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Hyperreality and Global Culture

This book explores a world where the boundaries between reality and representation have become blurred, a world where fictional dramas on TV are used as teaching aids, or where a company promotes itself by advertising an imaginary product.

Drawing on examples from around the globe, Nick Perry presents a fascinating and at times highly entertaining analysis of both familiar objects and situations as well as the more unusual and absurd. Meals served in British pubs, motorcycle gangs in downtown Tokyo, Australian movies, American corporate whistle blowing and the drama series ‘LA Law’ are just some of the examples used by the author in his engaging survey of the many contemporary manifestations of a modern sense of the ‘unreal’.

HyperrealityandGlobalCulturealso engages with well known theorists of contemporary culture, from Baudrillard and Umberto Eco to Jameson and Said. It is essential reading for students, both those involved in media and cultural studies as well as sociology and social theory.

Nick Perry is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Auckland. Recent publications include TheDominionofSigns(1994).

SOCIAL FUTURES SERIES

Hyperreality and Global Culture NickPerry

Firstpublished1998 by Routledge

11New Fetter Lane, London EC4P4EE

This editionpublishedin the Taylor &Francis e-Library, 2002. Simultaneouslypublishedin the USAandCanada by Routledge

29West35thStreet, New York, NY10001

© 1998 Nick Perry

The right of Nick Perry to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

BritishLibrary Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library ofCongress Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book has been requested

ISBN 0-415-10514-5 (hbk)

ISBN 0-415-10515-3 (pbk)

ISBN 0-203-01937-7 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-21020-4 (Glassbook Format)

DOI: 10.4324/9780203019375

FOR JAN

ListofIllustrations

Acknowledgements

Introduction From original/copy to original copy

1 Antipodean Camp

2 Am I Rite? Or Am I Write? Or Am I Right? Reading The SingingDetective

3 Post-Pictures And Ec(H)O Effects

4 On First Buying Into Munich's Bmw 325iA

5 The Emporium Of Signs

6 Indecent Exposures Theorizing whistleblowing

7 Dead Men and New Shoes

8 Travelling Theory/Nomadic Theorizing Notes

Bibliography

Index

Illustrations Figures

1.1 (Former) New Zealand Prime Minister David Lange and friend

1.2 A rock and a hard pla(i)ce—pottery by Peter Lange

4.1 The Vierzylinder , BMW’s administrative building, Munich

4.2 Alexander Calder art car

4.3 Frank Stella art car

4.4 Roy Lichtenstein art car

4.5 Andy Warhol art car

4.6 Michael Jagamara Nelson art car

5.1 Pachinko parlour in Kobe

5.2 Advertisement in Tokyo subway

5.3 Sign outside fashion boutique, Tokyo

5.4 Manhole cover, Tokyo

5.5 Shop front, Tokyo

5.6 ‘Locked in Love’: news item, MainichiDailyNews,June 1991

5.7 Emaat entrance to shrine, Kyoto

5.8 Suntory’s ‘Beer Nouveau 1991 Natsu’ with design by Ken Done

8.1 The Economist’s 1993 ‘Big Mac’ currency index

Acknowledgements

Chapter 2 is an updated and expanded version of material which featured in a collection of my essays entitled TheDominionofSigns (1994). Parts of Chapter 6 are incorporated in a forthcoming paper (with the same title as here) in OrganizationStudiesand Chapter 8 is a much revised version of an essay which appeared in Organization2 (1) in 1995.

The photograph of David Lange and friend is reproduced by permission of TheEveningPost,Wellington Newspapers Ltd; the photograph of Peter Lange's pottery is by courtesy of the New ZealandHerald.BMW AG in Munich kindly provided photographic materials on the BMW art car collection and their headquarters and granted consent to their use. The studio shot of ‘Beer Nouveau 1991 Natsu’ was taken by the photography section of The University of Auckland's Audio Visual Department, who were also responsible for transforming my snapshots of Japan into black and white prints. The MainichiDailyNewswere approached for permission to reproduce a photograph of the ‘Locked in Love’ item from their pages but had not responded at the time of going to press.

My thanks to friends and colleagues Terry Austrin, Ian Carter, John Decks, Geoff Fougere, John and Liz Jackson, Mike Hanne, Roger Horrocks, Roy Larke, Robert Leonard, Bob Lingard, Barney McDonald, Greg McLennan, Kazuo Mizuta, Ravi Palat, George Pavlich, Mike and Ceris Reed, Laurence Simmons, Yoshiaki Ueda, Roy and Jill Wilkie for their hospitality, comments and criticism. Thanks also to series editor Barry Smart, both for asking me to write the

book and for the forbearance which both he and Routledge senior editor Mari Shullaw showed as the deadline for delivery of the manuscript came and went. To Routledge's reviewers for their sympathetic and constructive readings of the draft manuscript. To Kate and Lisa, for tolerating my variable demeanour as the book was being written. Above all my thanks to Jan —for being Jan, really— and thus routinely combining affection and intelligence in first presenting me with a copy of Umberto Eco's TravelsinHyperreality, in bringing to my attention the LALaw/Sutherland'sLawobservation in Chapter 2; the Lexus advert in Wiredin Chapter 4; Bickerton's pidgin/creole distinction inChapter 5; and Lennane's BritishMedical Journal(BMJ)paper on the health hazards of ‘blowing the whistle’ in Chapter 6. This book is your fellow traveller's indirect way of saying —in what Eco's post-Barbara Cartland subjects have pre-emptively recognized is an age of lost innocence—that I love you madly.

Introduction From original/copy to original copy

Umberto Eco (1987) employs the term hyperreality to invoke what he understands as those culturally specific situations in which the copy comes first, whereas for Jean Baudrillard (1983b) it corresponds to that altogether more general contemporary condition in which both representation and reality have been displaced by simulacra (defined as copies without originals). Inasmuch as the concept was developed against the background of either a settled sense of history (Eco) or a dystopian conception of the future (Baudrillard) an effect has been to invest it with an aura of either condescension or anxiety. The former sentiment has, however, tended to be subverted by Eco's sub-textual fascination with the exotic and the latter by Baudrillard's positive enthusiasm for excess. The potential for a less axiomatic, more secular approach to the subject is nevertheless discernible in Eco's more generous moments and is hinted at in the mellower melancholy of Baudrillard's America (1988) and CoolMemories(1990). This is what this book aims to build upon. It does not presume that the meaning of hyperreality is either invariant or unavailable, but rather treats such meanings and the responses to them as subjects for investigation. It is about hyperrealities, with these approached through a series of probes, rather than about hyperreality, as this might be understood in relation to such blunt (if powerful) instruments as ‘late capitalism’ or ‘consumerism’.

