Schelling s ontology of powers 1st edition charlotte alderwick all chapter instant download

Page 1


Schelling s Ontology of Powers 1st Edition Charlotte

Alderwick

Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://textbookfull.com/product/schelling-s-ontology-of-powers-1st-edition-charlotte-al derwick/

More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant download maybe you interests ...

Aristotle s Ontology of Artefacts 1st Edition Marilù Papandreou

https://textbookfull.com/product/aristotle-s-ontology-ofartefacts-1st-edition-marilu-papandreou/

The Schelling Reader 1st Edition Daniel Whistler

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-schelling-reader-1stedition-daniel-whistler/

Henrietta s Wish Or Domineering Charlotte M Yonge

https://textbookfull.com/product/henrietta-s-wish-or-domineeringcharlotte-m-yonge/

Philosophy Obligation and the Law Bentham s Ontology of Normativity 1st Edition Piero Tarantino

https://textbookfull.com/product/philosophy-obligation-and-thelaw-bentham-s-ontology-of-normativity-1st-edition-pierotarantino/

Index of the Project Gutenberg Works of Charlotte M Yonge Charlotte M Yonge

https://textbookfull.com/product/index-of-the-project-gutenbergworks-of-charlotte-m-yonge-charlotte-m-yonge/

Hegel s Ontology Of Power The Structure Of Social Domination In Capitalism Arash Abazari

https://textbookfull.com/product/hegel-s-ontology-of-power-thestructure-of-social-domination-in-capitalism-arash-abazari/

Powers, Parts And Wholes : Essays on the Mereology of Powers 1st Edition Christopher J. Austin

https://textbookfull.com/product/powers-parts-and-wholes-essayson-the-mereology-of-powers-1st-edition-christopher-j-austin/

The Social Ontology of Capitalism 1st Edition Daniel Krier

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-social-ontology-ofcapitalism-1st-edition-daniel-krier/

Ontology and the ambitions of metaphysics 1st Edition Hofweber

https://textbookfull.com/product/ontology-and-the-ambitions-ofmetaphysics-1st-edition-hofweber/

Ontology of Schelling’s Powers

Schelling’s Ontology of Powers

New Perspectives in Ontology

Series Editors: Peter Gratton, Southeastern Louisiana University, and Sean J. McGrath, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada

Publishes the best new work on the question of being and the history of metaphysics

After the linguistic and structuralist turn of the twentieth century, a renaissance in metaphysics and ontology is occurring. Following in the wake of speculative realism and new materialism, this series aims to build on this renewed interest in perennial metaphysical questions, while opening up avenues of investigation long assumed to be closed. Working within the Continental tradition without being confned by it, the books in this series will move beyond the linguistic turn and rethink the oldest questions in a contemporary context. Tey will challenge old prejudices while drawing upon the speculative turn in post-Heideggerian ontology, the philosophy of nature and the philosophy of religion.

Editorial Advisory Board

Tomas J. J. Altizer, Maurizio Farraris, Paul Franks, Iain Hamilton Grant, Garth Green, Adrian Johnston, Catherine Malabou, Jef Malpas, Marie-Eve Morin, Jefrey Reid, Susan Ruddick, Michael Schulz, Hasana Sharp, Alison Stone, Peter Trawny, Uwe Voigt, Jason Wirth, Günter Zöller

Books available

Te Political Teology of Schelling, Saitya Brata Das Continental Realism and Its Discontents, edited by Marie-Eve Morin

Te Contingency of Necessity: Reason and God as Matters of Fact, Tyler Tritten

Te Problem of Nature in Hegel’s Final System, Wes Furlotte

Schelling’s Naturalism: Motion, Space and the Volition of Tought, Ben Woodard

Tinking Nature: An Essay in Negative Ecology, Sean J. McGrath

Heidegger’s Ontology of Events, James Bahoh

Te Political Teology of Kierkegaard, Saitya Brata Das

Te Schelling–Eschenmayer Controversy, 1801: Nature and Identity, Benjamin Berger and Daniel Whistler

Hölderlin’s Philosophy of Nature, edited by Rochelle Tobias

Afect and Attention After Deleuze and Whitehead: Ecological Attunement, Russell J. Duvernoy

Te Philosophical Foundations of the Late Schelling: Te Turn to the Positive, Sean J. McGrath

Schelling’s Ontology of Powers, Charlotte Alderwick

Books forthcoming

Collected Essays in Speculative Philosophy, written by James Bradley and edited by Sean J. McGrath

www.edinburghuniversitypress.com/series/epnpio

Schelling’s Ontology of Powers

CHARLOTTE ALDERWICK

Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com

© Charlotte Alderwick, 2021

Edinburgh University Press Ltd

Te Tun – Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ

Typeset in Garamond and Gill Sans by R. J. Footring Ltd, Derby, UK, and printed and bound in Great Britain.

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978 1 4744 5128 4 (hardback)

ISBN 978 1 4744 5130 7 (webready PDF)

ISBN 978 1 4744 5131 4 (epub)

Te right of Charlotte Alderwick to be identifed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498).

5

Acknowledgements

First, a huge amount of thanks is due to Iain Hamilton Grant for introducing me to Schelling. As an undergraduate he recommended that I read the Freedom essay, and from then I was hooked – I was so convinced that there was something brilliant and beautiful going on there that I’ve been trying to work out how to make sense of what that is ever since. Tanks also to Iain for his unwavering support and enthusiasm, for many productive conversations, and for access to his recent translations.

Second, an equally huge amount of thanks is due to Bob Stern, who was a fantastic and supportive supervisor for my PhD project which eventually became this book, and which would therefore have been impossible without him. Tanks also to Eric Olsen, Jessica Leech and Sebastian Gardner for their comments and contributions to that project.

Schelling scholarship is a fast-growing and exciting area to be working in: I have been lucky enough to be involved in a number of fantastic events and to have met a community of brilliant researchers. Te supportive and collegiate attitude of the Schelling research community in the UK and globally is a special thing, and I have beneftted hugely from conversations with many of its members over the course of this project. Particular thanks to Daniel Whistler, Benjamin Berger, G. Anthony Bruno, Lydia Azadpour and Phoebe Page for their comments on various drafts, talks and papers which contributed to this book. Two events in particular were incredibly productive for my thinking on these issues: the Pittsburgh Summer Symposium in Contemporary Philosophy on Schelling and Naturphilosophie at Duquesne University in 2013, and the Powers, Perception and Agency summer school and conference (part of the Power Structuralism in Ancient Ontologies project) at the British School in Rome in 2014. Tanks to Iain Grant and Jason Wirth, and Anna Marmodoro and Erasmus Mayr, for all of

their work on those events. Tanks are also due to the research communities working on the metaphysics of free will and the metaphysics of powers, who were hugely welcoming to me turning up at their conferences and very tolerant of my attempts to persuade them that Schelling is the key to practically everything – thanks in particular to Stephen Mumford for some very productive discussions; others have been credited in what follows for their contributions to my thinking.

Others deserving of thanks for general support, reading of drafts and productive philosophical conversations are Joe Saunders, Neil Williams, Niels Van Miltenberg, Dawa Omerta, Oriane Petteni, and my infnitely supportive and completely fantastic colleagues at UWE Philosophy. Another set of completely fantastic human beings and sources of infnite support are my family and friends, of whom there are too many to list but it would be a travesty not to mention.

I gratefully thank Taylor & Francis Ltd for permission to reproduce parts of ‘Atemporal Essence and Existential Freedom in Schelling’, from the British Journal for the History of Philosophy, vol. 23, no. 1 (2015), pp. 115–37 in Chapter 5; and parts of ‘Nature’s Capacities: Schelling and Contemporary Power-based Ontologies’, from Angelaki, vol. 21, no. 4 (2016), pp. 59–76 in Chapters 1, 3 and 6.

Finally, thanks to the AHRC for funding the PhD which eventually led to this book. It was an absolute dream and a privilege to have the time and the resources to dedicate to thinking about Schelling and these issues. I hope that what I’ve produced will be helpful to people lucky enough to do the same in the future.

Abbreviations and Notes on Referencing

General note. All references which cite English translations of Schelling’s work cite the page number of the English translation frst followed by the page reference from the relevant volume of his Sämtliche Werke.

Diference Essay – Hegel, G. W. F. (1977) (Harris, H. S. and Cerf, W. trans.) Te Diference Between Fichte’s and Schelling’s System of Philosophy. Albany: SUNY Press

Ethics – Spinoza, B. (1994) (Curley, E. trans. and ed.) Ethics. London: Penguin.

References to Spinoza’s Ethics follow the conventional format: Roman numerals refer to the parts of the Ethics, and Arabic numbers are used for the defnitions, propositions, etc.

Te following abbreviations are used:

App – appendix

D – defnition

D (following P and an Arabic numeral) – demonstration

C – corollary

S – scholium

Freedom Essay – Schelling, F. W. J. (2002) (Gutman, J. trans.) Philosophical Investigations into the Nature of Human Freedom. Shrewsbury: Living Time Press.

Further Presentations – Schelling, F. W. J. (2001b) (Vater, M. G. trans.) ‘Further Presentations from the System of Philosophy (1802)’, in Philosophical Forum, 32 (4).

Ideas – Schelling, F. W. J. (1995) (Harris, E. E. and Heath, P. trans.) Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Introduction – (2004b) ‘Introduction to the Outline of a System of the Philosophy of Nature, or, On the Concept of Speculative Physics and the Internal Organization of a System of this Science’ in Peterson, K. R. (trans.) First Outline of a System of the Philosophy of Nature. New York: SUNY Press.

KrV – Kant, I. (2007) (Kemp Smith, N. trans.) Critique of Pure Reason Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

All references to the frst Critique cite the page numbers of the A and B editions.

