Download Antiracist journalism 1st edition andrea wenzel ebook PDF with all chapters

Page 1


Antiracist Journalism 1st Edition

Andrea Wenzel

Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://textbookfull.com/product/antiracist-journalism-1st-edition-andrea-wenzel/

More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant download maybe you interests ...

An Uncertain Safety Thomas Wenzel

https://textbookfull.com/product/an-uncertain-safety-thomaswenzel/

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Techniques and Strategies 1st Edition Amy Wenzel

https://textbookfull.com/product/cognitive-behavioral-therapytechniques-and-strategies-1st-edition-amy-wenzel/

The Disposition of Nature Environmental Crisis and World Literature 1st Edition Jennifer Wenzel

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-disposition-of-natureenvironmental-crisis-and-world-literature-1st-edition-jenniferwenzel/

What Is Sustainable Journalism Integrating the Environmental Social and Economic Challenges of Journalism 1st Edition Peter Berglez (Editor)

https://textbookfull.com/product/what-is-sustainable-journalismintegrating-the-environmental-social-and-economic-challenges-ofjournalism-1st-edition-peter-berglez-editor/

Journalism Tim P. Vos

https://textbookfull.com/product/journalism-tim-p-vos/

Journalism Tim P. Vos

https://textbookfull.com/product/journalism-tim-p-vos-2/

Mountain Spring Fever Spring s Mountain Men 1st Edition

Andrea Marie Marie Andrea

https://textbookfull.com/product/mountain-spring-fever-spring-smountain-men-1st-edition-andrea-marie-marie-andrea/

Meaningful work 1st Edition Andrea Veltman

https://textbookfull.com/product/meaningful-work-1st-editionandrea-veltman/

Moon Montréal 1st Edition Andrea Bennett

https://textbookfull.com/product/moon-montreal-1st-editionandrea-bennett/

ANTIRACIST JOURNALISM

ANDREA WENZEL ANTIRACIST JOURNALISM

The Challenge of Creating Equitable Local News

Columbia University Press / New York

Columbia University Press

Publishers Since 1893

New York Chichester, West Sussex cup.columbia.edu

Copyright © 2023 Columbia University Press

All rights reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Wenzel, Andrea, 1977– author.

Title: Antiracist journalism : the challenge of creating equitable local news / Andrea Wenzel.

Description: New York : Columbia University Press, 2023. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2023024343 (print) | LCCN 2023024344 (ebook) | ISBN 9780231209687 (hardback) | ISBN 9780231209694 (trade paperback) | ISBN 9780231558068 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Journalism—Objectivity. | Press—Pennsylvania— Philadelphia. | Racism in the press—Pennsylvania—Philadelphia. | Anti-racism—Pennsylvania—Philadelphia. | American newspapers— Pennsylvania—Philadelphia. | Local mass media—Pennsylvania—Philadelphia.

Classification: LCC PN4784.O24 W46 2023 (print) | LCC PN4784.O24 (ebook) | DDC 070.4/33—dc23/eng/20230710

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023024343

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023024344

Printed in the United States of America

Cover design: Noah Arlow

For my late colleague Bryan Monroe and all journalists who identify as Black, Indigenous, and people of color who have pushed journalism in the direction of greater equity.

Acknowledgments ix

Introduction: The Case for Reimagining 1

1 Repairing and Reimagining a More Public Media 29

2 Repairing and Reimagining an “Antiracist” Legacy Newspaper 59

3 Institutionalizing Accountability Infrastructure 107

4 Imagining a Community-Centered Wire Service 137

5 Imagining Community-Governed Service Journalism 171

6 External Support for Equitable Local Journalism 195

Conclusion: Transforming Through Process and Infrastructure, Not Projects and Destinations 227

Appendix: Methods 245

Notes 251

Bibliography 275

Index 281

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Local journalists and others working to make journalism more equitable are a fierce but overworked group. Asking them to do yet one more thing upon the many, many things they have already been asked to juggle is not something to be taken for granted. I am incredibly grateful for the numerous journalists who spoke with me as part of the research for this book, especially those at Kensington Voice, the Philadelphia Inquirer, Resolve Philly, and WHYY.

In addition, many of the people I write about in the pages of this book are people I have called and continue to call collaborators and friends. When I began this project, I attempted to steer clear of writing about the work they have been doing in Philadelphia media. While I did not feel beholden to a fiction of “objectivity,” it still felt too fraught. But in the end, I decided it would be insincere not to include their stories and the important work many of them are doing— and decided further to try to be as open as possible about how my positionality intersects. I am grateful to all of them, including Sandra Clark, Letrell Crittenden, and Jean Friedman Rudovsky— as well as others in Philly and beyond I cannot name but who were kind enough to share anonymized insights.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Temple University’s Klein College of Media and Communication has been incredibly supportive of my work, especially our dean, David Boardman, a strong advocate for local journalism. Our audit of the Philadelphia Inquirer would never have been initiated without his leadership. Critically, the audit was only possible thanks to the coleadership of my incredible late colleague Bryan Monroe, a long-time champion of diversity, equity, and inclusion in journalism, to whose legacy I do not have adequate words to do justice. The audit was truly a team effort, drawing on the hard work and insights of colleagues from Temple as well as staffers of the Inquirer and the Lenfest Local Lab. In addition, many of my Klein colleagues helped me with research and offered feedback on various sections of this book, especially Jillian Bauer-Reese, David Brown, Brian Creech, Marc Lamont Hill, and Christopher Malo. And I am grateful for the support, generosity, and mentorship of my amazing journalism department colleagues, from whom I am constantly learning on multiple levels.

This book has benefited greatly from feedback and input from its anonymous reviewers as well as feedback and conversations with Sue Robinson, Jacob Nelson, Fiona Morgan, and many of those mentioned above. I am grateful for the thoughtful guidance of my editor, Philip Leventhal, and the Columbia University Press team. Financial support for this research came from institutions including the Lenfest Institute for Journalism, Temple University, and the Tow Center for Digital Journalism.

Finally, I wrote much of this book as a solo-pandemic-parent of a toddler. I have huge gratitude to my community of neighbors, family, and friends (near and far) who have allowed me to emerge with at least a small shred of sanity— and of course to my amazing daughter, Ruby.

ANTIRACIST JOURNALISM

INTRODUCTION

The Case for Reimagining

You talk about us like we’re one big glob of people. And like we don’t have nuance, we don’t have interests beyond crime and voting rights. Like, there are Black people who care about the environment, right?

— BLACK RESIDENT OF WEST PHILADELPHIA NEIGHBORHOOD

I’m raising my children here. We’ve gone to plenty of events where we’ve seen people from all different walks of life, all different economic backgrounds, all living in Germantown, all striving for the same goal, but you don’t ever see that reported on TV. You see somebody’s momma in a bonnet or a rag crying or fighting, or something happened to somebody because they got shot.

