. C. Lee, MSc, DDS, MD, FRCD(C), FACS

Arg yle Associates Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Department of Surgery

The Ottawa Hospital; Lecturer

Faculty of Medicine

University of Ottawa Ottawa, Canada

James B. Lewallen, DDS, MD, MSc

Private Practice

Southern Oral and Facial Surgery

Franklin, Tennessee

United States; Affiliate Staff

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Nashville, Tennessee United States

Stanley Yung-Chuan Liu, MD, DDS, FACS

Associate Professor of Otolaryngology

And by Courtesy, of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery

Director, Sleep Surgery Fellowship Service Chief, Maxillofacial Surgery

Stanford University School of Medicine

Stanford, California United States

Christian A. Loetscher, DDS, MS

Private Practice

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Atlanta Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, PC Alpharetta, Georgia United States

Patrick J. Louis, DDS, MD

Professor

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Alabama at Birmingham; Chairman

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama United States

Joshua E. Lubek, MD, DDS, FACS

Professor & Fellowship Director

Oral-Head & Neck Surgery/Microvascular Surgery

Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center &

Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Maryland

Baltimore, Maryland United States

Ricardo Lugo, DDS, MD

Assistant Clinical Professor

Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

University of California, San Francisco & Alameda Health System

Oakland, California United States

Sofia Lyford-Pike, MD

Associate Professor

Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery

University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, Minnesota

United States

George M. Kushner, DMD, MD, FACS

Professor and Chairman

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Louisville School of Dentistry Louisville, Kentucky

United States

Colin MacIver, MBChB, FRCS, BDS, FDS, FRCS (Ed), FRCS (OMFS)

Consultant Maxillofacial/Head and Neck Surgeon

Maxillofacial Surgery

SSMC/Mayo Clinic Abu Dhabi; Adjunct Professor

Department of Surgery

Khalifa University

Abu Dhabi

United Arab Emirates

Stephen P. R. MacLeod, BDS, MB ChB, FDSRCS (ED&ENG), FRCS (ED), FFSTRCS (ED), FACS

Joseph R and Louise Ada Jarabak Professor of Surgery

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Loyola University Medical Center

Maywood, Illinois

United States

Caitlin B. L. Magraw, MD, DDS, FACS

The Head and Neck Institute

Head and Neck Surgical Associates; Associate Clinical Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Oregon Health and Sciences University

Portland, Oregon

United States

Nicholas M. Makhoul, BSc, DMD, MD, FRCD(C), FACS

Dip ABOMS

Chair, Associate Dean

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

McGill University; Associate Professor

Faculty of Dentistry

McGill University

Montreal, Quebec Canada

Ashley E. Manlove, DMD, MD, FACS

Residency Program Director

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Carle Foundation Hospital; Director Cleft Lip and Palate Team

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Carle Foundation Hospital

Urbana, Illinois

United States

Samir Mardini, MD

Professor and Chair

Plastic Surgery

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, Minnesota United States

Michael R. Markiewicz, DDS, MD, MPH, FAAP, FACS, FRCD(c)

Professor and Chair

School of Dental Medicine

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Clinical Professor

Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Surgery

Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University at Buffalo Co-Director

Craniofacial Center of Western New York

John R. Oishei Children’s Hospital

Attending Surgeon

Department of Head & Neck and Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery

Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo, New York United States

Jeffrey S. Marschall, DMD, MD, MS

Pediatric Craniomaxillofacial Surgery

Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children Orlando, Florida

United States

Nigel Shaun Matthews, BDS, FDS, MBBS, FRCS, FRCS (OMFS)

Clinical Professor and Chairman

Associate Dean for Hospital Affairs

Director, TMJ Institute

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Indiana University School of Dentistry

Indianapolis, Indiana United States

Joseph P. McCain, DMD, FACS

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Massachusetts General Hospital—Harvard

Boston, Massachusetts

United States

J. Michael McCoy, DDS, FACS

Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Professor Pathology; Professor Radiology; Medical Director

In-Patient Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine

Knoxville, Tennessee

United States

Samuel J. McKenna, DDS, MD, FACS

Professor and Chairman

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Nashville, Tennessee

United States

Daniel J. Meara, MS, MD, DMD, MHCDS, FACS

Chair

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Hospital Dentistry

Christiana Care Health System; Director of Research

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Christiana Care Health System

Wilmington, Delaware; Affiliate Faculty

Physical Therapy

University of Delaware

Newark, Delaware United States

Paulo Jose Medeiros, DDS, MS, PhD Professor and Chairman

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Rio De Janiero State University

Rio De Janiero, Brazil

Pushkar Mehra, BDS, DMD, MS, FACS Professor and Chair

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Boston University Medical Center

