ListofFigures
Fig.1.1Waterandwastewaterinfrastructureareinextricably linkedbytheactionsofhumans.........................15
Fig.1.2IllustrationoftheUNhumandevelopmentindex. .....15
Fig.1.3Timelineattributesimportanttoassessingthestatus andfutureofwaterandwastewaterinfrastructure inaparticularsituation...................................16
Fig.1.4Illustrationofclassiccentralized(a)anddecentralized infrastructure(b, c).......................................20
Fig.1.5Illustrationofwaterandwastewaterinalow HDIsetting................................................25
Fig.1.6CoverpagesfromtworecentU.S.NationalAcademy publications... .............................................26
Fig.1.7HomepageoftheWERFwebsitefordecentralized systems....................................................26
Fig.1.8HomepageoftheDWRCwebsiteforonsiteand decentralizedsystems ...................................27
Fig.1.9HomepageofthewebsitefortheNSFresearch centerforreinventingurbanwaterinfrastructure ......27
Fig.1.10TheEPAdecentralizedmemorandum ofunderstandingpartnershippaperswere releasedin2012 ..........................................28
Fig.1.11Examplesofsystemcomponents:(a)urinediverting toilet,(b)septictankandpumpvault,(c)small diametersewer,(d)primarysettlingandrecirculation fiberglasstanks,(e)aerobictreatmentunit,(f) recirculatingtextilemediabiofilters,(g)recirculating foamfilterinashippingcontainer,(h)membrane bioreactor,(i)subsurfaceflowconstructedwetland, (j)chamber-equippedsubsurfacesoiltreatmentunit, (k)landscapedripdispersalunit,(l)denitrifyingwood chipbiofilter,(m)ultravioletlightdisinfectionunit......30
Fig.1.12Illustrationofdevelopmentswheredecentralized infrastructurehasbeendeployed:(a)individual home,(b)school,(c)restaurantinruralareas,(d) apartmentbuildingor(e)stripmallinsuburbanareas, (f)homesandbusinessesinasmalltownor(g)high riseofficeandcondominiumbuildingsinacity........31
Fig.1.13Illustrationofacitycenterareawithnearbyurbanizing areaswheredecentralizedinfrastructurecanbe deployedalongwithcentralizedinfrastructure.........31
Fig.1.14Illustrationofexampleapproachesandtechnologies thatcanbeusedtoconfigureadecentralizedsystem foraparticulardischargeorreusegoal.................32
Fig.1.15Exampleofasystemandillustrationofkey componentsforuseatsinglehousesand businesseswheresoilandsiteconditions aresuitableforsoil-basedtreatment....................33
Fig.1.16Exampleofasystemandillustrationofkey componentsforusewheresoilandsiteconditions aresuitableforsoil-basedtreatmentandwaterreuse andnutrientrecoveryisdesired .........................33
Fig.1.17Exampleofasystemandillustrationofkey componentsforusewhereadvancedtreatment isneededtoenabledischargetoalocalinland streamorlake.............................................34
Fig.1.18Exampleofasystemandillustrationofkey componentsusedtoserveadevelopment orsmalltownincludingwastewatercollection andconveyancetoalocalsitefortreatment andreuse..................................................34
Fig.1.19Exampleofamembranebioreactorsystemserving ahighriseapartmentbuildinginamajorurbanarea toproducereclaimedwaterfornonpotablereuseand helpearnLEEDcertification .............................35
Fig.1.20SimulationswithSTUMODrevealingthereisa50% probabilityof70%nitrogenremovalat60-cmdepth inasubsurfacesoiltreatmentunitundertheassumed conditions. .................................................35
Fig.1.21Simulationswiththewatershedmodel,WARMF, revealingtherewouldbeanincreaseinnutrient loadingtotheBlueRiverifonsitesystemsare replacedbyacentralizedsystem.......................36
Fig.2.1Generalizedsequenceofstrategiesandunit operationsthatcouldbeusedtoconfigureone ormoreviabledecentralizedsystems... ...............62
Fig.2.2Illustrationofatreatmenttrainwithinadecentralized system .....................................................62
Fig.2.3Exampleofhowfootprintareaandenergyuse candifferbetweensystemsdesignedfordischarge versuswaterreuse.......................................67
Fig.2.4Generalizeddecisionsupportdiagramtoaid configuringviabledecentralizedsystems... ...........70
Fig.2.5Examplesystemforasinglesourcetoprovide passivetreatmentanddischargewithlimitedcost andO&Mneeds..........................................70
Fig.2.6Examplesystemforasinglesourceandpassive treatmentplusaestheticbenefits........................71
