Download ebooks file Global journalism in comparative perspective 1st edition jerald hage joseph j v
Journalism in Comparative Perspective 1st Edition
Jerald Hage
Joseph J Valadez Wilbur C Hadden
Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://textbookfull.com/product/global-journalism-in-comparative-perspective-1st-editi on-jerald-hage-joseph-j-valadez-wilbur-c-hadden/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant download maybe you interests ...
Global Journalism in Comparative Perspective 1st Edition Dhiman Chattopadhyay
Through a ground-breaking exploration of global journalism in comparative perspectives, the current book offers a diverse set of case studies on the challenges that journalists face in different situations across cultures. This includes work from leading scholars addressing four major subdomains: Journalistic Autonomy, Safety, and Freedom; (2) Mis(information), Crises, and Trust; (3) Technology, News Flow, and Audiences; and (4) Diversity, Marginalization, and Journalism Education. The organizing framework brings together voices from practitioners and scholars—who live and work in different parts of the world—into a well-integrated whole. As such, the book can benefit journalism students not just in the U.S., but elsewhere too. This volume should thus provide a helpful resource for teaching and research in the fast-moving global journalism context.
David Atkin, Professor, Department of Communication, University of Connecticut, USA
The volume brings together interesting perspectives from around the world on some of the most pressing issues facing journalism today. Its emphasis on empirically grounded case studies of journalistic practices in the global South is noteworthy. While engaged with the impact of emerging technologies on newsmaking as a profession and an industry, the chapters also shed light on the evolving trajectories of print and broadcast media, which remain a significant force in the media markets of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Media scholars and practitioners everywhere will find it a valuable read.
Saif Shahin, Assistant Professor, Department of Culture Studies, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
The timeliness of this book cannot be overstated, especially in the current post-pandemic world. This book also focuses on the rising tide of state surveillance and corporate control on the one hand and the media’s capitulation to state power on the other hand. Another aspect I find is the significant contextualization of practice in various nations of both the global South and so-called developed nations. The book also offers great insights into journalism practice and the learning of journalism in various national contexts. Compiling such a volume is a humongous task, and I applaud the editor for this project.
Ujjwal K Chowdhury, Strategic Adviser and Professor, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Vice President, Global Media Education Council, India
Global Journalism in Comparative Perspective
This book explores how journalism is practiced around the world and how there are multiple factors at the structural and contextual level shaping journalism practice.
Drawing on case studies of how conflicts, pandemics, political developments, or human rights violations are covered in an online-first era, the volume analyzes how journalism is conducted as a process in different parts of the world and how such knowledge can benefit today’s globally connected journalist. A global team of scholars and practicing journalists combine theoretical knowledge and empirically rich scholarship with real-life experiences and case studies to offer a storehouse of knowledge on key aspects of international journalism. Divided into four sections—journalistic autonomy, safety, and freedom; mis(information), crises, and trust; technology, news flow, and audiences; and diversity, marginalization, and journalism education—the volume examines both trends and patterns, as well as cultural and geographical uniqueness that distinguish journalism in different parts of the world.
This volume will be of interest to students and scholars of journalism, media studies, and mass communication, as well as practicing journalists who want to report globally and anyone interested in gaining a foundational understanding of or researching journalism practices around the world.
Dhiman Chattopadhyay is Associate Professor of Communication, Journalism, and Media and Director of Ethnic Studies at Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania, United States. Prior to joining academia, he was a journalist for two decades.
Routledge Research in Journalism
42 Investigative Journalism in Changing Times
Australian and Anglo-American Reporting
Edited by Caryn Coatney
43 The Political Relevance of Food Media and Journalism Beyond Reviews and Recipes
Edited by Elizabeth Fakazis and Elfriede Fürsich
44 Journalism Practice and Critical Reflexivity
Bonita Mason
45 Literary Journalism Goes Inside Prison
Just Sentences
Edited by David Swick and Richard Lance Keeble
46 The Periodical Press Revolution
E. S. Dallas and the Nineteenth-Century British Media System
Graham Law
47 Afghan Refugees, Pakistani Media and the State
The Missing Peace
Ayesha Jehangir
48 Covering Extended Reality Technologies in the Media
Emma Kaylee Graves
49 Global Journalism in Comparative Perspective Case Studies
Edited by Dhiman Chattopadhyay
For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Routledge-Research-inJournalism/book-series/RRJ
Global Journalism in Comparative Perspective
Case Studies
Edited by Dhiman Chattopadhyay
First published 2024 by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
The right of Dhiman Chattopadhyay to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Chattopadhyay, Dhiman, editor.
Title: Global journalism in comparative perspective : case studies / edited by Dhiman Chattopadhyay.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2024. | Series: Routledge research in journalism | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023041268 (print) | LCCN 2023041269 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032351698 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032356082 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003327639 (ebook)
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023041268
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023041269
ISBN: 978-1-032-35169-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-35608-2 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-32763-9 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003327639
Typeset in Sabon by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
K. PETKOV
B. ZALIZNYAK
7 Misinformation, the pandemic, and mass media: the India story
PRADEEP KRISHNATRAY AND SHAILENDRA SINGH BISHT
8 When politics and the pandemic went up the hill, and the Malaysian media came tumbling down
SHARON WILSON AND AFI ROSHEZRY BIN ABU BAKAR
9 Artificial intelligence skepticism in news production: the case of South Africa’s mainstream news organizations
ALLEN
MUNORIYARWA AND SARAH CHIUMBU
10 Election interference strategies among foreign news outlets and audience engagement on social media during the US 2020 election
LUCAS TOHILL AND LOUISA HA
11 Understanding continuity and mapping digitalization in the 21st century: an empirical analysis of Indian print media
DURGESH TRIPATHI, PRIYANKA SACHDEVA, AND SURBHI TANDON
12 From authoritarianism to privatization and social media: the evolution of Colombian TV
13 Global connectivity: paradigms of China’s international
GUO KE AND CHEN CHEN
14 Anatomy of the rapid growth of online newspapers and its impact on online journalism in Bangladesh
SHUDIPTA SHARMA
Contributors
Afi Roshezry Bin Abu Bakar is senior lecturer in the Faculty of Arts and Social Science at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia. He holds a BHSc and MHSc in Political Science from the Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM) and is a PhD candidate at Universiti Sains Islam, Malaysia. His research and consulting work focuses on areas of political relations, political identity, and voter behavior.
Shailendra Singh Bisht is an associate professor of marketing and strategy at ICFAI Business School, Hyderabad, India. His highly cited research focuses on areas of affordability, natural resource management, microfinance, health care, and education services marketing. As an academic and researcher, he has managed and disseminated research on the interface between marketing, technology, and public policy interventions in India. He is also part of the Centre of Excellence for Digital Transformation at IFHE.
Dhiman Chattopadhyay is associate professor in the Department of Communication, Journalism, and Media at Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania, United States, and Director of the Ethnic Studies Program at Ship. His research agenda is at the intersection of journalism, diversity, and social change. His work has been published in peer-reviewed journals such as the Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics, Global Media and Communication, Asian Communication Research, and Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. He is the author of Breaking Now: Social Media’s Impact on Indian Journalism. He is the author of the book: Indian Journalism and the Impact of Social Media (Palgrave-Macmillan). He is currently working on two grant-funded studies. One examines factors affecting minority communities’ trust in journalism and how they can be addressed. The other focuses on factors affecting college students’ campus belongingness. He is a former journalist with 18 years of experience reporting for and editing/leading editorial operations at some of India’s best-known newspapers and magazines, such as the Times of India, Business Today, and Mid-Day.
Chen Chen is an M.A. student of International Communication Studies with a focus on Spanish at Shanghai International Studies University in China. She has a B.A. degree in Sociology. Her research interests include Latin American journalism studies, cross-cultural communication and feminism studies.
Sarah Chiumbu is associate professor and head of the School of Communication at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Her research interests include media, democracy and citizenship, digital and alternative media, and African political and decolonial thought.
