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ROUTLEDGE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TECHNOLOGY AND THE HUMANITIES
Routledge Encyclopedia of Technology and the Humanities is a pioneer attempt to introduce a wide range of disciplines in the emerging field of techno-humanities to the English-reading world.
This book covers topics such as archaeology, cultural heritage, design, fashion, linguistics, music, philosophy, and translation. It has 20 chapters, contributed by 26 local and international scholars. Each chapter has its own theme and addresses issues of significant interest in the respective disciplines. References are provided at the end of each chapter for further exploration into the literature of the relevant areas. To facilitate an easy reading of the information presented in this volume, chapters have been arranged according to the alphabetical order of the topics covered.
This Encyclopedia will appeal to researchers and professionals in the field of technology and the humanities, and can be used by undergraduate and graduate students studying the humanities.
Chan Sin-wai is Dean of the Ip Ying To Lee Yu Yee School of Humanities and Languages, Saint Francis University President of the Association for Translation Technology, and was Member of the Translation Technology Committee of the International Federation of Translators (FIT). He received his BA from The Chinese University of Hong Kong and his doctorate from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. He has published 62 academic books in 75 volumes, mainly scholarly monographs, bilingual dictionaries, and translated works in different fields.
Mak Kin-wah is President of Saint Francis University and Principal of the Caritas Bianchi College of Careers. He received his MBA from City University London, doctorate degree and graduate degree from the University of Cambridge, and undergraduate degree from The University of Western Australia. He is Chairman of English Schools Foundation; Chairman of Hong Kong Society for The Aged; Deputy Chairman of the ATAL Engineering Group; Council Member of The Hong Kong Management Association; and Member of Hong Kong Housing Authority. He is also Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers Hong Kong and Member of The Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology.
Leung Sze Ming is Vice-President (Administration) of Saint Francis University and Caritas Bianchi College of Careers in Hong Kong. She earned her PhD in education at The Chinese University of Hong Kong. The integrated learning experience of literature, linguistics, and education enables her to develop a wide range of research interests, for example, teacher feedback, writing instruction, and the use of ICT in language teaching and learning.
ROUTLEDGE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TECHNOLOGY AND THE HUMANITIES
Edited by Chan Sin-wai, Mak Kin-wah, and Leung Sze Ming
Designed cover image: agsandrew via Getty Images
First published 2024 by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge
The right of Chan Sin-wai, Mak Kin-wah, and Leung Sze Ming to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-1-032-04942-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-04941-0 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-19526-9 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003195269
Typeset in Times New Roman by codeMantra
L. Cloete
FIGURES
1.1 Robotic total station in a field project. This instrument can be handled by a single surveyor
1.2 RTK GPS employed during an archaeological field survey 11
1.3 Typical graphic interface of a CAD online viewing program 12
1.4 GIS user interface with full-3D functionalities enabled. Vector drawing is done with a 3D surface model as a geometrical reference 14
1.5 Terrestrial laser scanner is a very flexible instrument that is very well-suited for acquisitions performed in ‘difficult’ environments, where visibility conditions are not optimal 15
1.6 Image-based 3D modeling requires a dedicated software to be performed and good performing computational platforms 16
1.7 Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) employed in a field project 18
1.8 Landsat multispectral images can be accessed and downloaded for free and these represent a very useful source for the study of archaeological landscapes 20
1.9 Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) employed for making a DTM of a study area 21
1.10 LiDAR-derived DTM with slope enhanced and employed for the detection of archaeological features in forest land 22
2.1 Samples from the visiting lecturer series at the School of Architecture, University of Westminster
2.2 Technical lectures for first-year undergraduate students at the School of Architecture, University of Westminster 28
2.3 Observational sketch: Andrzez Kostrzewa 29
2.4 Observational sketches: NG Sear Nee
2.5 Glass floor
2.6 Brick plinth
2.7 Apple cantilever
2.8 Open-web truss
2.9 Hat stand
2.10 A 10-metre pedestrian bridge: tensegrity structure: scale model
2.11 Baywatch project: render: Matteo Rossetti
2.12 Bandstand: scale model 36
2.13 (a) and (b) Façade project: Amer Aldour: origami facade
2.14 (a) and (b) Façade project: Harish Persad: memory metal skin 38
5.1 Mixed reality at Ballarat Heritage Weekend 2018: fingers sideways to Microsoft HoloLens’ camera enables the HoloLens to select and virtually move a virtual ‘hologram’ (that only the boy can see, overlaid on his view of the real world) 81
5.2 Participatory Game Design Framework (PGDF) 83
5.3 Boolkaala (Banksia) is identified via the phone AR application (courtesy of Dr Hafizur Rahaman) 86
5.4 SS Xantho, WA Shipwrecks Gallery, Perth, Western Australia (courtesy of Dr. Mafkereseb Bekele) 86
6.1 Different focuses among the various design approaches 97
6.2 Model of the implementation of the emotion-adaptive engine in the design process
8.1 Use cases in recipe recommendation
8.2 Illustration of the support vector machine method
8.3 A tree representation of a recipe
8.4 Use cases in food image recognition
8.5 Use cases of cross-modal recipe retrieval
8.6 Modelling cross-modal recipe data in a joint embedding space
8.7 A search engine solution based on image-to-recipe retrieval
8.8 Use cases in recipe question answering
8.9 Structure of an open-domain QA system
8.10 Visual question answering (VQA) based on a cross-modal representation of a multimodal (image + text) query
8.11 An example of the VideoQA task in cooking
8.12 Some applications of recipe generation
8.13 Use cases of recipe generation
