MANAGING DISASTER RISKS TO CULTURAL HERITAGE
From Risk Preparedness to Recovery for Immovable Heritage
Editedby Bijan RouhaniandXavier Romão
Designed cover image: © Xavier Romão
First published 2024 by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup, aninforma business
© 2024 selection and editorial matter, Bijan Rouhani and Xavier Romão; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Bijan Rouhani and Xavier Romão to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademarknotice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData
Names: Rouhani, Bijan, editor. | Romão, Xavier, editor.
Title: Managing disaster risks to cultural heritage : from risk preparedness to recovery for immovable heritage / edited by Bijan Rouhani and Xavier Romão.
Other titles: From risk preparedness to recovery for immovable heritage
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2024. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023029512 (print) | LCCN 2023029513 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781032204581 (hbk) | ISBN 9781032204536 (pbk) | ISBN 9781003263647 (ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Cultural property--Protection--Case studies. | Hazard mitigation--Case studies. | Emergency management--Case studies.
Classification: LCC CC135 .M3133 2024 (print) | LCC CC135 (ebook)
| DDC 363.6/9--dc23/eng/20230816
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023029512
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023029513
ISBN: 978-1-032-20458-1 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-20453-6 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-26364-7 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003263647
Typeset in Times New Roman by MPS Limited, Dehradun
Listoffigures
Listoftables
Listofcontributors
Introduction
Bijan RouhaniandXavier Romão
1 Understanding Risks to Cultural Heritage: Are Disasters Natural?
Francesco De Pascale
2 Disasters and Heritage Loss
Xavier RomãoandEsmeralda Paupério
3 Stability of Cultural Information in Unstable Environments: Data Management for Digital Preservation of Immovable Cultural Heritage against Natural Hazards
MichaelT . Fisher
4 Disaster Risk Assessment Strategies for Cultural Heritage
Xavier RomãoandBijan Rouhani
5 From Risk Reduction to Risk Adaptation: Protecting the Past for the Future
RohitJigyasu andJukka Jokilehto
6 Remote Sensing and Disaster Risk Management for Cultural Heritage
Louise Rayne, Bijan Rouhani, andJen Lavris
Makovics
7 Can Our Past Save Our Future? Traditional Knowledge and Disaster Risk Management for Cultural Heritage
RohitJigyasu andJukka Jokilehto
8 Emergency Response to Cultural Heritage
RouhaniandXavier Romão
9 Cultural Heritage Recovery and Reconstruction
Jukka Jokilehto
10 Surviving Disasters: Traditional DisasterResilient Designs in Japan
TakeyukiOkubo
11 A Case Study from the World Heritage Site of the Tabriz Historic Bazaar and Fire Management, Iran
FarhadNazariandMohammadAminian
12 Winds, Rain, and Thunder: Hurricanes, Community Support, and Preparedness at Teyuna-Ciudad Perdida Archaeological Park, Colombia, a Case Study
Santiago Giraldo
13 Counting the Cost: Architectural Heritage in Post-Quake Christchurch, 2010–2020
Ian Lochhead
Bijan
14 A Multilevel Framework for Flood Risk
Assessment of Cultural Heritage: A Case Study from Portugal
RuiFigueiredo, Xavier Romão, andEsmeralda Paupério
15 Leveraging Digital Systems for Disaster
Management at the UNESCO World Heritage
Site of Bagan Archaeological Zone in Myanmar
Tharaphy Aung andArun Menon
Conclusion
Bijan RouhaniandXavier Romão
Index
FIGURES
2.1 The total value of a cultural heritage asset
4.1 Left: The disaster management cycle. Right: The disaster risk management cycle
4.2 Example of a methodology to analyse the level of vulnerability
10.1 A pond in Kiyomizu Temple was developed as a fire barrier
10.2 Scene of a fire drill in Shirakawa-go
12.1 Habitational compound in the Canal Sector at Teyuna-Ciudad Perdida
12.2 Ciudad Perdida guides and indigenous population clearing out the central sector
13.1 Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings (1858–65) following the earthquake of 22 February 2011
13.2 Christ Church Cathedral (1864–1904) in July 2013, four years before the decision to restore the building was made
14.1 Graphical representation of the vulnerability functions corresponding to the vulnerability classes presented in Table 14.1
14.2 Map of HFR indices for cultural heritage assets exposed to fluvial flooding in mainland Portugal
14.3 Vulnerability functions for the case study assets adopted to illustrate the second-level flood risk assessment. (a) Igreja da
Misericórdia de Esposende. (b) Igreja da Misericórdia de Ponte de Lima
15.1 Left: Spatial layout of damaged monuments in the Chauk 2016 earthquake segregated and tagged as green, yellow, and red, after the rapid visual survey, developed by the authors based on the earthquake data. Right: Portion of page 1 of Structure condition assessment card (S-Card) used after the 2016 earthquake (UNESCO, 2019)
15.2 Typical damage observed in the monuments in the 2016 Chauk earthquake that made UAV survey effective and quick for a first-stage safety assessment: Top left: Sula-mani-guHpaya (collapsed main spire); Top right: Tha-Mu-Ti-Hpaya (collapsed main spire); Bottom left: Mingala Zedi (damage to main spire); Bottom right: Chauk-Hpaya-Hla-Gyi (failure of pediment).
TABLES
3.1 Various data management applications and dependencies used for cultural heritage preservation
6.1 Cold War Era Keyhole Satellite Programs, named KH- 1 through 9. The data are obtainable from USGS Earth Explorer1
6.2 High-resolution commercial sensors
14.1 Vulnerability classes for cultural heritage assets adopted in the first-level vulnerability modelling approach and respective vulnerability function parameters (adapted from Figueiredo et al., 2020)
14.2 Scale developed for the quantification of the susceptibility of the components of built heritage assets (Figueiredo et al., 2021b)
14.3 Results of the first-level flood risk assessment for cultural heritage assets in mainland Portugal for the 10 assets with the highest values of HFR
14.4 Results of the illustrative second-level flood risk assessment for two cultural heritage assets in mainland Portugal, adapted from Figueiredo et al. (2021b)
1 https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/.