Víctor García-Perdomo is a professor in the School of Communication at Universidad de La Sabana in Bogotá, Colombia, where he works as a director of the Doctoral Program in Communication. He received his PhD in journalism and his MA in Latin American studies from the University of Texas at Austin, United States. A Fulbright fellow, García-Perdomo’s research addresses the impact of digital technology on media. His work has been published in the Journal of Communication, Journalism, Journalism Studies, the International Journal of Communication, and Mass Communication and Society. He is the director of the Research Center for Digital Technology and Society (REDITS) and a member of the Research Group in Journalism (GIP). He worked for 14 years as a professional journalist for different media: El Espectador newspaper, Univision Online, Univision Radio, and Terra TV.
Louisa Ha is founding editor-in-chief of Online Media & Global Communication, and former editor-in-chief of Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. She is professor of research excellence in the School of Media and Communication, Bowling Green State University. Her research interests are in audience research, media technology, online advertising, and comparative international communication. Her 2007 edited book Webcasting Worldwide, Business Models of an Emerging Global Medium was the recipient of the 2007 AEJMC Robert Picard Book Award and was translated into Chinese in 2009. Her latest books include The Audience and Business of YouTube and Online Videos (editor) and her coedited book, Asian Women Leadership: A Cross-Sector and CrossNational Comparison, published by Routledge. She has over 100 publications, including 70 refereed journal articles, 19 book chapters, and many miscellaneous publications.
Signe Ivask is a researcher and lecturer at the University of Tartu, Estonia. Her topics cover reporting, news sociology and routines, journalists’ wellbeing and working conditions. She finished her postdoctoral research at Masaryk University, the Czech Republic, on the topic of (local) journalists’ well-being: working conditions (including digitalisation), support from the organisation and journalists’ working routines (including decision-making). Her PhD is from the University of Tartu, where she defended
her dissertation on “The role of routines, demands and resources in work stress among Estonian journalists”. She has expertise as a newspaper and radio journalist and as a freelancer for more than a decade.
Guo Ke is professor of journalism at the School of Journalism and Communication at Shanghai International Studies University (SISU), China. He is one of the founding members of SISU’s international journalism program, which is known as a pioneer of bilingual journalism education in China. His research has mainly focused on international communication, global media, and journalism education. He has published three books on international communication and media effects, as well as 70 journal articles in Chinese and English. He earned his BA in English linguistics and literature at Zhejiang University and international journalism at SISU, his MA in journalism at Kansas State University, and his PhD in mass communication at Fudan University.
Pradeep Krishnatray is former director of the Center for Communication and Change—India and its parent organization, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, New Delhi, India. He holds a PhD in mass communication from Bowling Green State University in the United States. His areas of research interest include behavior change, health communication, and mass media. He is the founding editor of the Journal of Creative Communications.
Allen Munoriyarwa is a Senior Lecturer in the department of Media Studies at the University of Botswana and a Senior Research Fellow in the Department of Communication and Media at the University of Johannesburg (UJ). His research interests are in digital media, new media and communication, journalism and digital surveillance. He is currently co-ordinating research exploring the growth of digital surveillance practices in Southern Africa under the auspices of the Media Policy and Democracy Project (MPDP), a University of Johannesburg research project. Allen has also written widely on digital media, journalism and surveillance. Allen has researched with organisations like Privacy International on digital surveillance practices in the region. His publications have appeared in major global journals including Journalism, Digital Journalism, Journalism Practice, Security Dialogue. Allen has led numerous funded research projects, including the impact of Covid-19 in newsrooms across southern Africa (funded by the Social Science Research Council), and the impact of Artificial Intelligence in newsrooms (funded by the University of Johannesburg Research Council). Allen is also a Canon Collins scholar. He has published widely on journalism, media and surveillance practices. His most recent publication is the coauthored book Digital Surveillance in Southern Africa: Policies, Politics and Practices (Palgrave Macmillan).
Mladen K. Petkov, PhD, is a Visiting Assistant Professor at University of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, Virginia, and a lecturer at Johns
Hopkins University’s Krieger School of Arts & Sciences Advanced Academic Programs. His main research focus is journalistic roles and practices that push back against media oppression. Mladen has several years of newsroom experience in the United States and Bulgaria. In the United States, he worked as a news producer for ABC and NBC affiliate stations. He was also a US correspondent for Bulgarian Nation Radio for a decade. Mladen completed his PhD at American University in Washington, DC, in May 2023. He has an MA in communication from Wake Forest University and an MA in broadcast journalism from University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom. In Bulgaria, Mladen earned his BA in social work at Sofia University in Sofia.
Priyanka Sachdeva is assistant professor at the Delhi School of Journalism, University of Delhi, India. She is the IAMCR (International Association of Media and Communication Research) PhD ambassador for India. She is a research associate for an Indian Council of Social Science Research project on Youth and Social Media Engagement. Her areas of interest include media literacy, youth, digital media, and political engagement.
Awais Saleem is assistant professor of journalism and broadcasting at Lamar University’s Department of Communication and Media in Beaumont, Texas. He holds a PhD from Florida State University. His research interests are political communication, emerging media technologies, political economy of media, and agenda setting. Before academia, Dr. Saleem worked as a reporter, producer, and newsroom manager for print, television, and online platforms for more than 12 years in Pakistan, India, and the United States. A recipient of a Fulbright scholarship, he attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2008 and received a UNESCO fellowship for training in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in 2004. Dr. Saleem writes op-eds as a freelancer and runs a YouTube channel.
Shudipta Sharma is assistant professor (on study leave) in the Department of Communication and Journalism at the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Before joining as a faculty member, he worked as a journalist for eight years in leading newspapers in Bangladesh. He is currently a PhD candidate in the School of Media and Communication at Bowling Green State University, United States.
Carrie Sipes is associate professor in the Department of Communication, Journalism, and Media at Shippensburg University. Her research interests lie in journalism and public relations, especially in the areas of diversity, equity, and inclusion.
Elizabeth Stoycheff is associate professor of Journalism in the Department of Communication at Wayne State University, United States. Her research examines how media freedom contributes to democracy building around the world. She has previously investigated the role of media in contexts
such as the Arab Spring, Ukraine-Russia relations, Indonesia’s contentious political system, and government censorship and surveillance in Western democracies. Her work has been presented in leading international journals, including the International Journal of Public Opinion Research and the Journal of Communication, and she has won multiple top paper awards from the International Division of the International Association of Communication. She teaches topical graduate and undergraduate courses in journalism and mass communication, including Comparative Media Systems, News Reporting, Journalism and New Media, and Media Literacy.
Surbhi Tandon is a PhD candidate at the University School of Mass Communication, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India. She is a recipient of the Senior Research Fellowship (SRF) from the Ministry of Education, Government of India. She has presented her research at various national and international conferences in Europe, the United States, and India. Her research interests are social networking sites and digital participation. Before joining academics, she worked as a journalist at India’s premier news agency, Press Trust of India.
Lucas Tohill has an MA from the School of Media and Communication, Bowling Green State University) and focuses on communication, information society, media, and technology. His research goals and purpose lie in investigating society’s relationship to technology through multimodal forms of communication and the entities that disseminate information. Lucas is currently researching information processing with regard to privacy policy and terms of service/use and people’s perception and retention of information from these documents. He has also contributed to research on foreign interference from foreign media in elections.
Durgesh Tripathi is associate professor and a founding faculty member of the University School of Mass Communication (USMC) at Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU), India. He has completed his postdoctoral fellowship from the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR). He is also the recipient of the prestigious Bhartendu Harishchandra Award (Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India) for his academic contributions. A published author, he has been invited for lectures at Shanghai International University, China; Burapha University, Thailand; Hallym University, Seoul; University of Teknologi Mara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and University of Bonn, Germany.
Sharon Wilson is assistant professor at the Department of Mass Communication at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Malaysia. She holds a PhD in communication from the National University of Malaysia (UKM). Wilson was a 2013 scholar of the Study of the United States Institutes (SUSI) and a fellow of the Summer Institute for Asia Fellow in the News Literacy Program 2014 (Hong Kong). In 2020, she won an AEJMC
Contributors xv
International Communication Division teaching award, making her the first to win this recognition outside the United States. Her research focuses on media, crime and society, and women and identity.