8.14 A recurrent neural network (RNN) for text generation
8.15 Pretraining and finetuning a LLM for recipe generation
8.16 Retrieving/generating recipes based on cooking videos
8.17 Use cases in food image generation
8.18 Training a generative adversarial network (GAN)
9.1 Conceptual framework (PrEDiC) for interpreting digital heritage (adopted from Rahaman, 2018)
9.2 Screenshot (partial) of the main page
9.3 Different groups and their task during the experiment
9.4 Frequency of using the experiment platform during the experiment week
9.5 Participants reporting on appreciation of their visit
9.6 Participants reporting on self-attitudinal changes
10.1 Interpreting technologies: pivotal concepts
10.2 Interpreting technologies used (Pielmeier and O’Mara, 2020: 47)
11.1 A sample of the training screen before selecting a preposition
11.2 A sample of the training screen after selecting a preposition
11.3 A sample of the picture elicitation assessment screen
12.1 Major domains of language technology (past, present, and future)
12.2 Primary idea of lemmatization of inflected words (Dash, 2021: 168)
12.3 Major types and subtypes of corpus annotation (Dash, 2021)
12.4 Application of language corpus across various domains (Dash, 2021)
13.1 Ellis’ own table of calculations
13.2 Jockers’ graph of the correlation
14.1 Aggregated social network of Jiang Kui, maximum node distance = 1
14.2 List of letters related to Wang Shizhen (partial screenshot)
14.3 Tagging function of MARKUS
14.4 Term clipper clipping the term “Yangzhou”
14.5 1-gram and 2-gram frequency analysis of Baishi Daoren Gequ
14.6 Proximity search for “wine” and “flower” in Zhou Bangyan’s ci lyrics
14.7 Word cloud of Zhou Bangyan’s ci lyrics
14.8 Word cloud of Jiang Kui’s ci lyrics
14.9 CKIP CoreNLP’s accurate word segmentation of lines containing the characters “jinhe”
14.10 3-gram word cloud for Baishi Daoren Gequ
14.11 Social network graph of Jiang Kui
14.12 Social network graph of Wen Tingshi
14.13 Social network graph of Xuehai Tang’s literati
14.14 Geographical distribution of Qing writers described as “proficient in poetry and prose writing”
14.15 Incorrect Geographical Placement of Xu Nanqing in Jiang Kui’s social network map 273
14.16 Wang Changling’s map of poetical itineraries (partial screenshot)
14.17 Search result for five consecutive level tones in system of Quan Tangshi Analysis (partial screenshot)
14.18 Variations of Yangzhou Man (partial screenshot)
14.19 Liu Yong’s ci lyrics with “4，4，6。” pattern (partial screenshot)
14.20 Display of tonal values (partial screenshot)
15.1 Lens model illustrating the relationship between the analytical concepts employed in this chapter
15.2 Temporal proportions between the main two pieces discussed in the present paper: 9 Beet Stretch (Inge 2002, realised by Vinjar in 2004) and Complete Beethoven Symphonies, in Compression Sound Art (Kreidler 2009), connected via Ninth Symphony (Beethoven 1824; recording by Drahos and Esterházy Sinfonia released on Naxos 1997)
288
16.1 Different dipping sticks gathered by Lapuente et al. (2016) 303
16.3 Unifacial and bifacial chopping cores (Image credit: Chazan and Horwitz, 2006) 307
20.1 SDL Trados Studio 2019 345
20.2 Workflow of translation project management (https://www.maxitrad.com/en/ languages-translation-documents.html) 347
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TABLES
9.1 Remembering, Recall and Identification of wrong information between groups
11.1 Seven selected pairs of in, at, over, and through polysemes
11.2 Effects of concept-based training on the learning of spatial and non-spatial polysemes
12.1 Classification of corpora based on different axes
12.2 The target end-users and the type of corpus they require
12.3 Sense variation of the English word game in the English corpus
12.4 Collocation of ‘time’ in British English texts
12.5 Generation of lemma and sets of suffixes by lemmatization
12.6 Morphological processing of a Bengali inflected finite verb
12.7 People and the type of corpus they require
14.1 Frequency comparison of ten selected characters in Zhou Bangyan and Jiangkui’s ci lyrics
14.2 Comparison of time adverbs in Zhou Bangyan and Jiang Kui’s ci lyrics
14.3 Variant forms of Nange Zi
14.4 Examples of alternative pronunciations of the character “yang” in Quan Tangshi
20.1 Evolution of translation technology
CONTRIBUTORS
Anita L. Cloete is Full Professor in Practical Theology, lecturing for (19) years at Huguenot College in Wellington (5 years) and University of Stellenbosch (14 years), respectively. She was the Head of the Department of Practical Theology & Missiology, 2014–2017 and the Chair of the Winter School Committee for five years for an annual event at the Faculty of Theology. She is a National Research Foundation rated scholar. Currently, she is the editor of the section on practical theology in the Stellenbosch Theological Journal. Her research areas include youth culture, spiritual formation, religion, and media. She published and supervised several postgraduate students in these areas. She recently (2019) edited a book with the title: Interdisciplinary Reflections on the Interplay between Religion, Film and Youth
Amic Garfield Ho graduated with a PhD Des, MEd, MDes, BA (Hons) Des (Visual Communication). Currently, Amic is Assistant Professor and the Programme Leader of BFA (Hons) in Imaging Design & Digital Art and BFA (Hons) in Cinematic Design & Photographic Digital Art at the Department of Creative Arts, Hong Kong Metropolitan University. His design expertise and research interests are in typography, emotion and design, and communication design.
Amic served as conference chair and editor of the proceedings book at the International Conference on Human Factors in Communication of Design (AHFE) and International Symposium of Creative Technology & Digital Media (AHFE); scientific advisory board in the International Conference on Affective and Pleasurable Design (AHFE). Moreover, he served as associate editor for Convergences – Journal of Research and Arts Education and has been on the advisory board for Art, Design & Communication in Higher Education (journal) and has acted as a reviewer for several design and education journals, including the International Journal of Design Research, Design Principles & Practices Journal Collection, The Learner Journal Collection, New Design Ideas (journal), International Journal of Food Design, She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation, etc. His research has been published in various academic journals, book chapters, and conference proceedings.