The book is therefore less about the elaboration of a theory of hyperreality than about the development of an appropriate mode for theorizing the plurality of its determinations and the diversity of its manifestations. The essay form is consistent with interpretations that are provisional and with interrogations that are seriously playful. There is an emphasis on doing theoretical work that is responsive to details and which prioritizes bricolage as a working principle. One effect is to cut across distinctions between indigenous and imported cultures; to probe for what is referred to in the final chapter as the parochialism of the cosmopolitan and the globalism of the local; to offer neither yet another vindication of the international, nor yet another celebration of the marginal, but rather a problematizing of such a contrast.

A location at the edge of the (Western) world is especially conducive to these kinds of Delphic observations. If you routinely have your head in onelocation and your feet in another, then the oracular effectively becomes the secular. For under such conditions hyperrealities seem in no way exotic. For example, the snow scenes on New Zealand Christmas cards signal the arrival of summer—just as the fertility symbols of Easter (eggs and rabbits) signal its departure. Or again, the nation has a higher proportion of overseas content on its national television than anywhere else in the Western world. There is a cavalier mixture of Australian, American, and British material plus a smattering from other locations. What results is not the experience of a radical otherness, but rather glimpses of difference. This makes for distinctive forms of peripheral vision, elliptical rather than optical, flashes of understanding that can serve as an early warning system for others.

They can do so because under the impact of globalization this kind of cultural circumstance has ceased to seem idiosyncratic. It has instead become paradigmatic in that—to rework and qualify McKenzie Wark's (1994) felicitous maxims— we have aerials as well as roots and terminals as well as origins. The confused mixture of signals that results from being poised between discrepant discourses is, however, not just where I happen to live. It is also where I find myself at home. It is (to paraphrase the New Zealand poet Allen Curnow (1962)) a small house with big windows, which is, however, neither built upon a densely-layered and generally stable notion of the past nor does it face towards an apocalyptic conception of the future. The incoming images are necessarily refracted through the glass of a culture and a history that is both stained and flawed— attributes that are both the source of pleasures and the cause of difficulties. For what can be seen from such a location is a disorderly combination of fragments; glimpses of Britain, America, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, Australia, science, literature, television, shopping and theme parks. What follows is therefore part methodological quest, part methodological guide to such a landscape—explorations that are at once exemplars for the lived experience of hyperrealism and ways of interrogating it.

Each of the eight chapters may be read as a self-contained essay but each forms part of a cumulative argument. The bulk of the book thus consists of a series of substantive cases which range across the planet, but which have been constructed with an eye both to their global familiarity and their foregrounding of forms of local distinctiveness. The opening chapter is an interpretation of the cultural conditions from which the book's methodology emerges—

that pattern of stylized subversion and sardonic distancing that is shared by Australian and New Zealand cultural producers and which I have called ‘antipodean camp’. Chapter 2 employs the modes of reading associated with such a location in order to investigate the representation of ‘Britishness’ (and its relation to the idea of ‘America’) in the BBC television series TheSingingDetective.The third chapter explores what Roland Barthes (1977a:32–51) has called ‘Italianicity’ as it is manifested in Benetton's advertising and in Umberto Eco's travels in America. The notion of ‘Germanness’ is considered in Chapter 4 by way of one of its best known icons—a BMW. Chapter 5 focuses upon Japan, or rather upon how the exoticizing uses made of Western images within modern Japan introduces instabilities into conventional Japan/West distinctions. Chapter 6 has a specifically American setting but a universally relevant subject—the fate of the truth claims of scientific ‘whistleblowers’ under hyperreal conditions. The two remaining chapters can either be read as attempts to weave Ariadne threads through this global eclecticism or, alternatively, as a pedagogical and theoretical soft policing of its disorderliness. Hence Chapter 7 is about the pedagogic problems posed by, and the procedural lessons that can be gleaned from, the hyperreal's expanding jurisdiction. The subject matter of Chapter 8 is the notion of a theoretical community; the objective is to probe the implications, for the practice of theorizing, of the globalization of theories.

1 Antipodean Camp

DOI: 10.4324/9780203019375-1

An essay by Walter Benjamin contains the most famous allegory on the experience of modernity which the archive of critical theory has to offer. Benjamin conceived of a Paul Klee drawing entitled AngelusNovusas having portrayed ‘the angel of history’, in that:

His face is turned towards the past. Where we perceive a chain of events, he sees one single catastrophe which keeps piling ruin upon ruin and hurls it in front of his feet. The angel would like to stay, awaken the dead and make whole what has been smashed. But a storm is blowing from Paradise; it has got caught in his wings with such violence that the angel can no longer close them. The storm irresistibly propels him into the future to which his back is turned, while the pile of debris before him grows skyward. This storm is what we call progress.

(Benjamin1968:257–8)

Theodor Adorno (1977:194–5) was subsequently to interpret this same drawing as ‘the angel of the machine…whose enigmatic eyes force the onlooker to try to decide whether he is announcing the culmination of disaster or salvation hidden within it’. A further transmutation of Benjamin's inter-war image of the ruins of modernity occurs in Wim Wenders’ 1988 film WingsofDesirein which the angel confronts the bleak cityscape of a divided post-war Berlin and its inhabitants. Wingsof Desirewas completed just before the Berlin Wall was itself reduced to ruins, and in Richard Wolin's (1994:lii) intellectual biography of Benjamin,

the film is interpreted as an inordinately dispirited and characteristically postmodern borrowing, one which has the effect of excising that utopian sensibility that Wolin sees as infusing Benjamin's work (as expressed, for example, in the notion of Paradise as the source of the storm). What Wenders’, Adorno's and Benjamin's permutations on this allegory have in common is a pervasive melancholy, a melancholy that reaches across the historical distance and contextual distinctions between their texts. That allegory's mythic associations are, however, now so subdued, if not lost, as to edge them all, but Wenders in particular, towards an unsought ‘campiness’(this tendency is aided and abetted in WingsofDesireby the presence of Peter Falk as a ‘Columbo’-like figure). The result is that the foregrounding of artifice fails to function as a Brechtian-style provocation or incentive by which to forge a connection with that lived reality external to the text. Rather the effect is of a sliding in the very processes of signification which works as if to tacitly confirm the instability of that conception of meaning and representation on which such a connection is premised.

In Peter Sloterdijk's (1988) attempt to formulate what has been called a postmodernism of resistance, the allegorizing is altogether less angelic and ethereal and altogether more embodied and down-to-earth. His CritiqueofCynicalReasonderives from Diogenes and is exemplified not only by the Greek philosopher's famous injunction to the young Alexander of Macedonia to ‘stop blocking his sunlight’, but also by his indifference to the prevailing dress codes and by his act of public masturbation in the Athenian marketplace. This invests the traditionally derisive epithet, ‘wanker’, with a somewhat novel set of associations, whilst yet cryptically affirming that wry reflection from Martin Crowley's stage play TheBoysin theBandthat, ‘the great thing about masturbation is that you don't have to look your best’ (1970:12).