Fig.2.7Exampleoftwooptionalsystemsforasinglesource wheresiteconditionsrequiresecondarytreatment (aerobicunitorpackagedbiofilter)withdischarge toastream. ...............................................71
Fig.2.8Examplesystemforasinglesourcewheretreatment isneededtoenablewaterandnutrientrecovery byturfirrigation...........................................72
Fig.2.9Examplesystemforadevelopmentwhere nonpotablereuseisdesiredwithahighcapacity treatmentsystemthatisnotconstrainedbynatural siteconditions.............................................72
Fig.2.10Illustrativeschematicofsourceseparationoptions andassociatedtreatmentandreclamation alternativesforprojectsservinghomesorbusinesses73
Fig.2.11IllustrationofO&Mrequirementsasafunction ofsystemcomplexityandtreatmentefficiency requirementsofaparticularproject.....................74
Fig.2.12Illustrationoftheinteractionofprojectscaleand systemcomplexityindeterminingtheneedforO&M andmonitoringtohelpassureinherentperformance capabilityisrealized ......................................75
Fig.2.13Recommendedmanagementsystembasedon increasingrisks...........................................80
Fig.3.1Illustrationofindoorwateruseactivitiesandevents leadingtowastewatergeneration.......................92
Fig.3.2Illustrationofdifferenttypesofresidentialbuildings andsituations .............................................93
Fig.3.3Illustrationofdifferenttypesofnonresidential buildingsandsituations..................................93
Fig.3.4Relationshipofhouseholdindoorwaterusetofamily sizeasmeasuredinthe1970s ..........................98
Fig.3.5Distributionofaverageindoorwateruseexpressed onapercapitabasis.....................................100
Fig.3.6Distributionofaverageindoorwateruseexpressed onapercapitabasis.....................................103
Fig.3.7Waterusecanoccurasabatchevent(e.g.,toilet flush,clotheswasherordishwasheruse)ordue toaflowrateoveraperiodofusage(e.g.,sink orshoweruse) ............................................104
Fig.3.8Relativecontributiontototalindoorwaterusedue todifferentactivitiesbasedonanindoorwateruse studyof1188houseslocatedinninelocations acrosstheUnitedStates. ................................105
Fig.3.9Ratioofmaximumratestoaverageratesasafunction offlowrateofinterest....................................108
Fig.3.10Illustrationofthedailywastewaterflowratesfrom threeindividualhouses(left)versusthecombined flowfromaclusteroftenhouses(right)................109
Fig.3.11Probabilityofoccurrenceofanaveragedailyflow fromadevelopmentofhousesdeclinesasthe numberofhousescontributingincreases ..............110
Fig.3.12Illustrationofhowwastewaterconcentrationsareon averagehigher(e.g.,comparemedians)andcanvary morewidely(compareslopes)fornonresidential buildingscomparedtoresidentialsources.............116
Fig.3.13Consumerproductchemicalsinwastewatersfrom nonresidentialcomparedtoresidentialsources. ......117
Fig.3.14Generalizeddecisiondiagramforpredictingflow andcompositioncharacteristics .........................119
Fig.3.15Numberofpersonsoccupyingindividualdwelling unitsintheUnitedStatesbasedoncensusdata ......121
Fig.3.16Generalizeddecisiondiagramforpredictingthe occurrenceoftraceorganiccompoundsin decentralizedsystems ...................................130
Fig.4.1Photographofadriedupinlandlakeduringa1970s drought....................................................154
Fig.4.2Brochureforlowflowtoiletfixtures.....................154
Fig.4.3Examplesofadvancedminimumflowfixtures:(a) vacuumflushtoilet,(b)compostingdrytoilet,and (c)waterlessurinal.......................................159
Fig.4.4Averageindoorwateruseforanindividualdwelling unitintheUnitedStatesduringdifferentperiodswith differentsetsoffixturesandappliances ................160
Fig.4.5Examplesofconsumerproductsandmedicinesthat canenterthewastewaterstream..... ..................161
Fig.4.6Exampleofabagfilterforaclotheswasher discharge... ...............................................161
Fig.4.7Illustrationofawastesegregationschemeproposed in1978.....................................................161
Fig.4.8Sourceseparationtoenableecologicalsanitation asproposedinNorway... ................................165
Fig.4.9Illustrationofmodernapproachestosource separationandmanagement............................166