Chan Sin-wai is Professor-cum-Dean of the School of Humanities and Languages, Saint Francis University, Hong Kong. He was formerly Professor at the School of Humanities and Social Science, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and Professor at the Department of Translation, the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He was also Director of the Master of Arts in the
Contributors
Computer-Aided Translation Programme and Director of the Centre for Translation Technology. His teaching and research interests lie mainly in the areas of translation studies, translation technology, and bilingual lexicography. He is chief editor of the Journal of Translation Technology, published by the Chinese University of Hong Kong and editor of the International Journal of Techno-Humanities. He has published more than 66 academic books in 85 volumes, mainly dictionaries and scholarly monographs, and translated works in different fields. He edited An Encyclopaedia of Translation, revised Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture (bilingual edition), and authored A Dictionary of Translation Technology and A Chinese-English Dictionary of the Human Body. His book translations from Chinese into English include An Exposition of Benevolence, Palaces of the Forbidden City, Letters of Prominent Figures in Modern China, Paintings and Calligraphy of Jao Tsung-I, Stories by Gao Yang, An Illustrated History of Printing in Ancient China, Famous Chinese Sayings Quoted by Wen Jiabao, and Selected Works of Cheng Siwei: Economic Reforms and Development in China, Volume 2. He also translated My Son Yo Yo from English into Chinese. His edited books include Style, Wit and Word-Play (2012) and The Dancer and the Dance (2013), both published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. His most recent publications include The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language (2016), An Encyclopedia of Practical Translation (2018), The Human Factor in Machine Translation (2018), Routledge Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Culture (2020), and A Dictionary of Chinese Popular Sayings and Famous Quotes (2021).
Cheung on Tam was awarded Doctor of Philosophy in 2006 (University of London) and is currently working at the Education University of Hong Kong as Head of department and Associate Professor in the Department of Cultural and Creative Arts. His publications include Three Cases of Using Object-based Learning with University Students (2015) and Development, Implementation and Effectiveness of Using Online Lesson in Visual Arts Education: A Design-based Study (2021). His papers appeared in International Journal of Education Through Art (2010), Studies in Art Education (2022), Research in Arts Education (2010, 2016, 2019), Research in Learning Technology (2012), The International Journal of Art and Design Education (2017, 2018, 2019, 2023), Australian Art Education (2019), Special Education Perspectives (2015), and Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology (2008, 2016). He had been appointed visiting fellow by the Institute of Education, The University of London. He is co-editor of The International Journal of Art and Design Education. He has been principal investigator of a number of research projects, including Developing Students’ Critical Response to Visual Arts: A Study of Inquiry Approaches and Outcomes in Learning Art Criticism (General Research Fund, 2015), An Investigation of the Use of Group Dialogue and Questioning Strategies with Primary School Students Learning Visual Arts in Museums and Schools (General Research Fund, 2018), and Creating Connections: A Study of the Impact and Effectiveness of a Visual Arts Teacher-Curator Pedagogy (General Research Fund, 2021).
Claire Ka Yan Hui is a PhD student in the Department of Cultural and Creative Arts at the Education University of Hong Kong. Prior to her current position, Hui held posts across different arts and cultural contexts in both public and educational sectors, and completed a two-year museum trainee programme in the Hong Kong Museum of Art. She received a bachelor of arts degree in creative media with first class honours from City University of Hong Kong and a master of arts degree in cultural management from The Chinese University of Hong Kong. She was a recipient of the Entrance Scholarship from City University of Hong Kong and the HSBC Overseas scholarship to
Contributors
London, where she completed an Independent Studio Programme at the Slade School of Fine Art, University College London, United Kingdom. She also has an artistic practice and her works have been exhibited at galleries and art festivals in Hong Kong, Seoul, and London.
Danielle J. Williams is a Postdoctoral Fellow in Modeling Interdisciplinary Inquiry at Washington University in St. Louis. In 2022, she was a fellow for the Summer Seminars in Neuroscience and Philosophy program at Duke University. In Spring 2022, she was nominated for the Outstanding Graduate Student Teacher Award for her instruction of the course titled ‘Minds, Brains, and Computers.’ Her publications include “Markov Blankets: Realism and our Ontological Commitments” (Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2022) and “Realism and Instrumentalism in Bayesian Cognitive Science” (with Zoe Drayson, forthcoming in T. Cheng, R. Sato, and J. Hohwy, Eds., Expected Experiences: The Predictive Mind in an Uncertain World, Routledge).
Erik Champion is currently Enterprise Fellow at the University of South Australia, Honorary Professor at the Australian National University, Honorary Research Fellow at the University of Western Australia, and Emeritus Professor at Curtin University. At Curtin, he was UNESCO Chair of Cultural Heritage and Visualization, as well as Visualization Theme Leader and Steering Committee member at the Curtin Institute for Computation. Prior to Curtin, he was the project leader of DIGHUMLAB in Denmark. He wrote Rethinking Virtual Places (Indiana University Press, 2021), Critical Gaming: Interactive History and Virtual Heritage (Routledge, 2015), and Playing with the Past (Springer, 2011, the second edition appeared in 2023). He also wrote Organic Design in Twentieth-Century Nordic Architecture (Routledge, 2019), edited The Phenomenology of Real and Virtual Places (Routledge, 2018), and Game Mods: Design, Theory and Criticism (ETC Press, 2012), and co-edited Cultural Heritage Infrastructures in Digital Humanities (Routledge, 2017).