Yet both Andreas Huyssen and Jürgen Habermas hint at continuities between Benjamin's imagery and Sloterdijk's text. Huyssen (1988:ix) prefaces his foreword to the book with a quote from Brecht, ‘Reduced to his smallest dimension, the thinker survived the storm’. And the English translation of the book carries an observation from Habermas’ review of the German edition which suggests that Sloterdijk, ‘gleans from the pile of rubble a piece of truth. He calls this truth the cynical impulse’. Sloterdijk's search for the ‘lost cheekiness’ of Diogenes and the Greek cynics, prompts him to see that,

In intellectual trash, in the cynical show, in the hysterical uprising and in the crazy parade, the suffocating armor around the wellbehaved wild ego loosens up: RockyHorrorPictureShow, the hot-cold hissing death drive of the hunger for oneself.

(Sloterdijk1988:128)

Althzough Sloterdijk is on to something here, by viewing the appeal of such practices through the filter of a high modernist lens he can find only the apocalyptic, the nihilistic and that antipathy to meaning and form which such an avant-gardist perspective valorizes. What is missing is both a recognition of, and responsiveness to, what Dana Polan identifies as ‘a fundamental weirdnessin contemporary mass culture’ (1986:182, italics in original) and, more specifically, an awareness of that playfulness (that is not quite affection) which accompanies such thoroughly stylized subversions of, and sardonic distancing from, hitherto dominant forms. This is only another way of saying that TheRockyHorrorPictureShow was written by a New Zealander (Richard O'Brien) although it is not to say that it could onlyhave been written by aNew Zealander. But it is perhaps only in New Zealand, or just possibly Australia, that a conservative former Prime Minister (Sir Robert Muldoon) would prove willing, eager even, to

take time out from advertising gardening products in order to act as the master of ceremonies for a stage version of TheRockyHorrorPicture Show. In doing so he was no doubt aware that, in Auckland as elsewhere, a suburban cinema had for several years regularly screened the film version on Saturday nights. And that the film's loyal audiences were prone to signal their thoroughly institutionalized familiarity with the screenplay by replicating the actors’ modes of attire and emulating the action as it unfolded on the screen.

TheRockyHorrorPictureShow, the matter of fact willingness of an exPrime Minister to act as its MC (Master of Ceremonies) and to subsequently appear, complete with the appropriate cloak and make-up, as Count Robula, (the host for the horror movie on late-night television) are all instances of ‘antipodean camp’. Are these utterly marginal differences or central signs of the times? Politics/business as usual or institutional cross-dressing? The same familiar fetishisms or is something rather strange afoot? Another recent New Zealand Prime Minister did it somewhat differently than his conservative predecessor and did it whilst in office. For example, as the head of a Labour Government, David Lange warmly welcomed Mickey Mouse to his primeministerial suite (see Figure 1.1). Faced with the cooling of official diplomatic relations with America as a result of his government's ban on nuclear ship visits, he was photographed in an anti-nuclear ‘Nukebuster’ tee-shirt whose design was inspired by the then topical ‘Ghostbusters’ motif. In an appearance on breakfast-time American television he observed that, ‘I've been four times to Disneyland, but never to the White House’ going on to (accurately) point out that invitations to the latter location had none the less been extended ‘to all sorts of hoods’.

Figure 1.1 (Former) New Zealand Prime Minister David Lange and friend

Although both Muldoon and Lange could thus be seen to be ‘camping it up’, in the sense of both consciously fabricating their performances and being concerned to convey that consciousness to the putative audience, it is none the less misleading to read their respective versions of the practice of camp as purely artifice, as empty of meaning (cf. , Sontag 1966). The style is the meaning, so that although at one level they are presented as performances without weight, or at best as light entertainment (cf. Dyer 1992:135–47), they were also explicable as movements in orbit around contrasting centres of gravity. As such, their self-mocking patterns of self-protection served to do more than signal their differing personal vanities. They also, albeit more or less incidentally, insinuated competing conceptions of what politics is for. And they showed how such conceptions might be represented within, but against, the forms and conventions of a journalistic realism that was understood as inadequate to the task of their dramatization. If a cartoonist might have been prompted to caricature Muldoon as Richard the Third playing Lear, then perhaps the corresponding image in Lange's case was of Hamlet playing Falstaff. Their performances were, however, not so much symptomatic of the principle that anything goes but rather that an ‘anything’ can be made into a ‘something’ through the style of presentation, in that the response which the style calls up is potentially a means of identification and a political resource. In this respect their conduct might appear somewhat analogous to those public performances by Ronald Reagan which had prompted Travers (1993:131) to cite Weinstein's (1988:175–6) suggestion that ‘The unity of the Reagan mind is not ideational, but is constituted by the impulse to feel good about himself…and it is this passion that unites him to the public at large’. What was scandalizing about Reagan, however, and what tended to reduce his critics to oscillating between condescension and bafflement, was that he not only seemed unaware of his own banality but also

indifferent to its policy consequences. By contrast, Muldoon and Lange's performances were altogether more knowing— if altogether less consequential. They offered ways of making something out of marginality through representations which otherwise serve to confirm and reinforce it. Thus whereas Muldoon parodied throughappearance that very power and conception of self which he had been so reluctant to relinquish, Lange signalled his particular understanding of the limits of the very power for which he had struggled by parodying it asappearance.

Is this sufficient to account for the bleak edge to the style's surface whimsy, the difficulty of determining whether its practitioners be categorized as affirmatively comic or resignedly ironic, the sense that caught up within these practices is a pathos which is so resolutely resistant to the tragic as to almost invoke it? In offering to share its open secret of triumphant failure, such antipodean camp is constitutively oxymoronic. Compromised if made explicit, yet determined to signal its affirmative hostility to the world's indifference, it shows what it must not tell. These principles might be said to have been merged and made consciously aesthetic in ‘A rock and a hard pla(i)ce’ (see Figure 1.2), a ceramic artifact through which the potter Peter Lange indicates that he is both his own man and New Zealand's, as well as being David's brother. The whimsy is primary—no matter whether one considers the pottery or the politicians—but there is also something that is both locally grounded and rather fishy about their explicitly authentic fakery. Not quite the brothers grim(m) meet Dracula, but a coded foray into uncharted territory none the less. Uncharted, in that they seem to waver between parodying, and participating in, received critical assumptions about New Zealand culture. For it has long been something of a critical cliché to point to a darkness and profound unease at work in New Zealand's films and novels, something as yet unnamed that is seen as linked to the cultural dominance of evasiveness and guilt about the nation's history. What isn't

clear is whether the style is explicable as a populist influenced mockery of such a gloomy (high) cultural orthodoxy or whether, rather like Roland Barthes’ (1973:15–25) account of wrestling it represents its transposition and continuation within a more explicitly popular idiom.

Figure 1.2 A rock and a hard pla(i)ce—pottery by Peter Lange

Read one way, this would seem to return us to that which Sloterdijk detects, and responds to, in TheRockyHorrorPictureShow. But inasmuch as the Australians offer their own permutation on antipodean camp, a version which seems no less suffused with the cynical impulse, but yet is free of any such affinities with either Gothic foreboding or Germanic melancholy, then it becomes difficult to determine whether such associations are fortuitous or elective. This is despite the not entirely whimsical suggestion by New Zealand's best-known historian (Keith Sinclair) that the New Zealand population consisted of the ‘South Pacific's three million Prussians’.