KpV – Kant, I. (1997) (Gregor, M. trans. and ed.) Critique of Practical Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

KdU – Kant, I. (1987) (Pluhar, W. S. trans.) Critique of Judgment. Indianapolis: Hackett.

All references to the second and third Critiques cite the page numbers from the Ak. V edition

Letters – Schelling, F. W. J. (1981) ‘Philosophical Letters on Dogmatism and Criticism’, in (Marti, F. trans) Te Unconditional in Human Knowledge: Four Early Essays, 1794–96. London: Associated University Press.

Of the I – Schelling, F. W. J. (1981) ‘Of the I as the Principle of Philosophy or On the Unconditional in Human Knowledge’, in Marti, F. (trans) Te Unconditional in Human Knowledge: Four Early Essays, 1794–96. London: Associated University Press.

Outline – Schelling, F. W. J. (2004a) (Peterson, K. R. trans.) First Outline of a System of the Philosophy of Nature. New York: SUNY Press.

Presentation – Schelling, F. W. J. (2001a) (Vater, M. G. trans.) ‘Presentation of My System of Philosophy (1801)’, in Philosophical Forum, 32 (4).

World-Soul – Schelling, F. W. J. (2010a) (Grant, I. H. trans.) ‘On the World Soul’, in Collapse Vol. VI: Geo/Philosophy, pp. 58–95.

For my Grampy – one of nature’s most formidable forces

Introduction

Tis project has a number of overlapping aims. Perhaps the central aim is to provide a reading and interpretation of Schelling’s philosophy (or rather, of his philosophy from the Naturphilosophie to the Freedom essay), and in particular of the conception of human freedom made possible by Schelling’s metaphysical system. I will argue that we should understand Schelling’s ontology as a power-based system: one which claims that the most basic building blocks of reality are powers or dispositions. Accordingly I present a reading of Schelling’s Naturphilosophie as an articulation of this ontology of powers. Following this I give an account of Schelling’s evolving philosophical project in the years between the Naturphilosophie and the Freedom essay; I then ofer a novel interpretation of Schelling’s account of freedom there. I want to show that this account gives us a way to make sense of the freedom of human agents within their day-to-day lives, and in a way that is continuous with the kinds of activity which exist elsewhere in the natural world. I also want to show that this conception of freedom is made possible by the ontology of powers which constitutes Schelling’s metaphysics.

Tis indicates another central aim of this book: I want to draw parallels between Schelling’s power-based ontology and recent work in the metaphysics of powers. One of the claims I will defend is that Schelling’s work highlights an important set of problems for this kind of ontology; and in particular for attempts to argue for a libertarian conception of human freedom on the basis of a system of this sort. I argue that Schelling’s particular treatment of these problems, and his approach to metaphysics more broadly, enables him to both recognise and solve these problems in a way which is not currently done in the contemporary literature.

Although I argue that Schelling’s ontology of powers bears striking similarities to contemporary accounts, I also want to draw attention to the

fact that Schelling’s approach to the question of human freedom difers from the contemporary treatment of the problem: I demonstrate that, for Schelling, questions of the reality and nature of human freedom form just one aspect of a nexus of questions which surround the relationship between individual beings and the whole to which they belong. Terefore the answer to the former questions cannot simply lie in an analysis of the concept of agency; the question of human freedom is a question about the nature of reality as a whole, and the way that seemingly diferent aspects of this reality can exist alongside one another. Accordingly, looking at Schelling’s account of human freedom will necessarily involve looking at (for example) his conceptions of nature, natural causality and the whole itself rather than simply focusing on the agent, and I will show that his unique answer to the question of human freedom depends on this holistic approach. One of the lessons that can be taken from Schelling’s work, then, is of the necessity of holism – both as a methodological approach and a metaphysical commitment. I argue for this claim in detail in the fnal chapter.

I also want to show that, although there are important and undeniable changes in Schelling’s system, his work (at least from the period beginning with the Naturphilosophie and ending with the Freedom essay1) displays a deep continuity, and that it is only through recognising this continuity that we can gain a proper understanding of his work as a whole, as an ongoing philosophical project rather than as a series of discrete and isolated systems. I argue that one source of this continuity is Schelling’s enduring interest in a particular cluster of philosophical problems: problems surrounding the relationship between freedom and system, the absolute and the world, the infnite and the fnite, the individual and the whole, the ground and the grounded. A central claim of this project is that we should read Schelling’s philosophical project as a series of attempts at answers to this set of problems: the diferent systems that Schelling presents in the texts that I discuss represent attempts to think through the consequences of diferent ways of tackling the above set of problems.

I further argue that a second source of continuity is Schelling’s commitment to an ontology of powers, and his use of the particular structure that this ontology afords throughout his work. Tis, I suggest, is one of the reasons that Schelling’s philosophy, and in particular his power-based account of human freedom, should be of interest to contemporary philosophers working on similar issues. Te changes in Schelling’s system stem from his acute awareness of the problematic consequences of certain of his philosophical commitments; and these are problems which are likely to arise for any position which shares these commitments. Schelling’s philosophy not only provides insight into the problems that arise from certain kinds of philosophical system but also provides a number of possible solutions and

works out their consequences. I want to demonstrate that as well as isolating a number of problems for attempts to argue for human freedom on the basis of an ontology of powers, Schelling’s philosophy also highlights a number of directions that one might take to attempt to deal with these problems.

For this reason, I hope that this project will be of contemporary as well as historical interest. I consider the project to be of scholarly importance as my reading of Schelling, and in particular his claims in the Freedom essay, provides a perspective on his work which is missing in the literature. Further, in addition to highlighting what I take to be a genuine set of worries for the contemporary pan-dispositionalist, I believe that there is much in Schelling’s work that could be of interest to contemporary debates in metaphysics (for example, Schelling’s essentialism and the account of natural kinds it entails and his account of the nature of the grounding process seem to me to be particularly relevant to debates in these areas). If this project contributes to the renewed interest in Schelling that has taken place in recent years then I will consider it to have been a great success.

As I emphasised above, Schelling is fundamentally a systematic philosopher: his philosophical ambitions are wide-ranging and his systems are characterised by his attempts to fully think through all of the aspects and implications of that system. Because of this, giving an account of Schelling’s philosophy which manages to do all of its richness and complexity justice is incredibly difcult; it is much easier to focus on one particular dimension of his thinking to use as a lens through which to understand everything else. I am conscious of the fact that I have done that in this project: although I take the question of the relationship between system and freedom (and the nexus of problems of which it is part) to be one of Schelling’s central concerns throughout his career, I am aware that choosing to focus solely on this line of thought may mean missing out or glossing over other interesting and important aspects of his philosophy. I have also chosen a particular set of texts to focus on for this reason – Schelling was a prolifc author and to look at his entire oeuvre in one study would be a mammoth task. I am therefore focusing on the texts from the Naturphilosophie to the Freedom essay for two reasons: one, because it is in this period that Schelling’s ontology of powers is articulated and developed; and two, because it is in this period that Schelling most clearly works out the implications of this ontology for individuality and freedom.

On the other hand, because of the systematic nature of Schelling’s philosophy, even after choosing to focus on one aspect of his thought others will inevitably come back into view: certain concepts and claims are linked in Schelling’s philosophy in such a way that to do justice to one means attempting to understand a good few more, and these in turn will throw up more that need to be considered, and so on. For this reason the range of

concepts which I discuss in this book is rather broad. Tere are a number of strands of Schelling’s thought which I have had to present briefy and have not been able to do justice to because they have not been integral to the claims I want to make, and because there is simply too much in Schelling’s work to be able to do justice to all of it in a project of this scale. I have tried to include references to other work on Schelling where I have not been able to fully explore areas of his thought, and hope that even where I have not been able to spend the time I would have liked to on areas of his philosophy, I have not ended up misrepresenting him.

My approach to philosophy is what one might call ‘big picture’ – in this book I take a broad view of Schelling’s philosophy and approach it as a whole. Tere is a lot of excellent and detailed scholarly analysis of Schelling being done by various individuals; this book is not an example of that. Rather what I am proposing is a particular way of reading Schelling which I argue fts with his overarching philosophical concerns and the spirit of his philosophy, as well as giving us a way to make sense of the particular texts I focus on here. I also want to show that the reading of Schelling that I argue for here is fruitful as it gives us a way to understand his diferent philosophical concerns as ftting together as a coherent whole, and allows us to approach his works as an ongoing philosophical project rather than as protean and piecemeal. I therefore think that this reading has implications for interpreting Schelling’s works which I have not considered in this book; though I have not had the space to pursue them here I have tried to gesture towards them where I can. I also think that this holistic ‘big picture’ approach is appropriate for reading Schelling, because arguably this is the way that Schelling approaches philosophy: even in his analysis of particular specifc phenomena, Schelling always keeps the whole in mind, always considering the ways that the elements of his system are connected, and the ways that diferent elements can help to shed light on or come into confict with others. One reason I hope that this work will be of interest to philosophers working outside of classical German philosophy is that there is much to recommend this way of approaching philosophical problems, as I hope to demonstrate. I want to show that Schelling’s way of doing philosophy, and his ongoing philosophical project itself, have much to ofer contemporary debates.

I therefore begin by engaging with contemporary metaphysics, and in Chapter 1 I outline the central features of contemporary power-based ontologies. Tere are a number of reasons for this. First, I want to draw attention to the marked similarities between these accounts and Schelling’s ontology in order to support my claim that the latter’s system should be read as an ontology of powers. Second, I want to highlight these similarities as I will claim later in the project that the problems that emerge for

Schelling’s ontology will also arise for contemporary accounts of this kind. In Chapter 1 I say something about the contemporary motivations for adopting a power-based ontology, sketch the central features of this kind of ontology and briefy outline the ways that this type of system might be thought helpful in arguing for a libertarian conception of human freedom.