— BLACK RESIDENT OF PHILADELPHIA’S GERMANTOWN NEIGHBORHOOD

Normally, I never hear of anything going on around here. Which is nice, you know. There’s nothing negative.

— WHITE RESIDENT OF THE PHILADELPHIA SUBURB OF COLLEGEVILLE

Paper plates bearing slices of rapidly cooling pizza jostled for space on a table crowded with Post-It notes, easel paper, and name tags. We were midway through a focus group discussion in Germantown, a majority Black, socioeconomically diverse neighborhood in Philadelphia. It was a community replete with historic buildings, vibrant arts and cultural spaces, and well-known Black-owned businesses—but also a community with a troubled history of redlining and disinvestment and a present abuzz with gentrification concerns.

Turning their attention to a screen on the wall, residents sat together watching images of how their neighborhood was portrayed by local news media. After viewing a video of television coverage of a shooting, they reflected on whom they thought the story was being told for.1

Participant 1: The white people in Philly who live in segregated parts.

Participant 2: So, they can sit there and say, “See, told you. Can’t live up there.”

Participant 3: I agree with everything that they’ve said so far, but just the way it made me feel is kind of why I don’t watch the news. 2

After watching the same clip, a resident in another group summed up the narrative that they thought it was shaping about their community: “People who are looking and says, ‘Oh, I’m not surprised that that happened in Germantown. That kind of thing is always happening with Black folks in Germantown.’ ” 3

There’s nothing particularly surprising about a finding that mainstream local journalism is perceived as offering less than nuanced coverage of Black and Brown communities. Numerous scholars and activists have documented how news media has stigmatized neighborhoods; neglected or distorted issues of concern to Black, Indigenous, and people of color communities; reproduced racist stereotypes; and affirmed state violence and repression.4

The Philadelphia Inquirer, whose public confrontation with racist coverage I explore in chapters 2 and 3, has chronicled how racism has been intertwined with the history of journalism in Philadelphia from its own beginnings to the rise of crime-centric television “action news.” 5 But the

experiences of the residents I spoke with underline some points to consider for anyone hoping to make local journalism less racist and more equitable. First, they show that assessing coverage of BIPOC communities requires more than looking at numbers.6 A quantitative audit of the television package that residents viewed would have shown both Black sources and a Black reporter. While quantitative snapshots of coverage can offer valuable insights, they do not reveal how a story was framed or the narrative with which audiences walk away. They also do not reveal how the meanings that audiences make from coverage are shaped by what is not included in an overall body of coverage, whether positive or banal narratives of Black life or analysis of how the experiences of white suburbs are intertwined with the disinvestment of majority-Black Philadelphia neighborhoods. Similarly, while quantitative snapshots of newsroom personnel can offer important context, they do not reveal an understanding of the news logics and norms either followed or challenged by BIPOC or white reporters and editors.

The reflections of these residents and the gap they identified between how they experience their neighborhoods and how media depicts them also point to another key challenge. Improving the quality of local news requires a critical look at how whiteness operates within and distorts media narratives. As I discuss later, I follow Eduardo Bonilla-Silva’s conceptualization of whiteness as “embodied racial power” that gives systemic privileges to those socially regarded as “white” but that often operates through covert discourses that make mechanisms reproducing racial inequity less visible.7 Local journalism can be complicit in reinforcing these discourses, even if unintentionally. For example, the gap between the complex and heterogeneous ways that residents experienced their neighborhood and the flattened image of their neighborhood reflected by coverage illustrates how local journalism can reinforce what the sociologist and whiteness studies scholar George Lipsitz has called the “white spatial imaginary” that can “racialize space and spatialize race.” 8 The structured advantages that benefit white people and impose unjust obstacles on the life chances of Black people are layered onto the largely segregated places people live and learn because of a long history of discriminatory regulations and practices of surveillance.

These sites, Lipsitz argues, “produce and sustain racial meanings” and enact “a public pedagogy about who belongs where.” 9 The resulting white spatial imaginary offers race-neutral narratives to explain how it is “natural” that privileged white geographies thrive and to mask how structural racism operates in Black communities—for example, the “why” behind stories about gun violence in neighborhoods such as Germantown.

At the same time, for many, the white spatial imaginary conceals from view the “Black spatial imaginary,” which can offer more generative and democratic spaces of resistance—for all BIPOC and white people. As Lipsitz argues, “Black negotiations with the constraints and confinements of racialized space often produce ways of envisioning and enacting more decent, dignified, humane, and egalitarian social relations for everyone.” 10 While some Germantown residents may participate actively in the Black spatial imaginary, including via cultural, intellectual, and social spaces within their own neighborhood, the continued pull of the white spatial imaginary means that distorted perceptions of the neighborhood continue to circulate. Stigmatizing the neighborhood has potentially damaging material consequences, and it leaves both BIPOC and white Philadelphians with an incomplete understanding of their city and region.

These residents of course are not alone in grappling with the influence of the white spatial imaginary within media narratives in the United States. As a 2020 Center for Media Engagement study outlined, many Black Americans do not trust journalists to cover their communities with context and nuance. Study participants shared examples of coverage that offered distorted slivers of a news event, like allowing a single act of vandalism to overshadow coverage of largely peaceful protests. Among other recommendations, the study called on journalists to “diversify Blackness” by including a greater range of perspectives and to “report on variations within Black thinking about solutions to problems.” While the study did not use the term “white spatial imaginary,” participants’ observations evoked it. Participants noted the failure of media to include a range of Black voices and how this distorted audiences’ understanding of issues and acted as a barrier to possible solidarity. As one participant explained, “Rural, poor people and Black

people actually have a lot in common, but the media likes to act like they just have completely separate problems that aren’t related.”11

This sentiment that media was missing opportunities to help audiences develop shared analyses of social issues, combined with a feeling that media contributed to harming Black and Brown communities, has been a familiar refrain in conversations I have had with residents of U.S. communities since 2015. In the Philadelphia region in particular, from 2017 to 2022, my colleagues and I have had many conversations with residents about how they use local journalism and how they imagine a better relationship with local media.12 Some of these conversations informed my book Community- Centered Journalism , which focused on local interventions that used engaged journalism and solutions-journalism practices. But the more conversations I’ve had, the more I believe efforts to address both the quality and sustainability of local news and information cannot be separated from the problem of dismantling the whiteness of news media in the United States. The issue is not only that BIPOC and other marginalized communities cannot see themselves or trust what they see in local news but also that cishet, able-bodied white residents also have a distorted understanding of their communities based on the news they see. That includes the white suburban resident quoted earlier, who spoke of news as something connected to negative things happening “down in Philadelphia.” The fact that her area received almost no news coverage was a sign that all was well in her “peaceful” community.13 For the resident, the news offered no insights into the systemic links that connected issues in the region; if anything, it reinforced a white spatial imaginary that “seeks to hide social problems rather than solve them.”14 In this way, local news was failing to meet a basic function of helping readers understand the place they live. It was not helping residents understand their own geographic or identity-based communities and the larger region and communities around them—let alone how their community fits within larger communities and systems.