Erna Oliver is Full Professor of Church History in the Department of Christian Spirituality, Church History, and Missiology at the University of South Africa. In addition to her theological education from South African universities, she has a master’s degree in open distance e-learning from the University of Maryland University College in the United States and the University of South Africa (Unisa). She has co-published in more than 20 non-academic books and published more than 50 academic articles and several book chapters. She has acted as book editor in both the disciplines of theology and higher education. She is passionate about lifelong and life-wide learning and implementing the triangle of effective education (student-centered teaching, interactive learning, and transformative assessment) in higher education in theological curriculums to enhance not only knowledge, but also the capabilities and capacity for graduateness of theological students that enable them to become agents of positive change in their work and social environments. The links with and lessons that can be drawn from the past are focus points in her teaching of theology to the digital information age students.
Giacomo Landeschi is Associate Professor of Archaeology and Researcher at Lund University. His research interests include archaeological computing, landscape and field archaeology, and archaeological method and theory. His current research is focused on the development of advanced computational methods for analyzing the perceptual experience of a past landscape and the use of Artificial Intelligence for the detection of archaeological features in forest land.
Contributors
Gloria Corpas Pastor is Professor of Translation and Interpreting at the University of Malaga, Spain, and honorary adjunct professor at Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China. She is currently director of the Research Institute in Multilingual Language Technologies (IUITLM) and Head of the Research Group Lexicography and Translation (LEXYTRAD). Published and cited extensively, her research interests cover language technologies applied to translation and interpreting, NLP, corpus linguistics and computational phraseology. She has been recently awarded the Certificate of Commendation-Saint Francis Prize in Techno-Humanities (Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Hong Kong, 2022), “Flag of Andalucia Award” on Research, Science and Healthcare (Andalusian Government, 2023) or the “Carlomagno Research Award” in Arts and Humanities (2023), among others.
Grant Hamilton is Associate Professor of English at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He teaches and writes in the areas of computational literary studies, world literature, and literary theory. His most recent book is Mapping the Posthuman (2023), an edited collection of research on posthuman thought that features new work by world-leading voices in the field.
Gualtiero Piccinini is curators’ Distinguished Professor of Philosophy and Associate Director of the Center for Neurodynamics at the University of Missouri, St. Louis. In 2014, he received the Herbert A. Simon Award from the International Association for Computing and Philosophy. In 2018, he received the K. Jon Barwise Prize from the American Philosophical Association. In 2019, he received the Chancellor ’s Award for Research and Creativity from the University of Missouri, St. Louis. His publications include Physical Computation: A Mechanistic Account (Oxford University Press, 2015) and Neurocognitive Mechanisms: Explaining Biological Cognition (Oxford University Press, 2020).
Hafizur Rahaman is a technology-focused consultant, researcher, and educator with more than 12 years of professional experience in user experience research and advanced visualization in GLAM settings. He is a research academic at the Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, WA, Australia; he also works with CyArk (cyark.org) as a consultant in collaboration with Google Cultural Institute for digital documentation of two UNESCO world heritage sites. He has completed 19 research projects and published 35 research articles in reputed journals and peer-reviewed conference proceedings and has received five international awards.
Leung Sze Ming is Vice-President (Administration) at Saint Francis University in Hong Kong. She earned her PhD in education at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. The integrated learning experience of literature, linguistics, and education enables her to develop a wide range of research interests, for example, teacher feedback, writing instruction, and the use of ICT in language teaching and learning.
Mak Kin-Wah is currently President of Saint Francis University. He received an MBA from City University London, a doctorate and a graduate degree from the University of Cambridge and an undergraduate degree from The University of Western Australia Business School. He is Chairman of English Schools Foundation and Chairman of Hong Kong Society for The Aged. He is also on the board of Hong Kong Science & Technology Parks Corp. and Analogue Holdings Ltd. He is
Contributors
also a Member of Hong Kong Housing Authority, The Institute of Marine Engineering, Science & Technology, and the Institution of Civil Engineers Hong Kong and a Council Member at The Hong Kong Management Association.
Man Ho Ivy Wong is Assistant Professor in the Department of English Language and Literature at Hong Kong Shue Yan University. She also teaches postgraduate courses at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, including cognitive linguistics and its applications in language teaching and interdisciplinary approaches to multilingualism. Her research interests lie at the intersection of cognitive linguistics and second language acquisition. Her dissertation project on applying cognitive linguistics to English preposition learning earned her the Fulbright-Lee-Hysan scholarship to conduct research at Georgetown University in 2017–2018. Her current research project, Promoting Conceptual Development of English Prepositions among University Graduates through Humanand Computer-Assisted Instruction, has been funded by the Standing Committee on Language Education and Research of Education Bureau to investigate the applicability of cognitive linguistics to language learning in Hong Kong. She is currently holding a two-year Bowland Research Fellowship at the University of York starting October 2023 to further investigate the potentials of cognitive linguistics-inspired instruction on grammar learning in different contexts. Her research works have been published in top-tier journals such as Language Learning and TESOL Quarterly.
Natascha Radclyffe-Thomas is National Teaching fellow, Vice Chair of The Costume Society, Chair of the UN PRME UK and Ireland Chapter, and Editor-in-Chief for Bloomsbury Fashion Business Case Studies. Natascha is Professor in Marketing and Sustainable Business at the British School of Fashion, Glasgow Caledonian University London where she is also responsible for Academic Leadership for Business and Sustainability. Natascha’s cross-disciplinary research spans creative industries practice; sustainable fashion; social enterprise and responsible business; cultural heritage, consumer behavior; and international fashion marketing.
Natascha has a doctorate in education and extensive experience teaching in Europe, Asia, and North America and is an award-winning case study author and co-author of Fashion Management: A Strategic Approach . Natascha has a background in luxury fashion and is an internationally recognized educator and an inaugural advisory board member for the Council for International African Fashion Education. Natascha won the Case Centre 2020 Award for Ethics and Social Responsibility and was Runner-Up in the FT’s 2022 Responsible Business Educator Awards and recipient of multiple institutional and national awards, including being named in The SustainabilityX ® Magazine’s inaugural Global 50 Women In Sustainability Awards™2022.