The differences between Australia and New Zealand matter greatly on each side of the Tasman. For those north of the Equator, however, they may be more difficult to detect. For example, if in 1988 Wenders had chosen to film Brisbane's river rather than Berlin's Wall, then the imagery he might have captured would have been no less startling, but startlingly different. For at the official opening of the Brisbane Expo 1988, the Queen of England had sailed up one side of the Brisbane river in her Royal Barge, whilst a submarine of the Australian Navy, painted bright pink and complete with a perspex deck and more than thirty dancing girls, had sailed down the other. Meanwhile, the contingent of local wharfies who had earlier bared their buttocks as the Royal Barge had sailed past, returned to their more traditional watersiding pursuits.

To read the parable of Alexander and Diogenes into the Royal Barge/wharfies incident is plausible enough. It also bears comparison with the aphorism by which James Scott introduces his Dominationandthe ArtsofResistance(1990). Scott anticipates his critique of hegemony as a concept by citing an Ethiopian proverb, ‘When the great lord passes by, the wise peasant bows deeply and silently farts’. The Australian wharfies share this critical impulse, but proved to be a great deal more theatrical and irreverent in its expression, not least because it can be read as not just a symbolic challenge to a traditional authority but as a symbolic confirmation of the traditional ordering of gender relations.1

That submarine and its female entourage shrug off any such clear-cut definition however. Even by the standards of what Guy Debord (1994) has called the society of the spectacle, there is something strangely equivocal and indeterminate about it, a kind of phallic androgyny. Whether in terms of the anthropological puzzle of how such a phenomenon was possible,or in terms of the metaphorical possibilities which it creates, it succeeded in making all else at Expo seem positively circumspect. The authentically fibreglass New Zealand sheep and the authentically Australian living

statues were pedestrian by comparison. One wonders what the Chaplin of TheGreatDictatorwould have made of such a combination of militarism and entertainment, such a blending of state power and mockery of disciplined authority, formal ceremony and happy-happy-joy-joy, cheerleader and jeerleader, Count Robula and Nukebuster, oppression and seduction, death and desire. It is the antinomies which pile skyward here, yet in each of these couplets the first terms are so ambiguously shored up by the second as to insinuate the instability of their authority. In George Orwell's (1950) classic essay on ‘Shooting an Elephant’, he had pointed up the effectively precarious hold of a presumptively stable system of colonial control, and, more generally, issued a reminder to the powerful of what they are up against. ‘Decorating a submarine’ would seem to offer an inflection on sucha theme, but an inflection which wavers between the securely colonial and the eclectically postmodern, a masquerade of/on the patriarchal.

Yet one of the many ways in which the differences between Australia and New Zealand do matter is that although Brisbane might signify ‘Australia’ on one side of the Tasman, on the other it is more likely to mean ‘Queensland’. In 1988 Queensland may not have been the only Australian state in which farmers drove station wagons bearing the bumper slogan ‘Eat Beef, Ya Bastards’, but in 1988 it was none the less that state in which such an exhortation seemed more menacingly redneck than assertively funny. Likewise if the 1988 Expo had been held not in Brisbane but in Melbourne or Canberra, then that submarine would have been altogether less likely to have graced either the former city's Yarra river or the latter's Lake Burley Griffin. Nevertheless the closing ceremony at the Atlanta Olympics in 1996 made it clear to a global audience that the Brisbane episode had been no flash in the pan but rather a glimpse of Australia's own precious metal, destined for authentic coin of the realm status. No elephants were shot, but some marsupials were blown up. For

in anticipation of the Sydney 2000 Olympics, the officially sanctioned image of Australia which was flashed around the world from the Atlanta stadium was of over-inflated, synthetic blue kangaroos perched precariously on bicycles.

This is a second order version of kitsch, one in which the cultural cringe (i.e. the nominal repudiation, but tacit genuflection to European canons of taste) although it is still at work, shows signs of being not so much transcended as assimilated into the realm of cultural history. ‘Australian’ is, in part, still signified by the invocation of that once fresh pattern of mockery and condescension towards cultural pretension which are the stock in trade of a now thoroughly globalized Dame Edna Everage and a now thoroughly Anglified Clive James. This is, however, interwoven with a reflexively informed exaggeration of its own banality, and it is through such amplifications that it signals that it has already anticipated, internalized and immunized itself against any such criticism of its own practices. One begins to understand why Australian cultural critics were so quick off the mark (cf. Frankovits 1984; Gross etal.1986) in the formation of an English-speaking constituency for Baudrillard's work.

A culturally ordained willingness to play with, and on, cultural codes, and an associated treading of a line between demotic affirmation and a boorish smugness was recognized and exposed in Meaghan Morris’ (1988:241–69) definitive reading of the structural complexities of the film CrocodileDundee(aka ‘a croc and a hard case’). In the less obviously self-satisfied, if more obviously sentimental StrictlyBallroom,there is an anticipation of that widening of the emotional repertoire and social range of this Australian version of camp which is evident in such films as Muriel's Weddingand TheAdventuresofPriscilla,QueenoftheDesert.Yet because it is more clearly framed by and signalled as a response to social repression, the camp of these later films seems more nearly tactical, more obviously the object of representation rather than its guiding principle. It

is none the less presented as culturally constitutive and not simply as camouflage or protective coloration. Thelayered, more or less ambivalent populism that is evident in some Australian cultural criticism also seems to be expressive of such a tendency, albeit refracted through the requirements of scholarly discourse and the obligatory nod towards Bakhtin and the carnivalesque. (It is ‘more or less ambivalent’ in that a work such as MythsofOzby John Fiske and his colleagues is less obviously celebratory than, for example, John Docker's Postmodernism andPopularCulture.)

Inasmuch as camp is a response to cultural dominance then it displays a family resemblance to such phenomena as the ‘put-on’, one of the practices through which Afro-Americans trod the line between resistance to subordination and accommodation to it. But ever since Susan Sontag's classic essay on camp (1966), commentators on the topic have recognized and emphasized the congruities (although Sontag herself somewhat underplayed them) between a camp sensibility and a gay aesthetic. Sontag (1966:280) interprets the mode of sexuality which suffuses classic camp as ‘the triumph of the epicene style…the convertibility of “man” and “woman”, “person” and “thing”’. In developing the distinction between gay and straight camp, however, Richard Dyer (1992:145) suggests that the wit, knowingness and ambivalences of camp have facilitated its adoption by the straight world and he cites Clive James’ television criticism as typical of such a move. But Dyer further argues that with its appropriation, camp tends to lose its cutting edge and permits, even encourages, the endorsement of that which it purportedly mocks. For example, says Dyer (1992:145), ‘Camp allows straight audiences to reject the style of John Wayne; but…it also allows a certain wistful affection for him to linger on…(which) can only be in reality affection for that way of being a man’.