Fig.4.10Exampleofsourceseparationforblackwaterand graywaterata33-unitapartmentbuildinginOslo Norway.....................................................166
Fig.4.11Exampleofurinediversioninaresidential developmentusingurinedivertingtoiletswithnutrient recoveryviaagriculturalfertilizer ........................167
Fig.4.12Examplemassbalanceschematicsforapplication before(left)orafter(right)sourceseparation..........173
Fig.5.1Illustrationofseveralscenarioswithdifferent wastewaterconveyanceoptions........................194
Fig.5.2Cross-sectionofatypicalgravitysewer ................196
Fig.5.3Photographsofconventionalsewerlineinstallation...196
Fig.5.4Cross-sectionofaSTEGsewer.........................199
Fig.5.5Photographsillustratingtheinstallationofaseptic tankeffluentpressuresewer(STEP)inarural developmentarea.Installationismadeusinga continuoustrencher(left)andinsulationcanbeadded forshallowburialincoldclimates(top).................199
Fig.5.6Illustrationofthekeycomponentsofagrinderpump pressuresewersystem(top)andavacuumsewer system(bottom)...........................................200
Fig.5.7Examplesofasmalltown(left)andlowerdensityrural housingdevelopment(right)wheretherearelargerlot sizesandwouldbelimitedconnectionspermile ofsewerline...............................................201
Fig.5.8Illustrationoftopographicconditionsandthe collectionnetworkoutletlocationasitrelates tothesuitabilityofusingaparticularalternative sewersystem.............................................202
Fig.5.9IllustrationofaSTEGsystemservingadevelopment of26apartmentbuildings(denotedbyB1,B2,etc.)...203
Fig.5.10IllustrationofaSTEPsystemservingadevelopment of26apartmentbuildings(denotedbyB1,B2,etc.)...203
Fig.5.11Topographiccross-sectionofthe11segmentswithin aSTEGsystemservingadevelopmentof 26apartmentbuildingsasshowninFig.5.9 ...........204
Fig.5.12ExamplecalculationofthenumberofEDUs contributingtoasewerlinesegmentwherethereare upstreamEDUscontributingplusEDUsfrom buildingsconnecteddirectlytothesegment. ..........206
Fig.5.13IllustrationofhowEDUsaccumulateinaSTEG systemservingadevelopmentof26apartment buildingsasshowninFig.5.9..... ......................206
Fig.5.14QDP valuesversuscumulativeEDUs. ..................207
Fig.5.15IllustrationofanEGLalong3segmentsofaSTEG system .....................................................213
Fig.5.16IllustrationofanEGLalong3segmentsofaSTEP system .....................................................213
Fig.5.17IllustrationofTDHcomponentsinaSTEPsystem....214
Fig.5.18IllustrationofTDHalong3segmentswithinaSTEP system .....................................................215
Fig.5.19Illustrationofthehead—dischargecurvefora ½-hp highheadsubmersiblepumpsuchasusedinaSTEP system. ....................................................215
Fig.5.20Illustrationoftheonsitesystemcomponents ofaSTEGsystem ........................................221
Fig.5.21Illustrationoftheonsitesystemcomponents ofaSTEPsystem(OrencoSystems®,Inc.)...........222
Fig.5.22IllustrationofanexternalpumpingunitforaSTEP system .....................................................222
Fig.5.23Illustrationofanairreleasevalvesetup. ...............223
Fig.5.24IllustrationofcleanoutsusedinSTEGsystemsatthe endofaterminalsegment(left)andalongasegment (right).......................................................223
Fig.5.25Photographsofeffluentsewermaininstallationusing acontinuoustrencher(left)anddirectionaldrilling (right)methods. ...........................................225
Fig.5.26Photographsofaseptictank/pumpvaultinstallation alongalakeshoredevelopment(left)andaservice
lateralrunfromaresidencetothemainsewerline (right).......................................................226
Fig.5.27Photographofinsulatedpipeusedforshallowburial ofsewerpipeinacoldclimate....... ....................226
Fig.5EP.1AerialphotographoftheMinesParkhousing developmentlocatedonthecampusoftheColorado SchoolofMinesinGolden,ColoradoUSA .............228
Fig.5EP.2STEGcollectionsystemlayoutfortheMinesPark development. ..............................................229
Fig.5EP.3STEGsystemlayoutfortheMinesParkdevelopment withSegment1highlighted..... .........................230
Fig.5EP.4STEPcollectionsystemlayoutfortheMinesPark developmentwithSegment1highlighted...............233
Fig.6.1Classificationofpreliminaryandprimarytreatment unitoperations. ...........................................249