In this book, I offer a critical examination of these residents’ local news and information system as news organizations within it grapple with how they have contributed to the persistence of colorblind ideology and a white

spatial imaginary that masks racial inequity. Drawing on empirical case studies, I explore the current realities of the system as well as multiple and competing visions for what a local news system might look like if it were representative of and responsive to the intersectional identities of the communities in the areas it covers.15 I follow attempts to shift the system in this direction and examine the obstacles to making such a system a reality. In doing this, I tie together conversations taking place in industry and activist circles about making journalism more “antiracist” with conversations about making it more connected to communities. I follow two established newsrooms, WHYY public media and the daily legacy newspaper the Philadelphia Inquirer, as they undertake diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging (DEIB) initiatives in their news organizations.16 The cases illustrate how journalists within these local news organizations are taking steps to challenge racist norms and practices but also how this work is unlikely to be meaningful without accountability infrastructure that supports both repairing news organizations and strengthening collaborative ties between these organizations and community stakeholders. I define accountability infrastructure as systems, structures, or programs that facilitate a process of holding stakeholders with more power (e.g., news organizations, editors, CEOs) responsible for listening to and addressing the needs and concerns of those with less (e.g., BIPOC journalists and community members). In the context of local journalism this can include everything from setting performance-review goals based on DEIB and engagement aims to establishing community-led boards.

The book then shifts to follow two start-up journalism organizations, Resolve Philly and Kensington Voice, and their efforts to develop both collaborative and accountability infrastructure. I’ll look at how their initiatives bridge the circulation of information and stories at the community level and metro level and at what the visions they are pursuing reveal about both opportunities and challenges to pushing for greater equity and accountability infrastructure within the region’s news and information built environment.17 Finally, I look at the influence of metaorganizations offering external support for journalism and civic information on local news systems, including DEIB workers and philanthropic supporters attempting to build

accountability infrastructure in Philadelphia and beyond, and examine the extent to which this work does or does not challenge norms and practices in the industry that overrepresent white sources, center white audiences and white journalists, and cumulatively reinforce white power structures. I conclude by exploring what the cases in this book suggest for the possibilities of building more equitable local storytelling networks, offering practical recommendations for newsrooms and supporters of local journalism. I argue that meaningful structural transformation in local journalism or civic media (as with many other fields) will require tackling complicated and often uncomfortable work.18 This includes challenging race-neutral policies, looking beyond quantitative measures of representation, and grappling with difficult questions of power sharing within and between institutions. For local news and information built environments to become more equitable and antiracist, local journalism organizations and their supporters must develop internal and external infrastructure that openly acknowledges racial inequities and incentivizes collaboration and accountability to communities.

“ANTIRACIST” LOCAL JOURNALISM INITIATIVES IN CONTEXT

Journalism has been implicated in racism and harm to BIPOC communities, especially Black and Brown communities, since its earliest days. As the Media 2070 initiative argues, “Anti-Black racism has always been part of our media system’s DNA.” In their essay, they document how over the years, U.S. news outlets have profited from the slave trade by selling slave ads, provided sympathetic coverage of racist violence, and offered distorted coverage of BIPOC communities.19 Such critiques sit within a long tradition of critically assessing how majority white news media outlets in the United States cover anti-Black violence, uprisings, and BIPOC communities more broadly.

Historically, many of these critical examinations have focused on the news landscapes of major U.S. metro areas, such as Los Angeles and

Chicago. As early as 1922, the Chicago Commission on Race Relations issued a report exploring the causes of riots and critiquing white newspapers for distorted coverage of Black Chicagoans. This included disproportionately representing Black residents as criminals and failing to seriously cover crimes committed against them (for example, racist bombings to discourage Black families from moving into white neighborhoods). The commission noted that “throughout the country it is pointed out by both whites and Negroes that the policies of newspapers on racial matters have made relations more difficult, at times fostering new antagonism and enmities and even precipitating riots by inflaming the public against Negroes.” 20 Decades later in 1965, the McCone Commission, assessing the aftermath of the Watts Rebellion in Southern California, would echo similar themes, including recommendations that continue to resonate: “The press, television, and radio can play their part. Good reporting of constructive efforts in the field of race relations will be a major service to the community. We urge all media to report equally the good and the bad.”21 Of course just three years later the landmark Kerner Commission Report would offer similar recommendations and critiques: “By and large, news organizations have failed to communicate to both their black and white audiences a sense of the problems America faces and the sources of potential solutions. The media report and write from the standpoint of a white man’s world.”22

Following the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests, Media 2020 and numerous others have argued that variations of these critiques remain salient and that transformation of the system will require reconciliation and repair and “media reparations,” or what the scholar Meredith Clark calls “reparative journalism.”23 In this book I extend this tradition of critique by connecting it with conversations about the future of local journalism and community engagement. I’ll explore what efforts at transformation look like in Philadelphia, a large metro region where BIPOC journalists have been working within a long tradition of mobilizing antiracist activism in journalism. But before I offer more background on Philadelphia as a site of research or on individual media organizations, I outline some of the interdisciplinary race

scholarship concepts I will draw on to analyze diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging (DEIB) initiatives within news organizations.

WHITENESS AND NEWSROOM NORMS

Inequitable coverage in journalism has persisted up to the present through the infusion of structural racism—“a system in which public policies, institutional practices, cultural representations, and other norms work in various, often reinforcing ways to perpetuate racial group inequity”—into the industry’s day to day operations. 24 As scholars have documented, it influences who gets to frame and tell stories (mostly white journalists) and whose stories and voices are represented (mostly white people). 25 As Nikki Usher argued in News for the Rich, White, and Blue, “Newsrooms are white places of power, which affects the way journalists approach their work and the coverage we ultimately see. . . . White majority newsrooms lose out from being able to cover their cities, states, and regions, and journalists stand to miss important stories that they may not even know to ask about.”26

Structural racism does not depend on individual journalists consciously holding overtly racist beliefs or prejudices. Rather, structural racism can be infused into practices and norms that produce racist outcomes. Researchers have devoted particular attention to how the journalistic norm of “objectivity” has been interpreted in a way that reinforces structures of patriarchy and whiteness. 27 As already noted, whiteness as “embodied racial power” plays a social role that makes “an oft-hidden claim to the social and cultural ‘center.’ ” 28 This socially constructed “unacknowledged norm” acts as a “system of privilege” and must be analyzed in connection with “material structure and the operation of power.”29 Critical race and whiteness studies scholars have flagged how whiteness is bolstered by media’s use of colorblind racism— a versatile ideology that suggests that given our universal humanity, race no longer matters and should play no role in legal, social, or cultural decision making. 30 The rhetoric of colorblindness, which often circulates through “code words,” can be used to minimize racism or racist microaggressions and to reinforce a “colorblind public consensus.”31 Scholars

such as Michael Omi and Howard Winant have pointed to the “cojoint rise” of colorblind and neoliberal ideologies, noting that these ideologies have worked in combination to co-opt racial justice movements, offering an “antiracism ‘lite’ ” or “an aspirational post-racism.” 32 By failing to recognize difference and racial power hierarchies, narratives of colorblind universalism function to obscure structural racism. As such, whiteness can be particularly pernicious in journalism because it is often operationalized through absences—the stories not told, the perspectives not centered.