Boston, Massachusetts

United States

Louis G. Mercuri, DDS, MS

V isiting Professor

Orthopaedic Surgery

Rush University Medical Center

Chicago Illinois United States; Consultant

Clinical Affairs

TMJ Concepts

Ventura, California United States

Brett A. Miles, DDS, MD, FACS

Professor and Chair

Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery

Northwell Health/Lenox Hill/Manhattan Eye Ear Hospital

New York, New York

United States

Meagan Miller, DDS

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Loma Linda University

Loma Linda, California

United States

Justine Moe, MD, DDS, FRCDC, FACS

Clinical Assistant Professor and Residency Program Director

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, Michigan

United States

Hwi Sean Moon, MD, DDS

Clef t and Craniofacial Surgery

El Paso Children’s Hospital

El Paso, Texas

United States

Marina Morante Silva, MD, FEBOMFS

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Florida, College of Medicine

Jacksonville, Florida

United States

Christopher Morris, DDS, MD, FACS

Private Practice

Katy Center for Oral and Facial Surgery

Katy, Texas

United States

Dean Morton, BDS, MS

Professor

Department of Prosthodontics

Director

Center for Implant, Esthetic and Innovative Dentistry

Indiana University School of Dentistry

Indianapolis, Indiana

United States

Reza Movahed, DMD, FACS

Clinical Assistant Professor

Department of Orthodontics

Saint Louis University

Saint Louis, Missouri United States

Elena Mujica, DDS

Private Practice

Santa Rosa Maxillofacial Surgery

Caracas, Venezuela

Robert Nadeau, DDS, MD, FACS

Interim Division Director and Program Director for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences

University of Minnesota; Surgical Service Lead, OMS

M Health Fairview Hospitals and Clinics

Minneapolis, Minnesota

United States

John M. Nathan, MD, DDS

Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, Minnesota

United States

Gregory M. Ness, DDS, FACS

Professor Emeritus—Clinical

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Anesthesiology

The Ohio State University College of Dentistry

Columbus, Ohio

United States

Craig Norbutt, DMD, MD

Assistant Clinical Professor

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Carle Foundation Hospital

Champaign, Illinois

United States

Erik Jon Nuveen, MD, DMD, FAACS

Director of Fellowship

Cosmetic Surgery Affiliates

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and Jacksonville Beach, Florida; Voluntary Assistant Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

The University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma United States

George Obeid, DDS

Senior Attending

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Medstar Washington Hospital Center

Washington, District of Columbia

United States

Devin Joseph Okay, DDS

Attending Faculty

Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery

Mount Sinai Health System; Director

Division of Prosthodontics and Maxillofacial Prosthetics

Mount Sinai Health System

New York, New York United States

Petra Olivieri, DMD, MD

Clinical Assistant Professor Case Western Reserve University

MetroHealth Hospital

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Cleveland, Ohio

United States

Robert Ord, MB, BCh (Hons), BDS, FRCS, FACS, MS, MBA

Professor and Chairman

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Maryland; Professor Oncology Program

Greenbaum Cancer Center

Baltimore, Maryland United States

Daniel Oreadi, DMD

Associate Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Tufts University School of Dental Medicine

Boston, Massachusetts United States

Neeraj Panchal, DDS, MD, MA

Assistant Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Pennsylvania;

Section Chief

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Penn Presbyterian Medical Center;

Section Chief

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

United States

Sat Parmar, BChD, BMBS, BMedSci, FDSRCS, FRCS Mr

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University Hospitals Birmingham Birmingham, United Kingdom

Ashish A. Patel, MD, DDS, FACS

Fellowship Director

Head and Neck Surgical Oncology and Microvascular Surgery

Providence Cancer Institute; Director of Reconstructive Microsurgery

Head and Neck Institute

Head and Neck Surgical Associates; Medical Director

Cranio-Oral and Maxillofacial and Neck Trauma

Legacy Emanuel Medical Center

Portland, Oregon

United States

Zachary S. Peacock, DMD, MD, FACS

Associate Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Massachusetts General Hospital

Harvard School of Dental Medicine

Boston, Massachusetts

United States

Karl Pennau, DDS

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Oral Surgery Associates of Colorado Springs

Colorado Springs, Colorado

United States

Vincent J. Perciaccante, DDS, FACS

Adjunct Associate Professor

Department of Surgery, Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Emory University School of Medicine

Atlanta, Georgia

United States;

Private Practice

South Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Peachtree City, Georgia

United States

Jon D. Perenack, MD, DDS

Adjunct Associate Clinical Professor and Director of Fellowship in Facial Cosmetic Surgery

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Louisiana State University; Medical and Surgical Director