Chapter 2 turns back to Schelling’s particular treatment of the question of human freedom, and I outline the relationships between freedom and system in Spinoza, Kant and Fichte, who I take to be three of Schelling’s most important infuences on the subject of freedom. I argue that it is the tensions which these three philosophical systems highlight (between certainty and autonomy and systematicity and freedom) which in part motivate Schelling’s adoption of a power-based ontology: in order to posit a holist system (to ground certainty and avoid the problematic dualisms of Kant) which avoids the denial of freedom which Spinoza’s monism seemed to entail, Schelling moves from a system based on substance to one founded on powers in process, as this kind of system is able to aford more space for the acts of free agents.

In Chapter 3 I present my account of Schelling’s Naturphilosophie as a power-based ontology. One of the claims I defend throughout the project is that despite the changes in Schelling’s system, the ontology of powers outlined in the Naturphilosophie remains central to his thought. Tis is especially true of his claims in the Freedom essay, which I argue in Chapter 5 depend on (as well as extend) the ontology outlined in the texts on Naturphilosophie. Chapter 3 therefore outlines the ontology which the Naturphilosophie presents, emphasising the importance of powers and process for Schelling’s conception of nature. I fnish the chapter by highlighting a problem which the Naturphilosophie entails: although the conceptions of causality, natural law and the openness of the future which the Naturphilosophie’s ontology of powers enables seem to be conducive for arguing for human freedom, nonetheless the account of objects and their relation to the whole which this ontology presents implies that agents themselves (or any individuals in nature) are not the causal source of their actions and further throws the very existence of genuine individuals into question. I argue that this problem has two aspects: a problem of individuation and a problem of control. It is these problems that I claim will also arise for contemporary power-based accounts.

Chapter 4 expands on these problems, and makes explicit why they arise as a consequence of the power-based ontology of the Naturphilosophie. In this chapter I argue that Schelling became aware of these problems and that this awareness was one of the driving forces behind the changes to his system that he made between the Naturphilosophie and the Freedom essay: I present the Identitätssystem as Schelling’s attempt to work out the consequences of

a system which denies the existence of individuality. Tis chapter follows Schelling’s progression through the System of Transcendental Idealism, the Identitätssystem, the dialogic text Bruno, and Philosophy and Religion, outlining his diferent attempts to make this kind of system consistent. I argue in this chapter that, because of Schelling’s deep concern with the reality of human freedom as well as problems internal to the systems he presents in this period, he abandons the Identitätssystem and attempts a new answer to the problems entailed by the Naturphilosophie. Tis new solution, I argue in Chapter 5, is found in the Freedom essay, which represents Schelling’s renewed attempt to include a strong conception of freedom within his account of the whole. Schelling’s previous attempts in the Identitätssystem prioritised the whole at the expense of the individual; after the failure of the Identitätssystem the Schelling of the Freedom essay places individuality and personality at the heart of his conception of system. I argue that in the Freedom essay Schelling builds on the power-based ontology of the Naturphilosophie in order to advance a conception of the whole as reciprocally dependent on the freedom of individuals: the kind of system which Schelling outlines here is enabled by the existence of genuinely free individuals rather than threatened by them. In this chapter I outline Schelling’s account of the whole and conception of freedom from the Freedom essay, demonstrating that both of these depend on his ontology of powers.

In the fnal chapter I bring into sharper focus the problems which I argue that Schelling has been concerned with solving since the Naturphilosophie In this chapter I make explicit why these problems will arise not only for Schelling’s Naturphilosophie, but for any similar power-based system. I draw attention to the features of Schelling’s earlier systems which mean that he is unable to avoid these problems, and highlight the features of the ontology of the Freedom essay which enable him to provide a solution. I fnish with some consideration of whether Schelling’s solutions will be palatable to contemporary metaphysicians: it may be thought that a solution which involves the positing of an absolute is worse than no solution at all. However, I hope to show that, although some of his conceptual apparatus may seem alien to the contemporary philosopher, there is much to recommend Schelling’s solution to these problems.

Note

1. In fact I think that this is true of Schelling’s entire philosophical career; however, as I have only been able to focus on the texts including and between the Naturphilosophie and the Freedom essay in this project I restrict my claim to this period.

Chapter 1 Powers: Contemporary Accounts

Introduction

For some time metaphysics in the Anglo-American tradition has been dominated by a way of thinking which takes the object as its fundamental explanatory paradigm. Te object is understood as frst and foremost an isolated individual, a discrete unit with clear and determinate boundaries; any relationships or connections that it has to other objects, or even to its own properties, are secondary. Tis paradigm also has a distinctly neo-Humean element: it is not just the case that the connections an object has to other things are secondary, but they are also contingent. Terefore they do not tell us anything of consequence about that object, or nature itself; they merely happen to be that way and could just as well have been otherwise without this entailing any interesting change to that object or to nature itself. Tis paradigm culminates in the doctrine of Humean Supervenience, notoriously summarised by Lewis: ‘All there is to the world is a vast mosaic of local matters of particular fact, just one little thing and then another’ (Lewis 1986: ix).

Te picture entailed by this way of thinking is of a fundamentally disconnected world: objects are disconnected from their properties, causes from their efects, actors from their actions. Nothing is really connected to anything else, things just happen and could have happened any other way. Tat things happen in the way that they do, and that things are the way they are, is contingent: anything could have co-occurred with anything else; an object could have had fundamentally diferent properties; a particular cause could have had very diferent efects. It is important to note that this is not merely a counterfactual claim stating that the world could have been diferent if things had played out diferently, but rather stems from the claim

about disconnectedness: the properties something has have nothing to do with its nature; the things that happen to be causally connected bear no more important or diferent relationship to one another than to any other objects in the universe.

However, there has been a slow but growing tide of resistance against this way of thinking which questions the picture of nature I have been sketching above. Is it really the case that an object could have had any other properties and still been that same object? Is it not something in the nature of that object which makes it behave and exist in the way that it does? Surely there are certain objects in nature which are connected in particular meaningful ways, whether that be causes to efects, objects to properties or universals to particulars? Tere are also worries about the reductive implications of the neo-Humean picture: this view has difculties with accounting for the role of not only human agency within nature, but any intentional action at all. I will have more to say about these worries in the course of this chapter. Tis tide of resistance has led to a move away from the ontology of disconnected objects and towards thinking in terms of dynamism and process towards an ontology which gives us a fundamentally more interconnected picture of the world. In this chapter I will be giving a detailed account of the motivations for this kind of view and sketching the central features of the account.

Tis shift in the contemporary debate – from thinking about nature on a mechanistic model in terms of discrete and disconnected particulars, connected only by external relations of causation, to conceiving of nature as a dynamic and interconnected whole composed of objects which are inherently active – parallels a shift that took place in the late eighteenth century. Schelling’s development of his Naturphilosophie was part of this shift and, as I will outline in Chapter 3, this development was motivated by many of the same concerns which underlie the move towards a power-based metaphysics in contemporary debates. Tere is also a striking similarity in the hopes for the implications of this metaphysics for making sense of higher level phenomena: both Schelling and many contemporary pan-dispositionalists are committed to the thought that by shifting our metaphysical thinking from static objects to dynamic powers we thereby open up the prospect for making sense of phenomena such as human freedom, intentionality, subjectivity, etc., in a diferent way, and importantly in a way which is continuous with rather than opposed to our understanding of other natural products. Indeed, though both Schelling and the contemporary pan-dispositionalists are motivated to their views through concerns which we might describe as at the micro level of metaphysics (such as concerns about the nature of matter, properties and causation), arguably both are also motivated by the thought that this ontology ofers the prospect of giving

a diferent account of particular ‘higher level’ subjective phenomena. Tis account is naturalistic (in the sense that it ofers explanations which take these phenomena to be part of nature) but is not reductive, and allows for explanations of these phenomena which are more continuous with our experience and pre-philosophical understanding of them than a mechanistic or neo-Humean account allows.

I give a detailed account of Schelling’s motivations for adopting his power-based ontology, and an outline of the specifc claims and implications of that ontology, in Chapter 3. In this chapter, I focus on summarising the central features of contemporary pan-dispositionalism and highlighting its implications for human freedom. I am starting with contemporary pan-dispositionalism rather than Schelling for a number of reasons. Firstly, because this will support my argument that Schelling is best understood as advocating an ontology of this kind. Secondly, I want to demonstrate that this ontology provides the best prospect for thinking about human freedom, as it allows for a conception of agents as having real causal efcacy and control over their actions, but does this in a way that does not render human freedom as transcendent or human agents as diferent from the rest of the natural world. Finally, however, I want to argue that there are particular areas in which the contemporary pan-dispositionalist ontology falls short, and show that this opens up problems not just for the account of human freedom made possible by this ontology, but for their ontology as a whole.

Specifcally, I want to argue that these problems arise from the tendency of contemporary metaphysics to approach phenomena in a piecemeal, rather than holistic, way: although there is much work on thinking about properties as powers, about causation in terms of powers and about power-based accounts of human freedom, for example, there is very little work focusing on how these areas connect – in short, on what a power-based ontology as a whole would look like. (It is noteworthy that even Anjum and Mumford, two of the most prolifc advocates of a power-based view, display this tendency. Although their work on powers spans a number of areas (such as causation, perception, ethics and human freedom), these areas are always taken as separate; there is no overarching account which explicates the connections between them (see Anjum and Mumford 2018 for example).)