Niladri Sekhar Dash (born in 1967) is Professor-in-Charge of the Social Sciences Division and Head of the Linguistic Research Unit of the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India. For the last three decades, he has been working in the areas of corpus linguistics and language technology, computational lexicography, documentation and digitization of endangered indigenous languages, computer-based language teaching, digital humanities and ethnography, manual and machine translation and dementia of bilingual aphasic patients. He is International Visiting Fellow of the British Academy, UK (2018), Visiting Research Scientist of the School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, the University of Reading, UK (2018–2024), Visiting Scholar of Language and Brain Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK (2019), and Visiting Scholar of the Institute of English, the University College London, UK (2022–2023). To his credit, Professor Dash has
Contributors
published 19 research books and more than 300 research papers in international and national journals, anthologies, and conference proceedings. His four unique theoretical contributions ([a] the use of data and information from corpora for compiling dictionaries, [b] the etymological annotation of words in text corpora, [c] the use of the SHELL method in ELT, and [d] the elicitation of free discourse texts for documentation of endangered languages) are widely acknowledged and referred to. He has delivered academic lectures or taught short-term courses in more than 100 universities and institutions in India and abroad. He has served in different capacities in Indian and international universities, government bodies, and international organizations like the UNESCO.
PerMagnus Lindborg 林博培, PhD, is a research-driven composer and sound artist. He has authored more than a hundred media artworks and compositions, commissioned or selected for ArtScience Museum (Singapore 2021), Osage Gallery (Hong Kong 2021), CubeFest (Virginia 2019), Berlin Konzerthaus (2018), Xuhui Museum (Shanghai 2017), Tonspur (Vienna 2016), National Gallery (Singapore 2015), Onassis Centre (Athens 2014), Moderna Museet (Stockholm 2008), and Centre Pompidou (Paris 2003). He has won awards for short films at World Film Carnival (2021), Cannes Short, and TIFF (2020), and for composition at SSO [First Prize] (Norway 2002), Forum [Audience Prize] (Canada 1996), and Young Artist and TONO Awards (Norway 1998, 1999, 2003). Refereed publications in PLoS One, Leonardo, Applied Acoustics, Frontiers, JAES, IRCAM-Delatour, and conference proceedings, such as SMC, ICMC, ICMPC, NIME, and ICAD. He serves as Vice-President for Asia-Oceania of the International Computer Music Association and Associate Pprofessor at the School of Creative Media, City University of Hong Kong.
Peter Silver is a teacher and coordinator of technical studies in the School of Architecture at the University of Westminster. Mr Peter Silver and Dr McLean have co-authored four books on architectural technology that have been published in nine languages and have sold over 10,000 copies worldwide.
Siu Chun Ho is Associate Professor in the Department of Chinese Language and Literature, the Chinese University of Hong Kong. His major research interests include Chinese versification, early medieval Chinese literature, and history of historical Chinese phonology. He received his doctor of letters degree from Kyoto University, and was awarded the Rohoku Prize 2016 in Japan for his research on the relationship of Chinese versification and Sanskrit poetics. Since then, he has been working on the history of recent style prosody and ci prosody, the construction of the Tang-Song Versification Database, and the conservation of Cantonese chanting. His recent publication includes Handbook of Cantonese Chanting in Hong Kong 《香港粵語吟誦手冊》 (2022) and New Exploration of the Arapacana Syllabary:Religion, Language and Politics of the Ming-Qing Period
《華嚴字母新探：明清宗教、語言與政治》 (2021). He is currently preparing a book manuscript on the Chinese Versification Studies in 17th–19th Century Chinese and Japanese Corpora and the revisit of kinsei tō’on’s phonological systems as seen in musical scores of Edo-period Japan.
Thomas Luk Yun-tong, Formerly a Professor in the Departments of English, Cultural and Religious Studies at The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Department of Literature, at Fo Guang University, Taiwan, was a Professor and Academic Leader in English studies, and Dean of School of Humanities and Social Science at Hang Seng Management College. He was the Head and
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Contributors
Professor of the Department of English at Hong Kong Chu Hai College and the Acting Dean of Faculty of Arts and Social Science. He received his PhD in comparative literature from the University of Michigan, the United States, having acquired his BA (Hons.) and MA in English respectively from the Chinese University of Hong Kong and York University, Canada.
Tsun Sing Hung is Lecturer (part-time) in the Department of English at Lingnan University and the Department of English Language and Literature at Hong Kong Shue Yan University. He obtained his MA in Linguistics (with a specialized stream in Language Acquisition and Bilingualism) and MPhil in English (Applied English Linguistics) from The Chinese University of Hong Kong and his Cambridge CELTA from International House London. His research interests lie primarily in the sociocultural approach to second language acquisition, feedback in second language writing (teacher feedback and peer feedback), conceptual metaphors and image schemas in cognitive linguistics, (critical) discourse analysis, and corpus linguistics. His current research project investigates how theories in cognitive linguistics and Sociocultural Theory in SLA and L2 education can be applied in the teaching of L2 English prepositions of movement to L1 Cantonese junior secondary school students in the Hong Kong ESL context.
Will Mclean is a teacher and coordinator of Technical Studies in the School of Architecture at the University of Westminster. Dr McLean and Mr Peter Silver have co-authored four books on architectural technology that have been published in nine languages and have sold over 10,000 copies worldwide.
Yeung Wing-lok completed his PhD in computer science in the United Kingdom. He has held various academic positions in universities in the United Kingdom and Hong Kong. He has taught various subjects in computing and information systems in undergraduate courses, including e-business and computer ethics. His research areas include software engineering and business process modelling. He has published in refereed academic journals, including Science of Computer Programming, Formal Methods in System Design, Journal of Systems and Software, and International Journal of Production Research His current research interests include chatbots and questionanswering systems.