Williamson Cosmetic Center and Perenack Esthetic Surgery

Baton Rouge, Louisiana

United States

Yuliya Petukhova, DDS

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Resident

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, Minnesota

United States

Laurence D. Pfeiffer, MD, DDS

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon

Department of Dentistry

Bassett Medical Center

Cooperstown, New York United States

Matthew H. Pham, DMD, MD

Private Practice

Carolina’s Center for Oral & Facial Surgery

Columbia, South Carolina United States

John N. Phelan, PhD

Associate Professor (Retired)

Cell Biology

UT Southwestern Medical School

Dallas, Texas

United States

Joan Pi-Anfruns, DMD

Assistant Clinical Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Restorative Dentistry

UCLA School of Dentistry

Los Angeles, California

United States

Brendan H. G. Pierce, MD

Otolaryngology

Palo Alto Medical Foundation

Palo Alto, California

United States

Daniel Joseph Pinkston, DDS

ClearChoice Dental Implant Centers

St. Louis, Missouri

United States

Waldemar D. Polido, DDS, MS, PhD

Clinical Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Co-Director

Center for Implant, Esthetic and Innovative Dentistry

Indiana University School of Dentistry

Indianapolis, Indiana

United States

Jeffrey C. Posnick, DMD, MD, FRCS(C), FACS

Adjunct Professor

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

Johns Hopkins School of Medicine

Baltimore, Maryland

United States;

Professor Emeritus

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Pediatrics

Georgetown University;

Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Howard University College of Dentistry

Washington DC, Washington United States;

Professor of Orthodontics

University of Maryland

Baltimore College of Dental Surgery

Baltimore, Maryland

United States

David B. Powers, MD, DMD, FACS, FRCS (Ed)

Professor of Surgery

Director, Duke Craniomaxillofacial Trauma Program

Fellowship Director, Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery Fellowship

Vice Chair, Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery

Department of Surgery

Duke University Medical Center

Durham, North Carolina

United States

Janine Prange-Kiel, PhD

Associate Professor and Chief of Section of Anatomy

Department of Surgery

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

Dallas, Texas

United States

Prav Praveen, FRCS, MRCS, MBchBFDSRCS, FFDRCSI

Consultant Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust

Birmingham, West Midlands United Kingdom

David S. Precious, CM, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, FRCS, Dhc

Dean Emeritus and Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Dalhousie University

Halifax, Nova Scotia

Canada

Faisal A. Quereshy, MD, DDS, FACS

Professor/Program Director

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Case Western Reserve University

Cleveland Ohio United States;

Medical Director

Facial Cosmetic Surgery

V isage Surgical Institute/V-Spa Medina, Ohio United States

Peter D. Quinn, DMD, MD

Chief Executive Physician

University of Pennsylvania Health System University of Pennsylvania; Schoenleber Professor of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States

Matthew Radant, MD, DDS

Assistant Clinical Professor Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

The University of Oklahoma Oklahoma City, Oklahoma United States

Christopher K. Ray, DDS

Eastern Oklahoma Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons; Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

The University of Oklahoma Oklahoma City, Oklahoma United States

Andrew Read-Fuller, DDS, MD, FACS, FACD

Clinical Assistant Professor and Graduate Program Director

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Texas A&M University School of Dentistry

Dallas, Texas

United States

Likith Reddy, MD, DDS, FACS

Professor, Department Head

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Texas A&M University School of Dentistry; Section Chief

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Baylor University Medical Center; Clinical Professor

Texas A&M University School of Medicine

Dallas, Texas

United States

Shravan Renapurkar, BDS, DMD, FACS

Associate Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia United States;

Program Director

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia

United States

Johan P. Reyneke, B ChD, M ChD, FCMFOS (SA), PhD Director

Centre for Orthognathic Surgery

Cape Town Mediclinic;

Extraordinary Professor

Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery

University of the Western Cape Cape Town, South Africa; Clinical Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Oklahoma Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Clinical Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Florida University

Gainesville, Florida

United States

Fabio G. Ritto, DDS, MD, MS, PhD

Professor and Program Director

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

United States

Carrie E. Robertson, MD

Associate Professor of Neurology College of Medicine

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, Minnesota

United States

Jason Rogers, DDS

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon

Private Practice

Santa Rosa and Rohnert Park Oral Surgery

Santa Rosa, California

United States

Brian Louis Ruggiero, MD, DMD

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, Michigan

United States

Ramon L. Ruiz, DMD, MD Director

Pediatric Craniomaxillofacial Surgery

Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children; Associate Professor Department of Surgery

University of Central Florida College of Medicine

Orlando, Florida

United States

Mary Ann C. Sabino, DDS, PhD

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Hennepin County Medical Center; Adjunct Clinical Professor

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota

United States

Sepideh Sabooree, MD, DMD

Georgia Oral and Facial Reconstructive Surgery

Atlanta, Georgia

United States

Andrew Salama, MD, DDS, FACS Chief

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Northwell Health—Long Island Jewish Medical Center