CONTRIBUTORS
Mohammad Aminian is an expert at the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism of Iran. His areas of expertise include protection, conservation, and rehabilitation of historic buildings, structures, and sites located, particularly in the provinces of East Azerbaijan and Kurdistan of Iran. He is currently pursuing his PhD studies at T.C. Van Yüzüncü Yil Üniversitesi in Turkey. He received his Master's degree in the field of restoration and rehabilitation of historic monuments and sites from Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman (Iran).
Tharaphy Aung graduated with a master’s degree in Architecture from Mandalay Technological University. Her professional experience is in the conservation, documentation, and monitoring of monuments and sites. From 2017 to 2021, she served as a subassistant engineer in the Conservation Section under the Department of Archaeology and National Museum, Bagan Branch. She is a member of ICOMOS (Myanmar) and the Association of Myanmar Architects (AMA). Aung has published academic papers on the conservation of built heritage in Yangon and Bagan (Myanmar).
Francesco De Pascale, PhD, is an adjunct professor of Geography at the Department of Foreign Languages, Literatures and Modern
Cultures of University of Turin (Italy) and a research fellow at the Faculty of Communication Sciences of the University of Teramo (Italy). His main focus is on the geography of risk, and the social perception of the risks associated with natural hazards and climate change in the context of Disaster Studies. He is the editor-in-chief of the scientific series “Geographies of the Anthropocene” (Il Sileno Edizioni), and associate editor of the journal AIMS Geosciences. He is the author of over 80 scientific publications with publishers of national and international relevance.
Rui Figueiredo, PhD, is a researcher at the University of Porto with over 15 years of professional experience. His main research interests include natural hazard damage and loss modelling, risk assessment, and risk management, with a focus on hydro-meteorological phenomena. His latest research has been addressing these issues with applications to immovable cultural heritage at different scales. Rui has participated in several research projects and has been a visiting researcher at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences and at the University of Exeter (UK). He has also worked as a consultant in the development of risk models for various international stakeholders involved in disaster risk management activities.
Michael T. Fisher is a group leader in Digital Archaeology at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. He manages the Mongolian Archaeology Project: Surveying the Steppes (MAPSS), which integrates digital methodologies such as satellite imagery interpretation, Machine Learning, and semantic data modelling with field survey and monitoring. He also co-directs the University of Chicago excavations at Tell Surezha, KRG (Iraq), deploying digital recording and analytical methods to explore the origins of social complexity in northern Mesopotamia. He co-edited the volume Preserving the Cultural Heritage of Afghanistan and has designed and implemented over a dozen cultural heritage data management systems across numerous countries.
Santiago Giraldo is an anthropological archaeologist who is especially interested in the intersection of architecture, power, and politics among the ancient Tairona peoples of northern Colombia. Since 2010, he has led conservation efforts at Teyuna-Ciudad Perdida along with the Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History and broader community development projects throughout the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta as Latin America Director for Global Heritage Fund, as well as designing heritage conservation projects in other parts of Latin America. He is also the Executive Director of the ProSierra Nevada de Santa Marta Foundation, where he leads environmental conservation efforts and projects in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and Serranía del Perijá of Colombia.
Ian Lochhead taught art history at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, from 1981 until 2014. He was actively involved in advocating for heritage in the aftermath of the Christchurch earthquakes and was co-chairperson of the public interest pressure group, IConIC. He has written extensively on the architecture of Christchurch and most recently edited The Christchurch Town Hall 1966 to 2019: A Dream Renewed (Canterbury University Press 2019).
Rohit Jigyasu is a conservation architect and risk management professional from India, currently working at ICCROM as Project Manager on Urban Heritage, Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management. Rohit served as UNESCO Chair holder professor at the Institute for Disaster Mitigation of Urban Cultural Heritage at Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan, where he was instrumental in developing and teaching the International Training Course on Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage. He was the elected president of ICOMOS-India (2014–2018), and president of ICOMOS
International Scientific Committee on Risk Preparedness (ICORP) (2010–2019). Rohit served as the elected member of the Executive Committee of ICOMOS since 2011 and was its vice president (2017–2020). Rohit has been working with several national and international organisations, including UNESCO, UNISDR, Getty
Conservation Institute, and World Bank for consultancy, research, and training on Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage.
Jukka Jokilehto was born in Finland and worked as an architect and urban planner there until 1970. He obtained his DPhil in theory and history of architectural conservation from the University of York, UK (1986). Jokilehto has been involved in the organisation and development of the International Architectural Conservation Course, ICCROM (1972–1998). He also served as assistant director general of ICCROM (1995–1998), special advisor to the DG of ICCROM from 2005 onwards, the ICOMOS World Heritage Advisor (2000–2006), and the president of the ICOMOS International Training Committee (1993–2002). Jokilehto has taught, consulted, and advised on conservation and management of cultural heritage in various countries. He is a senior visiting professor at the University of York, and professor and professor emeritus at the University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia. Jokilehto is the author of numerous publications on conservation theory and management.
Jen Lavris Makovics is a PhD candidate in the School of History, Classics and Archaeology at Newcastle University, UK. Her doctoral research employs remote sensing of recently declassified US spy satellite (KH-9 HEXAGON) imagery in two North African case study areas (Morocco and Egypt) to locate and identify ancient water management systems. She was formerly an archaeologist for the United States National Park Service and has spent the majority of her archaeological career working in the deserts of Egypt and the US Southwest.