Yuriy B. Zaliznyak is associate professor of journalism at the Ivan Franko University of Lviv, Ukraine and non-resident fellow at the George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs Institute for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies (IERES), Washington DC. He has been a journalist with BBC Ukrainian Service and Radio Deutsche Welle. His dissertation focused on ethical intellectualism in the writings of Ivan Dziuba and Vaclav Gavel. His current research is in the areas of new media, journalism standards, and information manipulation. In 2018–2019, he was appointed as a Fulbright Scholar in the United States with a project on fake news influence on journalism. He trains young journalists in multimedia storytelling.
Acknowledgments
Editing an academic volume is way harder than I thought. At the same time, the journey of bringing together and working with so many amazing scholars from over a dozen nations—was more rewarding than I could have ever imagined. This book is the result of over two years of ideating, hundreds of email exchanges, and multiple chapter revisions. It also emerged out of long periods of frustration as the pandemic locked us all in or moments of despair when a promised chapter did not materialize. If ever I needed reaffirmation that hard work and perseverance pay—this is it.
I realized when I was deciding whom to invite to contribute chapters for this book that I needed the help of those whose networks were wider than mine and who had experience with such edited volumes. I am thankful to my colleagues (and mentors) Dr. Louisa Ha, Dr. Jatin Srivastava, and Dr. Sundeep Muppidi for connecting me to so many international scholars, many of whom graciously agreed to be part of a book being edited by a relatively unknown scholar. It is their combined effort that has made this volume possible. They are my coauthors, coconspirators who spent valuable time and energy to ensure the final product saw the light of day. Some of them battled the pandemic as they wrote their chapters; others lived through air raids, gunfire, and days of darkness. But in the end, they delivered on their promise!
Obviously, working on a project of this magnitude needs both time and money—neither of which university professors in teaching-intensive institutions have much of. I am therefore thankful to my department colleagues at Shippensburg University for supporting and encouraging my research. My chair, Dr. Carrie Sipes, helped enormously, not by just ensuring that despite a heavy teaching load, I had dedicated days to pursue my research agenda but by providing much-needed summer grants to cover research-related costs.
I would also like to express my gratitude to the wonderful folks at Routledge Research/ Taylor & Francis Books for supporting this project, especially to Suzanne Richardson, Tanushree Baijal, Stuti Goel, and production team members who worked with me and helped right from conceptualizing the project to the final revision and editing of the book.
The past two years have not been easy on the professional and personal fronts. Immigration woes coupled with personal and family health concerns,
Acknowledgments xvii
often made for trying circumstances. But we stuck together as a family, and hopefully, the worst is behind us.
This acknowledgment page would not be complete if I did not thank my family. This project would not have been completed without their active support and encouragement. My wife, Sriya, a journalist and editor with two decades of experience, was a constant support and critic as I worked on the manuscript. Despite her own busy schedule as a magazine editor, she helped correct errors and read through the manuscript. Of course, the responsibility for any errors that may have crept in is entirely mine. The high schooler and budding scholar in the family, our son Ishan, deserves thanks too, for making sure there was no shortage of laughter and smiles even as health issues, the pandemic, and the usual work-related crankiness would intervene occasionally. In the time I finished this volume, he went to high school, aced his AP exams, and earned his senior black belt in Korean martial arts. Now, hopefully, I will have more time to test my soccer and cricket skills with him.
1 Introduction
Dhiman Chattopadhyay
Overview
Never before has there been a greater need for journalists (including aspiring journalists), scholars, and ordinary people with an interest in news to develop a better understanding of how media organizations source, select, and report news on the global stage and the diverse range of issues that journalists face in different geographical, political, and economic contexts as they go about their business.
While the world is more interconnected than ever, the so-called global village is disintegrating into a fractured world—mistrustful and more suspicious of institutions and each other (McNeil, 2020; UN 2021). Journalism is not exempt from this phenomenon. Across countries and continents, public trust in news is declining (Park, Fisher, Flew, and Dulleck, 2020).
On the other hand, both interest in and the focus on “others” are growing across cultures. Why? One of the reasons could be that many nations are international melting pots, where readers, listeners, and viewers belong to multiple diverse cultures and may consume, interpret, and act upon the same news differently. In other areas, war, conflict, or cross-national projects are fueling interest in and focus on the “other.” One clear impact on journalism is the realization that a story uploaded or broadcast in the United States, India, Nigeria, or Germany can be seen, heard, and read simultaneously by audiences in all corners of the world today. Journalists and news organizations are realizing if they have to present authentic and well-researched information to their audiences, then more international and intercultural collaborations are needed. It is not surprising, therefore, that reporters from different countries, cultures, ethnicities, and belief systems are joining hands to produce the best collaborative investigative stories (Quackenbush, 2020; Sambrook, 2018). All of these changes and trends indicate clearly that the need to know more about challenges, norms, and practices that journalists encounter in different cultures is essential for media scholars, journalists, and students of the field alike.
Indeed, both practicing journalists and aspiring ones must enhance their knowledge about global media systems, understanding the diversity of
influences, practices, and pressures on news production in different cultures and possible effects on their work. What are some of these key issues? In the ever-changing environment of the 21st century, it is essential to adapt to emerging global realities. For example, how to report for a global audience on issues such as climate change (e.g., Rahimi, 2022), war, hunger (e.g., Chiwanda, 2020), and increasing economic disparities in society. Each of these ongoing realities has impacted the practice of journalism. Many global journalists may be asked to report on conflicts from a remote site instead of being on-site (Christensen and Khalil, 2021). How does this affect how they report and what they report? What role do technological advances including artificial intelligence (AI) play in such work?
The growth of digital media usage and news consumption on digital platforms has been phenomenal, to say the least (Internet World Stats, 2023; Newman, 2022). Social media platforms are emerging thick and fast and reaching 100 million subscribers within just a few years—a number that most traditional media platforms (e.g., newspapers and TV channels) could only dream of. And while technology may be helping journalists access news faster, share breaking news in real time, and engage with their key audiences (e.g., Neuberger et al., 2019; Chattopadhyay, 2022), they have also brought in newer problems (Chattopadhyay, 2022). As an often overwhelming amount of information arrives daily on our handheld devices, there are also growing concerns about misinformation, fake news, source verification, and other issues that journalists must deal with on an urgent basis. This is especially true when the information relates to another culture, country, community, or group different from one’s own. No surprise, then, that these rapid changes have raised important questions about journalistic professionalism, ethics, safety, education, and other issues.
Global journalism from a de-Westernized perspective
No single book can create an exhaustive list of such issues and topics. However, offering a global perspective on journalism, not just in terms of key trends and commonalities, but through insights and case studies that celebrate both similarities and differences, is an important task, one that this anthology hopes to fulfill.
There is also growing acknowledgment that historically (a) many books on international journalism assume Western theoretical and epistemological perspectives as the “normal” against which any “international” reality must be compared (e.g., Dimitrova, 2021, p. xi) and that (b) such Western-centric models may often fail to truly grasp the political, social and cultural contexts in which journalism functions in different media ecosystems (e.g., Willems, 2014). Most theoretical models used in journalism studies (and reflected in academic work) are from Western nations and assume a “free media.” One, even the idea that the Western media is uniformly “free” has been challenged (Brüggeman et al., 2014) and shown to be far more diverse than assumed earlier. Second,
nearly 80% of the world’s population today live in nations where the media is not categorized as “free” (e.g., Dimitrova, 2021). Other studies, such as the 2023 World Press Freedom Index (Reporters Sans Borders, 2023), show that press freedom is “good” or satisfactory in only 52 of the 180 countries surveyed. They are problematic” or “very serious” in the other nations.
In this volume, we agree with Dimitrova, Rao, and other scholars in arguing that there is no ideal or gold-standard media system. One key aim of this book, therefore, is to de-Westernize our understanding of global journalism and to show how different local and regional conditions, as well as different political or economic situations, can lead to differences in how journalism is practiced and offer different challenges (and opportunities) for journalists. Thus, this volume is less about the coverage of international affairs and more about different journalistic cultures. The chapters explore and emphasize how journalism is practiced around the world through case studies, surveys, content analyses, ethnographic work, and lived experiences. What are common features of the chapters, though, is that they have robust empirical data and examine areas of journalism practice in different parts of the world to recommend how such knowledge can benefit today’s journalists, media scholars, and global citizens.