Antipodean camp is distinguished by a generically nationalist inflection of the distinction which Dyer makes. For it has emerged from within cultures for which colonization was constitutive. Thus the forms of cultural dominance to which it is a response are the master discourses of (m)other countries, and the versions of cultural identity that it prioritizes are those which amplify the accident of place. Its multiple manifestations are, of course, never justnationalist. But if one considers, for example, Crocodile Dundee and Priscilla, Count Robula and Nukebuster then what is striking is that after subtracting, or otherwise controlling, that signifying of manifest social differences between each of the parties in these odd couple(t)s, their signs nevertheless go on working. Working, that is, to call up nationalist sentiments through cultural images that are constructed in accordance with bricoleur tactics, placed in quotation marks by the signalling of their own fabrication and asserted through self-mockery.

The kind of cultural work which gets done through such conceptions, what Raymond Williams (1977:128–35) would refer to as their ‘structures of feeling’, is suggested by the New Zealand film SmashPalace.The film's title is a reference to the central character's car wrecking yard, but it is also a metaphor for both his deteriorating marriage and his overall cultural situation. In charting the erosion of his dream of assembling a successful local ‘vehicle’ from what are leftover bits and pieces of overseas materials and machinery, the narrative mockingly exposes the limitations of that antipodean mythology which sustains such an aspiration.

Yet as it moves towards a conclusion the movie nevertheless aligns itself with the central protagonist's energy and desperate resourcefulness in seeking to maintain the myth.

This is clearly revealed in its tense, concluding joke, a joke that is played with death and on the audience. The film's anti-hero has taken hostage the policeman who is his wife's lover and holds a shotgun to the

policeman's head as they sit together in an antique open car. The car straddles a railway line as a train rapidly approaches in a scene which evokes both the Keystone Kops and a Don Seigel thriller. This is given a further local twist by the visible presence of a length of the iconically significant Number Eight fencing wire. The wire is looped tightly around the shotgun barrel, its trigger and the hostage's neck, thus allowing his captor the freedom to drive. ‘Number Eight wire’ is a vernacular metaphor which nowadays occupies a culturally ambiguous position; it stands both for antipodean ingenuity and resourceful making do, and for an outmoded tolerance of temporary, makeshift, imprecise solutions to a problem. Gun, wire, driver, hostage and car all hold firm as the train barrels towards them—but at the last second the train lurches away from the car on to that different track that it was travelling on all along. Laughter from the car's driver. This closing sequence thus perfectly displays that ability to ‘move freely between dark drama and banal comedy’ which a film reviewer for TheTimessuggested characterizes New Zealand and Australian films, and perhaps the New Zealand and Australian temperament as well (the remark was prompted by the film Utu,but the examples now proliferate). The reviewer's observation is approvingly cited by the New Zealand poet Bill Manhire, who goes on to reflect that,

The poetry I write is strongly marked by tonal drifts and lurches, and I think that these come mainly from the diversities, disjunctions, juxtapositions and incongruities which constitute my experience. Much of my experience is derivative, a matter of influence and imitation. I think that's a fairly normal thing not a matter for apology.

(1987:152)

The shared, knowing matter-of-factness with which a real poet and the fictional owner of a car wrecking yard approach the materials of their trade points up a distinguishing attribute of antipodean permutations on the angel of history allegory. Thought is not seen as shaped and limited by the restraining givenness of the ruins, but as derived from the prospects that such debris opens up for future scavenging and bricolage. Antipodean HeavenlyCreatures(as in Peter Jackson's film of that name) strive to live their lives forward by reaching out towards myth rather than facing back towards history. Those charming, murderous schoolgirls who are the film's central characters are inspired by a campish conception of the sublime, in which Mario Lanza presides over a Paradise fabricated from the detritus of the culture industry. History is none the less at work, of course, so that HeavenlyCreaturesis yet another realization of ‘dark drama and banal comedy’, a tragi-comic vision for which the highlyaccomplished schlock, splatter and bad taste of (Jackson's) Brain Deadwas a preface and an apprenticeship.

It is, however, seriously misleading to read that history as if it were a farcical repetition of European tragedy. Misleading, most obviously, because the very tendency to turn away from colonial history, or towards a transparently mythical version of it, becomes supportive of colonizing in the present. But misleading also because the antipodes experienced modernity without modernism(or more specifically, without a modernism that mattered). Those distancing and defamiliarizing procedures that were determinedly enjoined by literary high modernism did not depend upon importation of the associated discourse. Rather they were effectively inscribed by the facts of geographical position. As Simon During puts it,

It is not merely that we have not had the population, the institutions, the money to provide an audience for high culture, nor is it just that there has not been the desire for that culture.

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ob ich von diesem Häuptling ausgesandt sei, um alle Gegenstände aus alten Zeiten zu sammeln, damit sie nicht verloren gingen. Diesen großen Häuptling in Paraguay meinte ein alter Sagenerzähler, als er eine Abschiedsrede für mich hielt, die folgendermaßen begann: „Nun kannst du deinem großen Häuptling sagen, daß du uns und unsere Armut gesehen hast ...“

Das Orientierungsvermögen der Indianer ist viel besprochen. Der Indianer besitzt sicher eine sehr ausgebildete Beobachtungsgabe, sein Orientierungsvermögen ist aber nicht so bedeutend. Ich bin mit den Guarayúindianern im östlichen Bolivia etwa 250 km in tiefen, großen Wäldern, die sie nicht kannten, und in denen wir uns oft mit dem Waldmesser Schritt für Schritt einen Weg bahnen mußten, gewandert. Sie führten mich, wenn die Sonne von Wolken bedeckt war, oft irre, was ich an meinem Kompaß sah. Für einen weißen Mann, der aus dem Stadtleben direkt in die Wildnis versetzt wird, ist die Vertrautheit des Indianers mit der Natur merkwürdig. Ist man erst selbst an dieses Leben gewöhnt, so sieht man die Sache mit anderen Augen an.

Abb. 79. Alter Chiriguano mit großem Lippenknopf. Tihuïpa.

Die Entfernung von einem Platz zu einem anderen wird von allen Indianern dadurch angegeben, daß sie zeigen, wie weit die Sonne gehen muß, ehe man ankommt. Ist es weit, so sagt der Indianer, wie viele Nachtlager man bis dahin aufschlagen muß. Lange und kurze Wege sind ja auch bei uns in verschiedenen Gegenden verschiedene Begriffe. Was wir in der Stadt weit nennen, wird auf dem Lande oft kurz genannt. Für den Indianer sind Wege, die dem weißen Mann kurz erscheinen, in der Regel lang. Es fehlt den Indianern des Urwaldes die Marschfertigkeit, die wir bei den Gebirgsindianern finden.