New Hyde Park, New York

United States

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porque se preçia de mostrar en su habla, trato, traje, y conuersaçion ser vnica y particular. Lo que sueñan de noche tienen por reuelaçion de Dios, y en despertando lo ponen por obra como si fuesse el prinçipal preçepto de su ley. Dizense ser orden de religion: yo digo que es más confusion; y si algun orden tienen, es en el comer y dormir; y en lo que toca a religion, es todo ayre y libiandad, tan lexos de la verdadera religion de Cristo como de Hierusalen. No saben ni entienden sino en mantener parlas á las redes y loqutorio[518] . Su prinçipal fundamento es hazerse de los godos y negar su proprio y verdadero linaxe; y ansi luego que yo entré alli fue como las otras la más profana y ambiçiosa que nunca fue muger, y ansi porque mi padre era algo pobre publiqué que mi madre auia tenido amistad con vn cauallero de donde me auia auido a mí, y por desmentir la huella me mudé luego el nonbre; porque yo me llamaua antes Marina, como mula falsa, y entrando en el monesterio me llamé Vernardina, que es nombre estraño, y trabajé quanto pude por llamarme doña Bernaldina, fingiendo la deçendençia y genealogia de mi prosapia y generaçion, y para

esto me faboreçio mucho la abbadesa; que de puro miedo de mi mala condiçion y desasosiego procuraua de me agradar. Acuerdome que vn dia vn pariente mio enbio a visitarme con un paje; y preguntandole la portera a quien vuscaua respondió el mochacho, buscaua a Bernardina, y yo acaso estaua alli junto a la puerta; y como le oy sali á él con aquella ansia que tenia que todos me llamassen doña Bernardina y dixele: ¡O! los diablos te lleuen, trapaz, que no te cabe en esa boca vn don donde cabe vn pedaço de pan mayor que tú. De lo qual á todas quantas estauan alli di ocasion de reyr[519] de mi vanidad.

M.—Pues tu padre ¿tenia antes don?

G.—Si tenia: sino que le tenia[520] al fin del nombre.

M.—¿Como es eso?

G.—Llamauase Françisco remendon. Ves alli el don al cabo. Mi mayor ocupaçion era enbiar casi cada dia a llamar los prinçipales y mas honrrados del pueblo vuscando negoçios que tratar con ellos; y dilatabalos por los entretener, y de alli venia a fingir vn pariente suyo con el qual dezia que mi padre tubo gran

parentesco o afinidad[521] . Desta manera con todos los linajes de Castilla mostraua tener parte; con Mendoças, Manriques, Ulloas, Çerda, Vaçanes. El dia que yo no tenia con quien librar a la red y loqutorio me tenia por menos que muger, y si la abbadesa me negasse la liçençia me la yba a las tocas queriendola mesar, y la llamaua peor de su nonbre. Dos dias en la semana enbiaua por el confesor para me confessar y consolar; y desde que saliamos de comer hasta la noche nos estauamos en el confessonario tratando de vidas ajenas; porque no se meneaua monja que yo no tuviese cuenta con ella. Otra vez me quexaua de la abbadessa que no me queria dar ninguna consolaçion, que estaua para me desesperar, o hazer de mí vn hecho malo; y amenazauala con la visita. Aconteçiame a mí vn mes no entrar en el coro a las horas fingiendo estar enferma de xaqueca, que es enfermedad de señoras, y para fingir este dolor hazia vnos generos de birretes portogueses afforrados en martas, o grana fina de poluo[522] demandada a mis seruidores, y deuotos y familiares. Pues para sustentar mis locuras y intereses lebanté vn vando en el monesterio de los dos san Juanes

Euangelista y Baptista, y como yo tube entendido que mis contrarias con quien yo tenia mis differençias y pundonores seguian al Euangelista, tomé yo con mis amigas la devoçion el apellido y parcialidad del Baptista; no más de por contradezir. Que de otra manera nunca tube cuenta ni eché de ver quál dellos mereçia más, ni quál era mejor.

M.—¡O gran vanidad! Quánto mejor fuera que trabajaras por imitar a qualquiera dellos en virtud y costunbres!