Organization of the book
The broad, interconnected research questions pursued in this volume are:
(a) What are the unique challenges and opportunities that journalists face in different geographical locations?
(b) What values, practices, and norms guide journalism practice in diverse cultures?
(c) How may these diverse experiences and knowledge help journalists, media scholars, and the engaged public?
This book focuses on four closely linked sections to address these questions. (a) Journalistic autonomy, safety, and freedom; (b) mis(information), crises, and trust; (c) technology, news flow, and audiences; and (d) diversity, marginalization, and journalism education. The anthology brings in diversity in terms of contributors too. They include senior research scholars, faculty members, and practicing journalists from North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. My belief is that students learn best when they can tie in theoretical knowledge with real-life experiences from credible sources. The chapters that follow are data-driven, empirically rich scholarly essays that also offer a rich treasure trove of real-life examples and case studies. Very purposefully, the chapters follow no single theoretical trajectory. The task of the contributors is to present multidimensional assessments of the state of journalism in diverse cultures and the challenges faced by both domestic and international journalists in carrying out their work.
Journalistic autonomy, safety, and freedom
The first section examines the foundational issue of freedom of the press. How, for example, is journalism practiced in countries where governments have subverted the freedom of the press? What are some of the consequences? Even in countries where journalists are seemingly free from government control, how do financial and political forces affect reporting practices? How do journalists themselves perceive the effects of threats to their autonomy? And how do different challenges to media autonomy affect journalists’ mental health, as well as perceptions of their profession as a whole?
Elizabeth Stoycheff starts off proceedings by rethinking and reconceptualizing ideas of journalistic freedom, arguing that the contemporary media landscape presents challenges to existing definitions, boundary conditions, and outcomes identified in the press freedom literature. In her thought-provoking chapter, she draws on her past research studying the mass media during the Arab Spring, in the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict, and in Indonesia to call for a recalibration in understanding what constitutes free expression in the internet era.
Awais Saleem combines his experience as a former journalist based in Pakistan with empirical data to analyze the state of news media in Pakistan and the changes it has undergone since the introduction of privately owned television news channels in 2001. He draws on the academic literature, media reports, and interviews with journalists to show that the institutions tasked with regulating television content have been subjected to political influence and that the presence of pressure groups is resulting in increased censorship and content control.
Signe Ivask takes us to a less-researched corner of Europe, in Estonia—where she highlights another key challenge that journalists face: enemies within the organization. In her chapter titled “Safety, Support, and Stress: Experiences and Perceptions of Estonian Journalists,” Ivask takes us on a journey to explain her multiyear study of journalists’ safety and well-being in Estonia.
Misinformation, crises, and trust
A key question that may arise from the first set of chapters is what happens when various pressure groups or dictatorial entities attempt to throttle the free press or when multiple levels of influence are exerted on newsrooms to prevent the free flow of information.
In his chapter on the lingering effects of communism on journalists in Bulgaria and Romania, Mladen K. Petkov examines the attitudes of journalists from post-Soviet media systems in two former Eastern Bloc nations. One of the main themes that emerges from the 50 interviews he conducts with journalists is that while the totalitarian structures of the Soviet era are far gone, media freedom is still considered fragile and unstable.
Reporting from deep into the war zone in Ukraine, Yuriy B. Zaliznyak writes about the complex connections between freedom of the press, national interests, and war. Describing Russian information warfare against Ukraine through local mainstream and social media, he explains that when journalists and newsrooms are vulnerable to manipulation, the foundations of democracy may be undermined.
Sharon Wilson and Afi Roshezry Bin Abu Bakar further explore how government control and muzzling of journalists can lead to big challenges for newsrooms and lead to vicious cycles of misinformation and fake news, as well as the resultant decline in public trust in journalism. Using the Malaysian example, she shows how an increasingly dictatorial regime used the COVID-19 pandemic to throttle media freedom—attacking journalists, especially anyone seen to be critical of sensitive topics, and the new political order.
Misinformation, of course, is not just a by-product of conflicts, totalitarian regimes, or war zones. As Pradeep Krishnatray and Shailendra Singh Bisht write, science, specifically health sciences, and mass media messages have long had a problematic coexistence. In their chapter, they deal with one specific aspect of people’s cultural interpretation of disease: the recent COVID pandemic. As they show, highlighting the case of Indian mass media, the creative conflict between science and cultural interpretation of the COVID pandemic leads to many challenges for journalism and mass communication—not the least of all being a breakdown of trust in news.
Technology, news flow, and audiences
It is clear that declining public trust in journalism is one of the key challenges facing newsrooms across the world today. Whether in the United States, United Kingdom, Western Europe, South Asia, or South America—public trust in news has declined consistently over the past decade (e.g., Edelman, 2022; Brenan, 2022). One of the reasons for this crisis of faith is the proliferation of fake news on social and other digital media and the myriad ways in which technological innovations have affected journalism. These challenges, of course, could change different parts of the world thanks to vastly inequal access to technology and different types of regimes and rules that govern digital media use.
The third section focuses on the role of technology in journalism, news flow, and its effects on audiences. Allen Munoriyarwa and Sarah Chimbu use South Africa as their laboratory to show that the celebratory acceptance of artificial intelligence (AI) appropriation is often colored by strong pushback by skeptical journalists. Yet, as Lucas Tohill and Louisa Ha find, in many geographical locations, journalists are some of the most frequent users of emerging technology. Their study shows how journalists from China, the United States, and the United Kingdom used social media such as Facebook and Twitter to promote engaging content during the 2020 US elections.
Of course, it is not just journalists who use social media for professional purposes. A growing number of people, especially younger audiences in many nations today, receive much of their daily information via social media. Durgesh Tripathi, Priyanka Srivastava, and Surbhi Tandon from India examine younger audiences’ engagement with digital journalism to come up with recommendations for journalists to make news more accessible to younger audiences. Victor Garcia-Perdomo takes a more historical approach to the topic. A former journalist-turned-media scholar, he covers the evolution of Colombian television from its emergence as a medium at the service of a dictatorship to its privatization in the ’90s and subsequent digitalization. His chapter shows how the historical transition of TV has affected journalism practices in the South American nation and points to the intertwined relationship between TV news and politics, TV news and economic elites, and TV news and technology.
Diversity, marginalization, and journalism education
As access to journalistic content becomes more global, with social media ensuring that content created in Pakistan or Brazil is available to the rest of the world within a few seconds—never has there been a greater need for journalists to continually enhance their knowledge of the “other” and for newsrooms to become more diverse. Also, a better understanding of the diverse range of issues that journalists cover today—from wars and their effects on children and laws pertaining to sexuality and disability to religious events and class or caste conflicts—is not possible without more diverse and inclusive newsrooms. No new book on journalism practice on the global stage can be complete without talking about the importance of diversity, equity, and inclusion in journalism practice.
A key question that stems from the previous chapters is how issues and challenges such as autonomy of journalists, freedom of the press, crisis situations, proliferation of fake news, growing power of social media as a source of breaking news, and issues of trust in news—affect those who identify with one or more minority groups? Also, how does the pressure exerted by different forces affect journalistic work when it comes to reporting about “others”?
Guo Ke and Chen Chen kick off this section with an analysis of how journalists in China have historically reported about the world. They argue that reporting world news, as a practice of international journalism, has remained a significant information channel for the Chinese public and governments to know about the world and has thus attached special importance to a nation largely isolated from the rest of the world after 1949. His chapter explores the changing paradigms of world news coverage in Chinese media since 1949 and finds three distinct phases or paradigms.
While Guo and Chen’s chapter examines how journalists report about external others or the international community, Shudipta Sharma examines
how internal political and business pressures influence journalists’ reportage on minority groups and argues that contrary to popular belief, digitization of news may not have actually democratized the information space and made news more equitable.