Arun Menon is an associate professor of Structural Engineering at IIT Madras, India. He holds a first degree in architecture and PhD in earthquake engineering from University of Pavia, Italy (ROSE School). His research interests are in structural aspects of historical constructions, earthquake behaviour of historical masonry structures, earthquake-resistant structural masonry, and earthquake risk assessment. He is author/co-author in these areas in about 95
technical articles. He currently coordinates the activities of the National Centre for Safety of Heritage Structures (NCSHS), a Ministry of Education (Govt. of India) – supported research centre at IIT Madras. He was an expert member on the International Coordinating Committee (BICC) for the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Bagan, Myanmar, and currently is a member of the Expert Advisory Group to the International Conservation Committee (ICC) for Vat Phou UNESCO World Heritage Site in Laos PDR. He is currently the National Scientific Counsellor of ICOMOS India and is an expert member of ISCARSAH (International Scientific Committee on Analysis and Restoration of Structures of Architectural Heritage).
Farhad Nazari is an expert in restoration and revitalisation of historic monuments and sites in Iran. He obtained his PhD in the same field from Isfahan University of Art, Iran. Previously, he served as the Director General for the Revitalisation, Inscription, Safeguarding, and Restoration of Cultural and Natural Heritage at the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism of Iran. He has also been the Secretary of the Iranian National Committee for the Memory of the World, the Committee for the Preservation of Moveable National Cultural Properties, and the Committee for the Inscription of National Natural Heritage. He is also a member of ICOMOS-Iran. He has authored over 30 scientific papers and coauthored four books.
Takeyuki Okubo, graduated from the Faculty of Engineering, Department of Architecture in 1991 and entered the graduate school of Kyoto University. In 2002, he became an associate professor at Kyoto University of Japan, and a professor at the Graduate School and College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Japan in 2007. He served as the director of the Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage (R-DMUCH) (2013–2021). He is also a member of ICOMOS-ICORP, a board member of ICOMOS International and ICOMOS-Japan. His background in civil engineering, architecture, and global environmental engineering informs his current research interests in urban design for disaster
mitigation and architectural designs that promote the utilisation of traditional knowledge and environment.
Esmeralda Paupério is a senior civil engineer associated with the Construction Institute of the University of Porto, a member of the Board of the Portuguese National Committees of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), and a member of its International Scientific Committee on Risk Preparedness. She has worked on a range of projects involving the inspection, diagnosis, structural analysis, and conservation of more than 500 cultural heritage constructions. She has also field experience and does research in disaster risk management for cultural heritage. She has lectured in several international courses addressing risk prevention for cultural heritage sites.
Louise Rayne, PhD, is a Newcastle University Academic Track (NUAcT) Research Fellow in Archaeology and in Water Security. She is a specialist in remote sensing, water management and sustainability in the past. She has recently worked on using spaceborne data and machine learning algorithms for monitoring risks to cultural heritage. She is co-convenor of RSPSoc (Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Society) Archaeology group and collaborates with archaeologists in a number of countries, including Iraq, Libya and Morocco and is conducting fieldwork in Morocco.
Xavier Romão is an assistant professor at the Civil Engineering Department of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto. He is also vice president of the International Scientific Committee on Risk Preparedness of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), a member of the Board of Administration of the Portuguese Society for Earthquake Engineering, a member of the Portuguese Subcommittee for the National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, and a member of the Structural Extreme Events Reconnaissance (StEER) Network. He has field experience and does research in disaster risk management for cultural heritage, and he
has also lectured in several international courses addressing risk prevention for cultural heritage sites.
Bijan Rouhani, PhD, is a senior researcher of the Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa (EAMENA) project at the School of Archaeology, University of Oxford. He is the chairperson of Cultural Emergency Response (CER), vice president of ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Risk Preparedness (ICOMOS-ICORP), and has represented ICOMOS on the board of Blue Shield International from 2017 to 2023. His research and professional interests include management and conservation of built heritage, risk and damage assessment, and post-disaster recovery and reconstruction of cultural heritage. He has collaborated with many international organisations and institutions as consultant, director of programme, and teacher, including UNESCO, ICCROM, Global Heritage Fund, ASOR, the British Museum, Athabasca University (Canada), and BTU-Cottbus University (Germany). He obtained his PhD in History and Restoration of Architectural Heritage from La Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy (2010).
INTRODUCTION
Bijan RouhaniandXavier Romão
DOI: 10.4324/9781003263647-1
Setting the Context
Large-scale disasters caused by natural and human forces have become all too common in our world, dominating news headlines and claiming countless lives. As the world faces an array of global challenges, such as climate change, conflict, poverty, unsustainable development, economic crises, digital divides, and pandemics, safeguarding cultural heritage through preparedness, mitigation, and risk adaptation measures must not be viewed as an unaffordable or luxurious process reserved solely for iconic landmarks and monuments. On the contrary, preserving cultural heritage is an essential component of sustainable development and building resilient communities capable of facing the challenges of the future. The protection of cultural heritage is thus an urgent and necessary task that requires our collective attention and action. While basic human needs must be prioritised in times of crisis, concerns for the protection of cultural heritage are far from irrelevant or unnecessary. In fact, efforts to save cultural heritage should go hand in hand with humanitarian response. Beyond their
historic, scientific, functional, artistic, and aesthetic significances, cultural heritage sites and related intangible heritage embody a variety of social values that can be passed down to future generations. By protecting and preserving cultural heritage, we ensure that these values endure and can help us through times of crisis.
In 2015, the United Nations (UN) adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN, 2015), which includes a call for all nations to strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world's cultural and natural heritage (Goal 11.4). Despite this call to action, the ongoing threats of natural hazards and human activity continue to put cultural heritage in all its forms at risk. Each year, countless historic city centres, heritage buildings and monuments, archaeological sites, and cultural landscapes are impacted by various types of hazards. In response to this pressing issue, this volume offers a comprehensive view of the relevant scholarship on disaster risk preparedness and post-disaster recovery for immovable cultural heritage in recent decades.