Journalism scholars have expressed particular concern about the complicity of a distanced interpretation of objectivity in contributing to whiteness and colorblind racism. Objectivity has had multiple interpretations within journalism’s history, particularly in the U.S. context. Notably, in Elements of Journalism , Kovach and Rosenstiel argued that objectivity was never intended to suggest that journalists could be free of bias but rather that they could deploy objective methods in their craft. 33 However, since the 1910s and 1920s, a dominant interpretation of objectivity in the United States positioned reporters as operating outside of the structures of communities and societies and expected to be capable of presenting all sides of any given story in a neutral way, free from bias. 34 Historians of objectivity have noted how the operationalization of this interpretation of objectivity has been intertwined with anti-Black racism since the times of Ida B. Wells, where it was used to discredit her investigative reporting on lynching. 35 Looking at more contemporary cases, Callison and Young argue that claims to objectivity are premised on centering whiteness as neutral: “Journalism authority has been about a view from somewhere all along, specifically the performance of white masculinity as the default identity.” 36 The norm of objectivity, they argued, has been operationalized in majoritywhite newsrooms in a way that bolsters a social order that privileges whiteness. Likewise, Robinson and Culver trace how journalistic practices associated with objectivity, for example, maintaining distance from communities or only using sources willing to be named, similarly reinforced the overrepresentation of white perspectives.37 Indeed, recent reckonings over racial justice in U.S. newsrooms have critiqued how objectivity norms have perpetuated whiteness in coverage—such as barring Black journalists from covering

Black Lives Matters protests—thereby marginalizing journalists of color. 38 Attempting to offer alternatives to the dominant interpretation of objectivity, scholars have offered frameworks such as “pragmatic objectivity” or “strong objectivity”—where journalists are called to acknowledge the interpretative nature of their work and their social locations. 39 Likewise, advocates seeking to center racial justice within both academia and industry have offered alternative approaches such as movement journalism, solidarity journalism, or Clark’s framework for a reparative journalism that centers Black women as it challenges norms and practices.40 Robinson’s forthcoming work on a journalism that centers an “identity-aware caring practice” likewise offers a potentially promising alternative framework for trust building.41 However, to date, among journalists working at established mainstream news organizations such as the ones profiled in this book, there has not been a popular consensus on preferred terms or concepts to replace “objectivity.”

“ANTIRACISMS” AND JOURNALISM PROJECTS

One term that has been adopted by some within the journalism industry in recent years is “antiracism” and the pursuit of an “antiracist journalism” that opposes racism and racist policies.42 It is important to note that the concept of “antiracism,” while popularized in recent years by Ibram Kendi’s 2019 book, has a long and contested history.43 Scholarship on antiracism has attempted to delineate types of antiracism—including individual/ interpersonal and institutional/structural, as well as critical antiracism that prioritizes a focus on power relationships.44 Some scholars, such as Adolph Reed Jr., have critiqued contemporary discourse on antiracism for being “focused much more on taxonomy than politics,” becoming detached from critiques of capitalism, and failing to focus on specific inequalities and specific goals.45

Others have suggested a more grounded analysis may be found by situating any understanding of antiracism and contemporary social movements such as Black Lives Matter within an intersectional analysis informed by Black feminism.46 As the authors of the Combahee River Collective

Statement outlined in 1977, “Major systems of oppression are interlocking”; that is, their understanding of antiracism was intertwined with opposition to sexism, heterosexism, and class oppression. By working against the oppression of Black women, they would in turn ensure the freedom of all: “If Black women were free, it would mean that everyone else would have to be free since our freedom would necessitate the destruction of all the systems of oppression.”47

How “antiracism” is understood in connection with contemporary efforts to address racism within the field of journalism is highly variable. While this allows a wide range of actors to connect to the term, it also makes it a somewhat slippery concept, particularly when many of the news organizations who state they aspire to antiracism operate within neoliberal capitalist frameworks that others see as presenting inherent barriers to racial equity.48 This presents the potential for internal tensions within organizations attempting antiracist projects. These projects may seek to challenge the status quo of existing power relationships within news organizations that have investments in the maintenance of such power hierarchies.

Scholars following antiracist journalistic projects have documented some of the challenges and limitations that can arise in such cases. Drew examined journalistic projects that attempted to more critically cover race, including through “audits” tracking the sources and subjects featured in content (not unlike the work undertaken by the news organizations profiled in this book). She found that participation in these projects in itself could raise the consciousness of journalists about how racial power structures operate in their work. However, she also noted where these interventions tended to fall short—particularly when they were not institutionalized and stayed at the level of the individual: “The greatest value for reflexivity as an intervention strategy is when it does not stop with the news consciousness and actions of a few, but, rather, when it begins to challenge the methods of knowledge production and the values undergirding this process.”49

Other scholars have similarly offered valuable insights into where antiracism efforts within journalism can go awry, such as Mellinger’s exploration of the ASNE (American Society of News Editors) Goal 2000 plan,

which sought to increase the diversity of newsroom staffing. Mellinger noted the importance of tracing “contradictions between words and deeds, as well as omissions—inactions and silences,” focusing on key moments of an institution’s racial history. 50 The limitations of ASNE seem to have followed it into its new incarnation as the News Leaders Association. The scholar Meredith Clark attempted to encourage greater participation in its annual diversity survey only to conclude that news executives lacked political will and that the survey could not be a mechanism of transparency unless there were stronger imperatives to encourage participation. 51 The News Leaders Association was taking some steps to incentivize participation, such as making it a requirement for awards, but this experience illustrates the limitations of moral appeals and the need for infrastructure to support DEIB work.

These examples, then, raise critical questions: How can journalists support meaningful institutional shifts in organizations that may be implicated in the power hierarchies antiracist efforts seek to change? How could underlying changes be made and supported by accountability infrastructure in a way that would allow them to push beyond antiracist projects toward more equitable and antiracist institutions and local journalism systems?