Fig.6.2Schematiccross-sectionofatypicalImhofftank usedforadvancedprimarytreatmentofwastewater..249
Fig.6.3Schematicofasinglecompartmentseptictank asusedintheUnitedStatesduringthe20thcentury.250
Fig.6.4Illustrationofamoderntwo-compartmentseptictank unitwitheffluentscreen,pumpandcontrolsthatwas developedintheUnitedStatesduringthelater20th century.....................................................251
Fig.6.5Exampleofanupflowanaerobicsludgeblanket (UASB)reactor ............................................251
Fig.6.6Illustrationoftreatmentefficiencyachievedwithin aseptictankunit..........................................253
Fig.6.7Keyfeaturesandprocessesinvolvedintreatment withinabasicseptictankunit...........................258
Fig.6.8Illustrationofthesupernatantflowzone inaseptictank. ...........................................259
Fig.6.9Illustrationofhowaseptictankcanproducean effluentwithmoreuniformflowandhomogeneous compositioncomparedtotheindividualwater-using activitiesandevents......................................259
Fig.6.10IllustrationofhowHRTandSRTinteractduring normaloperationofaseptictank. ......................263
Fig.6.11Simplifiedmassbalanceonsolidswithinatypical septictank.................................................264
Fig.6.12Septagegenerationratesforseptictanksserving householdsintheUnitedStates ........................264
Fig.6.13Installationoftwo2000galpre-castconcretetanks inseriestoserveanapartmentbuilding:(a)isaview westduringinstallationand(b)isavieweastafter installation... ..............................................272
Fig.6.14Photographsofalargeinstallationof20,000gal fiberglassseptictankstoserveanationalpark visitor’scenter............................................273
Fig.6.15Illustrationofaseptictankeffluentscreeningunit beingliftedoutoftheeffluentbaffleteetopermit inspectionandcleaningifneeded.......................274
Fig.6.16Illustrationofapumpingunitinacylindricalvault placedwithinthesecondcompartment ofaseptictank............................................274
Fig.6.17Illustrationofanaerationinsertthatconsists ofanair-liftpumpthatprovidesaerationinaseptic tankandsemi-continuouslydischargessmall volumesofeffluent.......................................276
Fig.6.18Illustrationofaseptictankwithanintegratedbiofilter wherethereispartialrecycleofthefiltereffluentback totheseptictankforbiologicalNremoval ..............276
Fig.6EP.1IllustrationofaXerxes6000-galfiberglassdual compartmenttank.........................................283
Fig.7.1Classificationofaerobicbiologicaltreatmentmethods basedonhowthebiomassiscontactedwiththe wastewaterwithindifferenttypesofbioreactors .......306
Fig.7.2Illustrationofmixedliquorbeingaeratedinan aerationtank ..............................................307
Fig.7.3IllustrationofanATUwithanintegratedprimary settlingunit,suspendedgrowthbioreactor,and secondaryclarifier ........................................308
Fig.7.4ExamplesofthreecommerciallyavailableATUs thatutilizesubmergedgrowthbioprocesses. ..........309
Fig.7.5ExamplesofthreecommerciallyavailableATUs thatutilizeattachedgrowthbioprocesses. .............309
Fig.7.6Illustrationoftreatmentefficiencyachievedwithin anaerobictreatmentunit ................................311
Fig.7.7Relativeabundanceofmicroorganismswithin ahealthyactivatedsludgeduringaerobicbiological treatment ..................................................313
Fig.7.8Illustrationofbacterialgrowthasafunctionoftime andfoodsupply...... .....................................313
Fig.7.9Illustrationofspecificgrowthrateasafunction ofsubstrateconcentration... ............................318
Fig.7.10Simplifiedschematicofunitoperationsthat implementsuspendedgrowthaerobicbiological treatment ..................................................322
Fig.7.11Simplifiedschematicofunitoperationsthat implementattachedgrowthaerobicbiological treatment ..................................................323
Another random document with no related content on Scribd:
Shipper (syn. of Marketman), 491
Shipper Pride; Shipper’s Pride; Shippers’ Pride (syns. of Shipper), 341
Shirata Bene, 543
Shiro, 342
Shiro Smomo (syn. of Berger, 160; of Ogon, 298; of Red June, 324)
Shropshire, 344
Shropshire Damson (syn. of Shropshire), 344
Shviata Bene, 543