The volume specifically explores the potential impacts of multihazard disasters, with a particular emphasis on those caused by natural hazards, on immovable cultural heritage and the communities they are a part of. Additionally, it delves into the methodologies used to assess the vulnerabilities and values of cultural heritage impacted by such disasters. While wars, conflicts, and deliberate acts of destruction have devastating effects on cultural heritage, addressing these issues requires distinct legal, political, historical, and social considerations. As such, these complex topics warrant separate research and analysis, which are not within the scope of this volume.
This volume will prove valuable to a wide range of individuals with an interest in cultural heritage protection, including heritage managers, architects, engineers, archaeologists, conservators, urban planners, curators, journalists, and other allied professionals, as well as students and scholars in these fields. The chapters draw on the extensive practical and research experiences of the authors and contributors, who specialise in risk preparedness, emergency
response, and post-disaster recovery of cultural heritage. The authors are academics or cultural heritage professionals with decades of experience in disaster risk reduction, cultural heritage management, and related research fields. Their long-standing background and expertise make them uniquely qualified to contribute to this volume. Additionally, the case studies feature contributions from heritage practitioners hailing from different countries, who present their research or project results to offer valuable insights into real-world challenges and solutions in cultural heritage preservation in times of crisis. While striving to incorporate case studies from diverse regions to explore the multifaceted aspects of preparedness, response, and recovery related to various hazards, the editors acknowledge that numerous other regions, countries, and communities have faced devastating disasters in recent decades. As the book reached its final stage during the submission of chapters and case studies, a catastrophic 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck southern Turkey and Syria on 6 February 2023, accompanied by a series of powerful aftershocks. This event resulted in over 59,000 casualties and widespread devastation to towns, cities, infrastructure, and numerous cultural heritage sites. Once comprehensive information and data become available, this disaster will necessitate meticulous analysis to understand how a region already burdened by the prolonged conflict in Syria coped with a devastating natural hazard and managed emergency and recovery operations. Furthermore, it is crucial to note that several regions, such as Small Island Developing States, remain highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including sea-level rise and flooding. Although this volume has inherent limitations, preventing the inclusion of all regions and countries, the editors and contributors have tried their best to address global issues and challenges that can prove valuable to heritage professionals worldwide. While the emergency response to and post-disaster reconstruction of cultural heritage have received increasing attention at the international level in recent decades, this volume, built on the recent experiences and those of the 20th century, seeks to emphasise the critical significance of proactive preparation before any disaster
occurs. The devastating impacts of the two World Wars played a crucial role in shaping our modern understanding of risk preparedness, emergency response, and post-event recovery for historic buildings and city centres. The 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, particularly its 1999 Second Protocol (Article 5), addressed the need for preparatory measures to protect cultural heritage. These measures included creating inventories, planning emergency measures for fire or structural collapse, preparing for the removal of movable cultural property, ensuring in situ protection, and designating competent authorities responsible for safeguarding cultural property.
The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, known as the 1972 World Heritage Convention, paved the way for the safeguarding of World Heritage properties against various threats, changes, and disturbances. The implementation guidelines of this convention, subject to regular updates, offer general instructions for addressing threats to World Heritage Sites. Alongside, international heritage institutions such as the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), The International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), and the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) have played pivotal roles in expanding the field of heritage preservation, including disaster risk preparedness and response. Sir Bernard Feilden's publication Between Two Earthquakes, co-published by ICCROM and GCI, provided a handbook for protecting historic buildings, monuments, and archaeological sites in earthquake-prone areas (Feilden, 1987). Although the focus of Feilden's book was on earthquakes, its title served as a poignant reminder to heritage professionals that they are constantly confronted with the possibility of disasters, necessitating continuous learning and updates (Ibid., p. 11). The insights from Feilden's work have guided the editors of this volume as they reflect on recent experiences in heritage protection and disaster risks to identify new lessons and update scholarly discourse in this field.
In Stovel's Risk Preparedness: A Management Manual for World Cultural Heritage (Stovel, 1998), a more comprehensive approach was taken to address risk preparedness for cultural heritage, encompassing monuments, sites, settlements, and landscapes. Stovel, who served as Secretary General of ICOMOS from 1990 to 1993, President of ICOMOS Canada from 1993 to 1997, and Director of the Heritage Settlements Unit at ICCROM from 1998 to 2004,1 examined risk preparedness for various hazards, including fire, earthquakes, flooding, armed conflict, tsunamis, and avalanches. Stovel's work has been regarded as a pioneering contribution to the field of risk preparedness for World Heritage Sites, maintaining its significance for several decades. In their influential publication Building an Emergency Plan: A Guide for Museums and Other Cultural Institutions published by the GCI, Dorge and Jones (1999) presented a comprehensive guide outlining essential steps to establish a team-based emergency preparedness and response plan. Although primarily aimed at museums and cultural institutions, the publication was structured into three distinct sections, each catering to different institutional roles: the institution's director, the emergency preparedness manager, and four departmental preparedness teams, including safety and security, collections, buildings and maintenance, and administration and records.
In a significant development almost a decade later, UNESCO, ICCROM, ICOMOS, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) collaborated to release a manual in 2010. This manual aimed to address the management of disaster risks specifically for World Heritage Sites, encompassing both cultural and natural properties. The need for such a manual arose from a mounting concern over the inadequate number of World Heritage Sites that had integrated disaster risk considerations into their management plans and implemented effective preparedness and mitigation measures (UNESCO, 2010). The manual aimed to serve as a crucial bridge, offering guidance to strengthen risk preparedness and reduction strategies for World Heritage Sites. By addressing the concept of primary and secondary hazards and introducing disaster
scenarios, the publication expanded the knowledge and understanding of World Heritage Sites’ managers in terms of risk preparedness and response.
Through an extensive analysis of disasters spanning the past few decades, alongside other significant progress in the field of disaster studies, it has become increasingly evident within the cultural heritage sector that disasters cannot be attributed solely to natural causes. Instead, they emerge as a consequence of the complex interplay between natural hazards and various socio-economic and political factors, as well as vulnerabilities. This realisation, although not prominently emphasised in earlier guiding principles and publications pertaining to cultural heritage, demands a more rigorous examination within the field. Consequently, one of the primary objectives of this volume is to shed light on this crucial understanding and bridge the existing gap by delving deeper into the study of cultural heritage within the context of this new paradigm.