STORYTELLING NETWORKS AND PHILADELPHIA’S NEWS AND INFORMATION BUILT ENVIRONMENT

This book explores the messy work of challenging racial inequities not only within news organizations but also within a larger system of metro area news and information. Because of this, I focus on several organizations and initiatives taking place within one region, the metro area of Philadelphia. As I will explore, the Philadelphia region is home to a particularly complex media system and has a history of racial justice and media justice movements, as well as a tradition of place-based research. To undertake this

study, I draw on a theory that takes a place-based approach and centers the communicative health of communities rather than focusing narrowly on the health of particular news organizations.

Because I explore the connective tissue and relationships between news organizations and community stakeholders, I adapt a communication infrastructure theory (CIT) framework to conceptualize how the system is linked together and how narratives circulate within it. 52 CIT offers a placebased framework that centers the concept of local “storytelling networks.” These networks refer to the discursive micro- and meso-level links between different storytelling actors—including local media but also residents and community organizations (see figure 0.1). When these links are strong, researchers have found that storytelling networks tend to have higher levels of civic engagement and community belonging. 53 But researchers have also found that these networks can be weakened by the circulation of exclusively negative narratives and can be bounded by ethnicity and language.

I first encountered CIT in graduate school at the University of Southern California while working with Dr. Sandra Ball-Rokeach’s

FIGURE 0.1. Communication infrastructure theory’s “storytelling network.”

Metamorphosis Project research group, which had developed the theory before my arrival. Ball-Rokeach’s work on CIT had been inspired in part in response to witnessing the 1994 Los Angeles civil unrest and wanting to understand how communication might contribute to greater social cohesion and community belonging. I was struck by how researchers used CIT as a framework both to diagnose the state of local storytelling networks and to guide interventions seeking to strengthen them. 54 While the theory always grappled with divisions along lines of race and ethnicity, in this book I have tried to more directly infuse CIT with interdisciplinary race studies concepts, particularly focusing on how colorblind ideology can circulate within the storytelling network and by doing so obscure structured advantages bestowed on those socially regarded as “white”— contributing to a white spatial imaginary. 55 Using this framework, I will explore what infrastructure is needed to support more antiracist storytelling networks, ones where narratives skewed by whiteness are challenged and access to networks is more equitable. Drawing on CIT will also allow me to reflect on the overall local news and information built environment and interventions that aim to build connections between metro-level news organizations and hyperlocal info hubs, including Resolve Philly’s community newswire service, detailed in chapter 4.

When I talk about the interconnected web of news organizations and resources in the Philadelphia region, I generally refer to them as the “built environment.” While a great deal of excellent scholarship and industry studies deploy the more common “ecosystem” metaphor, I generally avoid this unless quoting others. Here I am following Nadler’s critique, which argues that “ecosystem” implies that news will flourish naturally through an apolitical “invisible hand” rather than because of actual policies. 56 While the “built environment” metaphor may not be as elegant, it helpfully acknowledges how power operates and suggests the possibility of deliberate change via systems and policy. 57

As noted, Philadelphia’s news and information built environment is a dynamic one. It is home to more than fifty commercial, nonprofit, community, activist, Black-owned, and immigrant-serving news outlets and is the fourth-largest television market in the United States. 58 It is also home

to a number of journalism-supporting organizations (such as Resolve Philly), foundations who support local journalism and media (including Independence Public Media Foundation and the Lenfest Institute for Journalism), and multiple universities where journalism is taught and researched. 59 Perhaps unsurprisingly then, it is also relatively well-trodden ground for exploring how local journalism systems function and adapt to change.

Over the past two decades, several foundations have embraced the “ecosystem” terminology and have funded research studies attempting to map and assess Philadelphia’s news and media landscape and information needs. In 2010, the William Penn Foundation commissioned a J-Lab study that suggested a “robust media ecosystem” had emerged in the city, noting the city’s “community of creative technologists,” in particular. The report noted a decline in public affairs news and made the case for the creation of a “networked journalism collaborative.”60 Some of the recommendations around collaboration sit in conversation with the more recent experiences of the Resolve Philly collaborative journalism project discussed in more detail in chapter 4. But reaction to the J-Lab study and who was noted (mainstream and majority white digital first outlets) and not noted in it (community media and BIPOC-owned/serving media) underscored a long-present rift between mainstream majority white media and BIPOC-serving and activist media.61 Joshua Breitbart, then with the New America Foundation, wrote a scathing critique that feels timely even though more than ten years have elapsed since it was written:

The challenge of addressing these historic inequities in the media is not a secondary issue in current debates about the future of journalism. It is the fundamental question. Are we content to preserve an institution that, while venerable, has served different communities unevenly and fragmented audiences along economic and ethnic lines? Or do we take the opportunity of current technological, demographic and financial upheavals to realize more fully journalism’s democratic potential? Frustratingly, in discussions of journalism, we often hear

Another random document with no related content on Scribd:

los llevan se aprovechan dellos como de dineros de trasgos. Hay algunos tan avarientos y tan codiciosos del juego, que no gastarán en sus casas un real aunque hayan ganado cien ducados, porque no les falte para jugar, teniendo aquello por suma felicidad, y con esto tornan á jugar otro día, perdiendo lo que ganaron sin quedarles ninguna cosa; otros hay contrarios desta opinión, que cuando han ganado les parece que hallaron aquella hacienda en la calle, y assí la gastan y destruyen comiendo demasiada y curiosamente, y haciendo gastos excesivos, de manera que se les cae por entre los dedos, y después cuando tornan á jugar y pierden, páganlo de sus propias haciendas, padeciendo ellos y sus mujeres y hijos y familia.

L.—Para esso yo os podré decir lo que pocos días ha yo mismo ví, que un amigo mío ganó en tres ó cuatro veces hasta ochenta ducados, y de hoy á tres días, jugando sobre su palabra, le ganaron los veinte dellos; y fué para mí muy congoxado, rogándome que se los buscase sobre unas prendas, porque no los tenía. Y yo le pregunté qué había hecho de los que ganara. Y queriendo echar cuenta y

averiguar en qué los había gastado, jamás pudo llegar al término dellos, y jurábame que más daño recebiría en pagar aquellos veinte que provecho con los ochenta que había ganado.