Siamese, 543
Sidone, 543
Siebenbürger Pflaume, 543
Siebenburger Pflaume (syn. of Early Yellow), 203
Siebenburger Zwetsche (syn. of Quetsche de Transylvanie), 523
Siebenfreud’s Königspflaume; Siebenfreund’s Königspflaume (syns. of Royale de Siebenfreud), 535
Sierra, 543
Sierra Crimson (syn. of Sierra), 543
Silassy, 543
Silas Wilson, 543
Silberblattrige Zwetsche (syn. of Quetsche à feuille argentée), 523
Silva Köning Claudie, 543
Silver Prune (syn. of Golden Drop), 229
Simiana (syn. of Semiana, 541; of Suisse, 549)
Simon, 345
Simon, Victor, var. orig. by, 551
Simon; Simon’s Chinese Apricot Plum; Simon’s Peach; Simon’s Plum (syns. of Simon), 346
Simpson, 346
Simpson, W. B., var. orig. by, 414.
Sinomo (syn. of Kelsey), 258
Sir Charles Worsley’s (syn. of Royal), 534
Sirocco, 544
Sisson, 544
Sixby, 544
Six Weeks, 544
Skorospielka (syn. of Early), 437
Skuya, 544
Slee-Pruim (syn. of Sloe), 544
Sloe, 544
Sloe Plum, 59
Small, quoted, 80
Small Black Damask (syn. of Black Damask), 404
Small Damas (syn. of Black Damask), 404
Small Green Drying, 544
Small Green Gage (syn. of Small Reine Claude), 347
Small Mirabelle (syn. of Mirabelle), 284
Small Queen Claude (syn. of Small Reine Claude), 347
Small Red Damask; Small Red Damson (syns. of Queen Mother), 522
Small Reine Claude, 347
Small Round Damson (syn. of Damson, 186; of White Damson, 374)
Small White Damask (syn. of Small White Damson), 545
Small White Damson, 544
Smiley, 545
Smith, Captain John, quoted, 84, 93
Smith, var. orig. by, 348
Smith, 545
Smith, A. M., var. orig. by, 545
Smith, C. A., var. orig. by, 545
Smith, E. F., quoted, 131
Smith, W. & T. Co., quoted, 118
Smith October, 545
Smith Orleans, 348
Smith Prolific, 545
Smith Prune (syn. of Diamond), 191
Smith Red, 545
Smith’s Herrn Pflaume; Smith’s large Orleans; Smith’s Orleans; Smith’s Orleans Pflaume (syns. of Smith Orleans), 348
Smith’s large October (syn. of Impératrice), 249
Smith’s Orleans (syn. of Cooper), 423
Smith’s Prune (syn. of Diamond), 191
Smith’s Prune (syn. of Kingston), 476
Smith’s Red (syn. of Smith Red), 545
Snelling, 545
Snelling, W. H., var. orig. by, 546
Snooks (syn. of New Ulm), 293
Snyder, 546
Sophie, 349
Souris, 546
Sour Wine Plum of Yorkshire (syn. of Winesour), 566
South Cumberland, 546
Southern Beauty, 546
Southern Golden, 546
Souvenir de Madame Nicolle (syn. of Madame Nicolle), 488
Spanish (syn. of Spanish King), 546
Spanish Damascene; Spanish Damask; Spanish Red Damask (syns. of Spanish Damask), 546
Spanish Damask, 546
Spanish King, 546
Spanish King (syn. of Lombard), 268
Späte Dattel Pflaume (syn. of Hungarian), 246
Späte Herrn Pflaume; Späte Königs Pflaume; Späte Königs Pflaume aus Paris; Später Perdrigon (syns. of Perdrigon Tardif), 515
Späte Mirabelle (syn. of Late Mirabelle, 263; of Saint Catherine, 334)
Späte Muskateller; Späte Muskatellerpflaume (syns. of Late Muscatelle), 264
Späte Muskateller Pflaume (syn. of Tardive Musquée), 551
Späte Schwarze Damascene (syn. of Musk Damson), 501
Späte von Chalons (syn. of Late Chalons), 480
Späte Zwetsche Von Karlstadt, 546
Spath, M., var. orig. by, 395
Spaulding, 350
Speckled Gage, 546
Speer, 547
Spelge (syn. of Gemeiner Gelbe Spilling), 451
Spicer, 547
Spilge (syn. of Gemeiner Gelbe Spilling), 451
Spilling Jaune-double, 547
Spilling Jaune-simple (syn. of White Wheat), 565
Spindel Pflaume (syn. of Gemeiner Gelbe Spilling), 451
Spitszwetsche (syn. of Quetsche Pointue), 524
Spitzige Rote Pflaume; Spitz Pflaume (syns. of Rote Zwetsche), 534
Spitzige Rote Pflaume (syn. of Bechstein Spitzpflaume), 400
Spitz Pflaume (syn. of Bechstein Spitzpflaume), 400
Spitzzwetsche (syn. of Quetsche Pointue), 524
Splendid, 547
Splendor, 547
Spotted Gage, 547
Springer, 547
Stabeler Seedling, 547
Stambul Erik oder Irek (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
Standard, 548
Standard of England (syn. of Standard), 548
Stanton, 352
Stanton’s Seedling (syn. of Stanton), 352
Stark Brothers, quoted, 116, 213
Stark Green Gage, 548
Starnes, H. N., quoted, 131, 376
Steer’s Emperor; Steers’ Emperor (syns. of Goliath), 231
Steinlose Zwetsche (syn. of Stoneless), 353
Steinman, 548
Steinman, C., var. orig. by, 548
Stella, 548
Stengel Pflaume (syn. of Werder’sche Frühzwetsche), 563
Stephens, John D., var. orig. by, 533
Steptoe, 548
Sterling, 548
Stickney, 548
Stint, 548
Stintpflaume (syn. of Stint), 548