The recognition of the interconnectivity between human actions and disasters has found expression in various recent research and publications. For instance, Kelman (2020) explores the influence of human actions on catastrophes, while Santos et al. (2020) examine the challenges faced in policy and practices for developing disaster resilience strategies within global frameworks for disaster risk reduction and sustainability. Similarly, Srivastava et al. (2020) discuss emerging technologies for disaster prediction and diverse approaches to risk management and mitigation. Additionally, Bosher and Chmutina (2017) examine risk reduction options for the built environment. However, a notable gap remains in these works, as they do not specifically address the realm of cultural heritage. Consequently, heritage professionals are left without tailored tools to assess risks and vulnerabilities pertaining to heritage assets, taking into account their unique tangible and intangible values. This volume endeavours to fill this gap by integrating the new understandings from the field of disaster studies and disaster risk reduction into the domain of cultural heritage, thereby encompassing its intricate complexities and multi-layered meanings and values.
As our understanding of disasters has evolved and expanded within a broader context, so too has our perception of cultural heritage. It is now imperative to transcend the physical boundaries of individual sites and surpass the material aspects and tangible values associated with them. Consequently, relying solely on a sitespecific approach to address disaster risk reduction and resilience methods for select World Heritage properties is no longer sufficient. Instead, a more comprehensive and holistic approach is required. One that integrates cultural heritage into disaster risk reduction policies at the national, regional, and international levels. This approach should duly recognise the pivotal role of communities in appreciating and safeguarding their own heritage, acknowledging their central position in valuing and protecting cultural assets. Furthermore, it should foster the exploration and integration of traditional knowledge, where applicable, to enhance protection and recovery efforts following disasters. This volume has sought to embrace such an inclusive approach, striving for the improved preservation and resilience of our cultural heritage in the face of potential threats.
Beyond the conceptual and theoretical progress made in recognising the intersection of disasters and cultural heritage, digital technologies present a new frontier for identifying, documenting, assessing and safeguarding built and immovable heritage. This facet warrants considerable attention and exploration within any comprehensive book on disaster risk management for cultural heritage. In this volume, our objective has been to introduce and evaluate a range of innovative technologies, with a particular emphasis on data collection, management, and analysis, as well as remote sensing techniques. By introducing these advancements, our aim is to emphasise their potential and significance in enhancing our comprehension and response to disaster risks for cultural heritage. Disaster risk assessment plays a crucial role in effectively managing and safeguarding immovable cultural heritage from potential risks. By conducting a thorough and systematic assessment, it becomes possible to identify all potential hazard scenarios and their impacts on cultural heritage assets and features.
Another random document with no related content on Scribd:
+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p369 Je 10 ’20 90w
The Times [London] Lit Sup p432 Jl 8 ’20 1150w
BURGESS, WARREN RANDOLPH. Trends
of school costs. (Education monographs) il $1 Russell Sage foundation 379
20–17519
“The study is based upon data included in the reports of the United States Commissioner of education, and covers the period from 1870 to 1918. By means of the ‘line of trends’ the writer presents a striking picture of the drift of annual expenditures for public education in the United States during the period noted, comparing this with a similar representation of the growth in pupil attendance. Noting the fact that teachers’ salaries and new buildings absorb four-fifths of all school expenditures for the year 1917–18, an analysis is made of the trends of teachers’ salaries since 1840, the salaries of rural and city teachers, both men and women, being considered separately. Interesting comparisons of these with the lines representing the trends of the cost of living and of the salaries of other workers are presented. Likewise, the tendencies with reference to costs of buildings are similarly shown. A special set of tables and graphs indicates the trends of such costs during the period from 1915–20. From the data presented the writer concludes that ‘to buy the same amount of educational service in 1920 as in 1915 it will be necessary to double the school budget.’ The closing chapter deals with the sources of income for school support.” School R
“Aside from the content, the method employed in the study will be of interest to students of education.”
+
El School J 21:235 N ’20 250w
N Y P L Munic Ref Lib Notes 7:39 O 20 ’20 70w
School R 28:710 N ’20 680w BURKE, KATHLEEN.
Little
20–17608
Twelve stories of deeds of heroism performed by French children during the war. The author was engaged in relief work and some of the children she knew personally. “Others she knew because all France loved and honored them. One of the stories, that of the Denisot children, was found in the diary of a German soldier.” (Introd.) Contents: André Lange and his wheelbarrow; Madeleine and André Daniau; Denise Cartier; Robert Felix; Louise Haumont; Louis and Marcelle Denisot; Baby Pierre; Gustave Daret; René Chautier; Etienne Chevrille; Emile Depres; Henriette Maubert. The book is illustrated by Paul Verrees and has an introduction by Alfred Holman.
“Heroic, really true and full of action these will prove stirring tales and bring home the horrors of war to all boys and most girls.”
Booklist 17:121 D ’20
Ind 104:379 D 11 ’20 40w
“It is an incredibly stirring, beautiful little book, and it is one that every generous child will love. It is not alone for children, however.”
Hildegarde Hawthorne
N Y Times p9 D 12 ’20 90w
Springf’d Republican p6 D 4 ’20 50w
BURKE, THOMAS.[2] Song book of Quong Lee of Limehouse. *$1.25 Holt 811
20–22856
A book of poems in free verse viewing life through the oriental eyes of Quong Lee, shopkeeper in Limehouse, London’s Chinatown. Humor and philosophy mingle in the poems. Titles are: Of buying and selling; A nightpiece; Of a national cash register; Under a shining window; A song of little girls; At the feast of lanterns; Of worship and conduct.
“Occasionally a banality, but light and poignant sentiment in abundance, with here and there a poem that sets vibrating the cords of sensibility.”