But do audiences care? As more media barons and political elites try and control mass media narratives in different countries, what do those on the margins feel about the news they consume? In a survey of over 450 college students, my coauthor Carrie Sipes and I argue that trust in journalism is particularly low among the student population in the United States, similar to what other studies based in the Americas (e.g., Ray, 2021) Europe (e.g., Tejedor et al., 2021) or South Asia (e.g., Bhaskaran, Mishra, and Nair, 2019) have found. Using the lens of cultural mistrust, we explore college students’ perceptions of local and community news and what they feel media organizations can do to re-ignite their interest and trust in journalism.
The who and the why
I am hopeful that this book will be useful not just for journalism students, and practicing journalists who want to report globally, but for media scholars, and anyone interested in gaining a foundational understanding of journalism practices around the world. Twenty-two scholars and practitioners from 11 countries across 5 continents have contributed chapters for this volume—making it a truly international collection. Many of the contributors have worked in the field as journalists or communication practitioners and bring their extensive experience as scholars and practitioners to enrich this volume.
Why spend close to two years bringing such a diverse group of people together for this edited volume? Mass media, specifically journalism, plays a vital role in keeping people informed—affecting public awareness, attitudes, and actions. Universities and journalism schools in countries around the world are increasingly cognizant of the need to teach journalism in a globalized context to students. These include foundational concepts of how journalism functions in a globalized context and the myriad challenges that journalists face when they either work in an alien land or find themselves reporting on or for an audience who are from a different culture than their own. As realization grows that journalism practice is not uniform across the world, and what standard norms and practices in one culture may not (and probably will) not work in another—many universities are introducing new courses in international journalism, while others are taking a step further and developing entire programs in global journalism and mass communication. Some examples that spring to mind are the undergraduate and graduate programs at Shanghai International Studies University in China; Columbia University in
the United States; Cardiff University, University of Central Lancashire, and City University of London in the United Kingdom; and MGM University in India. I should add that there are many others! To put it mildly, we do not have enough books or even literature that cover all the different aspects of global journalism—especially from a non-Western perspective. The objective of this book is to contribute to a much-needed pool of literature in this expanding area of journalism studies.
Therefore, without any particular epistemological bias, chapters in this volume examine both trends and patterns, as well as cultural and geographical uniqueness that distinguish journalism in different parts of the world. I speak for all fellow contributors when I say that we hope students, practicing journalists, and all those curious about global journalism practices will use this volume to gain a deeper understanding of key aspects of global journalism. This volume addresses some broad questions: How do journalists work in different parts of the world? What are the challenges and opportunities that bind and separate journalism in different cultures? Are there any patterns and trends that seem universal? What are some striking differences when it comes to aspects such as freedom of the press, the safety of journalists, digitization’s effect on news flow, how minorities are framed in news, or public trust in journalism?
These chapters represent wide-ranging research on global journalism. However, I must hasten to add that there are omissions. Given the scope of this field, it is almost impossible to discuss “all aspects” (assuming we knew what all encompassed) of global journalism. Instead, we take a case study approach here so that the chapters do not just skim the surface of a broad topic but provide readers with in-depth understanding of specific phenomena. For example, we do not specifically explore vernacular media and how journalism done in the local languages may differ in their approach and effects compared to English language media. We also do not cover genres such as sports, entertainment, or business news and examine whether the pressures (and outcomes) are different in these specialized areas of journalistic work. The chapters are organized based on similar umbrella questions, but of course, as you may notice, some authors will disagree with others on specific conditions, practices, outcomes, or norms. I sincerely hope this volume serves as a window to understanding the many hues and colors of global journalistic practices.
References
Bhaskaran, H., Mishra, H., & Nair, P. (2019). Journalism education in post-truth era: Pedagogical approaches based on Indian journalism students’ perception of fake news. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 74(2), 158–170. Brenan, M. (2022). Americans’ Trust In Media Remains Near Record Low. October 18, 2022. Retrieved from https://news.gallup.com/poll/403166/americans-trustmedia-remains-near-record-low.aspx
Brüggemann, M., Engesser, S., Büchel, F., Humprecht, E., & Castro, L. (2014). Hallin and Mancini revisited: Four empirical types of Western media systems. Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1037–1065.
Chattopadhyay, D. (2022). Indian Journalism and the Impact of Social Media. Palgrave-Macmillan, UK.
Chiwanda, B. (2020). The Role of the Media in Achieving Zero Hunger. FSNET, October 14, 2020. https://fsnetafrica.com/editorial/the-role-of-the-media-inachieving-zero-hunger/ Christensen, B., & Khalil, A. (2021). Reporting conflict from afar: Journalists, social media, communication technologies, and war. Journalism Practice, 1–19.
Dimitrova, D. V. (Ed.). (2021). Global Journalism: Understanding World Media Systems. Rowman & Littlefield.
Edelman (2022). 2022 Edelman Trust Barometer: The Cycle of Distrust. December 2022. Retrieved from https://www.edelman.com/trust/2022-trust-barometer
Internet World Stats (2023). Usage and population statistics. January 21, 2023. Sourced from https://www.internetworldstats.com/emarketing.htm
McNeil, T. (2020). The Long History of Xenophobia in America. Tufts Now. September 24, 2020. Sourced from https://now.tufts.edu/2020/09/24/long-historyxenophobia-america
Neuberger, C., Nuernbergk, C., & Langenohl, S. (2019). Journalism as Multichannel Communication: A newsroom survey on the multiple uses of social media. Journalism Studies, 20(9), 1260–1280. Newman, Nick (2022). Overview and key findings of the 2022 Digital News Report. Reuters Institute/University of Oxford. June 15, 2022. Sourced from https://reu tersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2022/dnr-executive-summary Park, S., Fisher, C., Flew, T., & Dulleck, U. (2020). Global mistrust in news: The impact of social media on trust. International Journal on Media Management, 22(2), 83–96.
Quackenbush, Casey (2020). Collaboration is the Future of Journalism. Nieman Reports, August 11, 2020. Sourced from: https://niemanreports.org/articles/ collaboration-is-the-future-of-journalism/ Rahimi, T. (2022). How journalists can better sound the alarm on climate change. Center for Journalism Ethics, University of Wisconsin-Madison. July 20, 2022. Sourced from: https://ethics.journalism.wisc.edu/2022/07/20/how-journalists-canbetter-sound-the-alarm-on-climate-change%EF%BF%BC/ Ray, J. (2021). Young People Rely on Social Media, but Don’t Trust It. November 18, 2021. Retrieved from https://news.gallup.com/opinion/gallup/357446/youngpeople-rely-social-media-don-trust.aspx
Reporters Without Borders (2023). 2023 World Press Freedom Index—journalism threatened by fakecontent industry. Retrieved on October 15, 2023, from https://rsf. org/en/2023-world-pressfreedom-index-journalism-threatened-fake-content-industry Sambrook, R. (2018). Global Teamwork: The Rise of Collaboration in Investigative Journalism. Oxford, UK: Reuters Institute. Sourced from: https://reutersinstitute. politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2018-03/sambrook_e-ISBN_1802.pdf
Tejedor, S., Portalés-Oliva, M., Carniel-Bugs, R., & Cervi, L. (2021). Journalism students and information consumption in the era of fake news. Media and Communication, 9(1), 338–350.
United Nations (2021). Trust in public institutions: Trends and implications for economic security. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. July 20, 2021. Sourced from: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/2021/07/trust-public-institutions/ Willems, W. (2014). Beyond normative dewesternization: Examining media culture from the vantage point of the Global South. The Global South, 8(1), 7–23.
Another random document with no related content on Scribd:
Most sacred vertue she of all the rest, x Resembling God in his imperiall might; Whose soueraine powre is herein most exprest, That both to good and bad he dealeth right, And all his workes with Iustice hath bedight. That powre he also doth to Princes lend, And makes them like himselfe in glorious sight, To sit in his owne seate, his cause to end, And rule his people right, as he doth recommend.
Dread Souerayne Goddesse, that doest highest sit xi In seate of iudgement, in th’Almighties stead[243] , And with magnificke might and wondrous wit Doest to thy people righteous doome aread, That furthest Nations filles with awfull dread, Pardon the boldnesse of thy basest thrall, That dare discourse of so diuine a read, As thy great iustice praysed ouer all: The instrument whereof loe here thy Artegall[244] .