A.—Todas las ganancias de los tahures son desa manera, y después, cuando no tienen qué jugar, su officio es andar pidiendo emprestado de los unos y de los otros, envergonzándose con muchos que no les dan los dineros. Y si bien se considerase cuán grande affrenta es ésta para un hombre que se tiene en algo, bastaría quitarle del juego de manera que lo aborreciese perpetuamente. Veréis demás desto andar las prendas suyas y de sus amigos de casa en casa empeñadas y (lo que es peor) los vestidos de las mujeres empeñados y vendidos, que muchas veces no les dexan con qué salir de casa, y cuando no hay más que jugar (y aunque lo haya), si han perdido en alguna cantidad, muchos quieren que los de su casa padezcan los desatinos que ellos han hecho, buscando ocasiones para reñir, y el descontento y desabrimiento que traen consigo, hanlo de pagar las mujeres, los hijos y los criados, reñendo con ellos, dándoles y maltratándoles sin

causa; de suerte que parece que el juego los dexó locos ó desatinados, y assí andan dando voces por casa como beodos ó gente sin juicio, y después están en sus camas pensando en la pérdida, no duermen sueño, sino dan vueltas á una parte y á otra, sospirar y gemir y andar vacilando, con el sentido sin reposo alguno. Y si el cansancio los vence, para que duerman algún poco, luego despiertan con el sobresalto de la pérdida; de manera que una noche mala de las que assí llevan habían de estimar en más los hombres de buen conocimiento que toda la ganancia que el juego puede darles en la vida, y despegarse de su vicio tan ponzoñoso. Y cuando esto no bastasse, debría bastar lo que saben que han de sufrir los que tienen por oficio andar siempre jugando. Pintadme los caballeros, ó muy valientes, ó personas que estiman en mucho la honra de cualquiera suerte que sean; han de sufrir injurias y afrentas por muchas vías y maneras, porque la codicia de la ganancia les hace jugar con gente vil y de baja suerte, y el juego es de tal condición que los hace á todos iguales. Y assí los inferiores quieren tratar á los otros igualmente, porque si pierden

quieren que les sufran y si ganan súfrenlos porque no se levanten con la ganancia. Y cuando un hombre ruin ha dicho una injuria á un hombre honrado y le reprende porque se la ha sufrido, responde éste con pasión, y á los que pierden todos les han de sufrir, y mayor mengua es tomarme yo con aquél. De manera que anda la honra entre los que juegan debajo de los pies, y si hay algunos que son recatados y no sufren (como dicen) cosquillas, son muy pocos, y aun essos no todas veces salen desto tan bien como querrían.

B.—No habéis dicho cosa que no sea muy verdadera, y por eso he sufrido escucharos. Proseguid vuestra plática, que hasta el cabo della me tendréis muy atento.

A.—Huelgo que toméis gusto de lo que digo, y más holgaría de que os aprovechásedes dello. Pues escuchad, que no he acabado de decir todo lo que siento. ¿Tenéis por pequeño trabajo el andar buscando por las calles y de casa en casa quien juegue, rogando al uno, fatigando al otro, haciendo plegarias, conjurándolos como á espirituados? Y como en los juegos se prestan unos á otros

dineros, y la principal causa porque otra vez se los presten al que los da, cuando no hay aparejo para pagarlos, andan los hombres corridos, affrentados de faltar sus palabras y promesas, y assí se esconden muchas veces de aquellos á quien son deudores, y si los ven venir por una calle ellos huyen por la otra, y si van á alguna casa á donde están no entran en ella. Y aun no solamente hacen esto los que no tienen aparejo para pagar, que muchos traen consigo los dineros y tienen en poco esta vergüenza, y disimulan porque no les falte para jugar. No es este el mayor mal, que otros hay muy mayores. Los hombres casados dan muchas veces ocasión á que sus mujeres, viviendo mal, hagan desatinos y los amengüen, lo que no harían por ventura no teniendo tan buen aparejo. Porque como saben que los maridos juegan noches y días y que no han de entender lo que ellas hacen, porque todo su cuidado es en el juego, toman mayor licencia con la libertad y con el tiempo que les sobra para sus pasatiempos deshonestos. Y demás desto suceden los debates y rencillas que hay sobre el juego. Que aunque, como he dicho, se suffran muchas injurias, son

tantas y tantas veces, que algunas dellas vienen á parar en sangre y en muertes, como por experiencia se ha visto; de allí suceden pasiones, desafíos y desasosiegos, y quedan los hombres afrentados muchas veces sin poder tomar satisfacción ni venganza de los que los afrentaron. Sin esto veréis una pasión y flaqueza muy grande en muchos de los que pierden ó qué son las plegarias, las rogativas, las amenazas, los conjuros que hacen á los que se levantan del juego para que tornen á jugar con ellos para que dexen de ser jurados, porque este nombre les ponen ó que se han metido frailes. Desta suerte passan la vida los tahures noches y días con estos inconvenientes y otros más dañosos. Porque muchos dellos, cuando les faltan los dineros, procuran haberlos por todas las vías illícitas que pueden, y vienen á hurtar y robar y hacer insultos los hijos á los padres, los criados á los señores, y cuando de esta manera no pueden, lo roban de sobre el altar si lo hallan; y assí algunos lo vienen á pagar en las horcas, y aun si no lo pagan también las ánimas, no son tan mal librados. Y si el juego es tan malo generalmente para todos, los que sirven y son

criados de señores tienen mayor obligación de huir y apartarse dél, porque si tienen y les dan cargos en que trayan hacienda entre manos, ó se han de aprovechar della para el juego ó ya que no lo hagan, siempre han de tener á sus amos sospechosos y recatados de que se aprovechan y hurtan para jugar, y sobre esto les dicen mil malicias y mil lástimas, que por ninguna cosa habían de dar ocasión á ellas; y si no tratan ni traen entre manos cosa de que pueda aprovecharse ni hacer menos, sirven muy mal, hacen mil faltas, cuando son menester no los hallan, cuando los buscan no parecen, cuando han de servir están embarazados, si topan con ellos ruegan á los que los llaman que digan que no los hallaron, y si les paresce que no pueden hacer menos de ir, van murmurando, blasfemando, perdiendo la paciencia con todos, diciendo mil injurias en ausencia á sus amos, y, finalmente, nadie puede servir bien jugando; y de mi consejo, quien jugare no sirva ó quien sirviere no juegue.

B.—Decidme, señor Antonio, ¿por qué no tomáis esse consejo para vos como lo dais á los otros?