Bookm 52:551 F ’21 100w
“Mr Burke triumphs so splendidly in these verses, as he did in his prose stories, that he deserves all the praise we can give him.” W: S. Braithwaite
Boston Transcript p4 D 22 ’20 1450w
“These vers libre pieces of ‘ song ’ present the personality of Chinatown, the quaint phrase and the cool temper with a reality which grows more and more vivid as one reads them through.”
The Times [London] Lit Sup p782 N 25 ’20 60w
BURROUGHS, EDGAR RICE. Tarzan the
untamed. il *$1.90 McClurg
20–7515
“This new story tells what happened to Tarzan and his wife and the home he had made in British East Africa when war broke out in 1914 and a small detachment of black soldiers, commanded by German officers, marched past his farm and on to German headquarters. Tarzan was hurrying home from Nairobi, where he had heard of the outbreak of war when this happened, and when he reaches his farm he finds a scene of desolation, no one left alive upon his place. In grief and rage and hate he casts off the veneer of civilization and becomes the ape-man once more, while he ranges the country to find those who have killed his mate and mete to them the justice of the jungle. He finds them, but the result makes only the beginning of the story, which goes swiftly on through many complications.” N Y Times
“It runs on for some four hundred pages with no visible trace of style, little or no atmosphere or local color, and about as slim a foundation plot as has graced a novel for many a day.”
Boston Transcript p4 S 4 ’20 300w
“The story shows the same qualities that have marked the previous Tarzan stories ingenuity and fertility of invention, combined with those crude and garish features that make the success of a popular moving picture play.”
N Y Times 25:302 Je 6 ’20 430w
“Will doubtless thrill the crowd which loves the cinematograph, and cares nothing for common-sense, or coherence, compared with violent sensation and frequent killing.”
Sat R 130:141 Ag 14 ’20 360w
Springf’d Republican p11a S 12 ’20 120w
BURROUGHS, JOHN. Accepting
the universe. il *$2 (2c) Houghton 210
20–18062
“A series of sallies, excursions, into the world of semiphilosophical speculation,” the author calls this collection of essays, whose burden is “that this is the best possible world, and these people in it are the best possible people,” that “the universe is good,”
“The philosophizings will please many not too radical thinkers. Most people will prefer his bits on nature.”
Booklist 17:97 D ’20
Bookm 52:367 D ’20 180w
Lit D p101 N 6 ’20 1200w
“He is a naturalist; his vision is as broad as terrestrial time; he leads us over much geological and biological ground to the mind of man. But once confronted with that phenomenon, he is, like many a scientist, evasive; he is reduced to the merest academic platitudes.”
Nation 112:89 Ja 19 ’21 840w
“Spirited and eloquent pages. ” H. W. Boynton
+ and “the heart of nature is sound.” Among the longer essays are: Shall we accept the universe? The universal beneficence; The faith of a naturalist; The price of development; The problem of evil. Then follow two groups of short pieces under the headings: Horizon lines; and Soundings. The poet of the cosmos, in the last essay, is Walt Whitman.
N Y Evening Post p4 D 31 ’20 1050w
“There will be many who will take issue with Mr Burroughs’s philosophy of God and nature, good and evil, life and death, but this will not disturb him. He has unquestionably brought the inexorable facts of existence to bear upon theories, creeds and beliefs, and has applied their lesson with unsparing frankness. The result is not in
line with so-called orthodoxy, but none the less he has coined into words the unspoken expressions of many hearts.” H: L. West
N Y Times p16 O 24 ’20 950w
“His philosophy is a mass of contradictions. Mr Burroughs in accepting the universe drops out from it its most important phenomena.”
Outlook 126:515 N 17 ’20 300w
“Of flowers and birds and the simple life Mr Burroughs has something to say, his divagations on the universe leave us doubting. It would in fact be easy to point out a series of shocking inconsistencies into which he has been thrown by his ambitious attempt to combine a wise and wholesome life in nature with a metaphysical theory of natural evolution.”
Review 3:392 O 27 ’20 470w
20–15343
When Sheila Arundel’s artist father dies and leaves her penniless, she counts herself fortunate to be befriended by Sylvester Hudson, who has come into her life thru a painting of her father’s he has just bought to decorate his western hotel. He takes her back with him to
Millings, but the reception his family give her makes her eager to be independent and in gratitude to Hudson she consents to become a bar maid in his saloon. The only member of his family who treats her with respect is Dickie, the despised half-drunken son, in whom she discovers a soul akin to her own poetic nature. Her success in the saloon brings her popularity of a kind, but one particularly trying day, culminating in a brutal insult from her employer, determines her to get away and she seeks refuge with Miss Blake, a recluse living on Hidden Creek alone with her dogs and her peculiarities. From the horror that this experience brings, Cosme Hilliard, a hot-blooded young half-Spaniard, rescues her, and for a time it seems that he is to be her hero, but Dickie, whose character has been developing along with hers, altho in a different way, at length comes into his own.
“‘Hidden Creek’ follows no beaten path; its plot is skillfully developed and the story is told with realism and with a sparkling wit.”
“Will be welcomed by the reader with fondness for romance staged apart from the trodden paths of every day life.” Springf’d Republican p11a S 26 ’20
20–6709
A unique feature of this mystery story is that its principal characters, including both hero and villain, are women. Men play secondary parts. Three housekeepers have fled from the Pines when Janice Gale accepts the position. Her first intimation of something wrong comes with the signs of terror exhibited by her mistress’s young son at sight of her red hair. Then there are indications that the house is haunted. The child Robbie is frightened into convulsions and dies with a strand of red hair in his fingers. Janice next comes face to face with the ghost and finds her the counterpart of herself. Convinced that this is a real woman she sets herself to trace the mystery, braves great dangers, all but loses her life, escapes and wins the love of the young detective who has been regarding her as a criminal.
“An exceptionally fine specimen, American in origin, of that popular genus colloquially known as the ‘shocker.’”