Xiaojun Zhang is Associate Professor in Translation Technology at Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University and an Honorary Associate at the University of Liverpool. He is Adjunct Professor at Northwestern Polytechnical University and the Open University of Cyprus in natural language processing. He is professional conduct committee member of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and the Deputy Chairman of Translation Technology Education Society affiliated to World Interpreter and Translator Training Association. He has held academic staff and researcher positions at reputed educational institutions in China, Ireland, and the United Kingdom after he had obtained his PhD degree in computational linguistics in 2008. He is scientific member at top conferences in natural language processing areas as ACL, EMNLP, LREC, CWMT, CCL, and AACL. He is also peer reviewer of international and national journals. His research interests cover translation technology, natural language processing, and practical translation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to express our most sincere and profound gratitude to Andrea Hartill, Senior Publisher at Routledge, for her strong support towards the publication of this work. We have benefited enormously from her professionalism in the publication of this book. Our thanks also go to Iola Ashby, Editorial Assistant at Routledge, for her great efforts in the production of this volume. Special thanks are due to contributors of this Encyclopedia for their time and effort in writing chapters for this volume, to Florence Li Wing Yee and Jessica Ng Tsz Hei, our colleagues at Saint Francis University, for their assistance in the production of this work, and to Dr Wei Yuxiang, Research Associate at Saint Francis University, for compiling the index.
INTRODUCTION
Chan Sin-wai, Mak Kin-wah, and Leung Sze Ming
Preamble
We are living in an age of technology. Technology is ubiquitous and super-powerful, bringing many positive changes to our life. Technology has been used in a multitude of areas, one of which is the humanities, which is known in general as “techno-humanities”. The growth of the humanities in this digital age obviously relies on technology. It should be noted that techno-humanities grows from digital humanities. Digital humanities has been around for decades. Many centres of digital humanities have been established since the 1980s, more than 40 years ago. A quick survey reveals that the importance of digitizing humanities materials is widely recognized by many universities in the world. As a result, around 70 research centres have been set up in different countries, mostly in the West, and more than 80 English books on digital humanities have been published in the past 2 decades. The achievements in the area of digital humanities lead to the emergence of techno-humanities, which is not merely about digitizing materials in the arts, but mainly about the use and development of technology for the humanities. It is therefore a step beyond digital humanities, a marriage of technology and the arts. It is about time to sum up the scholarship in this field and look into its future. This first encyclopedia on technology and humanities is a pioneer attempt to introduce a wide range of disciplines in the emerging field of techno-humanities to the English-reading world, covering topics such as archaeology, cultural heritage, design, fashion, linguistics, music, philosophy, and translation. It has 20 chapters by 26 local and international scholars. Each chapter has its own theme and addresses issues of significant interest in the respective disciplines. References are provided at the end of each chapter for further exploration into relevant literature. To facilitate an easy reading of the information presented in this volume, chapters have been arranged according to the alphabetical order of the topics covered.
Topics in the Encyclopedia Archaeology
The application of technology to archaeology should be of great interest to many. In Chapter 1, ‘Advancing Archaeological Research: The Contribution of Spatial Technologies’, Professor
Giacomo Landeschi of Lund University in Sweden, a specialist in archaeological computing, provides an overview of the main achievements gained through the use of new technologies to archaeology in recent decades. It focuses on technologies for site documentation in field archaeology and landscape archaeology and non-destructive methods for the prospection of an archaeological landscape prospection.
Architecture
In Chapter 2, ‘A Critical Pedagogy for Architectural Technology’, Mr Peter Silver and Dr Will McLean of the School of Architecture, the University of Westminster, outline their human-oriented approach to teaching architectural technology to architecture students. They emphasize the connection between technology and human culture, thereby enabling students to develop strong intuition on abstract technical details. They illustrate this approach in the chapter with examples from student projects.
Art
In Chapter 3, ‘Virtual Technology, Online Resources, and Learning with/in Art Museums’, Dr Tam Cheung On and Ms Claire Hui Ka Yan of the Education University of Hong Kong provide a timely review of digital and virtual technologies in museum education. Their review covers the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the educational landscape and highlights the role of virtual technology in the learning experience beyond physical museum spaces. This chapter ends with a brief review of some relevant studies.
Communication
In Chapter 4, ‘Empathic Communication in Customer–Chatbot Service Encounters’, Dr Yeung Wing-lok of Saint Francis University discusses some ethical issues on the use of AI technology in human–computer communication. He focuses on the increasing use of AI chatbots in customer service and argues that empathy is a necessary communication skill for chatbots from an ethical point of view. Furthermore, the chapter reviews some challenges to endowing chatbots with empathy.
Culture
In Chapter 5, ‘DH-XR: Extended Reality’s Relevance to the Digital Humanities’, Professor Erik Champion of the University of South Australia and Dr Hafizur Rahaman of Curtin University explore the use of digital technology in the dissemination of cultural heritage. They cover 3D models, virtual/extended reality, game design, etc. and discuss issues and challenges involved in these technologies. They also introduce immersive (digital) literary as a relevant learning skill for cultural heritage in this digital age.
Design
In Chapter 6, ‘Exploration of the Emotion-Adaptive Engine in the Computer-Aided Design Process’, Dr Amic G. Ho of Hong Kong Metropolitan University discusses the role of human emotions
in experience-based design and how emotional factors can be incorporated into the design process. The chapter reviews some technologies for recognizing and measuring users’ emotions and their use in designing experiences that adapt to users’ emotions.
Fashion
Technology has been core to the development of the fashion and textiles industries. Professor Natascha Radclyffe-Thomas of the British School of Fashion, Glasgow Caledonian University, London in the United Kingdom, in Chapter 7, ‘Technology and Fashion: Fashioning Technology –Science, Selfs, and Systems’, reviews the trends and technological innovations in the production (smart textiles, 3D printing, etc.), promotion (social media, online communities, etc.) and consumption (e-commerce, market analytics, etc.) of fashion. This chapter concludes with thoughts on the role of technology in the future fashion industry.