Jedem Hügel, jeder Ebene, jeder Talschlucht hat der Indianer einen Namen gegeben. Die Chanés sagen, vor langer Zeit, als alle Völker an den Ufern des Parapitiflusses fischten, kam ein großer Geist (Añatunpa) zu Pferde und gab den verschiedenen Stellen Namen. Dieser Fluß soll Parapiti (wo getötet wird) heißen, diese

Stelle Amboró usw., sagte Añatunpa. Von den Namen von Chanédörfern seien erwähnt: Húirayúasa (Vögel treffen sich), Aguaráti (weißer Fuchs), Aguarátimi (weißes Füchslein), Yóvi (grünes Wasser), Ouivarénda (wo es Chuchio gibt),[54] usw. Die letztgenannte Pflanze, deren Blütenstengel von vielen Indianerstämmen in Südamerika als Pfeilschaft angewendet wird, ist jetzt durch die Rinderherden am Rio Parapiti ausgerottet. Die Chané, die ihre Pfeile früher aus Chuchio machten, bauen jetzt eine Art Schilf an, das sie, gleich den anderen Chacoindianern, als Pfeilschaft anwenden. Andere Orte sind nach Häuptlingen benannt, wie Tamachindi, Tamané und Corópa. Ein Dorf nennen sie Yahuanau. Früher war dort ein Sumpf, an dessen Ufern sich kleine schwarze Geschöpfe (Yahuanau) zu sonnen pflegten. Viele Chanéortsnamen sind unübersetzbar, von einem weiß ich, daß er unanständig ist. Einige indianische Ortsnamen sind sicher sehr alt, denn sie beziehen sich auf Pflanzen, Seen oder Sümpfe, die nicht mehr existieren. Im Caipipendital am Parapiti ist ein Dorf namens Tapiirenda. Das Tal ist jetzt ausschließlich von Chiriguanos bewohnt und keiner von ihnen erinnert sich, daß dort, wie der Ortsname angibt, Tapii (Chanés) gewohnt haben.

Die Ortsnamen der höherstehenden Indianer werden von den Weißen, auch wenn sie die Herren im Lande geworden sind, beibehalten. So haben beinahe alle von ihnen im Chiriguanogebiet bewohnten Plätze Guaraninamen, wie Charagua (Name der vom Wasser eigentümlich ausgeschnittenen Klippen), Carandaiti (wo Palmen wachsen). Die Ortsnamen der niedrigeren Stämme werden dagegen von den Weißen nicht bewahrt. So kennt kein Weißer die Mataco- oder Chorotinamen der verschiedenen Plätze am Rio Pilcomayo. Die Ansiedlungen der Weißen werden nach Heiligen, bolivianischen Staatsmännern und Forschungsreisenden benannt. Wird ein Stamm, wie z. B. die Chorotis, ausgerottet, so bleibt von dessen Sprache nichts in den Ortsnamen zurück. Dies dürfen Ortsnamenforscher nicht übersehen.

Durch die Verbindung mit den Weißen erweitern sich die geographischen Kenntnisse der Indianer bedeutend. Sie gehen

immer weitere Wege, um Arbeit zu suchen, und sehen Länder, von denen sie früher keine Ahnung gehabt haben.

Der Indianer als Historiker.

Falls wir die Geschichte der Chorotis und Ashluslays schreiben wollten, könnten wir in der Zeit nicht weit zurückgreifen. Erst in den letzten Jahrzehnten sehen wir sie in der Literatur näher erwähnt. Die Chiriguanos kennen wir dagegen schon von ihren Kämpfen mit dem großen Herrscher Inca Yupanqui, aus der Zeit vor der Entdeckung Amerikas her. Über seine Versuche, das Land zu erobern, berichtet Garcilasso de la Vega.[55] Seine Beschreibung der Chiriguanos als einer äußerst niedrig stehenden, menschenfressenden Rasse ist sicher seiner eigenen Phantasie entsprungen. In den Gebirgstälern hat sich die Tradition von diesen Kämpfen noch bewahrt.

In der spanischen Zeit ist das Gebiet der Chiriguanos trotz der jahrhundertelangen tapferen Verteidigung Schritt für Schritt erobert worden. Erst noch 1890 unternahm ein Teil von ihnen einen letzten Empörungsversuch, wurde aber, wie erwähnt, in der Schlacht bei Curuyuqui, auf der Ebene von Boyuovis, besiegt. Etwa fünftausend Indianer hatten sich dort gesammelt und kämpften einen ganzen Tag mit den Weißen den ungleichen Kampf gegen die Feuerwaffen. Der Kampf hatte des Morgens begonnen, und des Abends, als es dunkel wurde, war er noch nicht beendigt. Die Lage begann für die Weißen höchst unangenehm zu werden, da ihre Munition beinahe zu Ende war. Der moralische Mut der Indianer war jedoch leider gebrochen. Sie verließen in der Stille der Nacht ihre Verschanzungen.

Ein sehr wichtiges Kapitel in der Geschichte dieser Indianer ist auch die lange und beharrliche Arbeit der Missionare, das Land der Indianer auf verhältnismäßig friedliche Weise zu erobern. Diese wird in der Literatur ausführlich behandelt.

Hier will ich jedoch nicht von der Geschichte dieser Indianer, wie wir sie durch die Literatur kennen, sprechen, sondern von dem Indianer als Historiker.

Spricht man mit den Indianern, so wissen sie von ihrer eigenen Geschichte nicht viel, ihre Tradition geht nicht weit zurück. Die Chanés am Rio Parapiti erzählten mir, sie hätten erst am oberen Rio Parapiti gewohnt,[56] seien aber von einem großen Häuptling von dort vertrieben worden. Einige blieben, wo sie jetzt wohnen, andere begaben sich durch den Chaco nach dem Rio Paraguay, welcher Fluß, wie gesagt, den Indianern nicht unbekannt ist. Am Rio Paraguay finden sich auch Arowaken.

Abb. 80 a. Pfeife. „Huiramimbi“. Tihuïpa.

b. Zeigt a im Durchschnitt. ⅔.

Abb. 81: Festtracht für Männer. „Tirucumbai“. Chané. Rio Parapiti. ¹⁄₂₂. b = Öffnung für den Kopf, a = Armlöcher.

Die Chiriguanos wohnten zuerst am unteren Rio Parapiti und wurden von den Chanés von dort vertrieben. Dies ist möglicherweise „offizielle Geschichte“, denn wahrscheinlicher haben wohl die Chiriguanos die Chanés aus den fruchtbaren Tälern des oberen Rio Parapiti gejagt.