Ath p867 D 24 ’20 80w
“The mystery of it all is hard to penetrate but Mrs Burt at last finds a way out of the strange tangle and altogether writes a very good and very unusual story.”
Boston Transcript p7 My 8 ’20 200w
“This story would be more attractive if the author were to make, say, her present ninth chapter her first. She could condense in that one chapter about all she has told us in the eight preceding and would thus spare the reader much boredom. And yet, considering how good are the final chapters, there is reason to believe that we
have in Mrs Burt one of the well worth while writers of real mystery stories of the immediate future.”
N Y Times 25:27 Je 27 ’20 650w
BURT, MAXWELL STRUTHERS. Songs and portraits.
*$1.50 Scribner 811
20–8428
“A nature modestly reflective as well as emotionally alert is revealed in ‘Songs and portraits’ by Maxwell Struthers Burt. The poems reminiscent of the dead, in form and spirit not unlike those of Rupert Brooke, express the belief that ‘the dead know all.’ In ‘Fishing’ and ‘Marchen’ this Princeton poet paints gay and naive little small-boy pictures. He reasons rather bitterly against frantic fanatics and pudgy-fingered plutocrats.”—Springf’d Republican
Booklist 17:60 N ’20
“Mr Burt’s ear and his learning are much indebted to Rupert Brooke—but it is a sorrowful thing to see anyone assume so easily all the palpable qualities of another. There are the same studied irrelevancies, the same feminine endings, the same delight in names. Mr Burt has imitated most of the many things we would like to forget in Rupert Brooke, including his glorification of war and death.” G. T.
Freeman 1:526 Ag 11 ’20 250w
“When at last he shall speak thoughts all his own, it is hoped that he will not have lost his really very lovely gift of expression, his round, elegant, springtime pregnancy and shapeliness of phrase.”
Mark Van Doren
Nation 111:sup414 O 13 ’20 100w
“Although many of the poems seem unfinished, as if their maker had had the right poetic impulse but scant leisure, nevertheless there is a warmth and naturalness of utterance In all of them that will rejoice the hearts of those who are weary of strident or vapid artificialities.” Margaret Wilkinson
N Y Times p18 Ag 8 ’20 370w
“Mr Burt’s ‘Songs and portraits’ has real delicacies of a kind neither very usual nor very extraordinary. There are phrases of drooping grace; there are straying, sinuous rhythms; there is a desultory and hovering tenderness. Mr Burt’s very picturesqueness is rather mellow than picturesque.” O. W. Firkins
Review 3:171 Ag 25 ’20 100w
20–16872
In the introduction the author calls attention to the present-day tendency in the art of oratory which distinguishes it from the oratory of the past. “This is the cultivation of simplicity in form as opposed to that ornateness of phraseology which has been so characteristic of the most esteemed public utterances in former times.” The chapters following the Introduction are: Breathing; Pronunciation; The voice; Accessories of the voice; Direct training; Preparing a speech; The deeper training; Beecher’s Liverpool address; Lincoln’s oratory; A southern orator; The American system; Conclusion.
BURTON, THEODORE ELIJAH.
Modern political tendencies and the effect of the war thereon. (Stafford Little lectures for 1919) *$1.25 Princeton univ. press 320.1
19–25948
“The president of the Merchants national bank of New York, former United States senator from Ohio, sees four dominant phases in the changing ideas of peoples and governments: the relation of governments to the governed; the relation of the governed each to the other; the relation of the central government to its constituent parts; and international relations.”—Booklist
Booklist 16:112 Ja ’20 Boston Transcript p6 F 11 ’20 650w
“‘Modern political tendencies’ by Theodore E. Burton possibly sets the Stafford Little lectures at a higher level of open-mindedness than was reached by such earlier contributors as Grover Cleveland and Elihu Root; in fact it is marked by that tone of restrained liberalism which is coming to be a mark of our more important bank presidents, to the great amazement and confusion, no doubt, of their editorial satellites.”
Dial 67:498 N 29 ’19 60w
BURY, GEORGE WYMAN. Pan-Islam. *$2.25
Macmillan 297
20–5812
“‘“Pan-Islam” is an elementary handbook,’ explains the author, ‘not a text-book, still less an exhaustive treatise.’ It is a study of the Pan-Islamic problem on the political, social, religious, and many other sides, by one who served in the Hedjaz and Arabia during the war, but has also had a quarter of a century’s experience of Mohammedan countries and peoples. As a rule he abstains from political criticism.” Ath
“His remarks on aggressive missionary enterprise are sensible and illustrated by plenty of facts.”
Ath p61 Ja 9 ’20 80w
“The book is well written and full of interesting and valuable information. The long experience of the author and his manifest fairness make his opinions of more than ordinary importance.”
Bib World 54:429 Jl ’20 230w
Booklist 17:48 N ’20
“The Carnegie peace commission should send the last chapter, A plea for tolerance, to every missionary organization.”
Dial 68:668 My ’20 60w
Spec 124:18 Ja 3 ’20 1250w
“He writes in a progressive spirit and very sympathetically toward the Moslem world. It is far better that his sentiments were expressed by an Englishman than by an American. The last chapter, a plea for toleration, is really a most admirable piece of writing.” I. C. Hannah
Survey 44:310 My 29 ’20 280w
The Times [London] Lit Sup p770 D 18 ’19 60w
“Mr Bury presents a fairly impartial view of Christian missions in the Near East, with their effect on Islam. It is a problem which he has studied at first hand, and he is studiously careful to express his views courteously. He is best when he is away from religious discussion, describing the Arab and the Turk as he knows them. Altogether Mr Bury’s book contains much that is entertaining; and although he has chosen too resonant a title for what might more reasonably be called essays, his expressed opinions are sensible and his matter readable.”
The Times [London] Lit Sup p776 D 25 ’19 1000w
BURY, JOHN BAGNELL. Idea of progress.