Tis leaves the pan-dispositionalist unable to tackle important questions such as what the relationship between powers and objects is like, or how agential powers relate to powers on the micro level. In the current literature a lot of work has been done on advancing an account of powers on the abstract, micro level in relation to specifc areas of metaphysics and some work has been done on using power-based thinking to account for phenomena at the macro level, but this work remains unconnected. Without a

full account of this ontology as a whole, which is able to explicitly connect the diferent work on the micro level and to connect the micro level to the macro level, the ontology remains incomplete, and the claims at the macro level therefore remain unclear and unjustifed. Tis is a version of a concern that Bird (2016) has recently raised about contemporary power-based ontologies, which I return to in detail later in this chapter. I will also argue that Schelling’s ontology is able to respond to this concern in a way that contemporary accounts cannot currently do.

Tis begins to make explicit one of the central claims of this book: that Schelling’s metaphysics should be of essential interest to those working in the contemporary metaphysics of powers, in particular (but not limited to) those who are interested in this kind of metaphysics because of the possibilities that it afords for thinking about human freedom and other subjective, higher-level phenomena. As I will show, Schelling’s account shares a number of strikingly similar features to contemporary pan-dispositionalism – indeed, some of his claims read as if they have come straight out of the contemporary literature – however, his ontology is developed and explicated as a whole in a way that contemporary accounts are not. Schelling’s aim in the Naturphilosophie is to provide a full account of the process of nature, in its development through diferent levels and its manifestation in a diverse range of phenomena. Terefore Schelling provides a detailed account not just of the workings of powers at the micro level, but also of how these powers interact to give rise to higher levels and how they continue to manifest themselves in phenomena such as subjectivity, agency and human freedom. Schelling’s metaphysics, I claim, provides the kind of fully worked out power-based ontology which is lacking in the contemporary literature, and is therefore able to provide or point the way to solutions to issues which current views fail to resolve. However, as I will argue later in this project, Schelling’s ontology also gestures to a new set of problems which the current literature on pan-dispositionalism does not engage with because they only come into view when this kind of system is fully explicated. I will also argue that Schelling’s ontology provides us with insight into possible ways to solve these problems. As these problems will only become apparent through my reading of Schelling’s evolving philosophical project, I will not be able to make them fully explicit in this chapter, though I will gesture towards them when necessary.

As I mentioned above, the contemporary literature on powers tends to focus on causal powers and properties. Tese debates thus apply the concept of power in relation to specifc areas of ontology. However, there is increasing interest in whether it is feasible to extend this power-based account to ontology as a whole, captured in the question ‘Can there be a world of powers only?’ (Marmodoro 2010: 1). However, as I argue below, the

question of what this ‘world of powers only’ would look like in practice is severely underdeveloped in the current literature.

If this kind of power-based ontology (understood as an ontology which posits powers as the fundamental unit of reality) is possible, this raises the question of whether accounts of this kind have any implications for human freedom: if the causal powers of agents are of the same kind as the causal powers which exist in the rest of nature, does this provide the space needed to argue for the reality of freedom? In this chapter I frst give an account of the nature of powers before outlining the key features of a power-based ontology and the accounts of causation, the composition of objects and natural laws which this ontology makes possible. I fnish with some considerations of how a powers-based account could have a bearing on debates surrounding human freedom.

The Nature of Powers

Although there are competing accounts of the ontological status of powers in the literature, there are certain characterisations of the nature of powers which are common to most accounts. Firstly, the terms power and disposition are generally used interchangeably, though Tugby (2012) argues that there is a distinction that should be made here. Bird (2016) also argues that the terms should be taken separately: because taking objects as having dispositions is not metaphysically loaded (even the neo-Humean can argue that certain objects have particular dispositions), whereas taking these to be synonymous with powers entails a metaphysical commitment to the existence of powers which ground these dispositions. In what follows I will be using these terms as interchangeable, frstly because this is the trend in the literature, and secondly because on the view that I am arguing for depositions are grounded in the existence of real irreducible powers. A power is thus understood as a disposition, a property of an object which disposes that object to behave in a certain way:

Powers are properties like fragility and electric charge, whose possession disposes their bearer in a certain way. Te instantiation of fragility in the glass disposes the glass to break if struck in appropriate circumstances. (Marmodoro 2010: 1)

Te particular behaviour which a power disposes its bearer towards is referred to as a manifestation: the power of fragility in the glass is manifested when the glass breaks. Terefore powers are fundamentally directional by nature in that a particular power is directed towards a particular manifestation or set of manifestations: the power of fragility disposes its bearer to break when struck; the power of elasticity disposes its bearer to stretch, bounce

or be fexible given the appropriate conditions. Powers thus dispose their bearers to behave in a certain way or a certain variety of ways in particular circumstances.

Te example of fragility makes explicit a further aspect of the nature of powers: they can be possessed by an object whether or not they are ever manifested, just as the glass remains fragile even if it never breaks. Tus although a manifestation is ontologically dependent on the power, the power is ontologically independent of its manifestation and continues to exist even when the manifestation is not and never will be present:

Te occurrence of the manifestation of a power depends on the existence of the power, but not vice versa. Powers can exist in the absence of their manifestations and so are ontologically independent of their manifestations. (Molnar 2003: 82)

Tis draws attention to another feature of the nature of powers; that they are intrinsic properties of the objects which bear them:

Tings and materials have powers even when they are not exercising them, and that is a current fact about them, a way in which they are currently diferentiated from other things [. . .] Te diference between something which has the power to behave in a certain way and something which does not have that power is not a diference between what they will do, since it is contingently the case that their powers are, in fact, ever exercised, but it is a diference in what they themselves are. It is a diference in intrinsic nature. (Harré 1970: 84–5)

Tus to ascribe a disposition to an object is to make a claim about that object’s nature, and to claim that when a particular kind of phenomenon occurs it is the natures of the objects or materials involved that are responsible for its occurrence. Powers should therefore be understood as immanent to the objects which bear them.

Although the above features of the nature of powers are widely accepted in the literature, accounts difer on the ontological status which they aford to powers. Some accounts argue that objects have causal powers but that these powers are reducible to or originate from properties of objects that are not dispositional; some argue that objects do have irreducible causal powers, but that they also have non-dispositional or categorical properties as well; and fnally some argue that dispositional properties are irreducible and fundamental properties of objects, and therefore that all of an object’s properties are reducible to their dispositional properties. It is this latter account, referred to as dispositional monism or pan-dispositionalism, which I am interested in here as it is most similar to the kind of ontological position which posits powers as the fundamental constituent of reality that I take Schelling to be advancing.

Pan-dispositionalism

So far I have been giving an account of powers which remains neutral about their ontological status and outlining features common to both strong and weak power-based accounts. For example, retaining disposition-talk is an option on any ontology as this kind of talk does not entail a commitment to the metaphysical existence of dispositions or powers: the neo-Humean can hold that it is natural and useful to think about some properties as dispositional, even if she denies that this refects the property’s real metaphysical nature. Tere are also some accounts which accept the existence of dispositions in some areas – for example which hold that causation is best thought of in terms of the manifestation of dispositions – but which do not go as far as pan-dispositionalism in its claim that all properties are dispositional. I now want to advocate a particular position on the ontological status of powers, dispositional monism or pan-dispositionalism, and outline the central features of this position. Dispositional monism is defned by Mumford as: ‘Te ontological thesis that there is only one fundamental type of property. All properties are dispositional properties; categorical properties do not exist’ (Mumford 1998a: 19, emphasis removed), and defned by Molnar, who prefers the term pan-dispositionalism, as: ‘an ontological position according to which every genuine property (on a sparse theory of properties) is a power, and the same is true of every genuine (unfounded) relation’ (Molnar 2003: 153). Tis position claims that dispositional properties are the fundamental properties of objects, and any other properties are ontologically dependent on these dispositional properties. I want to take pan-dispositionalism to be more than a theory of properties, however, and therefore will understand the term (which I will use interchangeably with power-based ontology/ontology of powers) in what follows as referring to an ontology which posits powers as the fundamental ontological constituents. On this account, the answer to the question: ‘Of what does reality, at the basic level, consist?’ will be powers, all the way down. Tis account therefore holds that all natural objects as well as properties are ontologically dependent on certain fundamental natural powers. If I understand him correctly, this is Mumford’s view, although he does not explicitly discuss the relationship between powers and objects.1 Although he advocates a strong realism about powers, Molnar cannot properly be called a pan-dispositionalist as he admits certain properties to his ontology (‘S-properties’ such as spatial location) which he claims are not reducible to dispositional properties. However, Molnar does seem to accept the existence of ungrounded dispositions and therefore seems to be committed to the claim that dispositions are more fundamental than objects. It is not always clear in the literature what the ontological status of dispositions is taken to be: although there are advocates

of pan-dispositionalism about properties these accounts tend not to discuss the fundamentality of powers or the question of the relationship between powers and objects. Te lack of discussion of this point is one of the issues with contemporary pan-dispositionalism which I return to below. However, there are accounts (such as Mumford’s and Molnar’s) which accept the existence of ungrounded powers. It seems to me that this entails the claim that these ungrounded powers are the basic ontological unit, and therefore that natural objects are ontologically dependent on powers.

Motivations for Pan-dispositionalism

I am advocating pan-dispositionalism for the purposes of this book as it is the kind of account which fts best with the power-based ontology which l argue is present in Schelling. I want to show that Schelling is a pan-dispositionalist in the sense outlined above (he takes powers to be the fundamental ontological unit) and will therefore be focusing on accounts of this kind from the contemporary literature.