G.—Pues quando venia el dia de San Juan de Junio, quanto era mi desasosiego y mi inquietud! Reboluia todo el pueblo vuscando la tapizeria para la iglesia, claustras y refitorio. El hinojo, claueles, clauellinas, halelies, azuzenas y albahacas puestas en mil maneras de basijas de mucha curiosidad; y otras frescas y odoriferas yerbas y flores, yuncos y espadañas. Aparejaua las pastillas, moxquete, estoraque y menxui, que truxiessen toda la casa en grande y suaue olor. Traya aplazado el predicador de veynte leguas; y vn año antes negociado, y la musica vnica y peregrina de muchos instrumentos de suabe y acordada melodia. Negoçiaua las

bozes de cantores de todos los señores y iglesias cathredales y colegiales quantas auia en la comarca. Despues para todos estos aparejaua casas, camas y de comer. Vuscaua aues, pescados y frutas de toda diferençia, preçio y estima. Un mes antes hazia los mazapanes, bizcochos, rosquillas, alcorzas y confituras, y avn mucho sebillo de manos y guantes adobados, para dar a vnos y a otros conforme a la calidad y libiandad de cada qual que interuenia en mi fiesta.

M.—Todo eso no se podia hazer sin gran costa. Dime ¿de dónde auias todo eso?

G —Por auerlo grangeaua yo vn año antes los amigos y seruidores por diuersas vias y maneras. Procurando negoçios, dares y tomares con todo género de honbres. De los vnos me aprouechaua para que me diessen algo; y de los otros para que demandassen a otros[523] , y a otros queria para que me lleuassen mis recados y mensajes con que vuscaua y adqueria lo demas. De manera que yo me empleaua tan toda en este caso que nunca me faltaua cosa que hiziesse a mi menester[524] .

M —O quán molida y quebrantada quedarias passada la fiesta; y más orgullosa, presuntuosa y profana en auer cunplido con tu vano interes! O quán miserable y desuenturada era esa tu ocupacion, lo que es más de llorar!

G.—Las contrarias hazian otro tanto por Nauidad dia de San Juan Euangelista, que es el terçero dia de la pasqua.

M.—Pareçe que tenia el demonio vn censo cada año sobre todas vosotras; la meytad pagado por las vnas por Nauidad; y la otra meytad a pagar por las otras a San Juan de Junio. ¿Qué libiandad tan grande era la vuestra; que siendo ellos en el çielo tan yguales y tan conformes, aya entre sus deuotas acá tanta desconformidad y disension?

Antes me pareçe que como verdaderas y buenas religiosas deuieredes preçiaros ser mas deuotas del Santo quanto mas trabajauades en su imitaçion. Las baptistas procurar exçeder a las otras en el ayuno contino, en el vestido poco; en la penitençia y sanctidad, y las euangelistas procurar lleuar uentaja a las otras en el recogimiento, en la oraçion, en el amor que tubo a su maestro, en aquella virginidad santa por la

qual le encomendó Dios[525] su madre virgen. Pero como toda vuestra religion era palabras y vanidad, ansi vuestras obras eran profanas y de mundo, y ansi ellas tenian tal premio y fin mundano. Porque si vosotras os matais a chapinazos sobre quál de los dos San Juanes fue mejor, y vosotras no teneis ni seguis punto de su bondad seriades como son dos negras esclauas de dos señoras que se matassen a puñadas sobre quál de sus amas era más hermosa; y ellas dos quedassen negras como un tizon. O como dos romeros que muy hanbrientos y miserables con gran enojo se matassen sobre quál es el más rico desta çiudad, y ellos quedassen muertos de hanbre sin que nadie[526] les dé vn pan que comer.

G —De lo que yo senti entonçes desta gente tengo por opinion que naturaleza hizo este genero de mugeres en el mundo por demas; y por esta causa las echó en los monesterios como quien las arrima a vn rincon; y como ellas se ven tan fuera de cuenta trabajan con estas industrias de Sathanas darse a entender; y ansi el primer pensamiento que la monja conçibe entrando en el

monesterio es que le tienen vsurpado el reyno y que se le tienen por fuerça; y que por eso la metieron como en prision alli, y seriale mas conueniente y prouechoso hazerse entender que aquella es casa de orates ó locos, donde fue lançada porque está sin seso desde que naçio, porque acá afuera no haga mal. Pues sabras, que yo fue enferma de vn çaratan de que en los pechos fue herida, de que padeçí mucha passion hasta que la muerte me lleuó; y luego mi alma fue lançada en vn cuerpo de vna Rana en el lago de Genesareth que esta en Palestina. Donde por yr tan acostunbrada a parlar no hazia sino cantar a la contina: prinçipalmente quando queria llouer por dar plazer al labrador que lo tiene por señal. En aquella vida viuia yo en algun contento por la gran libertad de que gozamos todas alli. Tratauanos muy bien vn benignissimo rey que teniamos; mantenianos el lago en toda paz y tranquilidad avnque algo contra la condiçion que yo auia tenido acá: pero la nueua naturaleza me mudó. No haziamos sino salir a la orilla al sol y estendernos con mucho plazer, y a su hora tornarnos a entrar en toda quietud; y como en ningun estado en esta vida falte