Batirayu hat mir alles erzählt, was er über die Geschichte der Chanéindianer am Rio Parapiti wußte. Der letzte große Häuptling war Batirayus Onkel, Aringui. Dieser führte viele Indianer seines Stammes zur Arbeit nach Argentinien. Sein Vorgänger war Yámbáe. Vor ihm hatte Ochoápi die Häuptlingswürde bekleidet. Zu seiner Zeit begannen die Weißen ins Land zu dringen. Dieser Häuptling wird als ein bedeutender Mann geschildert, der die Sitten und Gebräuche der Weißen unter seinen Indianern einzuführen suchte. Bekannt ist Ochoápi wegen seiner umfassenden Reisen und seiner Verfolgung der Zauberer. Er soll in Buenos Aires gewesen sein. Vor ihm hatte Chótchori die Häuptlingswürde. Zu seiner Zeit waren die Weißen noch nicht bis zum unteren Rio Parapiti gekommen. Hier ist die Tradition zu Ende. Die hier erwähnten Häuptlinge waren aus demselben Geschlecht, die Regierung geht aber nicht vom Vater auf den Sohn über.

Von den Chanés am Rio Itiyuro könnte ich ein wenig Geschichte erzählen, will aber nicht durch zu viele Namen ermüden. Auch dort geht die Tradition nicht weit zurück, drei Generationen, das ist alles.

In den Sagen dieser Indianer, von denen ich weiterhin mehrere wiedergegeben habe, erfahren wir nichts über die Geschichte dieser Völker. Keine geschichtlichen Ereignisse scheinen dort zu Sagen umgebildet zu sein. Sie haben ganz andere Motive.

Es ist wirklich ganz eigentümlich, daß bei diesen Indianerstämmen ihre Geschichte, der Name ihrer Häuptlinge in Vergessenheit geraten ist, während die Sagen sicher, wenn auch in veränderter Form, jahrhundertelang von Generation zu Generation bewahrt worden sind. Für das hohe Alter der Sagen spricht vor allem ihre große geographische Verbreitung.

Die Gestalten der Sagen und deren Erlebnisse regen die Phantasie an, werden behalten und weitererzählt. Die geschichtlichen Persönlichkeiten und Ereignisse vergißt man.

Sucht man in den Chané- und Chiriguanohäusern, so findet man viele Sachen bewahrt, die jetzt außer Gebrauch sind, die sie aber als Erinnerung an frühere Zeiten ehren und oft nicht hergeben wollen. So sieht man hübsche, runde Pfeifen, „huiramimbi“ (Abb. 80), die sicher von Generation zu Generation gegangen sind. Sie wurden früher bei Kriegszügen angewendet. Der alte Maringay hatte alles mögliche aus alter Zeit aufgehoben. Es bereitete mir ein großes Vergnügen, in den Verwahrungsstellen des Alten herumzuwühlen. Ich wollte gern etwas von ihm kaufen, es genierte mich aber, ihm Geld für seine Erinnerungen zu bieten.

In die Wände gestochen fand ich einst Bündel hübscher, ganz verräucherter alter Pfeilspitzen. „Würdest du mir sie nicht verkaufen wollen?“ fragte ich meinen alten Freund zögernd. „Du sollst drei geschenkt bekommen“, sagte Maringay. Nach dieser Abweisung ließ ich ihn seine lieben Sachen behalten.

Einmal ritt ich von Vocapoys Dorf, um einen alten Chané aufzusuchen, der eine hübsche alte Tracht hatte. Nach einigem Zögern zeigte er sie mir. Er hatte sie sorgfältig in anderes Zeug

eingewickelt. Wie ein enthusiastischer Museumsbeamter ein altes Kleinod hervorholt, so wickelte er sie sorgfältig auf. Man sah förmlich, wie lieb sie ihm war. Obgleich ich ihm einen sehr hohen Preis bot, wollte er sie nicht verkaufen.

Daß diese Indianer die alten Erinnerungszeichen lieben, beweist, daß sie eine gewisse Kultur haben. Dies gilt jedoch nur für die Alten, die Jungen sind nicht mehr so, die verkaufen alles, ohne zu zögern. Was kümmern sie sich um eine abgenutzte, alte Festtracht, wenn sie ein rotes, flatterndes Halstuch und Hosen mit Rock dagegen bekommen können! Der Siegeszug der Hosen über die Welt hat auch diese Täler und Ebenen erreicht.

Die Chiriguanos und Chanés führen jetzt nicht mehr richtigen Krieg mit anderen Indianerstämmen. Bisweilen machen die Chanés am Rio Parapiti jedoch gelegentlich Streifzüge gegen die Tsirakuaindianer. Die Ashluslays behaupteten auch, wie mir mein Dolmetscher erzählt hat, daß der Tobahäuptling Taycolique bei seinem Einfall in ihr Gebiet 1909 verschiedene Chiriguanos bei sich hatte.

Batirayu erzählte, die Chanés hätten früher die Köpfe der getöteten Feinde heimgebracht und sie bei Festen auf den Plätzen der Dörfer aufgestellt.

Abb. 82. Tongefäß von den Chanés. ¼. Rio Parapiti.

[54] Arundo saccharoides.

[55] Garcilasso de la Vega: The Royal Commentaries of the Incas. Vol. I–II. Hakluyt Society. London 1869 u. 1871.

[56] Dies wird durch Viedma bestätigt: Descripcion geografica y estadistica de la Provincia de Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Coleccion Pedro de Angelis Buenos Aires 1836 Tom III S 180–181

E l f t e s K a p i t e l .

Vom Lande der Chané- und Chiriguanoindianer.

Alltagsleben in den Chané- und Chiriguanohütten.

In der Regel habe ich mich in den Hütten der Chanés und Chiriguanos sehr wohl gefühlt. Das Leben in diesen Dörfern ist ganz gleichartig. Schildert man ein Dorf, so hat man sie beinahe alle geschildert.

Wie alle übrigen Indianer, die ich südlich von Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Bolivia besucht habe, leben diese Indianer in Dörfern.

Einige dieser Dörfer sind recht groß und werden von einigen hundert Personen bewohnt. Oft liegen viele Dörfer nahe aneinander. Die Hütten liegen in der Regel um einen Markt, auf dem zuweilen Flaschenbäume gepflanzt sind, die in der Regenzeit Schutz verleihen. Die Märkte dienen als Spiel- und Versammlungsplätze. Die Hütten sind, im Gegensatz zu den runden Choroti- und Ashluslayhütten, viereckig, und ihre nach dem Dorf zu gerichtete Tür ist am Giebel angebracht. Sie sind aus Rohr oder Holzlatten und mit Dächern aus Gras. Nicht selten sind sie mit Erde verputzt.

Unter dem Einfluß der Weißen verändern aber die Chanés und Chiriguanos allmählich ihre Hütten, und viele Indianer bauen schon mit ihnen identische Hütten.

Keine Hütte hat hier ihre ursprüngliche indianische Form. Die echten Chiriguanohütten (die ursprünglichen Chanéhütten kennt man nicht) waren sehr groß; in demselben Hause wohnten bis zu 100 Personen und das ganze Dorf bestand nur aus einigen großen Hütten.[57] Diese entsprechen offenbar den aus Brasilien bekannten großen Familienhäusern, die ich in Bolivia nur bei den Chacobos, einem Panostamm aus Lago Rojo-Aguado, gesehen habe.