Aside from these considerations I take a pan-dispositionalist account to be preferable both to accounts which accept dispositional properties but also claim that there are categorical properties (mixed views) and to accounts which deny the existence of dispositions and argue that only categorical properties exist. For reasons of space I will not be able to give a detailed account of the arguments against the coherence of the idea of a categorical property here, but I will give a brief summary of some of the central motivations for rejecting categoricalism in favour of a dispositional account. I also do not have space here to deal with all of the objections to the pan-dispositionalist view, but I am satisfed that most have been dealt with well in the literature.2

We can understand categoricalism as the claim that all (sparse/fundamental) properties are categorical, not dispositional, in nature. A mixed view will argue that both kinds of property exist or that all properties have both a categorical and a dispositional aspect, therefore if the notion of a categorical property is shown to be problematic this will count against the mixed view as well as the categoricalist view (Bird 2007b: 70). For categoricalism, the particular dispositions that a property has are neither intrinsic nor essential to that property; therefore whatever dispositions a property happens to have, it has these only contingently. Bird summarises categoricalism:

Properties are categorical in the following sense: they have no essential or other non-trivial modal character. For example, and in particular, properties do not, essentially or necessarily, have or confer any dispositional character or power. Being made of rubber confers elasticity on an object, but does not do so necessarily. Being

negatively charged confers on objects the power to repel other negatively charged objects, but not necessarily. In other possible worlds rubber objects are not elastic, negatively charged objects attract rather than repel one another. Te essential properties of a natural property are limited to its essentially being itself and not some distinct property. (Ibid. 67)

Tere are two problems which immediately arise from understanding properties as categorical. Firstly, if categorical properties have the particular dispositions that they do only contingently then it is difcult to give an account of how properties are individuated: although it may be the case that in the actual world being made of rubber is linked to the disposition to elasticity (and therefore instances of this property in the actual world are individuated by this disposition), the relationship between the property and the disposition is contingent: therefore in other possible worlds being made of rubber may be linked with the disposition to be brittle, to be negatively charged, to cry at sentimental flms, or to any other disposition. Because there is no intrinsic or necessary relation between a property and its dispositions, the same property could look totally diferent in diferent possible worlds, as any property could be coupled with any disposition without afecting its status as that specifc property. Te individuation of properties across worlds can therefore be secured only by appeal to what Black (2000) calls ‘quiddities’: to some kind of intrinsic ‘thisness’ of the property that ensures that it remains the same property despite all of its dispositions being changed. Quidditism about properties is thus parallel to haecceitism about particulars, and subject to the same worries.3

Te second problem concerns the relationship between categorical properties and the dispositions that they have: if there is no intrinsic or necessary relation between a property and its dispositions, then what grounds which properties have which dispositions? It is certainly the case in the actual world that the same property is always coupled with the same dispositions; however, if this is not due to any fundamental characteristics of the property (leaving aside the fact that on the categoricalist account it is hard to see what the fundamental characteristics of a property could be – as none of its dispositions are fundamental it is unclear what the property itself is supposed to consist in, aside from its mysterious quidditism which supposedly grounds its identity) the categoricalist must provide another account of why certain dispositions attach to certain properties. Tis question tends to be answered by an appeal to natural laws: the laws of the actual world are what ground the particular relationships of dispositions to properties (as well as of properties to other properties, and objects to other objects, etc.). Tis is why in other possible worlds the same property could be coupled with diferent dispositions to those it has in the actual world: because the dispositions of a property depend on the laws of nature, in a

world where the laws of nature difer the dispositions which properties have will also difer.

Bird (2007b: 68–70) identifes two conceptions of natural laws which are compatible with categoricalism: a regularity theory (such as Lewis’s) and a nomic necessitation theory (found in Armstrong, Tooley and Dretske), and argues that neither of these accounts is successful. Further, he demonstrates that the problems with quidditism remain on either account of natural laws. Briefy, the regularity theory argues that laws simply supervene on states of afairs in the world:

Laws of nature are a subset of the contingent regularities (true generalisations) of the actual world. Te subset is characterised by some further condition, such as the requirement that to be a law a generalization must be derivable from each optimal axiomatized system. (Ibid. 69)

On this account a law of nature is simply a generalisation that we make which tracks and states a particular regularity in nature, and which can be used as an axiom or theorem in our systematic picture of the world. Tis second requirement is added in an attempt to rule out accidental regularities being counted as laws; however, since on this account the existence of all regularity in nature is contingent, it is difcult to see how there could be any non-arbitrary way to distinguish between the regularities that we take to be laws and those which we take to be accidental. Further, this account of laws does not do the explanatory work required to make sense of why particular properties are coupled with the particular dispositions that they have: laws merely generalise from instances of regularity in nature, therefore they can tell us nothing new or deep about objects or their properties and dispositions and why these are related in the way that they are. Tis account of laws therefore renders the relationship between a property and the dispositions that it has mysterious: laws on the regularity theory can only tell us what dispositions properties happen to have but can shed no further light on this relation.

Te nomic necessitation view sees laws as ‘contingent relations among natural properties’ (ibid. 70) and sees the particular relations that hold between properties and dispositions as grounded in a second-order set of relations between universals. Tus there are certain relations which hold between universals, and these relations determine the dispositions of and relations between instances of these properties in the natural world. Tis account is therefore able to provide the explanatory power that the regularity view lacks: the relationship between properties and dispositions is explained with reference to second-order relations between universals. Although this account introduces an element of necessity which is not present on the regularity account of laws (the relations between natural properties will hold

Another random document with no related content on Scribd:

"Kyllä tässä tosiaankin on varsin hyvä", sanoi Germain, istuutuen ihan tytön viereen. "Minulla on vain vähän nälkä. Kello lienee yhdeksän ja olenpa ponnistellut melkein liiaksi astuessa näillä kelvottomilla teillä, niin että olen ihan väsyksissä. Eikö sinullakin ole nälkä, Marie?"

"Minullako? Ei ollenkaan. En minä ole tottunut syömään kuten te neljä kertaa päivässä, minä olen monesti käynyt levolle ilman illallista, yksi kerta lisäksi ei merkitse mitään."

"Kas vain, sellaisesta vaimosta kuin sinä ei olisi suurta vaivaa, hänen elatuksensa ei paljoa maksaisi", sanoi Germain hymyillen.

"En minä ole vaimo", vastasi Marie, ottamatta huomioon hänen ajatuksiensa käännöstä. "Joko te näette unta?"

"Niin, luullakseni minä uneksin", vastasi Germain. "Nälkä ehkä houkuttelee minua puhumaan sekavasti."

"Millainen ruoan palvelija te olette!" virkkoi Marie, hymyillen nyt hän vuorostaan. "No, jos ette voi tulla toimeen viittä kuutta tuntia syömättä, niin onhan teillä lintuja laukussanne ja tulta paistaa."

"Sepä oli hyvä ajatus, mutta entä lahja tulevalle apelleni?"

"Teillä on kuusi metsäkanaa ja jänis. Luullakseni ette toki tarvitse niitä kaikkia yhdeksi veroksenne."

"Mutta paistaa täällä ilman varrasta ja muita neuvoja, siitähän ei tule muuta kuin tuhkaa."

"Ei", vastusti pikku Marie, "minä kyllä paistan teille linnun tuhassa ilman vähintäkään savun makua. Ettekö te ole koskaan pyytäneet

kiuruja ja paistaneet kivien välissä? Ah, tosiaankin, johan minä unhotin, että te ette ole olleet paimenena. Kas niin, kynikää nyt tämä metsäkana. Ei niin kovasti! Aivanhan te revitte siitä pois nahankin."

"Sinä voit kyniä toista, näyttääksesi, miten sitä tehdään."

"Aiotteko syödä kaksi? Kylläpä olette aika syömäri! — Kas niin, nyt ne ovat kynityt ja minä paistan ne."

"Sinusta tulisi kunnon ruokakauppias sotaväelle, pikku Marie; mutta pahaksi onneksi sinulla ei ole mitään lekkeriä, niin että minun täytynee juoda vettä tästä suosta."

"Tahtoisitteko viiniä? Tai ehkä kahvia? Luuletteko nyt olevanne markkinoilla lehtimajassa? Huutakaa kapakan isäntää: Belairin isäntä tahtoo jotain juodaksensa!"

"Häijy tyttö, sinä pilkkaat minua. Etkö sinä joisi viiniä, jos sitä nyt olisi tässä?"

"Minäkö? Joinhan minä tänä iltana viiniä teidän kanssanne Rebeceukon luona toisen kerran koko elämässäni. Mutta jos olette oikein hyvä, niin minä annan teille melkein täyden pullon, ja hyvää viiniä se onkin."

"Vai niin, Marie, osaatko sinä tosiaankin loitsia?"

"Ettekö ollut niin tuhlaavainen, että pyysitte kaksi pulloa Rebeceukon luona? Te ja pikku poikanne joitte toisen, mutta minä vain hiukan maistoin siitä, jonka otitte minua varten. Te kuitenkin maksoitte molemmat ihan katsomatta."

"No, entä sitte?"

"Sitte minä pistin täyden pullon koriini, kun ajattelin, että te ja pikku poikanne saattaisitte sitä tarvita tiellä, ja tässä se on."

"Sinä olet viisain tyttö, kuin minä olen koskaan tavannut. Ja kuitenkin, lapsi parka, itkit ravintolasta lähtiessä! Vaan se ei estänyt sinua ajattelemasta muita enemmän kuin itseäsi. Pikku Marie, ken sinut nai, hän ei ole tyhmä."

"Niinpä luulen ja toivon, sillä enpä minä huolisikaan tyhmästä. Kas niin, syökää nyt lintujanne, ne ovat paraiksi paistuneet, ja leivän sijasta saatte tyytyä pähkinöihin."

"Mistä ihmeestä sinä olet niitäkin saanut?"

"Ei se ole mikään ihme! Koko matkan minä poimiskelin niitä puiden oksista ohi ratsastaessa, niin että minulla oli taskut täynnä."

"Ja ovatko nekin paistetut?"

"Niinkö tyhmä ja ajattelematon minä olisin ollut, että olisin jättänyt panematta ne tuleen heti, kuin tuli tehtiin? Niinhän aina tehdään ulkona paimenessa."