Food
Food, as we all know, is a very important part of a culture and recipes are a major source of useful information in our daily lives. From conventional cookbooks to YouTube cooking videos, one can find numerous cooking ideas and practical instructions readily available through various channels. Finding or recommending recipes that meet our needs is, however, not always an easy task. Researchers have studied many intelligent ways of meeting such needs using computational methods. Deep learning has recently opened up interesting and powerful ways to exploit the vast troves of recipes and food images amassed in digital forms and support innovative use cases in food- and health-related applications. In Chapter 8, ‘Deep Learning for Recipe Generation’, Professor Chan Sin-wai of Saint Francis University provides an overview of these use cases, reviewing the use of AI technology in the visualization of Chinese recipes with English translations through text (recipe)-to-image and image-to-text (recipe) generators and make human and automatic evaluations of their outputs and quality.
Heritage
To maintain cultural heritage is a daunting task to perform. In Chapter 9, ‘Convergence and Fragmentation: End-Users, Dialogic Interaction, and Digital Heritage’, Professor Hafizur Rahaman of Curtin University in Australia consider a user-centric approach to design in digital heritage projects with an emphasis on end-users’ interpretation through dialogic interaction. He also report on a user study in a project based on this approach and reflect on its findings.
Interpreting
In the field of interpreting, great efforts have been made to incorporate technology in the work of consecutive and simultaneous interpreting, which is perceived as a “technological turn” in computer-aided interpreting. In Chapter 10, ‘Ready for the Future? Towards the “Tech” Revolution in Interpreting’, Professor Gloria Corpas Pastor of the University of Malaga in Spain provides an overview of technologies that have been applied to interpreting and gives a roadmap for the future development of interpreting technologies.
Language
Language technology has been around for many years. The use of technology in education is educational technology. In Chapter 11, ‘Concept-Based Grammar Teaching in the Digital Era’, Dr Ivy Wong Man Ho of the Department of English Language and Literature of Hong Kong Shue Yan University and Mr Hung Tsun Sing of the same university discuss the challenges of using computer-assisted language learning (CALL) technologies in Second Language (L2) Education and highlight the importance of pedagogical groundedness in ensuring the effectiveness of these technologies. They introduce a concept-based pedagogical approach in the form of a five-step guide for designing CALL and report on a pilot study in the effectiveness of this approach in an eCALL tutor for teaching L2 grammar.
Linguistics
The chapter on linguistics and technology is written by Professor Niladri Sekhar Dash of the Indian Statistical Institute in India. In Chapter 12, ‘Corpus Linguistics and Language Technology’, he reviews the state-of-the-art in corpus linguistics and language technology. The review covers some major domains of technology applications, including digital font generation and conversion, language corpus building, corpus processing, corpus annotation, and corpus utilization.
Literary Criticism
The employ of technology to literary criticism is an under-explored area. In Chapter 13, Technology and Literary Criticism’, Professor Grant Hamilton of the Department of English of The Chinese University of Hong Kong reviews the genealogy of computational literary studies and highlights the role of technology in literary criticism. The review covers significant developments in the field from early speculations on stylometry to the recent advances in artificial intelligence.
Literature
Digital humanities in the field of classical Chinese literature is far from adequate, hindering effective data retrieval. In Chapter 14, ‘Digital Humanities and Classical Chinese Literature’, Professor Siu Chun Ho of the Department of Chinese Language and Literature of The Chinese University of Hong Kong introduces text mining tools and visualization tools for classical Chinese literature, besides pointing out the weaknesses of current electronic resources for Chinese versification studies.
Music
Digital music is currently in vogue. Studies on electronic classical music, however, is relatively rare. In Chapter 15, ‘Re-scaling Beethoven: Very Long, Very Short’, Professor PerMagnus Lindborg of the City University of Hong Kong considers our perceptions of iconic musical works as filtered through the technology of sound recording and reproduction. He discusses how musical pieces of extreme (long or short) durations are perceived and characterized by listeners in terms of continuity, slowness, and repetition for very long pieces; and recognizability and specificity for very short pieces. With an experiment based on Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony and a couple of its
derivatives, the overarching concept of iconicity is brought out as a quality enabled by technologies of appropriation.
Philosophy
The relationship between technology and philosophy has not been deeply explored. In Chapter 16, ‘Philosophy and Technology’, Ms Danielle J. Williams of the University of California at Davis and Professor Gualtiero Piccinini of the University of Missouri – St. Louis ask some core philosophical questions about technology. They consider ideas such as artifacts, functions, and goals, pertaining to technology as well as its relationships with science and with humans and non-humans (such as animals). They also discuss the ethical and policy implications of technology.
Religion
The subject of religion and technology is an interesting one. In Chapter 17, ‘Religion and Technology’, Professor Erna Oliver, who is Professor of Church History in the Department of Christian Spirituality, Church History, and Missiology at the University of South Africa, reviews the evolution of technology in the dissemination of religious ideas over many centuries. The chapter also discusses how technology has brought about revolutions in human self-understanding with major implications to religion.
Theatre
Technology is widely used in theatrical performances. Professor Thomas Luk Yun-tong, formerly of Hong Kong Chu Hai College, in Chapter 18, ‘Integration of Technology and the Theatre: a Hong Kong Case Study’, looks at the ways technology integrates into the theatres in Hong Kong and the changes it has resulted. A major observation that the author makes is that the incorporation of technology into the theatre is closely related to the political, cultural, and economic conditions of Hong Kong, which helps the city to maintain its cultural identity.
Theology
In Chapter 19, ‘Being Human in a Technology-Driven World: Checkmate or Opportunity for Social Responsibility?’, Professor Anita L. Cloete of Stellenbosch University in South Africa describes a vision of life that is increasingly altered by technology and compares it with the vision of Christian theology. This chapter considers the complex relationship between technology and being human from an especially Christian theological perspective. It concludes with some suggestions on theological and spiritual practices in everyday living.