FOOTNOTES:
[238] Proem i 3 prime. 1596
[239] 9 worse and worse 1609
[240] ii 2 at earst] as earst 1611
[241] iv 7 from, 1596, 1609
[242] v 4 foorth 1609
[243] xi 2 stead] place 1596
[244] 9 Arthegall 1609 passim
Cant. I.
Artegall trayn’d in Iustice lore Irenaes quest pursewed, He doeth auenge on Sanglier his Ladies bloud embrewed.
Though vertue then were held in highest price, i In those old times, of which I doe intreat, Yet then likewise the wicked seede of vice Began to spring which shortly grew full great, And with their boughes the gentle plants did beat. But euermore some of the vertuous race Rose vp, inspired with heroicke heat, That cropt the branches of the sient base, And with strong hand their fruitfull rancknes did deface.
Such first was Bacchus, that with furious might ii All th’East before vntam’d did ouerronne, And wrong repressed, and establisht right, Which lawlesse men had formerly fordonne. There Iustice first her princely rule begonne. Next Hercules his like ensample shewed, Who all the West with equall conquest wonne, And monstrous tyrants with his club subdewed;
The club of Iustice dread, with kingly powre endewed.
And such was he, of whom I haue to tell, iii The Champion of true Iustice Artegall, Whom (as ye lately mote remember well) An hard aduenture, which did then befall, Into redoubted perill forth did call; That was to succour a distressed Dame, Whom a strong tyrant did vniustly thrall, And from the heritage, which she did clame, Did with strong hand withhold: Grantorto was his name.
Wherefore the Lady, which Irena[245] hight, iv Did to the Faery Queene her way addresse, To whom complayning her afflicted plight, She her besought of gratious redresse. That soueraine Queene, that mightie Emperesse, Whose glorie is to aide all suppliants pore, And of weake Princes to be Patronesse, Chose Artegall to right her to restore; For that to her he seem’d best skild in righteous lore.
For Artegall in iustice was vpbrought v Euen from the cradle of his infancie, And all the depth of rightfull doome was taught By faire Astræa, with great industrie, Whilest here on earth she liued mortallie. For till the world from his perfection fell Into all filth and foule iniquitie, Astræa here mongst earthly men did dwell, And in the rules of iustice them instructed well.
Whiles through the world she walked in this sort, vi Vpon a day she found this gentle childe, Amongst his peres playing his childish sport: Whom seeing fit, and with no crime defilde, She did allure with gifts and speaches milde,
To wend with her. So thence him farre she brought Into a caue from companie exilde, In which she noursled him, till yeares he raught, And all the discipline of iustice there him taught.
There she him taught to weigh both right and wrong vii In equall ballance with due recompence, And equitie to measure out along, According to the line of conscience, When so it needs with rigour to dispence. Of all the which, for want there of mankind, She caused him to make experience Vpon wyld beasts, which she in woods did find, With wrongfull powre oppressing others of their kind.
Thus she him trayned, and thus she him taught, viii In all the skill of deeming wrong and right, Vntill the ripenesse of mans yeares he raught; That euen wilde beasts did feare his awfull sight, And men admyr’d his ouerruling might; Ne any liu’d on ground, that durst withstand His dreadfull heast, much lesse him match in fight, Or bide the horror of his wreakfull hand, When so he list in wrath lift vp his steely brand.
Which steely brand, to make him dreaded more, ix
She gaue vnto him, gotten by her slight And earnest search, where it was kept in store In Ioues eternall house, vnwist of wight, Since he himselfe it vs’d in that great fight Against the Titans, that whylome rebelled Gainst highest heauen; Chrysaor it was hight; Chrysaor that all other swords excelled, Well prou’d in that same day, when Ioue those Gyants quelled.
For of most perfect metall it was made, x Tempred with Adamant amongst the same, And garnisht all with gold vpon the blade
In goodly wise, whereof it tooke his name, And was of no lesse vertue, then of fame. For there no substance was so firme and hard, But it would pierce or cleaue, where so it came; Ne any armour could his dint out ward, But wheresoeuer it did light, it throughly shard.
Now when the world with sinne gan to abound, xi
Astræa loathing lenger here to space
Mongst wicked men, in whom no truth she found, Return’d to heauen, whence she deriu’d her race; Where she hath now an euerlasting place, Mongst those twelue signes, which nightly we doe see The heauens bright-shining baudricke to enchace; And is the Virgin, sixt in her degree, And next her selfe her righteous ballance hanging bee.
But when she parted hence, she left her groome xii
An yron man, which did on her attend Alwayes, to execute her stedfast doome, And willed him with Artegall to wend, And doe what euer thing he did intend. His name was Talus, made of yron mould, Immoueable, resistlesse, without end. Who in his hand an yron flale did hould, With which he thresht out falshood, and did truth vnfould.
He now went with him in this new inquest, xiii Him for to aide, if aide he chaunst to neede, Against that cruell Tyrant, which opprest The faire Irena with his foule misdeede, And kept the crowne in which she should succeed. And now together on their way they bin, When as they saw a Squire in squallid weed, Lamenting sore his sorowfull sad tyne, With many bitter teares shed from his blubbred eyne.
To whom as they approched, they espide xiv
A sorie sight, as euer seene with eye; An headlesse Ladie lying him beside, In her owne blood all wallow’d wofully, That her gay clothes did in discolour die. Much was he moued at that ruefull sight; And flam’d with zeale of vengeance inwardly,[246] He askt, who had that Dame so fouly dight; Or whether his owne hand, or whether other wight?
Ah woe is me, and well away[247] (quoth hee) xv Bursting forth teares, like springs out of a banke, That euer I this dismall day did see: Full farre was I from thinking such a pranke; Yet litle losse it were, and mickle thanke, If I should graunt that I haue doen the same, That I mote drinke the cup, whereof she dranke: But that I should die guiltie of the blame, The which another did, who now is fled with shame.
Who was it then (sayd Artegall) that wrought? xvi
And why?[248] doe it declare vnto me trew. A knight (said he) if knight he may be thought, That did his hand in Ladies bloud embrew, And for no cause, but as I shall you shew. This day as I in solace sate hereby With a fayre loue, whose losse I now do rew, There came this knight, hauing in companie This lucklesse Ladie, which now here doth headlesse lie.
He, whether mine seem’d fayrer in his eye, xvii Or that he wexed weary of his owne, Would change with me; but I did it denye; So did the Ladies both, as may be knowne, But he, whose spirit was with pride vpblowne, Would not so rest contented with his right, But hauing from his courser her downe throwne, Fro me reft mine away by lawlesse might,
And on his steed her set, to beare her out of sight.
Which when his Ladie saw, she follow’d fast, xviii And on him catching hold, gan loud to crie
Not so to leaue her, nor away to cast, But rather of his hand besought to die. With that his sword he drew all wrathfully, And at one stroke cropt off her head with scorne, In that same place, whereas it now doth lie.
So he my loue away with him hath borne, And left me here, both his and mine owne loue to morne.
Aread (sayd he) which way then did he make? xix
And by what markes may he be knowne againe?
To hope (quoth he) him soone to ouertake, That hence so long departed, is but vaine: But yet he pricked ouer yonder plaine, And as I marked, bore vpon his shield, By which it’s easie him to know againe, A broken sword within a bloodie field; Expressing well his nature, which the same did wield.
No sooner sayd, but streight he after sent xx
His yron page, who him pursew’d so light,
As that it seem’d aboue the ground he went: For he was swift as swallow in her flight, And strong as Lyon in his Lordly might. It was not long, before he ouertooke
Sir Sanglier; (so cleeped was that Knight)
Whom at the first he ghessed by his looke, And by the other markes, which of his shield he tooke.
He bad him stay, and backe with him retire; xxi Who full of scorne to be commaunded so, The Lady to alight did eft require, Whilest he reformed that vnciuill fo: And streight at him with all his force did go. Who mou’d no more therewith, then when a rocke
Is lightly stricken with some stones throw; But to him leaping, lent him such a knocke, That on the ground he layd him like a sencelesse blocke.