"No niin, pikku Marie, nyt syömme illallista yhdessä! Sinun maljasi! ja olkoon sinulla onnea saada hyvä mies, ihan sellainen, kuin itse toivot! Millainen hänen pitäisi olla, kerropas se minulle!"

"Se ei ole helppo asia, Germain; minä en ole sitä vielä koskaan ajatellut."

"Mitä, etkö koskaan!" ihmetteli Germain, aljettuaan syödä oikein hyvällä halulla, mutta leikaten aina paraimmat palat ja tarjoten niitä seurakumppanilleen, joka itsenäisesti pysyi niihin koskematta ja söi

ainoastaan muutamia pähkinöitä. "Sanopas, pikku Marie", jatkoi

Germain, huomattuaan, että tyttö ei aikonut vastata, "etkö vielä ole ollenkaan ajatellut naimisiin menoa? Johan se ikä on sinulla."

"Ehkä, mutta minä olen liian köyhä. Tarvitaan vähintään sata ecu'tä talouden ensi aluksi, ja sitä summaa kootakseni täytyy minun tehdä työtä viisi tai kuusi vuotta."

"Tyttö parka, jospa appeni minulle lahjoittaisi ne rahat, niin minä antaisin ne sinulle."

"Paljon kiitoksia, Germain. Mitäs sitte ihmiset sanoisivat minusta?"

"Mitäpä he voisivat sanoa? Tietäväthän he, että minä olen vanha enkä voi naida sinua. Eipä koskaan voitaisi ajatella että minä… että sinä…"

"Katsokaas, Germain, nyt herää poikanne", keskeytti pikku Marie.

VII.

Iltarukous. Pikku Petter oli noussut puoleksi ja katseli unen pöpperössä ympärilleen.

"Niin hän tekee aina, kun kuulee syötävän", sanoi Germain. "Kanuunan laukauskaan ei herättäisi häntä, mutta rupea vain pureksimaan hänen vieressänsä, niin heti hän avaa silmänsä."

"Te olitte luultavasti samanlainen hänen ijässään", sanoi pikku Marie, veitikkamaisesti hymyillen. "Vai niin, pikku Petter, etsitkö sinä sänkysi kattoa? Se on tänä iltana vihreistä lehdistä, poikaseni, mutta isälläsi on sittekin hyvä ruokahalu. Tahdotko sinäkin illallista? Minä en syönyt sinun osaasi, kun juuri aavistin, että sinä tahtoisit itse pitää siitä huolen."

"Marie, sinun pitää syödä", käski Germain. "Muuten en minä enää syö yhtään. Minä olen vahva syömäri ja sinä jäät nälkään vain meidän tähtemme. Se ei ole oikein, minua jo alkaa hävettää. Niin, se minulta lopettaa kaiken ruokahalun; pikku Petter ei saa syödä, ell'et sinä syö."

"Joutavia", vastasi pikku Marie. "Teillä ei ole meidän ruokahalumme avainta. Minun on lukossa tänään, mutta pikku Petterin on auki kuin suden pennun. Katsokaas vain, miten hän ahmii lihaa! Kyllä hänestä tulee kelpo maanviljelijä hänestäkin?"

Pikku Petter näytti tosiaankin varsin pian, kenenkä poika hän oli. Tuskin herättyään ja ihan tietämättä missä hän oli ja miten oli sinne joutunut, ryhtyi hän syömään hyvällä halulla. Saatuaan nälkänsä sammutetuksi, tuli hän hyvin vilkkaaksi, kuten usein tapahtuu lapsille, milloin he eksyvät tavoistaan; poikanen oli virkeämpi, uteliaampi ja selvempi ajatuksiltaan kuin muuten. Hän tahtoi selkoa, mihin hänet nyt oli tuotu ja saatuaan tietää, että leiripaikka oli keskellä metsää, alkoi hän vähän pelätä.

"Eikö tässä metsässä ole pahoja petoja?" kysyi hän isältään.

"Ei, ei ole. Älä pelkää."

"Narrasitko sitte, kun sanoit, että jos lähden kanssasi suureen metsään, niin sudet vievät minut?"

"Kuulehan vain sitä viisastelevaa pikku herraa!" sanoi Germain hämillään.

"Kyllä Petter on oikeassa", myönsi pikku Marie. "Niin te sanoitte hänelle, hänellä on hyvä muisti. Mutta tiedä, pikku Petter, että isä ei koskaan narraa; me ratsastimme jo suuren metsän läpi sinun maatessasi, ja nyt me olemme pikku metsässä, eikä täällä ole mitään petoja."

"Onko pikku metsä kaukana suuresta?"

"On, hyvin kaukana, eivätkä sudet koskaan lähde pois suuresta metsästä.

Ja jospa joku tulisikin tänne, min isäsi tappaisi sen."

"Ja sinä myöskin, pikku Marie."

"Niin, me myöskin, tottahan sinä auttaisit meitä, pikku Petter? Ethän sinä pelkää? Löisitkö sinä niitä?"

"Löisin", vastasi poika uljaasti ja asettui hyökkäämään; "me tappaisimme ne."

"Ei kukaan osaa niin hyvin puhella lasten kanssa kuin sinä", sanoi

Germain Marielle. "Sinä saat heidät viihtymään. No, eihän tuosta olekaan varsin pitkä aika, kuin itse vielä olit lapsi; sinä muistat, mitä äitisi silloin sanoi sinulle. Luulenpa, että mitä nuorempi ollaan, sitä paremmin tullaan toimeen nuorten kanssa. Minä pelkään hyvin, että kolmenkymmenen vuoden ikäinen vaimo, joka ei vielä tiedä, mitä merkitsee olla äitinä, että hänen on vaikea oppia lörpöttelemään ja puhelemaan pikku lasten kanssa."

"Miksi niin, Germain? Minä en tiedä, minkä tähden teillä on niin huonot ajatukset tulevasta vaimostanne; mutta kyllä se muuttuu."

"Jospa se vaimoni olisi siellä, missä pippuri kasvaa!" sanoi

Germain. "Ja minä mieluisimmin tahtoisin, että se muuttuisi niin, että siitä puuhasta ei koskaan tulisi mitään. Mitä minä tekisin vaimolla, jota en ollenkaan tunne?"

"Hyvä isä", sanoi poika, "miksi sinä tanaan lakkaamatta puhut vaimostasi? Hänhän on kuollut."

"Etkö sinä ole unhottanut häntä, rakasta äitiäsi?"

"En, näinhän minä, miten hänet pantiin kauniisen valkoiseen puulaatikkoon, ja sitte ukko talutti minut hänen luoksensa ja käski minua suutelemaan häntä ja sanomaan hänelle hyvästi. Hän oli ihan valkoinen ja kylmä, ja joka ilta auttaa täti minua rukoilemaan Jumalaa, että äiti saisi lämmitellä hänen luonansa taivaassa. Uskotko, että hän nyt on siellä?"

"Toivottavasti, lapseni; mutta kyllä siltä aina pitää rukoilla; siitä näkee äitisi, että sinä rakastat häntä."

"Minä luen rukoukseni", sanoi poika, "vaan nyt en muista sitä. Minä en osaa lukea yksinäni, minulta aina unohtuu jotakin. Pikku Marien pitää auttaa minua."

"Kyllä, Petter, minä autan", sanoi tyttö. "Tule tänne ja käy polvillesi minun viereeni!"

Poika laskeutui polvilleen tytön hameelle, pani pikku kätensä ristiin ja alkoi lukea rukoustaan ensin tarkkaavasti ja hartaasti, sillä hän osasi alun varsin hyvin, sitte hitaammin ja tavoittelemalla ja viimein sana sanalta jäljestä, mitä pikku Marie hänelle luki edeltä, kunnes poikanen ehti siihen kohtaan, jossa uni, hänet voitti joka ilta, niin että hän ei ollut koskaan ehtinyt oppia loppupuolta. Tälläkin kertaa ajatusten kokoamisponnistus ja oman äänen tavallinen vaikutus tekivät tehtävänsä; hän lausui ainoastaan vaivaloisesti viimeiset tavaukset vasta sitte, kuin kuuli Marien sanovan niitä kolmeen kertaan; hänen päänsä vaipui raskaana Marien syliin, kädet veltostuivat, erosivat toisistaan ja putosivat hänen polvillensa. Tulen valossa näki Germain pikku enkelinsä nukkuvan nuoren tytön sylissä; Marie oli kiertänyt kätensä hänestä ympäri ja lämmitti huounnallaan hänen valkoista tukkaansa; Marie oli itsekin vaipunut hartauteen, hän rukoili hiljaa Katerinen sielun puolesta.

Germain tuli liikutetuksi ja mietiskeli, mitä hän sanoisi pikku

Marielle, lausuakseen ilmi sitä kunnioitusta ja kiitollisuutta, kuin hän tunsi tyttöä kohtaan; mutta ei löytänyt mitään sanoja, jotka olisivat vastanneet hänen ajatuksiansa. Hän lähestyi Marieta suutelemaan poikaansa, jota tyttö yhä vielä piti sylissään, ja hänen oli oikein vaikea irroittaa huuliansa pikku Petterinsä otsalta.

"Te suutelette häntä liian kiivaasti", sanoi Marie ja työnsi hiljaa pois hänen päätänsä, "te herätätte hänet. Antakaa minun asettaa hänet nukkumaan, koska hän kuitenkin jo jälleen näkee unta paratiisista."

Poika ei yhtään vastustellut, kun hänet laskettiin satulalle; mutta ojentautuessaan vuohen nahalla, kysyi hän, makasiko hän hiirakon seljässä. Sitte hän avasi suuret sinisilmänsä, piti niitä minuutin verran auki, katsellen lehtiä, ja näytti näkevän unta valveillakin taikka miettivän yhtä ajatusta, joka oli juurtunut hänen mieleensä päivän kuluessa ja nyt muodostui selväksi unen lähestyessä. "Isä", sanoi hän, "jos tahdot antaa minulle toisen äidin, niin tahdon minä siksi pikku Marien."