miseria, tentaçion y trabajo, y creo que el demonio entiende en desasosegar toda criatura que en el mundo ay, ansi nos dio a nosotras vn desasosiego el mayor que se puede encareçer, y sabras que como es cosa comun, teniamos alrededor de nuestro lago mucha copia de ratones que se vienen por alli a viuir de los pueblos comarcanos en sus cuebas y choças, por viuir en más seguridad; y estos por ser gente de buena conuerzaçion hizieron con nosotras gran vezindad: y nosotras los tratamos a la contina muy bien. Suçedio que vn dia quiso (que no deuiera) vn hijo de su rey con algunos otros sus principales y vasallos passar a la otra parte del lago a visitar çiertos parientes y amigos y aliados que vibian allá. Y por ser muy largo el lago tenia gran rodeo y trabajo y avn peligro para passar, y comunicando su voluntad vn dia con çiertas ranas del lago, ellas, o por enojo que tuuiessen dellos, o por mala inclinaçion pensaron hazerles vn gran daño y vurla, y fue que ellas se les ofreçieron de los passar sin lission, si fiandose dellas se subian sobre sus lomos; que cada vna dellas tomaria el suyo sobre sí y ansi nadando los passarian a la otra parte, y que por más asegurar[527] atarian las

colas dellos a las piernas traseras de las ranas, porque si se deleznassen del cuerpo no peligrassen en el agua. Ansi ellos confiados de su buena oferta vinieron hasta vnos veynte de los prinçipales de su vasallaje, quedando sus criados y familiares a la orilla mirando la lastimosa tragedia; y quando las ranas tuuieron a los señores ratones en el medio del lago ante los ojos de todos los que quedaban a la orilla se van con ellos a lo hondo, y zapuzandose muchas vezes en el agua los ahogaron a todos: y luego como fue auisado su Rey y los padres y parientes de los otros vinieron al agua a ver si acaso podrian remediar aquel cruel aconteçimiento, y como ni por ruegos, ni por lagrimas, ni promesas, ni amenaças no pudieron alcançar de nuestras ranas que no lleuasen aquel daño a execuçion dieron muy grandes bozes, llantos y alaridos, jurando por la grandeza del sol su padre, y por el valor y las entrañas de su madre la tierra de vengar tan gran traiçion y alebosia. Protestauan la injuria contra nuestro Rey pareçiendoles que no podia ser tan grande atreuimiento sino con su mandado y espreso fabor; y como nuestro Rey oyó las bozes y pesquisó la causa y la supo,

salio de su palaçio con algunas ranas prinçipales que se hallaron con él, y por aplacar los ratones mandó con gran diligençia se buscassen los malhechores a do quiera que los pudiessen auer y los truxiessen ante su magestad, y avnque todos no se pudieron auer luego, en fin fueron presas alguna cantidad dellas: de las cuales se tomó su confesion por saber si algun señor particular les mandó hazer aquel daño; y como todas[528] confessaron que ellas de su propio motiuo[529] y maliçia lo auian hecho fueron condenadas a muerte, y avn se quiso dezir que alguna de aquellas ranas que fueron presas, por ser hijas de personas señaladas fueron secretamente sueltas y ausentadas, porque vntaron las manos a los juezes, y avn más los escriuanos en cuya mano dizen que está más çierto poderse hazer; y ansi escaparon las vidas del morir.

M.—Pues Dios las guardó viban y hagalas Dios bien. Por çierto gran descuydo es el que passa en el mundo el dia de oy: que siendo vn offiçio tan prinçipal y caudaloso el del escriuano, y tan neçesario, que sea[530] honbre de fidelidad para que todos viban en paz y quietud,

consienten y permiten los prinçipes criar notarios y escriuanos hombres viles y de ruynes castas y suelo: los quales por pequeño interes peruierten el derecho y justiçia del que la ha de auer; y sobre todo los proueen de los officios mas principales y de más peligro en su Reyno: como es de escriuanias de chançillerias[531] y consejos y regimientos y gouiernos de su hazienda y republica: lo qual no se auia de hazer por ninguna manera, pues en ello va tan gran interes y peligro.