But ere he could him selfe recure againe, xxii Him in his iron paw he seized had; That when he wak’t out of his warelesse paine, He found him selfe,[249] vnwist, so ill bestad, That lim he could not wag. Thence he him lad, Bound like a beast appointed to the stall: The sight whereof the Lady sore adrad, And fain’d to fly for feare of being thrall; But he her quickly stayd, and forst to wend withall.
When to the place they came, where Artegall xxiii
By that same carefull Squire did then abide, He gently gan him to demaund of all, That did betwixt him and that Squire betide. Who with sterne countenance and indignant pride Did aunswere, that of all he guiltlesse stood, And his accuser thereuppon defide: For neither he did shed that Ladies bloud, Nor tooke away his loue, but his owne proper good.
Well did the Squire perceiue him selfe too weake, xxiv
To aunswere his defiaunce in the field, And rather chose his challenge off to breake, Then to approue his right with speare and shield. And rather guilty chose him selfe to yield. But Artegall by signes perceiuing plaine, That he it was not, which that Lady kild, But that strange Knight, the fairer loue to gaine, Did cast about by sleight the truth thereout to straine.
And sayd, Now[250] sure this doubtfull causes right xxv
Can hardly but by Sacrament be tride, Or else by ordele, or by blooddy fight;
That ill perhaps mote fall to either side. But if ye please, that I your cause decide, Perhaps I may all further quarrell end, So ye will sweare my iudgement to abide. Thereto they both did franckly condiscend, And to his doome with listfull eares did both attend.
Sith then (sayd he) ye both the dead deny, xxvi And both the liuing Lady claime your right, Let both the dead and liuing equally Deuided be betwixt you here in sight, And each of either take his share aright.
But looke who does dissent from this my read, He for a twelue moneths day shall in despight Beare for his penaunce that same Ladies head; To witnesse to the world, that she by him is[251] dead.
Well pleased with that doome was Sangliere, xxvii And offred streight the Lady to be slaine. But that same Squire, to whom she was more dere, When as he saw she should be cut in twaine, Did yield, she rather should with him remaine Aliue, then to him selfe be shared dead; And rather then his loue should suffer paine, He chose with shame to beare that Ladies head. True loue despiseth shame, when life is cald in dread.
Whom when so willing Artegall perceaued; xxviii
Not so thou Squire, (he sayd) but thine I deeme
The liuing Lady, which from thee he reaued: For worthy thou of her doest rightly seeme. And you, Sir Knight, that loue so light esteeme, As that ye would for little leaue the same, Take here your owne, that doth you best beseeme, And with it beare the burden of defame; Your owne dead Ladies head, to tell abrode your shame.
But Sangliere disdained much his doome, xxix And sternly gan repine at his beheast; Ne would for ought obay, as did become, To beare that Ladies head before his breast. Vntill that Talus had his pride represt, And forced him, maulgre, it vp to reare. Who when he saw it bootelesse to resist, He tooke it vp, and thence with him did beare, As rated Spaniell takes his burden vp for feare.
Much did that Squire Sir Artegall adore, xxx For his great iustice, held in high regard; And as his Squire him offred euermore To serue, for want of other meete reward, And wend with him on his aduenture hard. But he thereto would by no meanes consent; But leauing him forth on his iourney far’d: Ne wight with him but onely Talus went. They two enough t’encounter an whole Regiment.
FOOTNOTES:
[245] iv 1 Eirena 1596
[246] xiv 7 inwardly: 1609
[247] xv 1 weal-away 1609
[248] xvi 2 why, 1596
[249] xxii 4 selfe 1596, 1609
[250] xxv 1 now 1596
[251] xxvi 9 is] his 1609
Cant. II.
Artegall heares of Florimell, Does with the Pagan fight: Him slaies, drownes Lady Munera[252] , Does race her castle quight.
Nought is more honorable to a knight, i Ne better doth beseeme braue cheualry, Then to defend the feeble in their right, And wrong redresse in such as wend awry. Whilome those great Heroes got thereby Their greatest glory, for their rightfull deedes, And place deserued with the Gods on hy. Herein the noblesse of this knight exceedes, Who now to perils great for iustice sake proceedes.
To which as he now was vppon the way, ii He chaunst to meet a Dwarfe in hasty course; Whom he requir’d his forward hast to stay, Till he of tidings mote with him discourse. Loth was the Dwarfe, yet did he stay perforse, And gan of sundry newes his store to tell, As[253] to his memory they had recourse:
But chiefely of the fairest Florimell, How she was found againe, and spousde to Marinell.
For this was Dony, Florimels owne Dwarfe, iii Whom hauing lost (as ye haue heard whyleare) And finding in the way the scattred scarfe, The fortune of her life long time did feare. But of her health when Artegall did heare, And safe returne, he was full inly glad, And askt him where, and when her bridale cheare Should be solemniz’d: for if time he had, He would be there, and honor to her spousall ad.
Within three daies (quoth hee[254]) as I do here, iv It will be at the Castle of the strond; What time if naught me let, I will be there To doe her seruice, so as I am bond. But in my way a little here beyond A cursed cruell Sarazin doth wonne, That keepes a Bridges passage by strong hond, And many errant Knights hath there fordonne; That makes all men for feare that passage for to shonne.
What mister wight (quoth he) and how far hence v Is he, that doth to trauellers such harmes? He is (said he) a man of great defence; Expert in battell and in deedes of armes; And more emboldned by the wicked charmes, With which his daughter doth him still support; Hauing great Lordships got and goodly farmes, Through strong oppression of his powre extort; By which he stil them holds, and keepes with strong effort.
And dayly he his wrongs encreaseth more, vi For neuer wight he lets to passe that way,[255] Ouer his Bridge, albee he rich or poore, But he him makes his passage-penny pay:
Else he doth hold him backe or beat away
Thereto he hath a groome of euill guize, Whose scalp is bare, that bondage doth bewray, Which pols and pils the poore in piteous wize; But he him selfe vppon the rich doth tyrannize.
His name is hight Pollente, rightly so vii For that he is so puissant and strong, That with his powre he all doth ouergo, And makes them subiect to his mighty wrong; And some by sleight he eke doth vnderfong. For on a Bridge he custometh to fight, Which is but narrow, but exceeding long; And in the same are many trap fals pight, Through which the rider downe doth fall through ouersight.[256]
And vnderneath the same a riuer flowes, viii
That is both swift and dangerous deepe withall; Into the which whom so he ouerthrowes, All destitute of helpe doth headlong fall, But he him selfe, through practise vsuall, Leapes forth into the floud, and there assaies His foe confused through his sodaine fall, That horse and man he equally dismaies, And either both them drownes, or trayterously slaies.
Then doth he take the spoile of them at will, ix And to his daughter brings, that dwels thereby: Who all that comes doth take, and therewith fill The coffers of her wicked threasury; Which she with wrongs hath heaped vp so hy, That many Princes she in wealth exceedes, And purchast all the countrey lying ny With the reuenue of her plenteous meedes, Her name is Munera, agreeing with her deedes.
Thereto she is full faire, and rich attired, x
With golden hands and siluer feete beside, That many Lords haue her to wife desired: But she them all despiseth for great pride. Now by my life (sayd he) and God to guide, None other way will I this day betake, But by that Bridge, whereas he doth abide: Therefore me thither lead. No more he spake, But thitherward forthright his ready way did make.
Vnto the place he came within a while, xi Where on the Bridge he ready armed saw The Sarazin, awayting for some spoile.
Who[257] as they to the passage gan to draw, A villaine to them came with scull all raw, That passage money did of them require, According to the custome of their law.
To whom he aunswerd wroth, Loe[258] there thy hire; And with that word him strooke, that streight he did expire.
Which when the Pagan saw, he wexed wroth, xii And streight him selfe vnto the fight addrest, Ne was Sir Artegall behinde: so both Together ran with ready speares in rest. Right in the midst, whereas they brest to brest Should meete, a trap was letten downe to fall Into the floud: streight leapt the Carle vnblest, Well weening that his foe was falne withall: But he was well aware, and leapt before his fall.