Stocks, varieties of, 114-120
Stoddard, 352
Stoddart (syn. of Stoddard), 352
Stoneless, 353
Stoneless (syn. of Stoneless), 353
Stonewood, 549
Stout, var. orig. by, 549
Stout, 549
Strachey, quoted, 84
Strawberry, 549
Strawberry (syn. of Berger), 160
Striped-leaved, 549
Strong, William, var. orig. by, 512
Stumpe (syn. of Howe), 464
Stumpe, Mrs., var. orig. by, 465
Stumpy (syn. of Howe), 464
Sucker State, 549
Sucree de Trauttenberg, or Sucree-Douce De Trauttenberg (syns. of Trauttenberg), 555
Sucrin Vert (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Sugar, 354
Sugar Prune (syn. of Sugar), 354
Suisina Grossella Piccola (syn. of Musk Damson), 501
Suisse, 549
Sultan, 549
Sultan (syn. of Occident), 295
Sultaneck Erick, 549
Sultaneck Erik (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Summer Damson (syn. of Damas d’Ete), 426
Sunrise, 549, 550
Sunset, 550
Superbe de Denniston (syn. of Denniston Superb), 431
Superbe de Huling (syn. of Hulings), 245
Superior Gage; Superiour or Superior Green Gage (syns. of Imperial Gage), 251
Superior Gage; Superior Green Gage (syns. of Washington), 368
Supreme (syn. of Yellow Egg), 386
Surpasse Monsieur, 550
Surprise, 355
Susina Di Santa Caterina (syn. of Saint Catherine), 334
Susina Massina Piccola (syn. of Apricot), 148
Susina Regina (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Susina Settembrica Quialla (syn. of Reizenstein Yellow Prune), 531
Susina Torla d’Nova di Borgogna (incor.) (syn. of Burgundy Prune), 412
Susina or Susino Vecchietti (syns. of Catelano Violaceo), 416
Susina Verdachia Longa (syn. of Grüne Dattel Zwetsche), 456
Susino Catalano (syn. of Catalano), 415
Susino Damaschino Settembrino (syn. of Damaschino Settembrino), 426
Susino Scaudatella (syn. of Scaudatella), 540
Suwanee (syn. of Wild Goose), 378
Svedske Tidlig Leipziger, 550
Svedske Ungersk, 550
Swan, 550
Swan (syn. of Swan Golden), 550
Swan Golden, 550
Swan’s Yellow (syn. of Swan Golden), 550
Sweet Botan (syn. of Abundance, 136; of Berckmans, 159)
Sweet Damson, 550
Sweet Damson (syn. of Fürst Damson, 448; of Horse, 464)
Sweet Prune (syn. of German Prune), 220
Swift, 550
Swiss or Switzer’s Plum (syns. of Suisse), 549
Swiss Prune (syn. of Italian Prune), 253
Syrische Pflaume (syn. of Mirabelle), 284
Szillassy Piros, 550
Tabor, G. L., var. orig. by, 207
Tante Anne (syn. of Aunt Ann), 397
Tardif or Tardive de Chalons (syns. of Late Chalons), 480
Tardive de Chambourcy (syn. of Chambourcy), 174
Tardive de Corny, 551
Tardive de Fourqueux, 551
Tardive de Genes, 551
Tardive de Rivers (syn. of Late Rivers), 481
Tardive Musquée, 551
Tarleton, 551
Tatge, 551
Tawny, 551
Taybank, 551
Tchernaya Arabskaya (syn. of Black Arabka), 404
Tchernaya vengerskaya (syn. of Black Prune), 404
Tecumseh, 552
Temperature, phases of, 102
Temple, 552
Tenant or Tennant Prune (syns. of Tennant), 357
Tennant, 357
Tennant, Rev. John, var. orig. by, 357
Tenneha, 552
Tennessee, 552
Tennessee Plum (syn. of Tennessee), 552
Terrell, 552
Terry, 552
Terry, H. A., life of, 242; var. orig. by, 193, 238, 242, 280, 391, 393, 402, 406, 408, 410, 415, 416, 419, 421, 422, 424, 425, 429, 431, 432, 434, 435, 441, 443, 444, 447, 448, 451, 453, 462, 469, 471, 472, 473, 483, 484, 485, 486, 490, 491, 492, 494, 503, 509, 513, 518, 519, 522, 529, 536, 542, 543, 552, 558, 559, 561, 562, 564, 566, 568
Terry De Soto, 552
Terry’s Desota (syn. of Terry De Soto), 552
Teutsche blaue Zwetsche (syn. of German Prune), 220
Texas Belle, 552
Texas Gauge, 552
Thanksgiving, 553
Thanksgiving Prune (syn. of Thanksgiving), 553
The Beauty (syn. of Corymbus), 423
The Coe’s Plum (syn. of Golden Drop), 229
The Cook’s Choice (syn. of Cook Choice), 422
The Czar (syn. of Czar), 184
The Dosch (syn. of Dosch), 435
The Gem (syn. of Gem), 451
The Great Damask Plum (syn. of Lange Violette Damascene), 479
The Green Damosine Plum (syn. of Mirabelle), 284
The Impératrice Plum (syn. of Impératrice), 249
The Imperial Plum (syn. of Red Magnum Bonum), 326
The Myrobalane Plum (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
The Nectarine Plum (syn. of Nectarine), 291
The New Apricot Plum (syn. of Apricot), 148
The Purple Myrobalan (syn. of Pissardi), 516
The St. Julian Plum (syn. of Saint Julien), 335
The Washington Plum (syn. of Washington), 368
The White Impératrice Plum (syn. of White Impératrice), 375