Schon zu Viedmas[58] Zeit, Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, scheinen sie jedoch den ursprünglichen Haustyp aufgegeben und kleinere Hütten gebaut zu haben.

Abb. 83. Feuerstätte zum Maisbierkochen. Chanédorf. Rio Itiyuro. Rechts auf dem Bilde große Gefäße, in denen das Maisbier gärt. Das Haus ist mit Erde verputzt.

In vielen Dörfern gehören zu jeder Hütte eine oder mehrere Maisscheunen (Abb. 84 a), in denen Mais, Kürbisse usw. aufbewahrt werden. Diese Scheunen sind auf Pfählen gebaut und vielleicht eine Erinnerung aus der Zeit, wo die Chiriguanos und Chanés in sumpfigen Gegenden wohnten. Zu jeder Scheune gehört in der Regel eine Leiter (Abb. 84 b). Manchmal sind die Scheunen mit den Wohnhäusern zu einem Hause zusammengebaut. Solche Hütten habe ich in der Nähe von Machareti und bei Yatavéri unweit Ivu gesehen. Nicht so selten stehen die Scheunen auf den Feldern weit ab von den Wohnhäusern.

Abb. 84 a. Maisscheune. Chané. Rio Itiyuro.

Es ist in diesen Dörfern fein und rein. Hütten und Markt werden täglich gefegt und der Müll verbrannt.

Der Raum in den Hütten ist nicht zu gering bemessen. In der Regel wohnt in jedem Hause nur eine Familie, die manchmal, außer den übrigen Familiengliedern, aus den Männern der Töchter besteht, welche während der Verlobung und im Anfang der Ehe bei der Schwiegermutter wohnen. Vor der Hütte ist die große Feuerstätte (Abb. 83), wo das Maisbier, und zuweilen auch das Essen, gekocht wird. In der Hütte ist ebenfalls eine Feuerstätte, wo man kocht und

die man aufsucht, um sich bei kalten Nächten und Tagen zu wärmen.

Abb. 84 b. Bild, das die Konstruktion der Scheune zeigt.

Tafel 16 Caraguatá Von den Indianern im Chaco vielseitig angewandte Pflanze

Manche Nacht habe ich in diesen Hütten geschlafen. Sie sind in der Regel frei von Ungeziefer, was man nicht von den Wohnstätten aller anderen Indianer und von den Häusern der Weißen sagen kann. Die Lagerstätte besteht entweder aus einem Bett aus einer Art Bambusrohr, oder man liegt auf dem Fußboden auf einer Schilfmatte oder einem Fell. Hängematten sieht man ebenfalls in den Hütten, sie sind aber nicht allgemein. Im tropischen Südamerika hat die

Hängematte ihr Heimatland, sie verschwindet aber nach Süden zu und auf den Bergen, denn dort ist es zu kalt, um sie anzuwenden.

Abb 86 Haken zum Aufhängen der Sachen Chiriguano ⅙

Am Dache der Hütte hängen auf Haken und Gestellen Kleider und Eßwaren, Medizin und anderes. Hier verwahren auch die Männer ihre Pfeile und Bogen, ihre Trommeln u. dgl. In Lianenschlingen pflegen Maiskolben zu hängen.

In einer Chané- oder Chiriguanohütte ist es, besonders des Abends, wenn alle an das schöne, wärmende Feuer kriechen, wenn der Mund geht, die Alten Sagen erzählen, die Mütter ihre Kleinen zu Bett bringen, die jungen Paare abseits sitzen und kosen, sehr gemütlich.

Abb 85 Sitzbank Chiriguano Tarairi ⅕

Hier und da sieht man eine in Holz geschnitzte Sitzbank (Abb. 85) von einer besonders von den brasilianischen Indianern her bekannten Form.

Abb. 87. Chanéfrau. Rio Parapiti. In dem Tragnetz hat sie einen Wasserkrug.

An den Wänden der Hütte entlang stehen immer eine Menge Tongefäße von allen Dimensionen. Manche davon sind so groß, daß ein Mann hineinkriechen könnte. Dort sind Töpfe, dort sind Röstschalen, dort sind feinbemalte Gefäße, die bei den Festen hervorgeholt werden, und dort ist der Schatztopf, in welchem die Hausfrau alle Kostbarkeiten und Andenken der Familie verwahrt. In

ihm liegen, falls das Haus „vermögend“ ist, Kleider, Schmucksachen, Schalen aus Silber und Halsketten aus Türkis und Crysocol und vieles andere.

Sehr früh ist es still in den Dörfern. Es wird nicht, wie in einem Choroti- oder Ashluslaydorf, die ganze Nacht geschwatzt. Die jungen Herren und die unverheirateten jungen Mädchen laufen nicht herum, um beieinander zu liegen. Die sittlichen Chané- und Chiriguanomädchen werden von ihren Müttern bewacht, gehen nicht auf Abenteuer aus und nehmen keine Herrenbesuche an. Es kommen keine Nachtmahlzeiten, wie bei den Chorotis und Ashluslays, vor. Man schläft nämlich in diesen Dörfern des Nachts, d. h. wenn man nicht mit dem Maisbrauen für ein Fest beschäftigt ist.

Abb. 88. Tabakspfeife. Chiriguano. Caipipendi. ½.

Abb. 89. Spatenstiel. Chiriguano. ca. ¹⁄₁₅.

Sehr früh des Morgens wird man in beinahe allen Dörfern durch Klagelieder geweckt. Immer ist dort einer, der einen Angehörigen verloren hat und ihn laut beweint. Ist jemand im Dorfe gestorben, so ist es für einen, der gern lange schläft, unheimlich im Dorfe.

In der allerfrühesten Morgenstunde stehen die Frauen auf, etwas später die Männer, und die Tagesarbeit beginnt. Das erste, was die Frauen tun, ist, daß sie Wasser holen und ein Bad, ein richtig erfrischendes Bad nehmen.

Die Wasserkrüge tragen sie auf verschiedene Weise. Am Rio Itiyuro tragen die Chanéfrauen sie auf der Schulter, am Rio Parapiti in einem Tragnetz (Abb. 87). Der letztere Brauch ist auch bei den Chiriguanos am gewöhnlichsten. Auf dem Kopfe tragen nur diejenigen Frauen Krüge, die mit den Weißen leben und ihre Sitten und Gebräuche angenommen haben.

Arbeitsteilung

zwischen den Geschlechtern.

Wie bei den Choroti- und Ashluslayindianern, hat in der Regel auch hier, wie wir aus der untenstehenden Tabelle ersehen, jedes Geschlecht seine bestimmte Arbeit.

Männer Frauen

Fischfang +  +[59]

Jagd +

Pflanzen, Roden +  Säen +  +  Ernten +  +

Kochen [60] +

Holztragen +  +[61]

Wassertragen +

Zubereitung berauschender Getränke +

Sammeln wilder Früchte und Wurzeln +

Keramik +

Holzarbeiten +

Netzstricken +

Seilflechten +

Mattenflechten +

Hängemattenbinden +

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.