There being both together in the floud, xiii
They each at other tyrannously flew; Ne ought the water cooled their whot bloud, But rather in them kindled choler new But there the Paynim, who that vse well knew To fight in water, great aduantage had, That oftentimes him nigh he ouerthrew: And eke the courser, whereuppon he rad,
Could swim like to a fish, whiles he his backe bestrad.
Which oddes when as Sir Artegall espide, xiv
He saw no way, but close with him in hast; And to him driuing strongly downe the tide, Vppon his iron coller griped fast, That with the straint his wesand nigh he brast. There they together stroue and struggled long, Either the other from his steede to cast; Ne euer Artegall his griple strong For any thing wold[259] slacke, but still vppon him hong.
As when a Dolphin and a Sele are met, xv In the wide champian of the Ocean plaine: With cruell chaufe their courages they whet, The maysterdome of each by force to gaine, And dreadfull battaile twixt them do darraine: They snuf, they snort, they bounce, they rage, they rore, That all the sea disturbed with their traine, Doth frie with fome aboue the surges hore. Such was betwixt these two the troublesome vprore.
So Artegall at length him forst forsake xvi
His horses backe, for dread of being drownd, And to his handy swimming him betake. Eftsoones him selfe he from his hold vnbownd, And then no ods at all in him he fownd: For Artegall in swimming skilfull was, And durst the depth of any water sownd. So ought each Knight, that vse of perill has, In swimming be expert through waters force to pas.
Then very doubtfull was the warres euent, xvii
Vncertaine whether had the better side: For both were skild in that experiment, And both in armes well traind and throughly tride. But Artegall was better breath’d beside,
And towards th’end, grew greater in his might, That his faint foe no longer could abide
His puissance, ne beare him selfe vpright, But from the water to the land betooke his flight.
But Artegall pursewd him still so neare, xviii
With bright Chrysaor in his cruell hand, That as his head he gan a litle reare
Aboue the brincke, to tread vpon the land, He smote it off, that tumbling on the strand It bit the earth for very fell despight, And gnashed with his teeth, as if he band
High God, whose goodnesse he despaired quight, Or curst the hand, which did that vengeance on him dight.[260]
His corps was carried downe along the Lee, xix Whose waters with his filthy bloud it stayned: But his blasphemous head, that all might see, He pitcht vpon a pole on high ordayned; Where many years it afterwards remayned, To be a mirrour to all mighty men,
In whose right hands great power is contayned, That none of them the feeble ouerren, But alwaies doe their powre within iust compasse pen.
That done, vnto the Castle he did wend, xx
In which the Paynims daughter did abide, Guarded of many which did her defend: Of whom he entrance sought, but was denide, And with reprochfull blasphemy defide, Beaten with stones downe from the battilment, That he was forced to withdraw aside; And bad his seruant Talus to inuent Which way he enter might, without endangerment.
Eftsoones his Page drew to the Castle gate, xxi
And with his iron flale at it let flie,
That all the warders it did sore amate, The which erewhile spake so reprochfully, And made them stoupe, that looked earst so hie. Yet still he bet, and bounst vppon the dore, And thundred strokes thereon so hideouslie, That all the peece he shaked from the flore, And filled all the house with feare and great vprore.
With noise whereof the Lady forth appeared xxii Vppon the Castle wall, and when she saw The daungerous state, in which she stood, she feared The sad effect of her neare ouerthrow; And gan entreat that iron man below, To cease his outrage, and him faire besought, Sith neither force of stones which they did throw, Nor powr of charms, which she against him wrought, Might otherwise preuaile, or make him cease for ought.
But when as yet she saw him to proceede, xxiii Vnmou’d with praiers, or with piteous thought, She ment him to corrupt with goodly meede; And causde great sackes with endlesse riches fraught, Vnto the battilment to be vpbrought, And powred forth ouer the Castle wall, That she might win some time, though dearly bought Whilest he to gathering of the gold did fall. But he was nothing mou’d, nor tempted therewithall.
But still continu’d his assault the more, xxiv And layd on load with his huge yron flaile, That at the length he has yrent the dore, And made way for his maister to assaile. Who being entred, nought did then auaile For wight, against his powre them selues to reare: Each one did flie; their hearts began to faile, And hid them selues in corners here and there; And eke their dame halfe dead did hide her self for feare.
Long they her sought, yet no where could they finde her, xxv
That sure they ween’d she was escapt away: But Talus, that could like a limehound winde her, And all things secrete wisely could bewray, At length found out, whereas she hidden lay Vnder an heape of gold. Thence he her drew By the faire lockes, and fowly did array, Withouten pitty of her goodly hew, That Artegall him selfe her seemelesse plight did rew.
Yet for no pitty would he change the course xxvi Of Iustice, which in Talus hand did lye; Who rudely hayld her forth without remorse, Still holding vp her suppliant hands on hye, And kneeling at his feete submissiuely. But he her suppliant hands, those hands of gold, And eke her feete, those feete of siluer trye, Which sought vnrighteousnesse, and iustice sold, Chopt off, and nayld on high, that all might them behold.
Her selfe then tooke he by the sclender[261] wast, xxvii In vaine loud crying, and into the flood Ouer the Castle wall adowne her cast, And there her drowned in the durty mud: But the streame washt away her guilty blood. Thereafter all that mucky pelfe he tooke, The spoile of peoples euill gotten good, The which her sire had scrap’t by hooke and crooke, And burning all to ashes, powr’d it downe the brooke.
And lastly all that Castle quite he raced, xxviii Euen from the sole of his foundation, And all the hewen stones thereof defaced, That there mote be no hope of reparation, Nor memory thereof to any nation. All which when Talus throughly had perfourmed, Sir Artegall vndid the euill fashion,
And wicked customes of that Bridge refourmed. Which done, vnto his former iourney he retourned.
In which they measur’d mickle weary way, xxix Till that at length nigh to the sea they drew; By which as they did trauell on a day, They saw before them, far as they could vew, Full many people gathered in a crew; Whose great assembly they did much admire. For neuer there the like resort they knew. So towardes them they coasted, to enquire What thing so many nations met, did there desire.
There they beheld a mighty Gyant stand xxx Vpon a rocke, and holding forth on hie An huge great paire of ballance in his hand, With which he boasted in his surquedrie, That all the world he would weigh equallie, If ought he had the same to counterpoys. For want whereof he weighed vanity, And hid his ballaunce full of idle toys: Yet was admired much of fooles, women, and boys.
He sayd that he would all the earth vptake, xxxi And all the sea, deuided each from either: So would he of the fire one ballaunce make, And one of th’ayre, without or wind, or wether: Then would he ballaunce heauen and hell together, And all that did within them all containe; Of all whose weight, he would not misse a fether. And looke what surplus did of each remaine, He would to his owne part restore the same againe.
For why, he sayd they all vnequall were, xxxii And had encroched vppon others share, Like as the sea (which plaine he shewed there) Had worne the earth[262], so did the fire the aire,
So all the rest did others parts empaire. And so were realmes and nations run awry. All which he vndertooke for to repaire, In sort as they were formed aunciently; And all things would reduce vnto equality.
Therefore the vulgar did about him flocke, xxxiii And cluster thicke vnto his leasings vaine, Like foolish flies about an hony crocke, In hope by him great benefite to gaine, And vncontrolled freedome to obtaine. All which when Artegall did see, and heare, How he mis-led the simple peoples traine, In sdeignfull wize he drew vnto him neare, And thus vnto him spake, without regard or feare.
Thou that presum’st to weigh the world anew, xxxiv And all things to an equall to restore, In stead of right me seemes great wrong dost shew, And far aboue thy forces pitch to sore. For ere thou limit what is lesse or more In euery thing, thou oughtest first to know, What was the poyse of euery part of yore: And looke then how much it doth ouerflow, Or faile thereof, so much is more then iust to trow.
For at the first they all created were xxxv In goodly measure, by their Makers might, And weighed out in ballaunces so nere, That not a dram was missing of their right, The earth was in the middle centre pight, In which it doth immoueable abide, Hemd in with waters like a wall in sight; And they with aire, that not a drop can slide: Al which the heauens containe, and in their courses guide.
Such heauenly iustice doth among them raine, xxxvi That euery one doe know their certaine bound,