G.—Y ansi un dia de mañana como salio el sol fueron las condenadas sacadas a la ribera y pregonandolas vn pregonero a alta boz por alebosas, traydoras, matadoras, homiçidas de sus bezinos y aliados, que las mandaua su Rey morir; y ansi ante gran muchedunbre de Ranas que salieron del lago y muchos ratones que lo vinieron a ver fueron publicamente degolladas. Pero el Rey Ambrocos (que ansi se llamaua el Rey de los ratones) y todos aquellos señores estauan retraidos en sus cuebas muy tristes y afligidos por la perdida de sus hijos; y ansi mandó su rey llamar a cortes, y luego fueron juntos los de su Consejo y

grandes de su Reyno. Donde con grande encareçimiento de palabras les propuso la cruel traiçion que hauian cometido las ranas: y no en qualesquiera de su reyno, sino[532] en su mesmo hijo y de los prinçipales señores y caualleros de su tierra. Por lo qual avnque pudieran disimular qualquiera otra injuria por ser sus bezinas y aliadas, pero que este caso por ser tan atroz en la persona real y suçesor del Reyno no se sufria quedar sin castigo; y ansi los ratones indignados por las lagrimas y encareçimientos de su Rey se ofreçieron con sus personas y estado salir luego al campo: y que no boluerian a sus casas hasta satisfazer y vengar su prinçipe Rey y señor o perder en el campo sus vidas. Y ansi el Rey les mandó que dentro de quinze dias todos saliessen al campo a acompañar su persona real, y mandó luego auisar con sus patentes, cartas y prouisiones a todos los ratones bezinos al lago, que supiessen la injuria hecha a su rey: y que todos so pena de muerte saliessen a las orillas y hiziessen el posible daño en las ranas que pudiessen auer. Luego todos aquellos señores se fueron a sus tierras aparejar y venir con sus compañías al mandado de su rey. Porque esto

tienen los ratones que son muy obedientes a sus mayores; porque al que no lo es le despedaçan todos con los dientes; ni es menester para el castigo del tal delito que venga particular pesquisidor ni executor de la corte: que[533] luego es tal delinquente castigado entre ellos con muerte: y ansi no se osa ninguno desmandar. Ya nosotras las ranas de todo esto eramos sabidoras, porque no faltaron algunos de sus ratones que por tener con algunas de nosotras estrecha amistad se lo comunicasen. Prinçipalmente todo aquel tiempo que passó antes que se publicasse la guerra, porque hasta entonçes avn estauan en pie muchas de las antiguas amistades que auia entre vnos y otros en particular, y tanbien lo uiamos por esperiençia en nuestro daño: porque ningun dia auia que no pareçiessen a la costa del lago muchas ranas muertas, porque los ratones se llegauan a ellas con disimulaçion y con los dientes las hazian pedaços; y prinçipalmente hazian esto vna compañia de malos soldados que de estrañas tierras el Rey auia traydo alli de vn su amigo y aliado: gente muy belicosa y de grande animo, que ninguna perdonauan que

tomassen delante de si Ya eran tan grandes los[534] daños que se nos hazian que no se podian disimular, y dentro de quinze dias pareçieron ante las[535] riberas de Genesareth más de çien mil ratones, en tanta manera que el campo cubrian. Vino alli su[536] Rey Ambrocos con gran magestad con todo el aparato de tristeza y luto, protestando de no yr de alli sin vengar muy a su voluntad la muerte de su hijo; y ansi mandó dar en el campo vn muy brauo y sangriento pregon. Traya vn fiero raton por capitan general, al qual llamauan Lampardo el cruel: viejo y de maduro juizio, que toda su vida auia vibido en los molinos y las hazeñas que estan en el rio Xordan y Eufrates. Traya debajo de su vandera en nombre de Ambrocos su rey quarenta mil ratones de grande esperiençia y valor. Venia alli Braquimis[537] Rey de los ratones que habitan toda la tierra de Samaria y Cana, el qual traya treynta mil. Venia Aplopetes, Rey de los ratones que moran Nazareth, Belen y Hierusalen: el cual traya otros treinta mil y más. Vinieron otros señores, prinçipes, vasallos y aliados del Rey Ambrocos que trayan a çinco mil y a diez mil. De

manera que en breue tiempo todo el campo se cubrio. Como nos vimos en tanta neçesidad y aprieto acudimos todos a nuestro Rey llorando nuestra libertad perdida, al qual hallamos en la mesma afliçion sin saber cómo se remediar.

M.—Entonces, gallo, hallado auias oportunidad para executar tu belicosa condiçion que tenias siendo monja.

G.—Muchas mas fuerças y orgullo tenia yo en el monesterio para reboluer. No auia en todo el lago ninguna rana que no estuuiesse acobardada y como abscondida y encogida de temor, y ansi la nuestra reyna, mandó que todas las ranas sus subditas se juntassen, que se queria con ellas aconsejar. Las quales quando fueron juntas les[538] propuso el aflito y miseria en que estauan[539] . A algunas dellas les pareçio que seria bueno dexar aquella ribera a los ratones y passarse a la contraria, donde les pareçia que no abria quien las dañasse. Pero como auia alli ranas de todos los rededores y partes del lago dieron fe que no auia dónde huyr ni poder salir con libertad: porque por todas partes estauan puestos[540] gran multitud de ratones a punto de guerra, los