Theresa, 553
Thomas, 553
Thomas October, 553
Thomaspflaume (syn. of Thomas), 553
Thompson’s Golden Green, 553
Thorndyke Gage, 553
Thousand-And-One, 553
Thresher, 553
Throop, 553
Throop, Calvin, var. orig. by, 548
Throop No. 1, 554
Throop No. 2, 554
Throssel, 554
Tillemond, 554
Tinsley, J. H., var. orig. by, 383
Tobe’s Gage (syn. of Deaton), 429
Tobias Gage, 554
Togari (syn. of Kelsey), 258
Togo, 554
Tokeya, 554
Tomato, 554
Tomlingson, 554
Tomlinson’s Charlotte (syn. of Charlotte), 417
Topaz (syn. of Guthrie Topaz), 457
Topaze de Guthrie (syn. of Guthrie Topaz), 457
Torlo d’Ovo or d’Uovo (syns. of Saint Catherine), 334
Towakong, 554
Townsend (syn. of Miner), 281
Trabesche, 555
Trabeshe (syn. of Trabesche), 555
Tragedy, 358
Traer (syn. of De Soto), 189
Tradescant, John, var. orig. by, 326
Tragedy Prune (syn. of Tragedy), 358
Transparent, 360
Transparent (syn. of Macedonia, 488; of Yellow Transparent, 570)
Transparente, 555
Transparent Gage, Gage Plum or Green Gage (syns. of Transparent), 360
Transparent Yellow (syn. of Yellow Transparent), 570
Trapps Königspflaume, 555
Traubenpflaume, 555
Trauttenberg, 555
Trauttenbergs Aprikosenpflaume (syn. of Abricotée de Trauttenberg), 391
Trauttenberg Zuckersüsse (syn. of Trauttenberg), 555
Trayer (syn. of De Soto), 189
Trianon, 555
Trinkle, John W., var. orig. by, 555
Trinkle No. 4, 555
Triomphe Garcon or Valet; Trompe Garcon or Valet; Tromp-Valet (syns. of Reine Claude), 327
Trostle, 555
Trotter, Lillian A., var. orig. by, 443
Trotter, Richard, var. orig. by, 473, 484, 511
Trouvée de Vaunêge or Vonêche (syns. of Trouvée de Voueche), 555
Trouvée de Voueche, 555
True Large German Prune (syn. of German Prune), 220
True Sweet Botan (syn. of Berckmans), 159
Truro, 556
Tucker, 556
Tucker, Ezra W., var. orig. by, 556
Tudor, 556
Tupper, var. orig. by, 190
Turkey, 556
Turkey Plumb (syn. of Turkey), 556
Turkie (syn. of Turkey), 556
Türkische Gelbe Pflaume (syn. of Imperial Ottoman), 467
Türkische Kirsche (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
Türkische Zwetsche (syn. of Hungarian, 246; of Red Date, 322)
Turkish Prune (syn. of Italian Prune), 253
Turkish Prune, 556
Turkish Quetsche (syn. of German Prune), 220
Turky (syn. of Turkey), 556
Turner, Stephen H., var. orig. by, 552
Twice Bearing, 556
Twins, 557
Tzaueron, 557
Uchi Bene; Uchi-Beni (syns. of Berger), 160
Uchi Beni (syn. of Chabot), 172
Ulysses, 557
Uncle Ben, 557
Ungarische (syn. of Ungarish), 361
Ungarische Blaue Eier (syn. of Kaiser Wilhelm), 474
Ungarische Dattelzwetsche (syn. of Hungarian), 246
Ungarische Dattel Zwetsche, 557
Ungarische Pflaume, Sabel Pflaume or Zwetsche (syns. of Hungarian), 246
Ungarische Späte Bouteillen Zwetsche (syn. of Ungarische Dattel Zwetsche), 557
Ungarische Zwetsche (syn. of Red Date), 322
Ungarish, 361
Ungarish Prune (syn. of Ungarish), 361
Union, 557
Union Purple (syn. of Union), 557
United States (syn. of U. S.), 557
Ura-Beni (syn. of Berger), 160
Uryany, 557
U. S., 557
Usum Erreck (syn. of Traubenpflaume), 555
Utah, 362
Utah Hybrid (syn. of Utah), 362
Uwase (syn. of Shviata Bene), 543
Vail’s Seedling (syn. of Large Golden Prolific), 479
Vakanzpflaume (syn. of September Damask), 542
Valence, 557
Valentia, 558
Valienciennes, 558
Value, 558
Van Benschoten, 558
Van Buren, 558
Van Deman, 558
Van Dieman (syn. of Van Deman), 558
Van Houten, 558
Van Mons, var. orig. by, 158
Van Mons Königspflaume (syn. of Belle), 158
Van Mons’ Red; Van Mons Red Gage (syns. of Belle), 158
Variegated Plum (syn. of Lombard), 268
Veilchen Pflaume (syn. of Violet Diaper), 365
Venetianische Zweimal Tragende, 558
Venus, 558
Verdacchia rotonda (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Verdacchio, 588
Verdache, 558
Verdacia (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Verdage D’Italie (syn. of Quetsche Verte D’Italie), 525
Verdoch; Verdochia; Verdochio; Verducia (syns. of Reine Claude), 327
Verdock (syn. of Verdacchio), 558
Veritable Imperatrice (syn. of Imperatrice), 249
Vermilion, 558
Vermilon Hâtif, 559
Vertage d’Italie tres-grosse (syn. of Quetsche Verte D’Italie), 525
Vert or Verte Bonne; Verte d’Espagne; Verte Tiquetée (syns. of Reine Claude), 327
Verte à Secher de Knight (syn. of Large Green Drying), 479
Verte Tardive de Guthrie (syn. of Guthrie Late), 236
Vesuvius, 559
Vick, 559
Victoire de Nelson (syn. of Nelson), 503