A —Bien habéis dicho si no lo hubiese tomado, y no me acuséis ahora, pero acusadme de aquí adelante si me viérades hacer menos de lo que digo, que aunque haya sido tarde, todavía (como dice el proverbio) vale más que nunca; y porque no se me olvide lo que tengo que decir, tornando al propósito, no veo seguirse provecho ninguno del juego, y que se siguen los daños que he dicho, y tantos, que si todos se hubiessen de decir, sería para nunca acabar. Pero no quiero parar aquí, aunque os parezca que soy largo, porque no es de callar el trabajo que tienen los que se han de andar guardando de los chocarreros, que los que lo son ya tienen perdida la vergüenza á Dios y al mundo. Y como por la mayor parte hacen mayor mal los ladrones secretos que los públicos, assí éstos hacen grandísimo daño en las repúblicas, porque hurtan y roban secretamente las haciendas ajenas, no se guardando las gentes dellos; y para mí por tan gran hurto lo tengo, que á los que assí llevan los dineros mal ganados, con muy gran justicia les podrían poner á la hora una soga á la garganta y colgarlos sin piedad de la horca. Esta es una

manera de hurtar sotil, ingeniosa, delicada, encubierta, engañosa y traidora, digna de muy gran castigo; y no veo que jamás se castiga, que las ferias están siempre llenas de ellos, en los pueblos se hallarán á cada passo, y, en fin, las justicias se han muy remisamente en no castigar un delito tan dañoso y perjudicial como éste; que con razón podrían acriminarlo tanto en algunos, que de allí tomasen ejemplo los otros para apartarse de tan mal trato y officio, los cuales, por no verse en este peligro, debrían tomar otra manera de vida, y los tahures, por no andar siempre recatados y recelándose (como los que tienen enemigos y se guardan de traición), sería bien que se apartasen de este vicio del juego, porque es uno de los grandes trabajos que se pueden tener; pero hacen como los beodos, que, sabiendo que el vino les hace mal, lo buscan y procuran, sin recelarse del daño que reciben en beberlo.

L.—¿No nos diríades qué son los delitos que cometen y cómo los hacen, pues que generalmente tanto mal decís dellos?

A.—Deciros lo he, pero no particularmente, porque sería

imposible acabar de contar sus maldades y traiciones, pero todavía contaré algunas dellas, assí para que sepáis que tengo razón en lo que digo como para que tengáis aviso en conocerlos. Aunque ellos fingen y disimulan y tienen tales astucias y mañas que dificultosamente podréis entender su manera de vida. Los más destos andan muy bien aderezados, con muy buenos atavíos y en tal hábito, que los que no los conozcan los juzgan por hombres honrados y que no presumirán dellos que harán vileza ninguna. Cuando van nuevamente á estar, ó por mejor decir, á jugar en algún pueblo, buscan formas y maneras para entrar donde juegan, entremeterse en conversación con los jugadores, y después que son admitidos al juego, si se conocen dos deste oficio luego se juntan, y si el uno juega, el otro está mirando á los contrarios. Si el juego es de primera tienen escritas ciertas señas con que dan á entender al compañero que el contrario que envida va á primera, otras para cuando va á flux, y otras y otras para cuando tiene tantos ó tantos puntos, de manera que juega por ambos juegos. Y estas señas son tan encubiertas, que nadie puede

entendérselas, porque ó ponen la mano en la barba, ó se rascan en la cabeza, ó alzan los ojos al cielo, ó hacen que bostezan y otras cosas semejantes, que por cada una dellas entienden lo que entre ellos está concertado. Algunos traen un espejo consigo, y cuando están detrás lo ponen cuando es menester de manera que sólo su compañero puede verlo, y ver en él las cartas que tienen los que juegan para envidar ó saber si los envites que les hacen son falsos ó verdaderos. Esto mesmo hacen en el tres, dos y as y en los otros juegos desta calidad. Si juegan entrambos en un juego con otros, ayúdanse de manera que se entiendan la carta que han menester, y el uno la da al otro, porque las conocen todas, ó á lo menos de qué manjar es cada una dellas.

L —Cosa recia decís creer si los naipes vienen nuevos á la mesa cuando comienza el juego, que no sé yo como los pueden conocer tan presto.

A.—Yo os lo diré para que lo entendáis. Algunos dellos están concertados con otros tenderos tan buenos como ellos, que por alguna parte de la ganancia que les dan huelgan de ser también

participantes de la bellaquería, y en casa destos ponen tres y cuatro docenas de barajas de naipes que tienen sus flores encubiertas, y cuando quieren jugar dan orden que vayan allí á comprarlas, y assí juegan con ellos sin sospecha, siendo tan falsos como podréis entender.

B.—Declaradnos qué cosas son estas flores, que yo hasta agora no las entiendo.

A.—Estad atento, que yo os desengañaré. Toman los naipes y con una pluma muy delicada dan su punto con tinta tan subtil y delicado que si no es quien lo supiere parece imposible caer en la cuenta del engaño; á los de un manjar danlo en una parte, y de los otros á cada uno en la suya diferentemente para conocerlos. Y cuando estas señales parece que no se pueden tan bien encubrir, con una punta de tijera ó cuchillo ó con una aguja ó alfiler muy agudo los señalan tan delicada y encubiertamente que apenas los ojos los descubren. Y si los naipes no son destos, á la primera vuelta que dan con ellos están todos señalados, que con las uñas suplen la falta de los cuchillos; de manera que assí roban los dineros de todos los

que con ellos se ponen á jugar sin que lo sientan, y aun algunas veces se dan tan buena maña, que toman para sí los mesmos naipes que están descubiertos. Otros, cuando se descartan, echan un naipe encima de los otros, y si lo han menester lo toman con toda la gentileza del mundo sin ser vistos ni sentidos.

B.—No puedo yo entender lo que les puede aprovechar tener los naipes señalados, pues que en fin han de tomar los que en suerte les venieren.

A.—No estáis bien en la cuenta; lo primero de que se aprovechan es conocer por las señales cuántas cartas tiene el contrario de un manjar, y lo otro que, aunque venga en baxo, á segunda ó tercera carta, la que ellos han menester, la sacan del medio y tienen tan gran sutileza que, habiéndola de dar por suerte al otro, la toman para sí, y para esto siempre, cuando tienen los naipes, al sacar de uno dexan tres ó cuatro tendidos, que no juntan con los otros, porque si los tienen bien juntos no pueden tan bien conocer las señales. Y si tienen necesidad de la primera carta, dan á los otros tres y cuatro de las otras, y guardan y toman

aquéllas para su juego ó para el de su compañero si son dos los que juegan de concierto. Y esto llaman salvar las cartas, y entre ellos se dice ir á salvatierra; mirad si es esta ventaja para robar el mundo que se jugase, no los entendiendo. Deciros he lo que á mí me sucedió estando en la isla de Cerdeña cinco ó seis compañeros que allí quedamos aislados por espacio de dos meses. Estaba entre nosotros un reverendo canónigo de más de sesenta años, que trataba en este oficio más que en rezar sus horas. Y jugando con nosotros con estas ventajas, ganónos el dinero que llevábamos para nuestro camino, y á mí, que presumía de gran jugador de ganapierde, me descubría á cada mano las primeras seis cartas que tomaba ó yo le daba, y con todo esto me ganó cuanto tenía, porque yo vía las seis y él me conocía las mías todas nueve. De manera que el negocio vino á términos que nos prestó dineros para llegar á Roma, á donde íbamos, sobre las cédulas de cambio que llevábamos. Llegado á Roma, acertamos á posar juntos ambos en una casa, y descuidándose un día este reverendo padre de cerrar bien una puerta de su cámara, yo la

abrí y entré sin que él me sintiese, y estaba tan embebido haciendo una flor, más sutil que las que he contado, que por un buen rato no me sintió, y cuando me hubo visto, bien podréis creer que no se holgaría conmigo, y quísome deshacer el negocio con buenas palabras y burlas. Yo dissimulé también con él, porque me pareció que me convenía. Y en saliéndose de casa abrí su cámara y cogíle un mazo de bulas que habían costado á despachar más de doscientos ducados, y puestas en cobro, delante de todos los de la casa le dixe, cuando las halló menos, que yo las tenía y que si no me volvía lo que me había mal ganado que no se las daría. El me amenazó que se quejaría al auditor de la cámara, y yo le respondí que yo iría primero á informarle de lo que pasaba. El bueno del canónigo, por no verse más afrontado, se concertó conmigo, entendiendo algunos amigos entre nosotros, y me dió cuarenta ducados y me aseguró con una cédula otros treinta, aunque él me había ganado más de ciento.