Ja odottamatta vastausta ummisti hän silmänsä ja nukkui.

VIII.

Vaikka olikin kylmä.

Pikku Marie ei näyttänyt ottavan ollenkaan huomioon lapsen merkillisiä sanoja, hän käsitti ne vain ystävyydeksi, kääri pojan huolellisesti peitteihin, hämmenteli tulta ja neuvoi Germainia käymään sen viereen nukkumaan, koska läheisen suon pinnalla liitelevä sumu ei ollenkaan näyttänyt taipuvaiselta haihtumaan.

"Näen kyllä, että jo olette unen vallassa", virkkoi hän. "Te ette puhu sanaakaan, katsoa tuijotatte vain tuleen, kuten poikanne äsken.

Käykää te vain nukkumaan, minä katson sekä teitä että lasta."

"Sinun pitää nukkua", vastasi Germain, "ja minä valvon vartioiden teitä molempia. Ei minua ole koskaan niin vähän nukuttanut kuin nyt; minulla on viisikymmentä ajatusta päässäni."

"Viisikymmentä! se on liian paljo", sanoi tyttö hiukan ivallisesti; "moni olisi ihastuksissaan, jos heillä olisi edes yhtä ainoatakaan."

"No, jospa minulla ei olekaan viittäkymmentä yht'aikaa, niin on minulla ainakin yksi, josta en ole päässyt rauhaan koko

tuntikauteen."

"Minä arvaan, millainen se on, ja tiedän senkin, mikä teillä sitä ennen oli mielessä."

"Niin, sano sinä, Marie, jos olet arvannut; sano sinä itse, se olisi hauska."

"Tunti sitte", sanoi tyttö, "ajattelitte syömistä ja nyt ajattelette nukkumista."

"Tosin minä olen vain härkäin ajaja, Marie, mutta sinä näytät pitävän minua itse härkänä. Sinä olet häijy tyttö, ja minä kyllä huomaan, että sinä et tahdo puhella minun kanssani. Nuku sitte, se on parempi kuin pilkata miestä, joka ei ole iloinen."

"Jos tahdotte puhella, niin puhellaan sitte", sanoi tyttö, asettuen puoleksi makaamaan lapsen viereen, pää satulalle. "Te kiusaatte itseänne, Germain, eikä se juuri osoita teillä olevan suurtakaan tahdonvoimaa. Mitäs minä sitte sanoisin, joll en puolustautuisi surujani vastaan niin hyvin, kuin taidan."

"Sitä minä juuri ajattelen, tyttö parka! Sinä muutat pois omaistesi luota rumaan kangas- ja suoseutuun, jossa tuotat itsellesi syyskuumetta ja jossa lampaat eivät menesty, ja sehän on aina kiusaksi paimentytölle, joka pitää vakavaa vaaria toimestansa; ja sinä joudut vierasten ihmisten pariin, jotka ehkä eivät ole hyvät sinulle eivätkä käsitä, minkä arvoinen sinä olet. Se minua pahoittaa enemmän, kuin osaan sanoakaan, ja minä mielelläni veisin sinut takaisin äitisi luo, mieluisemmin kuin Fourcheen."

"Te puhutte hyvin hyvästi, mutta ymmärtämättömästi, Germain. Ei sovi hemmoitella ystäviänsä; teidän ei pitäisi puhua minun toimeni vaikeuksista, vaan sen eduista, kuten teittekin, kun istuimme syömässä Rebec-eukon luona."

"En minä sille mitään voi, että silloin minusta tuntui niin, vaan nyt tuntuu toisin. Sinulle olisi parasta, jos saisit miehen."

"Mahdollista kyliä Germain, johan minä sen sanoin; vaan koska se nyt on mahdotonta, niin minä en ajattele sitä."

"Mutta jospa se kuitenkin kävisi päinsä? Jos sinä sanoisit, millaisen miehen sinä tahdot, niin ehkäpä minun onnistuisi löytää sinulle joku."

"Ajatella jota kuta ei ole sama kuin löytää. Minä puolestani en viitsi ajatella mitään, koska siitä kuitenkaan ei ole hyötyä."

"Etkö ole koskaan ajatellut rikasta miestä?"

"En, tietysti en; olenhan minä itse köyhä kuin Job."

"Mutta jos hän olisi vähän varakas, niin ei suinkaan sinusta olisi vastenmielistä saada hyvä asunto, hyvää ruokaa, hyvät vaatteet ja päästä kelpo perheeseen, joka mielellään näkisi sinun auttelevan äitiäsi?"

"Niin, mitä siihen koskee, niin äitini auttaminen onkin ainoa toiveeni."

"Ja jos sellainen tilaisuus ilmestyisi, vaikkapa mies ei olisikaan ihan nuori, niin vastustelisitko?"

"Suokaa anteeksi, Germain, nuoruudesta minä juuri pidän kiinni, en minä koskaan voisi rakastaa ukkoa."

"Ei, tietysti ei ukkoa, mutta esimerkiksi minun ikäistäni miestä."

"Teidän ikäistänne, hän olisi liian vanha minulle, Germain; ei, minä pidän paraiten Bastienin ikäisestä, vaikka hän ei ole niin kaunis kuin te."

"Vai niin, pidätkö sinä enemmän Bastienistä, ulkopaimenesta?" sanoi Germain pahastuen. "Sillä pojallahan on samanlaiset silmät kuin elukoilla, joita hän paimentaa."

"Minä en huoli pitää lukua hänen silmistään hänen kahdeksantoista vuotensa tähden."

Germain tunsi hirmuista kateutta.

"Niin", sanoi hän, "kyllä minä näen, että sinä olet mieltynyt Bastieniin. Se on tosiaankin naurettavaa, jos saan sanoa."

"Niin, se olisi naurettavaa", vastasi Marie nauraen niin, että metsä kaikui, "ja hänestä tulisi naurettava mies. Hänellehän voi uskotella mitä hyvänsä. Tässä eräänä päivänä minä esimerkiksi otin kirkkoherran puutarhasta kauniin koison ja sanoin hänelle sitä punaiseksi omenaksi ja hän purasi sitä ahnaasti. Olisittepa nähnyt, miten hän irvisteli! Hyvänen aika, miten ruma hän oli!"

"Et sinä sitte rakasta häntä, kun teet pilkkaa hänestä."

"Ei se todista mitään. Mutta en minä hänestä huoli, sillä hän on niin häijy pikku sisarelleen ja sitä paitsi niin siivoton."

"Etkö tunne vetoa kenenkään muun puoleen?"

"Mitä se teihin koskee, Germain?"

"Ei koskekaan, minä vain kysyn huvikseni. Näenhän kyllä, pikku ystävä, että sinulla jo on joku, jota ajattelet."

"Ei, Germain, te erehdytte, ei minulla vielä ole ketään; vast'edes saattaa joku olla; mutta koska en voi ajatella naimisiin menoa ennen, kuin saan vähän kootuksi varoja, niin minullehan ei jää muuta neuvoa kuin mennä naimisiin vanhempana ja silloin tietysti vanhemmalle miehelle."

"Ota sitte vanhempi mies yhtä hyvin heti paikalla."

"En; sitte, kuin en enää ole nuori, on se minusta saman tekevä, mutta nyt on ihan toista."

"Jopa huomaan, Marie, että sinä et huoli minusta; se näkyy ihan selvästi!" sanoi Germain harmissaan ja sanojansa punnitsematta.

Pikku Marie ei vastannut. Germain kumartui hänen ylitsensä. Tyttö nukkui, hänet oli uni yht'äkkiä voittanut kuten lapset, jotka vielä lörpöttelevät nukkuessaankin.

Germain oli hyvillään, että Marie ei ollut huomannut hänen viimeisiä sanojansa, sillä hän itsekin katsoi niitä nyt tyhmiksi ja kääntyi seljin tyttöön, päästäkseen eroon noista ajatuksista.

Mutta eipä sitä ollut apua, hän ei voinut nukkua eikä ajatella mitään muuta kuin noita äskeisiä sanojansa. Hän astui parikymmentä kertaa tulen ympäri, meni edemmäksi metsään ja palasi takaisin. Kiihtyneenä, kuin olisi hänellä ollut elohopeaa

suonissa, nojautui hän puuta vasten, jonka alla molemmat nuoret makasivat, ja katseli heitä.

"Minä en tiedä, miten oikeastaan onkaan", ajatteli hän, "ett' en koskaan ole huomannut, että tämä pikku Marie on kaunein tyttö koko seudussa! Liian punakka hän ei ole, mutta terveet kasvot kuin metsäruusulla. Tuollainen pikku suu ja sievä pikku nenä! Ei hän ole suuri ikäisekseen, mutta sievävartaloinen kuin nuori metsävuohi ja kevyt kuin peipponen. En tiedä, miksi kotiväki meillä pitää niin tärkeänä naisen suuruutta ja lihavuutta ja ruskeutta. Minun vaimoni oli pikemmin hento ja kalpea, ja hän minua miellytti enemmän kuin kukaan muu. Ja tämä on kokonaan sieväjäseninen, mutta ei hän siltä ole heikompi; ei, hän on miellyttävä katsella kuin valkoinen kivi. Ja miten lempeät ja rehelliset nuo kasvot ovat! Hänen hyvä sydämmensä näkyy silmistä silloinkin, kuin hän nukkuu tai muuten pitää niitä kiinni. Mitä hyvään päähän koskee, niin hänellä on paremmat lahjat siinä kohdassa kuin Katerine vainaalla, se minun täytyy tunnustaa, eikä hänen seurassaan ole ikävä. Hän on iloinen, ymmärtäväinen, ahkera, helläsydämminen ja vilkas. Mitäpä saattaisinkaan toivoa sen enempää!"