Victor, 559
Victoria, 362, 559
Victoria (syn. of Sharp, 340; of Victoria, 363)
Victoria-Pflaume; Victoria’s Kaiserzwetsche (syns. of Victoria), 363
Victor Sand Cherry, 559
Vilmot’s Green Gage, Late Green Gage (syns. of Reine Claude), 327
Vineuse acidule (syn. of Winesour), 566
Vinisour (syn. of Winesour), 566
Violet (syn. of Early Tours), 202
Violet, 559
Violet Damask (syn. of Damas Violet), 427
Violet de Tours (syn. of Early Tours), 202
Violet Diaper, 365
Violet Diaper (syn. of Violet Diaper), 365
Violet Empress (syn. of Imperatrice), 249
Violet Gage (syn. of Purple Gage), 318
Violet Imperial, 559
Violet Perdrigon (syn. of Blue Perdrigon, 164; of Cooper, 423; of Smith Orleans, 348)
Violet Plumb (syn. of Violet), 559
Violet Queen Claude (syn. of Purple Gage), 318
Violet Royal, 559
Violette Hâtive (syn. of Early Tours), 202
Violette (syn. of Imperatrice), 249
Violette (syn. of Violet), 559
Violette Americaine, 559
Violette Dattelzwetsche (syn. of Agen, 138; of Hungarian, 246)
Violette de Galopin (syn. of Galopin), 449
Violette de Jerusalem (syn. of Jerusalem), 472
Violette de Tours (syn. of Early Tours), 202
Violette Diaprée (syn. of Violet Diaper), 365
Violette d’Octobre (syn. of Saint Martin), 336
Violette Fasanenpflaume, Fasanen Pflaume, Huhnerpflaume, Huhner Pflaume, or Rebhuhn Pflaume; Violetter Perdrigon;
Violettes Rebhühnerei (syns. of Blue Perdrigon), 164
Violette Galopin (syn. of Galopin), 449
Violette Hâtive (syn. of Early Tours), 202
Violette Jerusalem (syn. of Jerusalem), 472
Violette Jerusalemspflaume (syn. of Jerusalem), 472
Violette Kaiserin (syn. of Dunkelblaue Kaiserin, 437; of Impératrice, 249)
Violette Kaiser Pflaume (syn. of Blue Egg), 405
Violette Königspflaume (syn. of Early Royal), 201
Violette October Pflaume (syn. of Saint Martin Quetsche), 538
Violette Octoverpflaume (syn. of Saint Martin), 336
Violette oder Blaue Kaiserpflaume (syn. of Red Magnum Bonum), 326
Violette Oktoberpflaume (syn. of Saint Martin), 336
Violette Queen Claude; Violette Reine-Claude (syns. of Purple Gage), 318
Violette Reine-Claude Von Brignais (syn. of Reine Claude de Brignais), 529
Violetter Perdrigon (syn. of Smith Orleans), 348
Violette Violen Pflaume (syn. of Violet Diaper), 365
Virgata, 559
Virgie, 560
Virgin (syn. of Red Virginal, 529; of White Virginal, 565)
Virginal à Fruit Blanc or Rouge, à gros Fruit blanc, Blanc; Virginale; Virginale à Fruit Rouge; Virginale Blanc or Rouge (syns. of Red Virginal), 529
Virginal à gros fruit blanc; Virginal blanc; Virginale; Virginale à Fruit Blanc, à gros fruit blanc, Virginale blanche (syns. of
White Virginal), 565
Virginale (syn. of Apricot), 148
Virginale (syn. of Red Virginal), 529
Virginale Blanche (syn. of Yellow Impératrice), 569
Virginia Damson, 560
Virginian Cherry (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
Virginische Ludwig’s Pflaume (syn. of Hungarian), 246
Virginische Pflaume (syn. of Red Diaper), 323
Von Flotows Mirabelle (syn. of Mirabelle de Flotow), 497
Von Berlepsch Zwetsche, 560
Von Bose Rote Zwetsche, 560
Von Lade Späte Mirabelle, 560
Von Hartwiss’ Gelbe Zwetsche (syn. of Hartwiss), 459
Von Moro Reine Claude, 460
Von Trapp’s Königs Pflaume (syn. of Trapps Königspflaume), 555
Von Trauttenberg’s Aprikosenpflaume (syn. of Abricotée de Trauttenberg), 391
Von Trauttenberg’s Zuckersüsse (syn. of Trauttenberg), 555
Von Wangenheim Pflaume (syn. of Wangenheim), 368
Voronesh, 365
Voronesh Blue (syn. of Blue Moldavka), 405
Voronesh Yellow (syn. of Voronesh), 365
Voslauer Zwetsche, 560
Vulcan, 560
Wabash, 560
Wady, 560
Wady’s Early (syn. of Wady), 560
Wager (syn. of Orange), 300
Wagner, 560
Wagner, J. F., var. orig. by, 411, 462, 560
Wagner No. 9 (syn. of Wagner), 560
Wahre Aprikosen Pflaume (syn. of Apricot), 148
Wahre blaue Eierpflaume (syn. of Jerusalem), 472
Wahre Caledonian (syn. of Goliath), 231
Wahre Frühzwetsche, 560
Wahre Königspflaume (syn. of Royal), 534
Wahre Schlehen Damascene (syn. of Damson), 186
Wahre Weisse Diaprée, 561
Wahre Zwetsche (syn. of German Prune), 220
Wakapa, 561
Walker Seedling, 561
Wallace, 561
Wales, 366
Walker, A. W., var. orig. by, 561
Walter, 561
Walter, Herr, var. orig. by, 561
Walther Pflaume, 561
Wangenheim, 367
Wangenheim Hâtive, Wangenheims Frühzwetsche (syns. of Wangenheim), 368
Wangenheims Früh Zwetsche (syn. of Wangenheim), 368