quales procurauan dañar y matar en las ranas como las podian auer, no dexando alguna a vida. De manera que como nosotras vimos el ardid con que nuestros enemigos nos perseguian determinamos que seria bien salir al campo y darles una batalla: porque nos pareçió mejor morir, que no infames y encerradas y sin libertad cada dia padeçer. Pero lo que más nos afligia era el faltarnos armas con que pelear. Porque esta ventaja tienen de su naturaleza todos los animales: que a todos dió armas naturales naçidas consigo para se defender de sus enemigos y de aquellos que los quisiessen dañar. Al leon dió vñas, esfuerço y destreza. A la sierpe dió concha. A las aues dió vñas y buelo, y al cauallo herraduras y dientes con que se defienda, y ansi al raton dió vñas y dientes con que hiera, y a cada qual animal en su naturaleza armó; y a la rana, por hazernos el animal más simple y miserable, le dexó sin armas algunas con que pudiese defender de quien le procurasse dañar.

M.—A mí me parece, gallo, que en todo eso prouelló con gran prudencia naturaleza, porque como quiso criar la rana simple y sin perjuizio y daño, ansi lo crió sin enemigo que la dañasse; y

porque alguna vez se podia ofreçer que con furia la acometiesse otro algún animal la proueyó de ligereça para nadar, y el salto para huyr. ¿Que culpa tiene naturaleza si vosotras enrruynais y corrompeis la sinpleza con que ella os crió?

G.—Tú tienes mucha razon, porque en el mundo no ay animal que no aya corrompido con su maliçia las leyes que su naturaleza le dió; y ansi por vernos confusas en este caso sin poder alcançar a sabernos dar remedio, acordose que nos socorriessemos del consejo y ayuda de çiertos generos de pescados que en aquel lago andauan en nuestra compañia, y prinçipalmenmente de vnos grandes barbos que alli se criauan y a estos nos fuemos contandoles nuestra miseria, y ellos como es gente muy honrrada y bien inclinada y trabajan vibir sin perjuizio de nadie, que hasta oy no se quexó dellos alguna naçion. Por esta causa pareçioles tan mal la traiçion que nuestras ranas hiçieron á los ratones que casi con disimulaçion se determinauan ver de nosotros (sic)[541] vengados los ratones.

Pero ya por la estrecha y antigua amistad que por la contina vibienda entre nosotros auia nos estimaban por parientes y naturales, y ansi se dolieron de nuestra neçesidad y se proferieron a la remediar, ayudandonos[542] con consejo y fuerças; y puestos luego en esta determinaçion se leuantó vn baruo ançiano y de buen consejo y nobleza y ante todos propuso ansi: Honrradas dueñas[543] , vezinas, amigas y parientas, a mí me pessa auer de seguir y faboreçer en esta empresa parte tan sin razon y justiçia: pues vosotras aueis injuriado y ofendido a vuestros amigos vezinos y comarcanos tan sin os lo mereçer; yo nunca pensé que vuestra simpleza tuuiera acometimiento de tanto doblez. Ni sé quien os dió lengua ni alma para fingir, ni manos para ansi dañar con tan aleuoso engaño. ¿Quién no se fiara de vuestra flaqueza, pensando que vuestra humildad seria tal como la mostrais? Quán justo fuera faboreçer antes a[544] vuestro castigo que a vuestra defensa? Pero de oy más neçesitais nos a vivir con vosotras con auiso; y por venir á demandarnos[545] socorro; porque es la ley de los nobles no

le negar á quantos afligidos le pidan, es razon que se os dé: y ansi es mi pareçer que ante todas cosas tratemos de os dar armas con que peleis y os defendais; porque çiertamente os tienen en esto gran ventaja los ratones en dientes y vñas. Por lo qual auiendolo mirado bien, es mi consejo; que hagais capaçetes de las caxcaras de huebos que se pudieren auer, que muchas hay en este lago, que los pescadores nos[546] echan por çeuo para nos pescar; y estas caxcaras puestas en la cabeza os será alguna defensa para las heridas; y por lanças lleuareis unos yuncos que ay en esta ribera, que tienen buenas puntas con que podais herir; que nosotros con nuestros dientes os los cortaremos quantos tengais neçesidad, y vosotras trabajad por os hazer diestras con estos yuncos como podais con destreza herir; aprended con la boca y manos como mejor os aprouecheis dellos. Saldreis al campo con estas armas; y si os vieredes en aprieto recogeros eis al agua, donde estara gran copia de nosotros[547] a la costa escondidos; y como ellos vengan con furia siguiendo su vitoria caeran en nuestras manos; y con nuestras colas y dientes el que en el agua entrare perderá la vida.

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