Translation
The final chapter of this encyclopedia is on translation technology, which has been around for more than seven decades. In Chapter 20, ‘Translation and Technology’, Professor Zhang Xiaojun of Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University in China first gives a review of computer-based translation systems and tools since the mid-20th century and discusses their positive and negative impact on the society. He then presents some future trends in translation technology in which AI-powered
machine translation would play a prominent role in a likely transition from computer-assisted human translation to human-assisted computer translation.
Concluding Remarks
A common thread of all the chapters in this volume has been the profound impact of technology on various subjects in the humanities. We all know that the scope of humanities is immensely large and it is impossible for an encyclopedia of the present size to embrace even its essential areas. It is hoped that more topics could be included in an enlarged and updated edition in the future.
1 ADVANCING ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
The Contribution of Spatial Technologies
Giacomo Landeschi
Spatial Technologies in Archaeology
There is a vast literature describing the application of digital technologies and quantitative methods to the study and the investigation of archaeological data, in a multiscalar and multitemporal perspective (Daly and Evans 2004; Wheatley and Gillings 2002; Forte and Campana 2016). In this context, the past 20 years have marked an important turning point due to the dramatic advances that have been occurring in the field of computer graphics, where very sophisticated tools have enabled archaeologists to deal with spatial information in an innovative way.
Spatial data is a crucial component of archaeological investigations as the discipline typically deals with the study of the human past and the context in which such past human activity has taken place. It is therefore crucial for archaeologists to rely on analytical methods that consider the spatial dimension of the context under investigation. Back in the 1960s, statistical and inferential methods were introduced and adopted in connection with the development of the first computers and applied to the study of past human phenomena (settlement patterns, artifact distribution, etc.) and this has led to the introduction of the first database management systems that soon became a standard toolkit for handling archaeological field documentation. In this context, Geographical Information Systems (GISs) represented an important tool that was developed to locate and analyze archaeological data in a spatial perspective. Among the non-destructive prospecting techniques, several methods were introduced as early as the 1940s (Wynn 1986), and these included geophysical techniques, aerial photography, and satellite remote sensing, just to name some of the most widespread ones. It comes not as a surprise that an increasing interest has been devoted to a vast array of techniques that could have helped archaeologists detect new archaeological material, collect and store data in a more rigorous way, and made them available to an increasing number of stakeholders, including professional archaeologists, heritage management boards, museum curators, and of course, the general public. The purpose of this chapter is thus to provide an overview of the most widespread techniques and the more remarkable advances that have occurred in the field of archaeology. For the sake of brevity and clarity, this contribution will mainly focus on the practices of field documentation and landscape analysis, where multiple methods and techniques have been introduced and integrated during the past 40 years.
In the first part, field documentation methods will introduce the reader to a set of tools, devices, and software packages that have now become a common standard in archaeological practice, helping archaeologists keep track of all the stratigraphic unit information along with related artifacts/ ecofacts. These instruments include measurement/positioning tools, such as total stations, Global Positioning Systems (GPSs), drawing tools for the documentation of the spatial entities recorded in the field, database management systems, archiving platforms, and Cloud-based devices for the dissemination and sharing of the collected data. On the other hand, the second part will be focused more on the application of tools in the analysis and interpretation of archaeological landscapes, with an introduction to the most advanced methods for non-destructing prospection of vast areas considered of archaeological interest. These instruments include geophysical prospection, satellite remote sensing, aerial photography, LiDAR sensors, and all those methods for acquiring data as three-dimensional objects, defined by independent x, y, z coordinates.
Field Archaeology
An interesting area of applications for digital methods is field archaeology, where an increasing number of techniques are being applied to generate a deeper insight into the stratigraphic sequence under scrutiny. When it comes to the documentation process, it is crucial for archaeologists to rely on a robust workflow for the collection and visualization of information that can eventually lead to a better interpretation of the material evidence. In terms of documentation strategies, stratigraphy poses significant challenges because of its very nature of being a four-dimensional entity, where layers correspond to chronological phases superimposed as a result of anthropic and natural events. Traditional drawing techniques often fail in their attempt to represent the verticality of the stratigraphic layers as well as the temporal dimension of the actions recorded in the sequence. This is why advanced methods of 3D data representations recently had an astonishing boost in the discipline, becoming in many countries a de facto standard for archaeological field documentation. Yet, the process of 3D data collection is far from being straightforward and requires a lot of training as the techniques in use must be handled by specialists who are aware of the settings and parameters to be employed during the different phases of data collection and post-processing. In general, it is pretty common nowadays to manage archaeological field data in a georeferenced space, and for this purpose, GISs have long been a standard for data documentation (whereas a significant community of practitioners still prefer using Computer Aided Drawing [CAD] programs) (Lieberwirth et al. 2015; Buna et al. 2014). It is clear then that geolocation is an essential attribute of any digital object/model made for representing archaeological information and the techniques in use for georeferencing are a primary component of an ideal workflow of field archaeology data documentation. In this context, two main categories of devices are in use among field archaeologists and these are respectively total stations and GPSs. Both of the techniques provide users with the possibility of defining the spatial location of an object according to a triplet of coordinates defined by a geographic coordinate system. Nevertheless, there are still substantial differences that characterize the use of these two categories of instruments, making it necessary for archaeologists to know the advantages and limitations of both. As will be described more thoroughly in the next paragraph, the total station typically reaches a high spatial accuracy, quantifiable in a few millimeters, which makes this instrument particularly suited for measuring object position on a large-scale map (i.e. when very small details on the ground must be represented). On the other hand, GPS is typically used for smaller-scale surveys and data collection, due to a coarser spatial accuracy, ranging from 1 to 3 cm. There is no unique solution when it comes to field surveying,
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