"Mutta mitä se kaikki minuun koskee?" jatkoi Germain ajatuksiaan, koettaen katsoa toisaanne. "Appeni ei huolisi kuulla puhuttavan koko asiasta ja kaikki muu kotiväki sanoisi minua ilmi hulluksi. Ja muuten, eihän tyttö itsekään huoli minusta, lapsi raukka! Hänen mielestään minä olen liian vanha, niin hän äsken sanoi. Hän ei katso omaa etua eikä pidä lukua, että saa edelleenkin kärsiä kaikin tavoin, olla huonossa puvussa ja nähdä nälkää kaksi kolme kuukautta vuodessa, kun hän vain saa totella sydämmensä ääntä ja kerran antautua miehelle, joka häntä miellyttää. Siinä hän on ihan oikeassa! Minä tekisin ihan samoin, jos olisin hänen sijassaan… Ja jos minä

nyt saisin tehdä niin, kuin itse tahdon, niin minä valitsisin tytön oman mieleni mukaan enkä vangitsisi itseäni tuohon toiseen avioliittoon, joka ei minua millään tavalla viehätä."

Mitä enemmän Germain koetti pysyä järkevänä ja rauhoittua, sitä vähemmin se onnistui hänelle. Hän astui parikymmentä askelta ulommaksi ja katosi sumuun, mutta yht'äkkiä hän sitte huomasi olevansa polvillaan makaajain vieressä. Kerran hän tahtoi suudella pikku Petteriänsä, joka oli kiertänyt toisen käsivartensa Marien käden ympäri, ja erehtyi niin pahasti, että Marie, tuntien lämmintä hengitystä huulillaan, heräsi ja katseli Germainia hämmästyneesti; hän ei ollenkaan aavistanut, mitä Germainin mielessä liikkui.

"Minä en nähnyt teitä, lapsi raukat", sanoi Germain peräytyen kiireesti. "Minä olin vähällä kaatua teidän päällenne ja loukata teitä."

Pikku Marie yksinkertaisuudessaan uskoi hänen sanansa ja nukkui jälleen. Germain meni tulen toiselle puolelle ja vannoi pysyvänsä ihan liikahtamatta Marien heräämiseen asti. Hän piti sanansa, mutta vaikeatapa se oli; hän luuli tulevansa ihan hulluksi.

Viimein puolen yön seudussa hajosi sumu ja Germain näki tähtien tuikkivan puiden raoista. Kuu selvittihe myöskin sumuista, jotka sitä peittivät ja alkoi kylvellä timantteja kostealle sammalikolle. Tammien rungot olivat yhä vielä juhlallisen pimeyden peitossa, mutta vähän etäämpää näkyivät koivujen valkoiset rungot kuin, rivi haamuja valkoisissa kääreliinoissansa. Tuli kuvastui suosta ja sammakot, alkaen vähän tottua siihen, yrittivät heikosti kurnuttamaan; vanhain puiden kyhmyräiset haarat, vaaleata, tuuheaa sammalta peitteenä, ojentautuivat ristiin kuin paksut, lihattomat käsivarret matkustajiemme päiden päälle. Se oli kaunis paikka, mutta niin autio ja synkkä, että Germain kyllästyneenä ikävissään istumaan alkoi

laulaa ja heitellä kiviä veteen, haihduttaakseen yksinäisyyden sietämättömyyttä. Hän aikoi myöskin herättää pikku Marieta, mutta tyttö jo nousi itsestään tarkastamaan, millainen ilma oli. Silloin Germain ehdotti, että jatkettaisiin matkaa.

"Kahden tunnin kuluttua", sanoi hän, "tulee ilma niin viileäksi päivän koitossa, että me emme tässä tule toimeen tulenkaan vieressä. Nyt näemme jo etsiä tietä ja kaiketi löydämme jonkun asunnon, johon päästävät meitä sisään, taikka ainakin ladon, jossa saatamme katon alla viettää loppu-yön."

Mariella ei ollut yhtään omaa tahtoa, ja vaikka hän olisi vielä hyvin mielellään nukkunut, varustautui hän kuitenkin heti seuraamaan Germainia.

Germain otti pojan syliinsä, herättämättä häntä, ja tahtoi, että Marien piti astua hänen vieressään ja pitää hänen kappansa laitaa suojanaan, koska tyttö ei huolinut omaa kappaansa, johon pikku Petter oli käärittynä.

Germainilla oli nyt vähän aikaa muuta ajateltavana, mutta tuntiessaan nuoren tytön ihan vieressänsä alkoi hän taas joutua tunteittensa valtaan. Pari kolme kertaa vetäytyi hän äkkiä syrjään, jättäen Marien jäljelle. Mutta nähtyään, miten vaikea tytön oli ehtiä perästä, pysähtyi hän odottamaan, veti hänet äkisti viereensä ja puristi häntä niin kovasti, että tyttö kummastui ja pahastuikin, vaikka ei uskaltanut sanoa mitään.

He eivät ollenkaan tienneet, mistä päin olivat tulleet, eivätkä siis myöskään, mihin päin oli mentävä. Niinpä he astuivat läpi koko metsän aution kankaan laitaan asti, kääntyivät takaisin ja astuivat

kauan, tehden monta mutkaa, kunnes viimein näkivät tulen välkkyvän pensaiden välitse.

"Kas niin, tässähän on talo", sanoi Germain, "ja ihmiset jo ovat valveilla, koska ovat tehneet tulen."

He olivat astuneet kaksi tuntia ja saapuneet samaan paikkaan, josta olivat lähteneet.

Mutta eipä se ollutkaan mikään talo, vaan heidän oma tulensa, jonka he olivat lähtiessään peittäneet ja jonka tuulen henki oli puhaltanut jälleen ilmi tuleen. "Joko nyt on yö niin pitkälle kulunut?"

He olivat astuneet kaksi tuntia ja saapuneet samaan paikkaan, josta läksivät.

IX.

Taivasalla.

"Ei, nyt minä luovun kaikista yrityksistä", sanoi Germain, polkien harmissaan jalkaa. "Me olemme lumotut, se on ihan varma, emmekä pääse tästä mihinkään ennen, kuin päivä tulee. Tämä metsä lienee noiduttu."

"Ei tässä ole syytä pahastua", sanoi Marie, "tyytykäämme ennemmin kohtaloomme. Me teemme suuremman tulen, poika on hyvästi kääritty, niin että hänellä ei ole mitään vaaraa emmekä suinkaan me itse kuole, jos olemmekin yhden yön ulkona. Mihin te panitte satulan, Germain? No tuonne, suurten orapihlajain keskeen, te muistamaton! Onpa nyt hauska ottaa se jälleen vuoteeksi!"

"Pidä sinä poikaa, ota hänet, niin minä vedän sängyn esiin vesakosta.

Älä sinä raamuttele käsiäsi.

"Jo se on tehty, täss' on sänky, eivätkä muutamat raamut suinkaan ole miekan haavoja", vastasi tyttö reippaasti.

Hän ryhtyi taas asettamaan pikku Petteriä, joka tällä kertaa oli niin nukuksissa, että ei tiennyt mitään koko kävelystä. Germain kokosi niin paljon puita tuleen, että koko metsä valistui. Mutta pikku Marie oli ihan uuvuksissa ja vaikka hän ei valittanut, ei hän enää jaksanut seisoa. Hän oli kalpea ja värisi niin, että hampaat kalisivat. Germain otti hänet syliinsä, lämmittääkseen häntä; levottomuus, sääli ja vastustamaton hellyys, täyttivät hänen mielensä. Hänen kielensä liikkui kuin ihmeen vaikutuksesta ja ihan kainostelematta puhui hän:

"Marie, minä pidän sinusta ja olen hyvin pahoillani, että sinä et huoli minusta. Jos sinä tahtoisit ottaa minut mieheksesi, niin ei appi eikä sukulaiset, naapurit eikä mitkään neuvonantajat voisi estää minua ottamasta sinua. Minä tiedän, että sinä olisit hyvä minun lapsilleni ja opettaisit heitä kunnioittamaan äitinsä muistoa, ja minä sen tähden voisin levollisella mielellä totella sydämmeni taipumusta. Minä olen aina tuntenut ystävyyttä sinua kohtaan, ja nyt minä tunnen olevani niin rakastunut sinuun, että jos pyytäisit minua koko ikäni tekemään, mitä sinä tahdot, niin minä heti lupaisin. Katsohan vain, miten minä rakastan sinua, ja koeta unhottaa minun ikäni! Ajattele, että se on väärä ajatus, kun sanotaan kolmenkymmenen vuoden ikäistä miestä vanhaksi. Eikä minulla vielä olekaan enempää kuin kahdeksankolmatta! Nuori tyttö pelkää ihmisten moitetta, jos hän ottaa miehen, joka on kymmenen vuotta häntä vanhempi, ja häntä ehkä moititaankin, vaan ainoastaan sen tähden, että se ei ole tapana tässä paikassa. Muualla olen kuullut, että siitä ei pidetä lukua; päin vastoin annetaan nuorelle tytölle mieluisemmin tueksi ymmärtäväinen ja vakavaluonteinen mies kuin nuori heitukka, josta voi tulla renttu tai muuten huono mies, vaikka häntä ensin luullaan hyväksi mieheksi. Eikähän ikä aina riipu vuosista, vaan voimista ja terveydestä. Liian ankarassa työssä ja puutteessa taikka huonossa elämässä saattaa mies tulla vanhaksi jo ennen, kuin pääsee

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.
Schelling s ontology of powers 1st edition charlotte alderwick all chapter instant download by Ebook Home - Issuu