*$5.50 Macmillan 901
20–9233
“Prof. J. B. Bury’s new work is ‘The idea of progress: an inquiry into its origin and growth.’ The theme is developed under such chapter headings as: Some interpretations of universal history: Bodin and Leroy; Utility the end of knowledge: Bacon; The progress of knowledge: Fontenelle; The general progress of man: Abbe de Saint-Pierre; New conceptions of history: Montesquieu, Voltaire, Turgot; The French revolution: Condorcet; The theory of progress in England; German speculation on progress; The search for a law of progress: Saint-Simon and Comte; and Progress in the light of evolution.” Springf’d Republican
“This is just the chief merit of Professor Bury’s book, that it discriminates with fine precision between what is essential to the modern conception of progress and what only superficially resembles it. His exposition of the significance of the idea of progress in the history of European civilization is so lucid that it leaves nothing to be desired.” Carl Becker
“It is hardly necessary to say that the author carries out the historical inquiry with great width of learning and with a scrupulous desire to make a reasonable case even for those writers whose
presentation has its weak or even its ridiculous points. His remarks are eminently judicious wherever they can be tested.” P. V. M. Benecke
+ |Eng Hist R 35:581 O ’20 1650w
“An exceedingly clear and interesting account of the origin and growth of the idea of progress. ” S. B. Fay
+ |Review 3:478 N 17 ’20 520w
“Professor Bury’s work in clarity, accuracy, and fairness attains the high standard set by his previous historical volumes.”
Spec 124:795 Je 12 ’20 950w
Springf’d Republican p8 Ap 17 ’20 90w
“It is a work of profound scholarship, sedate in tone and rational in spirit. It is unfortunate that Professor Bury did not carry his study beyond his self-imposed limitation which ended it with the time when progress became a current creed.” A. J. Todd
Survey 45:322 N 27 ’20 730w
“A sound piece of pioneer work, with its merits and limitations. Only his knowledge of the subject and its intrinsic interest have saved his book from falling into the class of those which are less often read than consulted. Professor Bury has condensed the results of his work with remarkable ease and brevity and always with fairness.”
BUSH, COLEMAN HALL. Applied business law.
*$1.28 Holt 347.7
20–5200
As the ordinary empirical methods of acquiring the essentials of business law and practice are “entirely too slow ... the purpose of this book is to eliminate the long term of apprenticeship, to give a wide range of experience to all who seek it, by presenting material, both law and facts, for application in constructive work.” (Statement of purpose) The book is in two parts: 1, Fundamental principles: Essentials of contracts; Agency; Service; Deposits, loans, and hiring of things; Carriage; Sales of goods; Partnership; Insurance; Negotiable paper; Real property; Business corporations. 2, How to write business papers: Simple contracts; Articles of agreement; Negotiable contracts; Contracts concerning land; Miscellaneous forms; Index.
(Eng ed 20–6151)
This book of reminiscences begins delightfully, when the author was a girl of thirteen, with pebbles tossed against a bedroom window and an invitation to walk to the top of Box Hill to see the sun rise. It continues in the same vein of intimate, personal reminiscence to the day of Meredith’s death. There are pleasant glimpses of Shakespeare readings, of picnics, of Meredith’s family life, and of his friendships with young people, with quotations from letters and conversations.
“Her reminiscences have a girlish naïveté which is far from unattractive. Her anecdotes and some of the letters he wrote to her and his whimsical and witty talk help to fill out pleasantly our mental portrait of Meredith.”
Ath p1354 D 12 ’19 100w
“She is to be congratulated on her heroic self-restraint. We enjoy here, we are made to feel, the cream of several volumes.” J. J. Daly
Bookm 51:351 My ’20 820w
“Many details of Meredith’s family life are given by Lady Butcher in a wholly informal and fragmentary manner. Her style is frequently cloudy and repetitious, and she often spoils a good story by her clumsy way of telling it.” E. F. E.
Boston Transcript p6 Ja 17 ’20 1250w
Cleveland p51 My ’20 80w
“After reading Lady Butcher one needs to draw back a little with half-closed eyes to fit the various fragments together; but in a moment or two it will be seen that they merge quite rightly into the figure of the great man. ”
The
Times [London] Lit Sup p765 D 18 ’19 900w
BUTLER, ELLIS PARKER. How it feels to be fifty. *75c (18c) Houghton 814
20–8224
A genial essay reprinted from the American Magazine of December, 1919. Its substance is summed up in the concluding paragraph: “At twenty my life was a feverish adventure, at thirty it was a problem, at forty it was a labor, at fifty it is a joyful journey well begun.”
Boston Transcript p6 Jl 17 ’20 480w
BUTLER, ELLIS PARKER. Swatty; a story of
real boys. il *$1.90 (2c) Houghton
20–5587
Mr Butler goes back to his own boyhood for these stories. They are stories of boy life on the banks of the Mississippi and the book opens with a tale of the mighty river on one of its spring rampages. Swatty, Bony and George are “real boys” of the Huck Finn and Plupy Shute type. Altho the episodes are loosely woven together to make a continuous narrative, many of them are in effect short stories and some have been published as such in the American Magazine. Among the titles are: The big river; Mamie’s father; Scratch-cat; The haunted house; The red avengers; The ice goes out.
“Better if read in parts, a few adventures at a time.”
Booklist 16:311 Je ’20
“Were it not for a lamentable lapse into sentimentality out of keeping with the rest of the book, ‘Swatty’ would be a worthy successor [to Huck Finn]. A boy like George would never in this wide world possess a grandmother addressed as ‘Ladylove,’ and if he did, he would be cut into small pieces before he would use so soft an appellation.”
G. M. Purcell
Bookm 51:473 Je ’20
470w
“Although the situations are somewhat hackneyed, the author has the knack of seeing things from a boy’s point of view and expressing them in a boy’s language.”
Cleveland p50 My ’20
60w
“The humor of the book is broad and obvious rather than whimsical, but Mr Butler’s admirers will probably enjoy it.”