L.—¿Y acabólos de pagar?

A.—No, y deciros he el por qué. Yo jugaba un día en un juego de primera en que había harta

cantidad de dineros, y estando metidos los restos de tres, un arcediano que tenía los naipes en las manos había tenido su resto á una primera de dos treses y una figura, y con ser de los mayores chocarreros que había en Roma, quiso salvar una carta, porque con la otra que venía hacía primera. Este canónigo viejo estaba tras él, y entendiéndolo, porque un ladrón mal puede hurtar á otro, hízome de señas que lo remediase. Yo caí luego en la cuenta, y púsele la mano en los naipes haciéndole tomar. El canónigo, vueltos á la posada, tanto se apiadó conmigo por la buena obra que me hizo, que le hube de volver su cédula, aunque después cuando jugaba y ganaba me iba pagando parte de la deuda, con que no me la quedó á deber toda. Sin esto que he dicho, hay otras mil formas y maneras de malos jugadores; hay hombres de tan sotiles manos, que sin sentirlo juntan cinco ó seis cartas ó más de un manjar, á lo cual llaman hacer empanadilla ó albardilla, y poniéndolas encima, siempre barajan por el medio, porque no se deshagan. Y cuando sale la una, saben que vienen las otras tras ella, y conforme á esto os envidan ó tienen los envites con esperanza

de la carta que les ha de venir de aquel manjar. Algunos chocarreros hay que se hacen mancos y que no pueden barajar, porque así los ponen mejor á su voluntad. ¿Queréis más, sino que hay vellacos tan diestros en esto que jugando al tres, dos y as, si os descuidáis un poco os darían las más veces tres figuras y tomarán para sí un seis, cinco y tría, ó otro risco con que os quiten las ganancias? Y en el juego que agora se usa de la ganapierde, si se juntan dos de concierto son para destruir á todos cuantos jugaren con ellos, porque todas las veces que el uno está rey, el otro se carga, se deja dar bolo sin que se pueda entender, haciendo muy del enojado con los otros compañeros porque no la metieron ó porque jugaron por donde se cargase, y después él y el otro parten las ganancias. Pues los que esto hacen ¿qué no harán en los otros juegos?

B.—Bien entendido todo lo que habéis dicho; pero el juego de la dobladilla, que es el que más agoran usan, casi ha desterrado á la primera y á los otros, y este es un juego tan á la balda, que no hay lugar en él de hacer tantas maldades y bellaquerías.

A —Engañaisos, que si yo tuviese agora los dineros que se han ganado á ella mal ganados, más rico sería que un Cosme de Médicis; veréis á esta gente que digo hacer y urdir y componer en este juego veinte trascartones cuando los naipes les entran en las manos, poniendo juntos todos los encuentros que pueden, para que si por ventura viniesen no pierdan sino una ó dos suertes, y si acaesce alzar el contrario por una carta antes, viene luego su suerte y comenzan á contar subiendo lo que pueden, de manera que aventuran á perder poco y á ganar mucho. Otros hay que si pueden haber los naipes antes que jueguen, ó si son de los que he dicho, que tienen concertados con los que los venden ó con el dueño de las casas donde juegan, ponen entre ellos algunos naipes mayores ó más anchos que los otros alguna cosa, assí como cuatro reyes, cuatro cincos ó cuatro sotas, los unos son mayores por los lados y los otros por los cantos, y cuando no pueden hacer esto doblan algún naipe de manera que no assiente bien y acierten á alzar por él, y á estos naipes llaman el guión ó la maestra. Y cabe los que son mayores ó doblados ponen siempre y procuran juntar

los otros como ellos, que si es as ponen los ases y si es seis ponen los seises, para que cuando alzasen por ellos, como lo hacen, venga cerca su suerte.

L.—Poco les puede aprovechar esso, si los naipes se barajan bien, porque todas essas cosas se deshacen.

A —Vos tenéis razón, que muchas veces con el barajar no tiene efecto su malicia, pero tan á menudo procuran esta ventaja que algunas suertes les salen como ellos procuran, y por pocas que sean bastan para destruir á su contrario, porque como tienen este conocimiento de la suerte que viene, cuando sienten que no es la suya, procuran que se salga y hacen veinte partidos hasta asegurarla. Y aun algunos hay que pasan la suerte de sus contrarios, á lo menos cuando los tienen picados, que están ya medio ciegos y para esto tienen mill formas y maneras exquisitas. Y no para en esto el negocio, que hay algunos chocarreros de los que se conciertan que yendo por ambos la moneda que juegan, el uno arma con dineros al contrario de la cuarta ó quinta parte, porque perdiendo allí gana acullá la mitad del dinero. Son tantas estas traiciones y bellaquerías,

que es imposible acabarlas de decir ni entender, porque como estudian en ellas los que las usan, cada día inventan cosas nuevas en esta arte, como los otros oficiales que buscan nuevos primores en sus oficios, y si dos que se conciertan toman á uno en medio, no le dejan cera en el oído, siendo dos al mohíno. Y á los que no entienden ni saben estas cosas, esta buena gante los llama guillotes y bisofios. Y dexando los naipes, vengamos á los dados, que no hay menos que decir en ellos. Hay muchos hombres tan diestros en jugarlos, que todas las veces que se hallan con suerte menor, como es siete, ocho ó nueve puntos, hincan un dado de manera que le hacen que caya siempre de as, para que los otros corran sobre él, y cuando la suerte es doce ó de ahí arriba hincan otro dado de seis, de manera que las más veces aseguran su suerte; y esto quieren defender que no es mal jugar, sino saber bien jugar y tener mejor habilidad y destreza en el juego que los otros. Algunos hay tan hábiles, que hincan dos dados desta manera, y de otros dicen que todos tres; pero yo no lo creo ni lo tengo por posible si no los estuviesen componiendo en las manos; y si esto hiciesen

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.